קדושיןKidushin

Guadalajara

Atlantic Coast

TALMUD

1482

Talmud printed in Sephardic fashion, without Tosafot

4

15

טור אורח חיים

Tur Orah Hayim

Hijar Atlantic Coast

PRINT HISTORY

1485

First use of a printers' mark in a

Hebrew book

4

15

משלי

Mishle w/Radak

Lisbon Atlantic Coast

BIBLE

1482

Early example of distinct fonts for

Bible and commentary

4

15

אבודרהם

Abudarham

Lisbon Atlantic Coast

LITURGY

1490

First commentary printed in life of author

4

15

סדר עולם זוטא

Chronologia Hebraeorum maior

Paris

Atlantic Coast

HISTORY

1572

Latin translation of Seder ‘Olam for Christian use

4

16

De accentibus…linguae Hebraicae

De accentibus et orthographia linguae Hebraicae

Hagenau (Alsace)

Atlantic Coast

GRAMMAR

1518

Reuchlin on Hebrew

2

16

Vetus Testamentu[m] multiplici lingua

Complutensian Polyglot Bible

Alcalá de Henares

Atlantic Coast

BIBLE

1514-1517

1st complete polyglot Bible

3

16

ך"תנ

Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim

Paris

Atlantic Coast

BIBLE

1539-1544

Printed by the Estienne Press, known for its beauty

3

16

Historia de’ riti hebraici

Rita hebraici

Paris

Atlantic Coast

RITUAL

1637

First vernacular description of Judaism by a Jew for a non-Jewish audience

3

17

Hope of Israel

Hope of Israel

London

Atlantic Coast

APOLOGETICS

1650

First English translation of Mikveh Yisrael

2

17

Bay Psalm Book

Bay Psalm Book

Cambridge

Atlantic Coast

BIBLE

1640

First example of Hebrew in the New world (block print)

6

17

To His Highnesse the Lord Protector…

To His Highnesse the Lord Protector…

London

Atlantic Coast

GOVERNMENT

1655

Led to Jews being officially allowed back into England

2

17

Dickdook leshon gnebreet

Hebrew Textbook

Cambridge, USA

Atlantic Coast

GRAMMAR

1735

First book using Hebrew type in America

3

18

Evening Service of Roshashanah

Translation of the Prayerbook

New York, USA

Atlantic Coast

LITURGY

1761

One of the first imprints for Jews in the New World

4

18

סדר הקונטיריס

Seder ha-kunteres

Avignon

Atlantic Coast

LITURGY

1765

Prayers for year according to the unique rite of the Comtat Venaissin

2

18

סדר תפלה על המרד באמריקה

Seder Tefilah ‘al ha-Mered be-Amerikah

London

Atlantic Coast

LITURGY

1776

Prayer regarding the “rebellion” in America

3

18

The twenty-four books of the Holy

Scriptures Hebrew Bible in English

Philadelphia

Atlantic Coast

BIBLE

1853

Important translation of the Bible by Isaac Leeser

1

19

Catalogus librorum hebraeorum

Catalogus librorum hebraeorum in bibliotheca Bodleiana

Berlin

Atlantic Coast

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1852-1860

First “modern” bibliography

1

19

קריאי ישרים תפילתסנהדרין שם אנשי העדה

Priere des membres du Sanhedrin

Paris

Atlantic Coast

GOVERNMENT

1807

Publication by the Sanhedrin (convened by Napoleon)

2

19

צדיקים שפתי סדור

Form of prayers…

Philadelphia

Atlantic Coast

1837

LITURGY

1st siddur in America (Portuguese rite, translation)

1

19

Liber Chronicarum

Nuremberg Chronicle

Nuremberg

Germanic

ANTISEMITISM

1493

Includes woodcut illustration of the Jews murdering Simon of Trent

3

15

De antiquitate Judaica

Jewish Antiquities

Augsburg Germanic

HISTORY

1470

First Josephus imprint

4

15

Errores Judaeorum ex Talmud extracti

Errores Judaeorum ex Talmud extracti

Augsberg Germanic

ANTISEMITISM

Before 1473

Christian work on the errors in the Talmud

3

15

In aller übung der vernunft

Contra perfidos Judaeos (German)

Esslingen

Germanic

ANTISEMITISM

1477

Contains a short Hebrew grammar, with woodcut Hebrew types

3

15

Portae Lucis

אורה שערי

Augsburg

Germanic

KABBALAH

1516

Printed by Christian Hebraists (Latin)

3

16

הגדה

Hagadah

Prague

Germanic

HAGADAH

1526

Earliest illustrated hagadah, standard for future illustrated hagadot

3

16

ספר מידות

Sefer midot [Orhot tsadikim]

Izny

Germanic

ETHICS

1542

First ed., book of mussar, in Yiddish

2

16

Genoa Psalterium

Polyglot Psalms (Arabic, Greek, Hebrew)

Geneva

Germanic

BIBLE

1516

First Polyglot portion of the Bible

3

16

שפתי ישנים

Sifte Yeshenim

Amsterdam

Germanic

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1680

First bibliography written by a Jew

2

17

צאינה וראינה

Tsenerene

Hanau

Germanic

WOMEN

1622

First extant edition. Yiddish translation of the Bible

3

17

הגדה

Hagadah

Amsterdam

Germanic

ART

1695

First hagadah to include copper engravings and a map

2

17

Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

Tractatus theologico-politicus

Hamburg

Germanic

PHILOSOPHY

1670

Spinoza’s major work; he had been excommunicated nearly 15 years earlier

3

17

... חמשה חומשי תורהם "י והרשב"רש

Rashbam’s commentary on Torah

Berlin

Germanic

BIBLE

1705

Printed from ms owned by Oppenheim (collector impacting production)

2

18

Ceremonies et coutumes religieuses

Religious Ceremonies

Amsterdam

Germanic

ART

1723-1743

Extensive illustrations of the religions of the world; section on Judaism

3

18

מסילת ישרים

Mesilat Yesharim

Amsterdam

Germanic

ETHICS

1740

Ethical text by philosopher Moshe Hayyim Luzzatto

2

18

ספר נתיבות השלום

Sefer Netivot ha-shalom

Berlin

Germanic

BIBLE

1783

Moses Mendelsohn’s commentary on the Bible

3

18

פולין מנהג מחזור

Mahzor minhag Polin

Rodelheim

Germanic

LITURGY

1800-1803

Wolf Heidenheim was an important publisher of liturgy in clear format

2

19

Neunzehn Briefe uber Judenthum

Nineteen Letters about Judaism

Altona

Germanic

PHILOSOPHY

1836

Sampson Raphael Hirsch’s corpus on neo-Orthodoxy

1

19

Der Judenstaat

Der Judenstaat

Leipzig

Germanic

ZIONISM

1896

Herzl's seminal work on The Jewish State

2

19

מעלה בית חורין

Hagadah

Vienna

Germanic

ART

1801

Illustrated Hagadah with Yiddish

1

19

מורה נבוכים

Moreh nevukhim

Rome

Islamic World

PHILOSOPHY

1473-1475

First work of Jewish philosophy to be printed

3

15

ברוך אתה בבואך

Barukh atah be-vo'ekha…

Cairo

Islamic World

PRINT HISTORY

c. 1400

Earliest example of printed Hebrew (block print on paper), found in Cairo Geniza

6

15

ארבעה טורים

Arba’ah turim

Constantinople

Islamic World

LAW

1493

First book printed in any language in Ottoman Empire

4

15

הקאנון

Canon of Medicine

Naples

Islamic World

MEDICINE

1492

Hebrew translation of Avicenna’s medical work

4

15

עקדת יצחק

‘Akedat Yitshak

Salonika

Islamic World

BIBLE

1522

Sermons on the Pentateuch; very popular among Sephardi Jews in Salonika

3

16

מדרש תהלים

Midrash Tehilim

Salonika

Islamic World

RABBINICS

1515

One of the first Salonika imprints

3

16

קהלת יעקב

Kehilat Ya'akov

Safed

Islamic World

PRINT HISTORY

1578

One of the first imprints in the Holy Land

3

16

אבודרהם

Abudarham

Fez

Islamic World

LITURGY

1517

Second book printed on African continent

3

16

שערית יהודה

She'erit Yehuda

Salonika

Islamic World

LAW

1600

Commentary on the Shulhan Arukh

2

17

הליכות אלי

Halikhot Eli

Izmir

Islamic World

HISTORY

1662

The author was forced to flee Izmir because he opposed Sabbatai Zevi

2

17

Bab Musi = Porta Mosis

Perush ha-Mishna

Oxford

Islamic World

LAW

1654

First Judeo-Arabic imprint. Maimonides’ commentary on the Mishna

1

17

כסף נבחר

Kesef Nivhar

Damascus

Islamic World

PRINT HISTORY

1605

First book printed in Syria; no printing again in Damascus until the 20th century

3

17

תורת חיים

Torat Hayim

Salonika

Islamic World

LITURGY

1713-1722

1st book to include responsa for New World (includes prayer for rain in Brazil)

2

18

מעם לועז

Me-'am Lo’ez

Constantinople

Islamic World

BIBLE

1730

Ladino commentary on the Pentateuch; beginning of Ladino revival

2

18

לישראל חק

Hok le-Yisra’el

Cairo

Islamic World

PRINT HISTORY

1740

One of the earliest books printed in Egypt

2

18

זרע יצחק

Zera' Yitshak

Tunis

Islamic World

PRINT HISTORY

1768

First book printed in Tunisia

2

18

אבות פרק

Perek Avot

Bombay

Islamic World

PRINT HISTORY

1822

Hebrew and Arabic in Hebrew characters. (Lithograph)

2

19

הבדלה סדר בלערבי

Seder Havdala bil-'Arabi

Algiers

Islamic World

LITURGY

1853

Judeo-Arabic for a Jewish audience

2

19

ויטאל חיים ר׳ שבחי

Shivhe R. Hayim Vital

Baghdad

Islamic World

KABBALAH

1866

Beginning of Baghdad press

1

19

פאת השלחן

Pe’at ha-Shulhan

Safed

Islamic World

LAW

1836

Compendium of Maimonides’ Laws relating to living in the Holy Land

2

19

TITLE

TITLE IN ENGLISH

CITY, COUNTRY

GENRE

14**

CREDITS

15

TITLE

TITLE IN ENGLISH

CITY, COUNTRY

GENRE

14**

CREDITS

15

TITLE

TITLE IN ENGLISH

CITY, COUNTRY

GENRE

14**

CREDITS

15

TITLE

TITLE IN ENGLISH

CITY, COUNTRY

GENRE

14**

CREDITS

15

מרכבת המשנה

Mirkevet ha-Mishnah

Cracow

Eastern Europe

YIDDISH

1535

Early Cracow imprint; includes Yiddish

2

16

זאת תורת החטאת

Zot torat ha-Hatat

Cracow

Eastern Europe

LAW

1570

First halakhic work of the Rama

3

16

מסכת עבודה זרה

Masekhet ‘Avodah zarah

Cracow

Eastern Europe

TALMUD

1580

Printed in Poland because banned/censored in Western Europe.

2

16

שולחן ערוך עם א"הגהות הרמ

Shulhan ‘Arukh

Crakow

Eastern Europe

LAW

1578

With the commentary of the Rama, uniting Ashkenazi and Sephardi halakha

3

16

מסכת פורים

Masekhet Purim

Crakow

Eastern Europe

YIDDISH

1640

Yiddish parody

2

17

דת יקותיאל

Dat Yekuti’el

Zolkiew

Eastern Europe

LITERATURE

1696

Poetic account of the 613 Mitsvot

2

17

שערי אורה

Sha’are orah

Cracow

Eastern Europe

KABBALAH

1600

Kabbalah; last edition of this work for over 100 years

2

17

לב טוב

Lev Tov

Cracow

Eastern Europe

ETHICS

1641

Ethical work printed in Yiddish

3

17

תולדות יעקב יוסף

Toldot Ya’akov Yosef

Korets

Eastern Europe

HASSIDUT

1780

Primary work of teachings of Ba'al Shem Tov. First edition

3

18

צפנת פנח

Tsafnat Pa’neah

Korets

Eastern Europe

HASSIDUT

1782

Written by student of the Ba’al Shem Tov; works were burned by Mitnagdim

3

18

סדר התפלה

Seder ha-tefila 'al derekh ha-sod

Zolkiew

Eastern Europe

KABBALAH

1781

First complete Ashkenazi Siddur with Lurianic prayers.

2

18

כתר שם טוב

Keter Shem Tov

Zolkiew

Eastern Europe

HASSIDUT

1794-1795

First anthology of the teachings of the Ba’al Shem Tov

2

18

ט"הבעש שבחי

Shivhe ha-Besht

Laszczow

Eastern Europe

HASSIDUT

1815

Hagiographic collection of stories about the Ba’al Shem Tov

2

19

משנה ברורה

Mishnah Berurah

Warsaw

Eastern Europe

LAW

1884

"Modern" code of law, written as gloss on the Shulhan ‘Arukh

1

19

ל'מעסער דאס

Dos meser’l

St. Petersberg

Eastern Europe

YIDDISH

1886

Early work of Sholem Aleichem, who would become world-famous for his Yiddish works

1

19

נעורים חטאת

Hat’ot Ne’urim

Vienna/Warsaw

Eastern Europe

PHILOSOPHY

1876-1899

Maskilic literature

1

19

בחינת עולם

Behinat 'Olam

Mantua

Italy

WOMEN

1474

Arranged and printed by Estellina Conat, first book printed by a woman

5

15

משל הקדמוני

Meshal ha-Kadmoni

Brescia

Italy

ART

1491

First Hebrew illustrated book.

4

15

ברכות: תלמוד

Talmud Bavli: Masekhet Berakhot

Soncino

Italy

TALMUD

1483

First Talmud with modern layout (Rashi + Tosafot)

4

15

ערוך

‘Arukh

Rome

Italy

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1469-71

Lexicon of Talmudic and Midrashic Terms; one of the very first Hebrew books ever printed

4

15

משנה תורה

Mishneh Torah

Venice

Italy

LAW

1551

Created a feud between two printers, involved pope, led to the burning of the Talmud in 1553

2

16

תלמוד

Talmud Bavli

Venice

Italy

TALMUD

1523

First complete edition of the Babylonian Talmud

6

16

זוהר

Zohar

Mantua

Italy

KABBALAH

1558

First edition of the Zohar

3

16

ספר מנהגים

Sefer Minhagim

Venice

Italy

YIDDISH

1589

Illustrated book of Jewish customs. Written in Yiddish

3

16

שמעוני ילקוט

Yalkut Shim’oni

Livorno

Italy

MIDRASH

1649

One of the first books printed at Livorno

2

17

שירים אשר לשלמה

Shirim asher li-Shelomoh

Venice

Italy

MUSIC

1623

First polyphonic Hebrew printed music. Maybe first Hebrew printed music at all

3

17

יבין מצולה

Yeven Metsulah

Venice

Italy

HISTORY

1653

Detailed description of the horrors of the Chmielnicki massacres

2

17

בית יהודה

Bet Yehudah

Venice

Italy

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1634-1635

Author writes about the attacks on printers by the Inquisition

1

17

Estos son los perakim

Pirke Avot

Venice

Italy

LADINO

1707

Includes Ladino in Roman characters

1

18

טוביה מעשה

Ma'aseh Tuviyah

Venice

Italy

MEDICINE

1707

Medical book including many illustrations

2

18

ש"ספר הרשב

Sefer ha-Rashbash

Livorno

Italy

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1742

Haskamot detail printer's efforts to get permission to re-establish printing in Livorno

1

18

י"ש מנחת

Minhat Shai

Mantua

Italy

BIBLE

1742-44

A critical Masoretic commentary on the Bible, based on manuscripts and print editions

2

18

הגדה

Trieste Hagadah

Trieste

Italy

PRINT HISTORY

1864

Only early Hagadah to include lithography (58 original engravings)

2

19

ויכוח על חכמת הקבלה

Viku’ah ‘al Hokhmat ha-Kabbalah

Gorizia

Italy

KABBALAH

1852

Samuel David Luzzatto’s controversial work condemning Kabbalah

1

19

בני למחזור מבוא רומא

Mavo le-mahzor bene Roma

Livorno

Italy

LITURGY

1856

Historical/Critical introduction to the Mahzor

1

19

תולדות גדולי ישראל

Toldot Gedole Yisrael

Trieste

Italy

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1853

Mordekhai Ghirondi’s extension of Graziadio Nepi’s Zekher Zadikim; yielded an unprecedented biographical

dictionary of important Jews

1

19

5

1492

Christopher Columbus uses

Abraham Zakuto's

tables for his travels

15

5

1444

Davin de Caderouse (a Jew) collaborates with

Waldvogel on "ars scribendi artificialiter" (art of official writing)

in Avignon

15

5

1487

First printer in Portugal was a Jew (Samuel Porteiro,

Faro)

15

CHANCE

1492

Jews expelled from Spain

15

4

1531

Beginning of the Inquisition in

Portugal to identify crypto-Jews

16

4

1596-1599

Merchant of Venice

produced, portraying Shylock as a stereotypical

Jew

16

4

1525

Negotiations of shtadlan Yosef

Yoselman save Jews of Alsace during

Peasants War

16

CHANCE

1550

Henry II gives letters patent to New

Christians, allowing them to live in

France

16

1

1664

Charles II grants formal statement of toleration of Jews in

England

17

1

1656

Menasseh ben Israel begins

printing activity in England

17

1

1654

Portugal occupies Recife; Jews flee to

New Amsterdam

17

CHANCE

1640

Bay Psalm Book includes Hebrew

characters

17

2

1776

American Revolution: New USA allows for

citizenship regardless of

religion

18

2

1789 Declaration of the

Rights of Man (France) implies equal rights to

Jews

18

2

1791

National Assembly (France) grants equal

rights to Jews of Alcase and Lorraine;

completes French Jews’ emancipation

18

CHANCE

1753

Jewish Naturalization Act

(England) is announced and repealed due to

violent opposition

18

1

1860

Alliance Israelite Universelle

established in France

19

1

1824

First Reform congregation established in

America in Charleston, SC

19

1

1827

Moses Montifiore begins his travels and philanthropy

19

CHANCE

1807

Napoleon convenes the

Sanhedrin

19

3

1440s

Jewish financiers from Einheim loan

money to Gutenberg

for his press

15

3

1450

John Capistrano begins preaching

against Jews, leading to

persecutions and expulsions

15

3

1450

Samuel and Simon Soncino leave Furth

for Italy, (they settled in Soncino in

1454)

15

CHANCE

1434

Council of Basel renews and

increases legislation against the Jews

(such as distinctive clothing)

15

2

1512

First Hebrew press founded in Prague by Gershom Kohen

16

2

1510

Host desecration libel against Jews in Brandenburg

16

2

1595

Jews begin settling in Amsterdam

16

CHANCE

1543

Martin Luther prints "On the Jews and

Their Lies," sparking anti-Jewish hatred that would last for

centuries

16

CHANCE

1656

Spinoza is excommunicated

in Amsterdam

17

1

1657

Dutch Republic announces that Jews should be considered full

citizens abroad and not be restricted

17

1

1691

Glikl of Hamlen

begins writing her memoirs

17

1

1627

Menasseh ben Israel is the first

Jew to print Hebrew in

Amsterdam

17

5

1784-1811

Ha-me'asef printed in Germany

(Hebrew literature and Haskalah)

18

5

1700s

Jews active selling books at Frankfurt

Book Fair

18

5

1783

Moses Mendelssohn publishes his

“Biur”

18

CHANCE

1703

Oppenheim Library moves to Hanover,

opens to visitors

18

4

1897

First World Zionist Congress held in

Basel, Switzerland

19

4

1867

Fran’s Joseph I gives Jews in

Hapsburg Empire equal rights

19

4

1810

Israel Jacobson introduces an organ into the

synagogue

19

4

1851

Sampson Raphael Hirsch becomes

rabbi in Frankfurt

19

2

1426

Ashenazi Jews, expelled from their

lands, begin migrating to the Ottoman Empire

15

2

1492

Bayezid II, Sultan of Ottoman Empire,

invites Spanish refugees to his

lands

15

2

1481

Meshullam of Valterra travels to Palestine; writes

detailed narrative of inhabitants

15

CHANCE

1493

Arba'ah Turim is the first book printed in the

Ottoman Empire

15

1

1553

Dona Gracia Mendes settles in Constantinople, where she will

establish a huge network supporting

conversos

16

1

1570

Isaac Luria leads the Kabbalists in

Safed

16

1

1516

Ottomans conquer Palestine

16

CHANCE

1538

Re-introduction of formal Semikha by

Yaakov Berav in Safed

16

CHANCE

1620s

Shene Luhot Ha- berit written in

Jerusalem

17

5

1661

Jews in Persia allowed to practice

Judaism openly

17

5

1679

Jews of Yemen expelled to the

province of Mawza; many

would die en route

17

5

1666

Shabbetai Tsevi converts to Islam

17

4

1790

James Bruce publishes

travelogue including details on the Falashas (Ethiopian Jews)

18

4

1702

Decree against Jews wearing same

clothing as Muslims in Ottoman Empire (required to wear

black)

18

4

1721

Ashkenazic Jews expelled from

Jerusalem; synagogue of

students of Yehuda ha-Hasid destroyed

(Hurva)

18

CHANCE

1730

Janissary massacres in

Istanbul, Salonika, Izmir, and other cities kill many

Jews

18

3

1878

Petah Tikva established – first new settlement in

the modern era

19

3

1835

Hahkam Bashi (Chief Rabbi) given jurisdiction over all

Jews in the Ottoman Empire

19

3

1840

Damascus Blood Libel

19

CHANCE

1842

Buena Esperanza, first weekly in

Ladino, is published in Izmir

19

4

1453

Casimir IV Jagello confirms the

privileges of the Jews in the Kingdom

of Poland

15

4

1495

Jews expelled from Lithuania due to a fear of "Judaizing"

15

4

1453

South Poland rises as a

commercial center after fall of

Constantinople, bringing Jews

15

CHANCE

1494

Jacob Pollack founds yeshiva in

Cracow

15

3

1580

Earliest record of

the Va'ad Arba

Aratsot

16

CHANCE

1530

First Hebrew book

printed in Poland

(Cracow, Torah)

16

3

1559

First printing of Talmud in Poland (Lublin); Talmud

printing moves east due to Church

censorship

16

3

1537

Jews boycott Cracow press

because owners convert to

Christianity; king breaks the boycott

16

2

1648

Chmielnicki

massacres; tens of thousands of Jews

killed

17

2

1650

First record of

hazzanut in Eastern

Europe

17

2

1654-1656

Muscovite and

Swedish invasions

of Poland kill Jews

as armies sweep

through

17

CHANCE

1692

Establishment of

Hebrew press in Zolkiew (Poland)

17

1

1734

Ba'al Shem Tov

begins teaching

publicly

18

1

1772

Debate between

Hassidim and

Mitnagdim in

Shklov

18

1

1759

Frankist debates

and mass baptism

18

CHANCE

1764

Va'ad Arba Aratsot

abolished by the

Sejm

18

5

1884

Publication of the Mishnah Berurah

19

5

1849

Rabbi Israel Salinger founds the Mussar

movement in Kovno

19

5

1836

Rivalry over

publication of the Talmud leads to closure of many presses in the

Russian Empire

19

CHANCE

1885

Strashun Library bequeathed to Vilma Jewish community

19

1

1487 The Agur is the first

book printed

in the life of its author and the first to include haskamot

(Naples)

15

1

1475

The first dated Hebrew

book (Rashi on the Torah) is produced in

Reggio di Calabria

15

1

1469-1471

Hebrew books are printed for the first time ever, at Rome

15

CHANCE

1475

Simon of Trent blood

libel; would be illustrated in the

Nuremberg chronicle

15

5

1565

Rama’s Ashkenazi halakhic work printed

as gloss to Sefaradi Shulhan 'Arukh; only possible because of

print

16

5

1553

Pope orders the burning of the

Talmud throughout Italy

16

5

1566

Pope authorizes printing of "non-

offensive" Hebrew books; beginning of

censorship

16

CHANCE

1520

Daniel Bomberg begins printing the

first complete edition of the Talmud in

Venice

16

4

1630

Mantua sacked by

German troops;

Jews expelled

17

4

1698

Roman community

declared bankrupt

17

4

1612

Salamone [de Rossi] invited to play at the ducal

court in Mirandola

17

CHANCE

1645

Yedidiah, son of Isaac ben Solomon Gabbay receives a privativa to print Jewish books in

Livorno

17

3

1767

First communal library established in Italy (at Mantua)

18

3

1782

Naftali Herz Wessely sends Divre shalom ve-emet to Italy in an attempt

to spread his Maskilik ideals

18

3

1767

Napoleon announces

emancipation of Italian Jews

18

CHANCE

1767

New regulations break the

monopoly on Hebrew printing in

Tuscany

18

2

1852

First Jewish periodical in Italy:

L’Educatore Israelita

19

2

1870

End of Papal dominion in Rome completes Jewish emancipation in

Italy

19

2

1848

Unification of Italy leads to

emancipation of most Jews;

demolition of the ghetto walls in

Rome

19

CHANCE

1815

With Napolean’s defeat, Jews sent back to ghettos

19

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