! 1!

Que$faire$avec...$Une$source$juridique?!Traduction!Hulot!(1803):!"Une!stipulation!ne!peut!se!faire!que!par!les!paroles!des!deux!parties:!c'est!pourquoi!ni!un!muet,!ni!un!sourd,!ni!un!enfant! (=! infans! "celui!qui!ne!sait!pas!encore!parler")!ne!peuvent!contracter!de!stipulation,!ni!même!un!absent,!puisqu'ils!doivent!s'entendre!mutuellement.!Si!donc!quelqu'un!de!ceuxFlà!veut!stipuler,!qu'il!stipule!par!un!esclave!présent,!et!l'esclave!lui!acquerra!l'action!de!stipulation.!!De!même!si!quelqu'un!veut!être!obligé,!qu'il!ordonne;!et!il!sera!obligé!!par!son!ordre".!(Dig.!45.1.1!=!Ulpien!48!ad)Sabinum)!

Le#sens#des#mots:##La#recherche#par#comparaison#Utiliser!les!fonctions!recherche!du!navigateur!ou!du!traitement!de!texte.!

Les#définitions#1.#Dig.#50.4.14#=#Callistratus#I#de#cognitionibus,!pr.!Honor)municipalis)est)administratio)rei)publicae)cum)dignitatis)gradu,)sive)cum)sumptu)sive)sine)erogatione)contingens.!1.!Munus)aut)publicum)aut)privatum)est.)Publicum)munus)dicitur,)quod)in)administranda)re)publica)cum)sumptu)sine)titulo)dignitatis)subimus.!Un!honneur!municipal!est!l'administration!de!la!chose!publique!avec!un!degré!de!dignité,!que!ce!soit!avec!ou!sans!dépense.!1.!Un!munus!est!public!ou!privé.!On!appelle!munus!public!une!charge!que!nos!subissons!en!administrant!la!chose!publique!avec!une!dépense!et!sans!que!ce!soit!un!titre!de!dignité.!!2.#Dig.#43.21.1#=#Ulpianus#70#ad#edictum##

2.!Rivus)est)locus)per)longitudinem)depressus,)quo)aqua)decurrat,)cui)nomen)est)ἀπὸ)τοῦ)ῥεῖν.!3.!Specus)autem)est)locus,)ex)quo)despicitur:)inde)spectacula)sunt)dicta.!4.!Septa)sunt,)quae)ad)incile)opponuntur)aquae)derivandae)compellendaeve)ex)flumine)causa,)sive)ea)lignea)sunt)sive)lapidea)sive)qualibet)alia)materia)sint,)ad)continendam)transmittendamque)aquam)

excogitata.!5.!Incile)est)autem)locus)depressus)ad)latus)fluminis,)ex)eo)dictus,)quod)incidatur:)inciditur)enim)vel)lapis) vel) terra,) unde) primum) aqua) ex) flumine) agi) possit.) Sed) et) fossae) et) putei) hoc) interdicto)

continentur.!!2.!Un!rivus!est!un!espace!creux!de!forme!allongée,!par!où!s'écoule!l'eau.!Il!tire!son!nom!de!"rheïn".!3.!Un!specus!est!un!espace!à!partir!d'où!on!regarde!d'en!haut:!de!là!le!nom!des!spectacles.!4.! Les!Septa! sont! les!obstacles!que! l'on!établit! à! côté!du! fossé!pour!dériver!où! concentrer! l'eau!depuis!un!fleuve,!qu'ils!soient!de!bois,!de!pierre!ou!de!quelque!autre!matière,!pourvu!qu'ils!aient!été!pensés!pour!contenir!et!faire!passer!l'eau.!

Le#droit#civil#ou#droit#des#Quirites##3.# Gaius,# Institutes,# 1#[I.# De# iure# ciuili# et# naturali.]! 1.)Omnes) populi,) qui) legibus) et)moribus) reguntur,)partim)suo)proprio,)partim)communi)omnium)hominum)iure)utuntur:)nam)quod)quisque)populus)ipse)sibi)ius)

constituit,)id)ipsius)proprium)est)uocaturque)ius)ciuile,)quasi)ius)proprium)ciuitatis;)quod)uero)naturalis)ratio)

inter)omnes)homines)constituit,) id)apud)omnes)populos)peraeque)custoditur)uocaturque) ius)gentium,)quasi)

quo) iure) omnes) gentes) utuntur.) Populus) itaque) Romanus) partim) suo) proprio,) partim) communi) omnium)

hominum)iure)utitur.)quae)singula)qualia)sint,)suis)locis)proponemus.)

))))))2.)Constant)autem)iura)populi)Romani)ex)legibus,)plebiscitis,)senatus)consultis,)constitutionibus)principum,)

edictis)eorum,)qui)ius)edicendi)habent,)responsis)prudentium.!Tous!les!peuples!régis!par!des!lois!et!des!coutumes!le!sont!partie!par!des!normes!qui! leur!sont!propres,!partie!par!d'autres! communes!à! tous! les!hommes;! car! tout!droit! que! se! crée!un!peuple!pour! luiFmême,!celuiFci!lui!appartient!en!propre!et!porte!le!nom!de!droit!civil!

! 2!

L'édit#du#préteur,#le#formalisme#du#droit:#actio#et#interdictum##!L'édit!du!préteur!affiche!publiquement:!

• la!liste!des!actions!et!la!formule!propre!à!chacune!!• les! interdits! qui! seront! prononcés! dans! chaque! type! de! cas! spécifique! par! le! préteur!!

agissant!dans!le!cadre!de!sa!capacité!juridique.!!Dig.# 43.14.# =# Ulpianus# 68# ad# edictum:! pr.!Praetor)ait:) "Quo)minus) illi) in) flumine)publico)navem)ratem)agere)quove)minus)per)ripam)onerare)exonerare)liceat,)vim)fieri)veto.)Item#ut#per#lacum#fossam#stagnum#publicum# navigare# liceat,# interdicam".) 1.! Hoc) interdicto) prospicitur,) ne) quis) flumine) publico) navigare)prohibeatur:)sicuti)enim)ei,)qui)via)publica)uti)prohibeatur,)interdictum)supra)propositum)est,)ita)hoc)quoque)

proponendum)praetor)putavit.!!Le!préteur!dit:!"J'interdis!de!s'opposer!par!la!force!de!s'opposer!à!ce!que!la!navigation!d'un!fleuve!public!sur! un! navire! ou! une! embarcation! ou! à! l'utilisation! de! la! rive! à! fin! de! charger! ou! décharger.! Et! je!prononcerai!le!même!interdit!pour!permettre!de!naviguer!sur!un!lac,!un!canal!ou!un!étang!public".!1.!cet!interdit!a!pour!finalité!d'empêcher!que!quiconque!se!voit!interdire!de!naviguer!sur!un!fleuve!public:!car!de!même!qu'un!interdit!a!été!publié!plus!haut!pour!celui!qui!se!voit!interdire!l'usage!d'une!voie!publique,!de!même!le!préteur!a!jugé!bon!de!publier!cet!interdit.!!Dig.#43.12.1#=#Ulpianus#68#ad#edictum:!pr.!Ait)praetor:)"Ne)quid)in)flumine)publico)ripave)eius)facias)neve)quid) in) flumine)publico)neve) in)ripa)eius) immittas,)quo)statio) iterve)navigio)deterior)sit) fiat".19.!Deinde)ait)praetor:)"Quod)in)flumine)publico)ripave)eius)fiat)sive)quid)in)id)flumen)ripamve)eius) immissum)habes,)quo)

statio)iterve)navigio)deterior)sit)fiat,)restituas".20.!Superius)interdictum)prohibitorium)est,)hoc)restitutorium,)ad)eandem)causam)pertinens.)Le!préteur!dit:!"que!rien!ne!soit!fait!dans!un!fleuve!public!ou!sur!sa!rive,!que!rien!ne!soit!disposé!dans!un!fleuve!public!ou!sur!sa!rive!qui!impose!de!plus!mauvaises!conditions!à!la!circulation!ou!au!stationnement!d'une!embarcation".!19.!Le!préteur!dit!ensuite!:!«!ce!qui!est!fait!dans!un!fleuve!ou!sur!sa!rive,!ou!tout!ce!que! l’on! a! fait! et! a! disposé! dans! ce! fleuve! ou! sur! sa! rive! et! par! quoi! le! stationnement! ou! la! circulation!soient!rendues!plus!mauvaises!pour!une!embarcation,!celui!qui!l’a!fait!le!rendra!à!son!état!antérieur.![21]!Les!deux!interdits!ont!trait!au!même!objet,!mais!le!premier!interdit!était!prohibitoire,!quand!ce!dernier!est!restitutoire.!!#Dig.#4.9.3#=##Ulpianus#14#ad#edictum,!1.!Ait)praetor:)"Nisi)restituent,)in)eos)iudicium)dabo".)Ex)hoc)edicto)in)factum) actio) proficiscitur.) Sed) an) sit) necessaria,) videndum,) quia) agi) civili) actione) ex) hac) causa) poterit,) si)

quidem)merces) intervenerit,) ex) locato) vel) conducto:) sed) si) tota) navis) locata) sit,) qui) conduxit) ex) conducto)

etiam)de)rebus)quae)desunt)agere)potest:)si)vero)res)perferendas)nauta)conduxit,)ex)locato)convenietur:)sed)si)

gratis)res)susceptae)sint,)ait)Pomponius)depositi)agi)potuisse.)!Le!préteur!dit!«!s’ils!ne!restituent!pas!(la!marchandise!qui!leur!a!été!confiée),!je!prononcerai!un!jugement!à!leur!encontre!».!Pas!cet!édit!est!engagée!une!actio)in)factum.!Mais!il!faut!voir!si!celleFci!est!nécessaire,!car!il!pourrait!être!possible!d’intenter,!sur!la!base!d’une!action!civile!une!action!ex)locato!ou!ex)conducto,!si!un!salaire!a!été!versé,.!Si!le!navire!a!été!loué!dans!sa!totalité,!celui!qui!a!pris!la!location!peut!aussi!engager!une!action! ex) conducto! pour! les! marchandises! qui! manquent!;! mais! si! le! marin! a! pris! un! contrat!d’acheminement! des! marchandises! à! destination,! c’est! une! action! ex) locato! qui! convient.! Mais! si! les!marchandises!ont!été!prises!en!charges!gratuitement,!Pomponius!dit!qu’une!action!de!dépôt!est!possible.!

Un#droit#sans#principes#et#sans#législateur?#L'édit#du#préteur#et#sa#jurisprudence##La#jurisprudence#des#cas#réels:#les#responsa#50.1.21.3# =# Paul,# 1# responsiorum.! Idem) respondit) eum,) qui) decurionem)adoptavit,) onera)decurionatus)eius)suscepisse)videri)exemplo)patris,)cuius)voluntate)filius)decurio)factus)est.!(Paul)!répond!également!que!celui!qui!a!adopté!un!décurion!a!également!assumé!les!charges!inhérentes!au!décurionat!au!même!titre!que!le!père!dont!le!fils!a!été!fait!décurion!par!la!volonté!de!son!père.!!

! 3!

CJ#4.33.4!Imperatores)Diocletianus,)Maximianus).)Cum)proponas)te)nauticum)fenus)ea)condicione)dedisse,)ut)post) navigium,) quod) in) Africam)dirigi) debitor) adseverabat,) in) salonitanorum)portum)nave) delata) fenebris)

pecunia)tibi)redderetur,)ita)ut)navigii)dumtaxat)quod)in)Africam)destinabatur)periculum)susceperis,)perque)

vitium)debitoris,)nec)loco)quidem)navigii)servato,)illicitis)comparatis)mercibus)quae)navis)continebat)fiscum)

occupasse:)amissarum)mercium)detrimentum,)quod)non)ex)marinae)tempestatis)discrimine,)sed)ex)praecipiti)

avaritia) et) incivili) debitoris) audacia) accidisse) adseveratur,) adscribi) tibi) iuris) publici) ratio) non) permittit.) *)

DIOCL.)ET)MAXIM.)AA.)AURELIAE)IULIANAE.)*<date!manquante>!Les! empereurs! Dioclétien! et! Maximien.! «!Puisque! tu! exposes! que! tu! as! consenti! un! prêt!maritime! à! la!condition!qu’après!la!navigation,!que!le!débiteur!avait!déclaré!qu’elle!serait!dirigée!vers!l’Afrique,!l’argent!emprunté!te!serait!rendu,!une!fois!le!navire!parvenu!dans!le!port!de!Salone,!dans!des!conditions!telles!que!tu!ne!prenais!en!charge!le!risque!de!la!navigation!que!pour!le!seul!trajet!à!destination!de!l’Afrique,!et!que!par! un! vice! du! débiteur,! alors! que!même! le! lieu! de! la! navigation! n’avait! pas! été! respecté,! et! qu’il! avait!acheté!des!marchandises!interdites,!qui!étaient!contenues!dans!le!navire,!le!fisc!avait!procédé!à!la!saisie,!le!préjudice!de!la!perte!des!marchandises,!qui!s’avère!être!survenu!non!par!l’effet!d’une!fortune!de!mer,!mais!par!celui!de!l’appât!du!gain!effréné!et!de!l’audace!incivile!du!débiteur,!la!raison!du!droit!public!ne!permet!pas!de!le!porter!à!ton!compte!».!Les!empereurs!Dioclétien!et!Maximien!Augustes!à!Aurelia!Iuliana.!!Ne#pas#confondre#jurisprudence#impériale#et#édit#!

Les# sententiae# prudentiorum:# une# imagination# sans# limites# en# quête# de#situations#improbables:##Dig.# # 5.1.76#=#Alfenus,# 6#Digestorum:! itemque)navem,)si)adeo)saepe)refecta)esset,)ut)nulla)tabula)eadem)permaneret)quae)non)nova)fuisset,)nihilo)minus)eandem)navem)esse)existimari.!De!la!même!façon!un!navire!qui!aurait!été!si!souvent!réparé!qu'aucune!planche!de!bordé!ne!subsisterait!qui!n'ait!été!remplacée,!on!pense!qu'il!reste!néanmoins!le!même!navire.!!Dig.# 39.3.10# =# Ulpianus# 53# ad# edictum,# 2.!Si) flumen)navigabile)sit,)non)oportere)praetorem)concedere)ductionem)ex)eo)fieri)Labeo)ait,)quae)flumen)minus)navigabile)efficiat.)Idemque)est)et)si)per)hoc)aliud)flumen)

fiat)navigabile.!Dans!le!cas!d’un!fleuve!navigable,!le!préteur!ne!doit!pas!autoriser!la!dérivation!d’eau!depuis!celuiFci,!selon!Labéon,!si!elle!rend!le!fleuve!moins!navigable.!Il!en!est!de!même!si!cette!adduction!rend!un!autre!fleuve!navigable.!

Les#documents#de#la#pratique#!P.Oxy.Hels.37#(Oxyrhynchus,#176#CE),#r#:!Ἀπολλώνιος!Ἡρακλείδου!μητρὸς!Ἡρακλείας!ἀπὸ!Σωφθις!τοῦ!ὑπε"ρ" Μέμφιν" [Ἡ]ρ[ακλεοπολίτου. ν]ομοῦ! καὶ! οἱ! σὺν! ἐμοὶ! Σαραπίωνι! Σαραπίωνος! τοῦ! Χαιρήμονος!Σωσικοσμίῳ! τῷ! καὶ! |Ζηνείῳ! ναυκλήρῳ! καὶ! κυβερνήτῃ! πλοίου! θαλαμηγοῦ! ἀγωγῆς! (ἀρταβῶν)# ω# οὗ!πάσημ[ον* F! ca.10! F! χα]ίρειν.! ὁμολογῶ!νενεναυλῶσθαι!παρὰ! [σ]ου! τὸ!δηλούμενον!πλοῖον!πρὸς! ἐμβο|λὴν"κούφων(Καισαρειανῶν!λεπτίων!διακοσίων,!ἅπερ!ἐμβαλ[ό]μενος-ἀπὸ!ὅρμ[ου' F!ca.12& F]υ$ἀποκαταστήσις!εἰς! ὅρμον! τοῦ! προκειμένου! ὑπὲρ! Μέμφιν! Ἡρακλεοπολι)του- |νομοῦ,! ναύλου! τοῦ! συμπεφωνημένου!ἀργυρίου!δραχμῶν!διακοσίων! ἑξήκ[οντα!ἃς!καὶ!αὐτόθ]εν!ἀποδέδωκά!σοι,! τῶν! τελῶν!καὶ!ἀναλωμάτων!καὶ! κατὰ! ποταμὸν! δαπανω[ν]! |! 5καὶ! ἐνορμίων! καὶ! ξυλικοῦ! ὄντων! πρὸς! ἐμὲ! τὸν! νεναυλωμένον.!παραστήσι[ς!δὲ!τὸ!πλοῖον!ἐξηρ]τισμε+νον.πρὸς!τὸν!πλοῦν!συ"ν!τῇ!αὐτάρκῃ!ναυτ[ιᾳ],!τὸν!δὲ!ἀπόπλουν!ἀπὸ!της# |πόλεως# ποιήσῃ! τῇ! ἐνεστω' σῃ! ἡμέρᾳ! καὶ! πλεύσῃ! τὸν! πλοῦν! εἰθισμένως* οὐ! νυκ[τοπλοῶν! οὐδὲ![χιμ]ωνος! ὄντος,! προσορμίζων! δὲ! καθʼ! ἑκάστην! ἡμέραν' ε"πὶ! τῶν! ἀποδεδιγμε( |νων! καὶ! ἀσφαλεστάτων#ὅρμων!ταῖς!καθηκούσαις!ὥραις,!πλὴν!ἐάν,!ὃ!μὴ!γεί[νοιτο,!ἀπὸ!Διὸς"βί]ας"αἴτιόν!τι!σύμβῃ!ἢ!πυρὸς!ἀπὸ!γῆς!ἢ! χιμῶνος! ἢ! κακούργων! ε"πιβα[λ]λο* ντων,/ ο" ! |! συνφανὲς" ποιη' σας" ἀνεύθυνος! ἔσῃ! σὺν! καὶ! τῇ! ναυτίᾳ."παραμε' νις! δὲ! ἐπ[ὶ! τ]η[ς! ἐκβολῆς!ἡμέρα]ν(μίαν! ,! χωρὶς!ἧς! ἐὰν!προσορμίσῃς,!μεθʼ!ἣν! ἐὰν!σὲ! ἐπικατασχῶ,"δω# σω& σοι& κα[θʼ! ἑκά]|[στη]ν+ ἡμε#ρα[ν]* * ** ** *[* ** *]* Traces' [F! ca.30& F]" ηε" "" [οὐδ]ὲν" των# π[ρο]κειμε- νων#παραβήσομαι., [, ,], ,, ,, ,, ,ηδ, ,μ[F!ca.15& ]|10& & αιλ% %% %% %% %ενλογησις+ διὰ!τὸ! ἐπὶ! τούτοις! νεναυλῶσθαι.! ἔτου(ς)! ιϛ!Αὐτο[κ]ρα) [τορος+ Καίσαρος+ Μάρκου]+ Αυ" [ρηλί]ου! Ἀντωνείνου! Σεβαστοῦ! Ἀρμε[νια]κοῦ! Μηδικοῦ!Παρθικ[οῦ!Γερμανικοῦ]"|Σαρματικοῦ!μεγίστου)Μεσορη" !εἰκάδι.!|(hand!2)!Ἀπο[λλ]ω( [ν]ιο[ς,,,,,],,[,! """"]""""""""["Fca.?F!]!Apollonios! fils!d’Héraclide,!dont! la!mère!est!Héraclée,!de!Sôphthis,!en!amont!de!Memphis,!dans! le!nôme!Hérakéopolite! et! ceux! qui! sont! avec! moi! à! Sérapion! Sosikosmios! fils! de! Sarapion! fils! de! Chaerémon,!

! 4!

nauclère! et! commandant! de! l’embarcation! de! type! thalamège! d’une! capacité! de! charge! de! dont! le!parasème!est![FFF],!salut.!je!reconnais!avoir!passé!auprès!de!toi!un!contrat!de!naulisme!concernant!l’embarcation!ciFdessus!désignée!pour! le! chargement! de! 200! jarres! Césariennes! vides,! que! tu! chargeras! au! port! de! [FFF],! après! quoi! tu!retourneras! jusqu’au!port!du!lieu!ciFdessus!désigné!en!amont!de!Memphis!dans! le!nome!Hérakléopolite,!pour!un!montant!convenu!de!260!drachmes!d’argent!que!je!t’ai!données!ici,!les!droits!de!douane,!les!frais!généraux,!les!frais!le!long!du!fleuve,!les!frais!de!port!et!le!xylikon!étant!à!ma!charge!au!titre!de!ce!contrat!de!naulisme!dont! je! suis! le!preneur.!Tu! fourniras! le!navire! équipé!pour! la!navigation!avec!un!équipage!suffisant,!et! il! appareillera!au! jour!convenu,!et!naviguera!sans!détour,! sans!naviguer!de!nuit!ni!par!gros!temps!et!en!mouillant!chaque! jour!dans! les!ports! les!plus!choisis!et! les!plus!sûrs!aux!heures!convenues,!sauf!si!F!plaise!au!ciel!que!cela!n'arrive!pas!F!quelque!chose!survient!par!la!force!de!Zeus,!ou!d'un!feu!venu!de!la!terre,!ou!du!mauvais!temps,!ou!d'une!attaque!de!brigands,!toutes!causes!qui,!prouvées,!l'exonèreront!avec! son! équipage! de! sa! responsabilité! civile.! Tu! resteras! pour! le! déchargement! ! une! journée! après!l'arrivée!au!mouillage,!après!quoi,!si!je!prends!du!rentard,!je!te!verserai!pour!chaque!jour!(de!retard)!une!indemnité!de![FFF].!#TPSulp# 106# =#TPN# 110# =#AE# 1984,# 224:!C(aius))S[aaa]s)[aaa]S[aaa])/)Theodori) f(ilii))S[aaa]er[aaa]eni)navem)Notum)/)modium)XVIII(milium))pl[u]s)minus)[aaa]IS[a]SE[aaa])f(ilii))/)[a]b)Sidon(e))parasem[o)aaa])sponte)sua)/)

sub)praecone)[aaa]ret)/)nive)mora[aaa]S[aaa]I)ob)honus)/)quod)R[aaa]cor[aaa]us)in)ea)/)nave)[i]NSV[aaa])avertisset)

/) obligata) esse) [aaa]S[aaa]) protopraxia) /) [e]t) iure) ipso) et) consue[tu]dine) sibi) /) esset) /) actum) Puteolis) XI)

Kal(endas))Ian(uarias))/)Nerone)Claudio)Caesare)Augusto)II)/)L(ucio))Caesio)[Martiale])co(n)s(ulibus)!!

Un#peu#de#bibliographie:#ressources#papier:#

!AndréFJean! Arnaud! (dir.),!Dictionnaire) encyclopédique) de) théorie) et) de) sociologie) du) droit,! Librairie!

Générale!de!Droit!et!de!Jurisprudence,!Paris,!et!E.!StoryFScientia,!Bruxelles,!1988!(repr.!1993).!Adolf!Berger,!Encyclopedic)Dictionary)of)Roman)Law)(=!Transactions!of! the!American!Philosophical!

Society,!New!Series,!Vol.!43,!No.!2!(1953),!pp.!333F809)!Gilbert!Hanard,!Droit)romain.! Tome!1:!notions)de)base,)concepts)de)droit,) sujets)de)droits,! Bruxelles,!

Facultés!universitaires!SaintFLouis,!1997!Clyde!Pharr!(in!collaboration!with!Theresa!S.!Davidson!and!Mary!B.!Pharr),!The)Theodosian)Code)and)

Novels) and) the) Sirmondian) Constitutions,) a) Translation) with) a) Commentary,) Glossary) and) Bibliography,)

Princeton,)1952.!Axel! de! Theux,! Imre! Kovalovszky,! Nicolas! Bernard,! Précis) de) méthodologie) juridique:) les) sources)

documentaires)du)droit,!Bruxelles,!Facultés!universitaires!SaintFLouis,!1995.!Robert!Villers,!Rome)et)le)droit)privé,!Paris,!Albin!Michel,!1977!

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ressources#en#ligne#!http://www.histoiredudroit.fr/index.html#!http://droitromain.upmfFgrenoble.fr/!http://www.iuscivile.com/!http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps.htm!!!!

ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF ROMAN LAW

Resistere. To oppose, to resist. The term is pri- marily used of physical resistance to another's force (vis) in self-defense.

Resolvere. To annul, to rescind a transaction either by mutual consent of both contracting parties (con- trario consensu) or, in specific circumstances, by a unilateral act of one of the persons involved. Resolvi to be rescinded, to become void (e.g., a mandate, mandatumt, by the death of one party).

Resolvi sub condicione. A conditional transaction or testamentary disposition became null through the ful- fillment of the condition if the act had contained a clause providing for its rescission in the event of fulfillment.

Respicere. To take into consideration, to have regard to. The jurists used the verb in calling attention to specific points which were decisive for the juristic evaluation of the case under discussion.

Respondere. See RESPONSA PRUDENTIUM, IUS RESPON- DENDI, PROPONERE.

Responsa. A type of juristic writing. The jurists used to publish their answers (see RESPONSA PRU-

DENTIUM) in collections entitled Responsa. We know of responsa of Labeo, Sabinus, Neratius, Marcellus, Scaevola, Papinian, Paul, Ulpian, and some other jurists. The adaptation of the original responsa for publication required sometimes the addition of spe- cific argumentation, particularly when opinions of other jurists were being rejected. Some jurists dealt with the cases, on which they had given opinions (responsa) as respondent lawyers, in other works, such as Quaestiones, or Digesta (Celsus, Julian, Mar- cellus) and vice versa, they inserted some real or fictitious cases they discussed as teachers in the works published as Responsa.

Berger, RE 10, 1173. Responsa pontificum. Opinions of the pontiffs on

questions concerning sacral law, in particular, whether an intended sacral act'was admissible or an act al- ready performed was legal. Responsa pontificum were given also at the request of magistrates.

F. Schulz, History of R. legal science, 1946, 16. Responsa prudentium. Oral or written answers

(opinions), given by the jurists when they were queried by persons involved in a legal controversy or in litigation. Responsa were given also to magis- trates or judges if they addressed thenimelves to a jurist for opinion on a legal problem. The giving of responsa was an old Roman custom, going back to the times when the pontiffs were the exclusive ex- perts in law (see RESPONSA PONTIFICUM). Responsa are given in writing when they had to be presented in court. "The answers of the jurists are the views and opinions of those to whom it was permitted to lay down the laws (iura condere). If the opinions of all of them agree, that which they so hold stands in the place of a statute. However, if they disagree,

the judge is free to follow the opinion he pleases." These rules are attributed by Gaius (Inst. 1.7) to a reform by the emperor Hadrian. See CONDERE IURA, IUS RESPONDENDI, OPTINERE LEGIS VICEM. The term responsa does not cover opinions of the jurists ex- pressed in theoretical discussions or in their literary products. The importance of the responding activity of the jurists suffered somewhat after the codifica- tion of the praetorian Edict under Hadrian (see EDIC- TUM PERPETUUM) and the granting of ius respondendi became certainly rarer (if practiced at all), while on the other hand, the authority of those jurists who participated in the emperor's council (CONSILIUM PRINCIPIS) became predominant. Some prollems in the field of the ius respondendi have remained still controversial despite the copious recent literature. As a matter of fact, collections of responsa (see RESPONSA), reflecting the responding activity of the jurists, appear through the century after Hadrian. For the influence of the responsa prudentium on the development of the law, see IURISPRUDENTIA.

Berger, RE 10, 1167; Wenger, RE 2A, 2427; Cuq, DS 4 (s.v. prudentium r.); Anon., NDI 10 (s.v. prudentium r.) ; Pringsheim, JRS 24 (1934) 146; Wieacker, in Romanis- tische Studien, Freiburger rechtsgesch. Abhandlungen 5 (1935) 43; Arangio-Ruiz, StSas 16 (1938) 17; De Zu- lueta, TulLR 22 (1947) 173; for earlier literature, see Massei, Scr Ferrini (Univ. Pavia, 1946) 430; for further recent literature, see IUS RESPONDENDI.

Responsio (responsum). As a part of the STIPULATIO, the answer of the debtor assuming an obligation to the question (interrogatio) of the creditor.

Responsio (respondere). In a trial the reply of the defendant or his representative to the presentation of the case by the plaintiff; see NARRATIO. Responsio comprises all means of defense (defensio) used by the defendant for the denial of the plaintiff's claim.

Responsio in iure. The answer given by a party to a trial questioned in iure by the magistrate; see INTERROGATIO IN IURE.

Betti, ATor 50 (1914-15) 389. Responsitare. A rare term indicating the responding

activity (respondere) of the jurists.-See RESPONSA PRUDENTIUM.

Restipulatio. (In interdictal procedure.) See AGERE PER SPONSIONEM, INTERDICTUM.

Restipulatio tertiae partis. See SPONSIO TERTIAE PARTIS.

Restituere. To reinstate (a building, a construction, a road, and the like) to its former condition (in pristinum statum). Restituere = "to take away what one did (constructed on another's property) or to restore on its place what was taken away" (D. 43.8.2.43). In this sense restituere is used in the formulae of INTERDICTA RESTITUTORIA ("restituas"), i.e., restoration into such condition as to enable the plaintiff to regain the full utility (omnis utilitas) he had before the destruction or damage caused by the

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