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GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOIL BIODIVERSITY | 2-5 February 2021
Esperanza Huerta Lwanga
Wageningen University & Research
Earthworms and microbial diversity under conventional and organic farms. Interaction with actual and inherited pesticidesEsperanza Huerta Lwanga1, 2, Nicolas Beirot1,3, Zhaoqi Bin1, Raúl Zornoza3, Flavia Pinzari, Luigi Orru, Margarita Ros3, Onurcan özbolat3, Eva Lloret Sevilla3, Raúl Ortega4, Isabel Miralles4, Michel Riksen1, Henny Gertsen1, Piet Peters1, Coen Ritsema1, Violette Geissen1
1[Wageningen University & Research, [email protected]]2[El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, [email protected]]3[Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena, [email protected]]4[University of Almeria, www.ual.es/en
Earthworms...
• Earthworms as indicators of soil quality (Bartz et al. 2013)
• promoters of several soil ecosystem services, (Blouin et al. 2013)
• impeccably reflect what occurs aboveground
Brown et al 2000
Soil microorganisms
• responsible of different biogeochemical process
• interact as the earthworms with the actual and inherited soil conditions
• Among them pesticides
Diverfarming & aim
• H2020 project
• enhances soil quality through plant diversification and rotation.
• Aim at assessing earthworms and soil microbial diversity
• as soil pesticide residues
• in long term diverfarming farms
Material and methods
• Sampling area Groningen, the Netherlands
• April 2018 before agrochemicals application
Material and methodsMangement Farm Crop type
conventional F1-C potatoes
conventional F2+M-C potatoes
conventional F2+NM-C potatoes
organic F3+10-O potatoes
organic F3+20-O potatoes
conventional F4-C potatoes
conventional F5-C potatoes
organic F6-C fodder
conventional F7-C potatoes
conventional F8-C potatoes
conventional F9-C potatoes
conventional F10-C potatoes
conventional F11-C potatoes
conventional F12-C fodder
O
12 farms
5 samples per farm for microorganisms
analysis
3 samples per farm for pesticides
analysis
• Soil physicochemical characteristics, earthworms and soil microorganisms, quantified and identified by Diverfarminghandbook
• Pesticides determination by LC-MS/MS (Anastassiades et al. 2003, Mol et al. 2008 and Yang, 2016)
Results
• Organic farms had significantly the highest earthworm’s diversity
eart
hw
orm
sd
ensi
ty(i
nd
.m2
)
conventionalconventional
organic
Results
• Organic farms had the highest content of beneficial microorganisms
Good practices
Contamination
Nitrogen fixation
Organic matter decomposition
Ubiquituos
Results• Seventeen pesticides residues
• DDT, Prosulfocarb and AMPA (first metabolite of glyphosate) present in all farms
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
T1 T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T3 T4 T4 T4 T5 T5 T5 T6 T6
Den
sity
(in
d.m
2)
Pes
tici
de
(ug/
g)
Treatment
Pesticide content and earthworms AMPA
Glyphosate
DDT-p,p'-
DDD-p,p'-(TDE)
DDE-p,p'-
tebuconazole
Bixafen
Penidmethalin
Prosulfocarb
Boscalid
Fluopicolide
Azoxystrobin
Metamitron
Chloridazon
Linuron
earthworms density (ind.m2)
Results
5678910111213
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
Total pesticides concentration (mg/kg-¹)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Rela
tive
abundance
%
5.Acidobacteria, 6.Actinobacteria, 7.Bacteroidetes, 8. Chloroflexi, 9.Cyanobacteria, 10. Firmicutes11.Gemmatimonadetes, 12. Planctomycetes, 13. Proteobacteria
Discussion
• Earthworms and microorganisms diversity are clearly influenced by actual and inherited pesticides.
• when stress factors are present, their biomass, abundance and diversity may decrease (Kammengaet al. 2001)
Discussion
Lehman et al. 2015
Thank you for your attention
