ETUDE DE VRD DES 1032 LOGEMENTS D’OULED MENDIL A ALGER

7/23/2019 ETUDE DE VRD DES 1032 LOGEMENTS DOULED MENDIL A ALGER

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PK^[@CJ\[K LCIKPJKOOK DKGFEPLTJ\[K KT ^F^[CLJPKGjojstrk dk c Koskjiokgkot kt dk cl Afrgltjfo ^rfakssjfookcs

Jostjtut Oltjfolc Upejlcjs ko Afrgltjfo ^rfakssjfookcck dFuliukofuokJOUA^F

Gkgfjrk dk ajo d tudks

^fur cf`tkotjfo du Djpcfgk dk

Tkebojejko Uuprjkur ko @tjgkot Trlvlux ^u`cje

Fptjfo=Qfjrjks kt Psklux Djvkrsbgk =

^rfpfs plr =Ck Ekotrk Oltjfolc dKtudks kt dk cl Pkebkrebk lppcjquk ko [r`lojsgk EOKP[)

^rskot plr =Gr. LJT LCJ @jclcGr .]F[@JP Plebjd

Djrji plr =Gr. HLBJC Lglr

5 kgk ^rfgftjfo efdk dk sketjfo = @T^ >900)0>>:/0>


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Psug

Psug =Ctudk dk tfut prfmkt vfjrjk kt rsklux djvkrs kst uok pblsk elpjtlck, df uok lttkotjfo spejlck

dkvrljt trk dfook Cf`mketja dk ekttk tudk kst dk rlcjskr uo dfssjkr dkxeutjfo vfjrjk kt rsklux

djvkrs dks 50 cfikgkots sjtu Fuckd Gkodjc quj pkrgkttrl dk alejcjtkr ck drfuckgkot kt ck

sujvj dks trlvlux dk rlcjsltjfo sur tkrrljo. Ctudk prfprkgkot djtk l trljt ejoq plrtjks slvfjr, cl

tfpfirlpbjk du sjtk djgpclotltjfo, cl trlgk vfjrjk kt sks elrletrjstjquks ifgtrjquks,

clcjgkotltjfo ko klu pftl`ck lvke ck elceuc du rsklu, clssljo jsskgkot, ljosj quk ck

djgkosjfookgkot dks efodujtks kt koajo cl plrtjk ecljrlik pu`cje.

[o cfijejkc dk elceuc dbydrlucjquk "GkelAcujd" l t gjsk lu pfjot kt vlcjd pfur ck elceuc kt ck

djgkosjfookgkot dks rsklux dlcjgkotltjfo ko klu pftl`ck kt dlssljojsskgkot.

Gfts ecs = tfpfirlpbjk, lcjgkotltjfo ko klu pftl`ck, lssljojsskgkot, trle ko pclo, eu`lturk,ecljrlik pu`cje, GkelAcujd.

L`strlet=Tbk study fa loy prfmket rflds lod djaakrkot oktwfrh js l elpjtlc pblsk, arfg wbkrk l spkejlc

lttkotjfo sbfucd `k ijvko. Tbk f`mketjvk fa tbjs study js tf elrry fut l ajck fa kxkeutjfo rflds lod

djaakrkot oktwfrh fa tbk 50 cfdijois sjtultkd tf Fuckd Gkodjc, wbjeb wjcc glhk jt pfssj`ck tf

alejcjtltk tbk efursk lod tbk afccfw-up fa tbk rklcjzltjfo wfrh fo irfuod.

Tbk study jtskca trkltkd ajvk plrts sueb ls, tbk tfpfirlpby fa tbk sjtk fa jgpclotltjfo, tbk rfldwly

oktwfrh lod jts ikfgktrjelc eblrletkrjstjes, tbk drjohjoi wltkr suppcy wjtb tbk elceucltjfo fa tbk

oktwfrh, tbk rkbl`jcjtltjfo, ls wkcc ls tbk djgkosjfojoi fa tbk efodujts lod ajolccy tbk strkkt

cjibtjoi plrt.

L bydrlucje elceucltjfo sfatwlrk "GkelAcujd" wls dkvkcfpkd lod vlcjdltkd afr tbk lolcysjs lod

dksjio fa drjohjoi wltkr suppcy systkgs lod slojtltjfo.

Hky wfrds= tfpfirlpby, drjohjoi wltkr suppcy, slojtltjfo, trlejoi jo pclo, eu`lturk, pu`cje cjibtjoi,GkelAcujd.


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Pkgkrejkgkots

Ek prfmkt ofus l pkrgjs dk trlvljcckr lvke dks pkrsfooks dfot ckur lssjstloek ofus l t d'uo irlod

prfajt. Kt ofus dsjrfos jej cks rkgkrejkr sjoerkgkot dk ckur djspfoj`jcjt kt dk ckur sfutjko.

Ofus rkgkrejfos eblckurkuskgkot Ggk GKUULEJ ko tlot quk ebka dk dplrtkgkot tudks ktjoarlstrueturk dlos ck Irfupk EOKP[ kt dk ofus lvfjr leeukjccj, prfpfs ck sumkt kt kotfurs lvke cl

pcus irlodk lttkotjfo kt dlvfjr gjs oftrk djspfsjtjfo tfus cks gfykos oekssljrks.

Ofs irlods rkgkrejkgkots lu pkrsfookc du Dplrtkgkot tudks kt Joarlstrueturks kt tfut ck pkrsfookc

dk cltkcjkr bydrlucjquk, vfjrjk pcus spejlckgkot = Gr GKOLUPJ Cyks, Gr UKGGLP Plajh,

Gr L@DEBLHF[P Blgzl kt Gr JOOF[PLP Lhcj, quj ok ofus fot mlgljs rkaus cl

gfjodrk ljdk kt pfur ckur djspfoj`jcjt kt c'lssjstloek prejkusk qu'jcs ofus fot faakrt.

Ekst lvke uok prfafodk rkefooljssloek kt efosjdrltjfo plrtjeucjrk quk ofus rkgkrejfos oftrk

prfgftkur Gr HLBJC Lglr pfur cl sfcjtudk lvke clqukcck jc l sujvj kt iujd ek trlvljc.

Ofus tkofos lussj rkgkrejkr cks gkg`rks du mury quj ofus afot bfookur dk muikr oftrk trlvljc.

Ofs rkgkrejkgkots cks pcus lgjelux vfot vkrs ofs lgjs (ks) quj ofus fot ljds dk prs fu dk cfjo.


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Ddjeleks

Lux dkux trks quj gk sfot cks pcus ebkrs lu gfodk

\uj fot aljt dk gfj ek quk mk sujs

Gks plrkots, vfus quj glvkz ckv, quj glvkz tfumfurs sfutkou

Qfus quj olvkz mlgljs ekss dk erfjrk ko gfj

Qfus, quj vfykz ck gfodk trlvkrs gks ykux

Lueuo gft, lueuok cloiuk

Ok slurljt kxprjgkr gfo irlod lgfur oj gl prfafodk rkefooljssloek vftrk ilrd

L gl surldfrl`ck Dlcjcl

L gfo pktjt arrk Alrks

L tfutk gl algjcck

L tfus gks lgjs kt tfutks gks lgjks pfur ckur djspfoj`jcjt joefodjtjfookcck, ckur ljdk jokstjgl`ck kt

lgjtj rlrk

L tfus ekux quj fot efotrj`u gl afrgltjfo, plrtlot dk gks koskjiolots du prjgljrk kt lrrjvlot gks

prfaksskurs lu skjo dk cJOUA^F

L tfus ekux quk mk efooljs kt quj gfot aljt bfookur dk ckurs efoskjcs

Jodojl`cks

Mk ddjk ek gfdkstk trlvljc.

@jclc o Uld ` Lhcj o Ulckg


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Ddjeleks

Mk ddjk ek cltjtudk trlvljc pfur =

Cks dkux trks cks pcus ebkrs quk ck @fo Djku gldfoodlos cl vjk, ekst `jko gks plrkots.

Glglo mk tjko tk dvfjckr gks sjoerks skotjgkots dlgfur kt dk rkspket pfur tfut ek quk tu

gls lpprjspfur ck efurlik quk tlssu gk dfookrlux poj`cks gfgkots quk mlj veuk durlot gks tudks

du prjgljrk ek mfur.

^lpl ekst tfj quj gl djs uomfur mk sujs prt rkstkr slos gloi kt tk dfookr uok `fook

dueltjfo kt vkjcckr sur tks tudks, plpl gkrej pfur ck efurlik kt ck slerjajek quk tls efoskotj sur gfj

pkodlot cl durs dk gks tudks.

Mk vfus sfubljtk uok cfoiuk vjk pcljok dk mfjk kt dk slot.

Mk ddjk lussj gfo trlvljc tfus gks arrks ko efggkolot plr Uglc, @rlbjg, Ulgjr, gks

dkux Uurs Fulrdjl ktslos fu`cjkr cl pktjtk Hkozl.

L tfutk gl algjcck prfebk, gfo ebkr foeck Gfblgkd gl ebrk tkotk Altgl kt ckurs dkux ajccks

Ul`rjol kt Ulrl.

Ljosj quk gks lgjs(ks) gks efcciuks dk sketjfo gks vfjsjos .gks prfas cJOUA^F kt tfut ck

pkrsfookc dk ctl`cjsskgkot.

]F[@JP Plebjd


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Tl`ck dks gltjrks

PKU[GK ............................................................................................................ 0PKGKPEJKGKOTU ................................................................................................ 5DKDJELEKU ....................................................................................................... 4TL@CK DKU GLTJKPKU ......................................................................................... 1CJUTK DKU AJI[PKU ..........................................................................................


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0.0.


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5.1.1. Djaarkotks Gtbfdks dk djgkosjfookgkot .......................................................... ..................... 44

5.9. Efoecusjfo ........................................................................................ 49Eblpjtrk 4 = Tkrrlsskgkot .................................................................... 42

4.


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;.9.


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2.5.


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Cjstk dks ajiurks

Ajiurk


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Cjstk dks tl`cklux

Tl`cklu


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Ofgkoeclturk

Ujicks kt lerfoygks =QPD = vfjrjk kt rsklux djvkrs

EÂ = eftk pcltk-afrgk

Ckttrks Cltjoks =Pb= Plyfo bydrlucjquk

Q@ = Qjtkssk dk `lsk

J = ^kotk

JE@P= Jodjek E@P

k = Kpljsskur dk cl eblussk

\g= D`jt gfyko mfurolcjkr

\K^= D`jt dks klux pcuvjlcks

\K[= D`jt dks klux usks

\p= D`jt dk pfjotk

QÛ = vjtkssk l pckjo sketjfo

\Û = D`jt l pckjo sketjfo

M = pkrtk dk eblrik

[ = ebutk dk tkosjfo

q = D`jt efrrketja

Uyg`fcks Irkes==Loick ko irldk =Kecljrkgkot=Acux cugjokux=Loick sfcjdkJodjeks kt Kxpfslots=> = Qlckur jojtjlck

gfy = Qlckur gfykook

glx = Qlckur glxjglck

gjo = Qlckur gjojglck


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc 1) gfjs kovjrfo.

Cf`mketja dk ek trlvljc kst dtudj uo prfmkt rkc quj pkrgkttrl dk =

- Efgpctkr cks efooljssloeks lequjsks durlot cks eyecks dk afrgltjfo.

- Ujotirkr lu gfodk du trlvljc.

- Efooltrk cks gjssjfos kt cks rkspfosl`jcjts duo tkebojejko suprjkur koQPD.

Dk ek aljt, ofus sfggks lppkcs afurojr `kluefup dkaafrts, aljrk df`skrvltjfos, dks rkglrquks

lajo dk prskotkr uo trlvljc quj kst djiok dk sfo ofg.

Ekst dlos ek eldrk quk ck ekotrk oltjfolc dtudks kt dk rkebkrebk lppcjquk ko ur`lojsgk ofus l

prfpfs uo prfmkt dk ajo dtudks jotjtuc Ktudk dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc

Kt lajo dk gkokr oftrk trlvljc ck pcus mudjejkuskgkot pfssj`ck, ofus lccfos dvkcfppkr ekttk tudk

trlvkrs bujt eblpjtrks frdfoos efggk sujt =

Ck prkgjkr eblpjtrk skrl efosler cl prskotltjfo du QPD ljosj du prfmkt ko pfjot vuk

ifirlpbjquk kt tkebojquk.

Cl prskotltjfo dk qukcquks tkrgjofcfijks tfpfirlpbjquk kt cl prfedurk djgpclotltjfo sur tkrrljo

akrfot cf`mkt du dkuxjgk eblpjtrk

Dlos ck trfjsjgk eblpjtrk, ofus lccfos prfedkr cl dtkrgjoltjfo du trle ko pclo, cl cjiok rfuik

kt cks prfajcs ko trlvkrs, dk ggk ofus lccfos djgkosjfookr ck efrps dk eblussk.

^lr sujtk, ck qultrjgk eblpjtrk sk efoslerkrl lux elceucs dks eu`lturks kt gfuvkgkots dks

tkrrks.

Ck djgkosjfookgkot du rsklu dlssljojsskgkot akrl cf`mkt du ejoqujgk eblpjtrk.

Dlos ck sjxjgk eblpjtrk, ofus lccfos djgkosjfookr ck rsklu dlcjgkotltjfo ko klu pftl`ck.

Ck skptjgk eblpjtrk pfrtk sur cl prskotltjfo dtljcck du prfirlggk joafrgltjquk cl`fr ko

vuk dk cl dtkrgjoltjfo ougrjquk dk ekrtljos plrlgtrks bydrlucjquks.

Ctudk kt cjgpclotltjfo du rsklu decljrlik pu`cje ljosj quk ccketrjejt skrfot prskotks dlos

ck bujtjgk eblpjtrk.


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc > ,>> DL.

Ck EOKP[ kst uo `urklu dtudks oltjfolc, quj rkcvk dk cl sfejt dk

ikstjfo dks plrtjejpltjfos IKOKUT , efostjtu dks ajcjlcks

sujvlotks =

Cl sfejt DKCZ^PF lylot pfur gjssjfo cl prfgftjfo jggf`jcjrk dfot ck elpjtlc kst dk

:09.>>>.>>> ,>> DL, dtkou 92,5:2% plr ck EOKP[.

Cl sfejt dk ^rfgftjfo jggf`jcjrk du vjoit kt uojgk sjeck ^PFGFTJFO0< dfot ck

elpjtlc dk 099.;>>.>>>,>> Dl kst dtkou 4>% plr EOKP[.

Cks gjssjfos dk EOKP[ sfot dk =

>< pfur lvfjr aljt ck pclo pkrglokot dk sluvkilrdkr kt cl gjsk ko vlckur dk cl Els`lb

dLcikr.

Ck EOKP[ l t ekrtjaj cl ofrgk jotkroltjfolck JUF :>>< vkrsjfo 0>>> ko 0>>4, ekrtjajeltjfo

efoajrgk ko ofvkg`rk 0>>; kt ko dekg`rk 0>>1, rkofuvkck ko 0>>9 kt efoajrgk dk ofuvklu

ko 0>>2, 0>>: kt 0> dlos cks dfgljoks dk =

>2.

Ujkik = 5>, rfutk Blssko @ko Olglok @jr Gfurld Pls Lcikr.


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Eblpjtrk < = ^rskotltjfos iorlck


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc


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Eblpjtrk < = ^rskotltjfo iorlck

Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc 0>

Ck prfirlggk dk ekttk fprltjfo kst efgpfs dk 50 cfikgkots sfejlux cfeltjas irs plr cF^IJ

dBusskjo Dky. Efgpfss uojqukgkot dk typk A5 dk 19g kt rpfodlot lu elbjkr dk eblriks kt

prkserjptjfos du gjojstrk dk cbl`jtlt kt dk cl efostruetjfo (fetf`rk 0>>9).

Ck prfirlggk prvfjt uo koskg`ck dk cfelux (efggkrejlux kt sfejfeucturkcs) ljosj quk cks

qujpkgkots dleefgpliokgkots (Efccik, efcks, ekotrk dk slot, glreb).

> cfikgkots kst ko efurs dk rlcjsltjfo ljosj quk dks

qujpkgkots dleefgpliokgkots quj pfur ekrtljos, sfot lu skrvjek dk ckoskg`ck dk

cliicfgrltjfo dk @jrtfutl. Lu sud dk cl plrekcck dilik pfur ek prfirlggk dk cfikgkots

sfejlux, dks qujpkgkots spfrtjas djgpfrtloek gfykook sfot lussj prfmkts. Lu ofrd kt ckst dk

ckgpclekgkot dk cl prskotk fprltjfo, cks prfirlggks dlgolikgkot auturs ok sfot pls

koefrk ajxs.

Ck @fuckvlrd ofrd-sud plrt lu sud dk clvkouk prjoejplck dk cl vjcck dk @jrtfutl kt vjkot gfurjr lu

pjkd dks efccjoks lu ofrd.

Uur eks efccjoks, uok acfpk dk gljsfos jodjvjdukccks, efgpfsk uo tjssu dbl`jtlt djaaus. Eks

gljsfos sfot frilojsks pfur ekrtljoks ko blgklux, jotkrdjslot ljosj tfutk prfmketjfo duok

kxtkosjfo dlos ekttk djrketjfo duo tjssu ur`ljo dkosk.


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc 0


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gg plr lo. Cl pcuvjfgtrjk

dplssk cks >gg/lo lu gfjs dk ofvkg`rk kt dekg`rk cl vlckur gfykook kt alj`ck lux gfjs dk

mujo kt mujcckt.

`) Cl tkgprlturk =Cl tkgprlturk kst cuo dks aletkurs ecjgltjquks quj dtkrgjokot ck ebfjxdu gfdk dpurltjfo df sfo jgpfrtloek pfur tfut prfmkt dlssljojsskgkot.

Dlos oftrk zfok dtudk, cl tkgprlturk vlrjk pku pkodlot uok mfurok kt cl gfykook looukcck

kst dkovjrfo Mfurs/lo lux gfykooks. Cl rijfo kst dfgjok

plr ck vkot dFukst. Cl vjtkssk gfykook gkosukcck du vkot vlrjk kotrk g/s lu gfjs dfetf`rk.


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Eblpjtrk 0 = Tfpfirlpbjk

0.


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0.


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc 0;

Eblquk dtljc ckv sur ck tkrrljo skrl rkprskot plr uo sjiok efovkotjfookc, kt ek pfur pkrgkttrk

uok jotkrprtltjfo alejck dks pfjots kt djstjoiukr uo dtljc duo lutrk.

Cks djaarkotks fprltjfos kaaketukr pfur aljrk uo ckv tfpfirlpbjquk sfot =

- Cl rkefooljssloek du tkrrljo.

- ^jquktlik dks stltjfos du ebkgjokgkot.

- F`skrvltjfo du ebkgjokgkot pfcyifolck.

- Elceuc kt vrjajeltjfo du ebkgjokgkot pfcyifolck skrvlot l dtkrgjo cks effrdfooks dk

eblquk pfjot.

- Ojvkcckgkot dks stltjfos kt dk eblquk pfjot du tkrrljo.

0.0.5.Dajojtjfo dk ekrtljos tkrgks tfpfirlpbjquks

l) Oftjfo debkcck= Cl prfmketjfo pcloljrk (Ajiurk 0.0) skst aljtk slos rduetjfo, ojlirlodjsskgkot dk cl tfpfirlpbjk jojtjlck. Ekpkodlot, pfur cl rlcjsltjfo duok elrtk tfpfirlpbjqukduok irlodk supkrajejk dk tkrrljo (pcusjkurs djzljoks dk hg 0), jc kst vjdkot quuok afrtk

rduetjfo sjgpfsk.

Ekst ek efkaajejkot dk rduetjfo ljosj ebfjsj, efrrkspfodlot uo ofg`rk arletjfooljrk, qufo

lppkcck ebkcck. Lutrkgkot djt, cebkcck duok elrtk (K) kst ck rlppfrt dk cl cfoiukur gksurk sur cl

elrtk (Ce), ko uok uojt dfook, cl djstloek bfrjzfotlck efrrkspfodlotk sur ck tkrrljo (Ct

lppkck lussj djstloek vfc dfjsklu), cl ggk uojt= K 7 Ce/Ct (0.>>eg, cl elrtk skrl djtk cebkcck >>>.

`) Ck ofrd ifirlpbjquk(OI) =Ekst cl djrketjfo du pfjot vkrs ck pck Ofrde) Ck ofrd dk Clg`krt (OC) = e'kst cl djrketjfo dks y pfsjtjas ko uo pfjot, e'kst ck ofrd dk

quldrjcclik.

C'loick kotrk ck ofrd Clg`krt kt ck ofrd ifirlpbjquk kst lppkc efovkrikoek dks grjdjkos

d) Ck ijskgkot=ekst cloick afrgkr plr clxk dks (y) kt cl djrketjfo ebfjsjk, jc kst efgpt dlosck ggk skos dks ljiujccks duok gfotrk

Ajiurk 0.0 ^rfmketjfo pcloljrk


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D

b

k) Efur`k dk ojvklu =Fo lppkcck efur`k dk ojvklu cl cjiok efotjouk quj mfjot tfus cks pfjots dkggk lctjtudk , cks efur`ks dk ojvklu rkspketkot cl suralek tfpfirlpbjquk plr dks pclos

bfrjzfotlux kotrk klux kt cks eftks rfodks.

Uur cl Ajiurk 0.5 fo pkut cjrk sur cl vuk ko pclo cks pkotks du tkrrljo olturkc, fo rkprk ckssfggkts, cks efcs tfpfirlpbjquks, cks euvkttks (fu dfcjoks), cks rupturks dk pkotk, pcusjkurs

efur`ks quj ausjfookot ko uok skuck jodjqukot uok alcljsk vkrtjelck.

Pkglrquk =^cus cl pkotk kst afrtk, pcus cks efur`ks sk rlpprfebkot kt pcus cl pkotk kst alj`ck

pcus cks efur`ks scfjiokot

a) Jotkrpfcltjfo=Cjotkrpfcltjfo efosjstk trfuvkr cks lctjtudks quj ok sfot pls jodjquks surck ckv tfpfirlpbjquk.

Kxkgpck =Elceuc clctjtudk dk pfjot ELct e=

(0.0) (0.5)

Dfoe (0.4)

Ajiurk 0 5 Quk ko pclo duo tkrrljo


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0.5.Ck pclo dk pjquktlik (pclo djgpclotltjfo)

0.5.


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^ujs sk rkakrkz lux quldrlots (vfjr Tl`cklu


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc 0:

Ajiurk 0.4 Gfdck ougrjquk dk tkrrljodFuckd Gkodjc

systgks dk effrdfooks. Dk alfo efoertk, fo pkut djrk quuo G.O.T kst efostjtu dk pfjots

efoous ko effrdfooks (pku jgpfrtk cks systgks dk rarkoek ebfjsjs) quj dfookot uok

rkprskotltjfo plrtjkcck du tkrrljo. Cl suralek tfpfirlpbjquk tlot efotjouk, jc alut ebfjsjr uok

gtbfdk djotkrpfcltjfo quj dtkrgjokrl clctjtudk dk pfjots qukcefoquks ko afoetjfo dks lctjtudks

dks eblotjccfos jojtjlux. Dfoe uo G.O.T kst cl dfook duo koskg`ck dk pfjots rkprskotlots uok

suralek f ckurs ofg`rks kt ckurs pfsjtjfos pkrgkttkot dk elceuckr cl etk ] 7 A(x, y) ko tfut pfjot,

ck G.O.T kst cl rkprskotltjfo ougrjquk kt spltjlck dks lctjtudks sur ck tkrrljo. X.; % kt gfykook kt tfcrl`ck dlos

cl plrtjk sud.

Ek ckv efgpfrtk dks efur`ks dk ojvklu lvke uok qujdjstloek dk 0 g, lcclot dk efur`k dk

2>.:4> gmusqu uok efur`k dk :.:0> g.


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Eblpjtrk 5 = Qfjrjk

5.


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Eblpjtrk 5 = Qfjrjk



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5.5.0.Picks rkspketkr dlos ck trle ko pclo

Lajo df`tkojr uo `fo trle ko pclo dlos cks ofrgks, fo kssljk dlos cl gksurk du pfssj`ck

dvjtkr=

- Dk plsskr sur cks tkrrljos lirjefcks,dks zfoks afrkstjrks kt cks prfprjts prjvks.

- Cks sjtks quj sfot sumkts dks prf`cgks ifcfijquks.

- Cks arloebjsskgkots dks fukds lajo dvjtkr ck glxjgug dk efostruetjfos dks fuvrliks

dlrt kt ekcl pfur dks rljsfos efofgjquks, sj fo ol pls ck ebfjx foksslyk dk cks arloebjr

pkrpkodjeucljrkgkot.

Kt fo ksslyk d'ldlptkr lu glxjgug ck tkrrljo olturkc lajo =

- Dvjtkr cks tkrrlsskgkots jgpfrtlots.

- [tjcjskr dks irlods rlyfos sj ctlt du tkrrljo ck pkrgkt.

- Pkspketkr cl pkotk glxjgug, kt sjoserjrk lu glxjgug dlos uok ggk efur`k dk ojvklu.

- Pkspketkr cl cfoiukur gjojglck dks lcjiokgkots drfjts sj ekst pfssj`ck.

- Uk rleefrdkr sur cks rsklux kxjstlots.

5.5.5.Cks cgkots du trle ko pclo

Ck trle ko pclo kst efostjtu plr dks =

- Cjioks drfjtks dk cfoiukur cjgjtk ko afoetjfo dk cl vjtkssk dk rarkoek.

- Efur`ks dk rleefrdkgkots rlyfos dk efur`urk vlrjl`ck.- Lres dk ekreck rlyfo dk efur`urk efostlots

5.5.4.Cks Lcjiokgkots

@jko quko prjoejpk cl drfjtk sfjt ccgkot ifgtrjquk ck pcus sjgpck, sfo kgpcfj dlos ck trle dks

rfutks kst rkstrkjot, cl elusk ko kst qujc prskotk dks joefovojkots, oftlggkot

- Dk oujt, `cfujsskgkot prfcfoi dks pblrks.

- Gfoftfojk dk efodujtk quj pkut koikodrkr dks leejdkots fu glcljsks ebkz ck efoduetkur.

- Lpprejltjfo djaajejck dks djstloeks kotrk vbjeucks cfjios.- Gluvljsk ldlptltjfo dk cl rfutk lu plyslik, jc oy l pls dblrgfojk lvke clspket dks

rkcjkas.

Jc kxjstk tfutkafjs dks els kxekptjfookcs fu ckgpcfj dlcjiokgkot sk mustjajk =

- Ko pcljok, fu dks sjoufsjts ok skrljkot l`sfcugkot pls gftjvks.

- Dlos dks vlccks trfjtks.

- Ck cfoi dk efostruetjfos kxjstlotks.

- ^fur dfookr cl pfssj`jcjt dk dplsskgkot.

Dfoe cl cfoiukur dks lcjiokgkots dpkod dk =


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Eblpjtrk 5 = Qfjrjk


- cl vjtkssk dk rarkoek QP, pcus prejsgkot dk cl durk du plrefurs rketjcjiok.

- cks sjoufsjts quj predkot kt sujvkot clcjiokgkot.

- rlyfo dk efur`urk dk eks sjoufsjts.

[ok cfoiukur gjojglck dlcjiokgkot Cgjo dkvrl splrkr dkux efur`ks ejreucljrks dk ggk skos,

ekttk cfoiukur skrl prjsk ilck cl djstloek plrefuruk pkodlot ejoq (;) skefodks cl vjtkssk

glxjglck pkrgjsk plr ck pcus irlod rlyfo dk dkux lres dk ekreck. (5.hg/b), dfoe = C gjo7 09.99g

[ok cfoiukur glxjglck Cglx kst prjsk ilck cl djstloek plrefuruk pkodlot sfjxlotk (1>)

skefodks

(5.0)Dlos oftrk prfmkt = Cglx 7 555.55 g

Ukcfo cks ofrgks @4> (Ofrgks tkebojquks d'lgolikgkot dks rfutks ko Lcirjk)=

Kotrk dkux efur`ks dk ggk skos, jc alut lvfjr uok cfoiukur gjojglck dk Cgjo7 ;v.

Kotrk dkux efur`ks dk skos efotrljrk, fo pkut lvfjr uo lcjiokgkot drfjt gjojgug dk Cgjo

7 5v. Fo pkut ggk loouckr clcjiokgkot drfjt kotrk dkux efur`ks, dlos ek els fo kst ko

efur`k ko U . X4W

Pkglrquk =Cl cfoiukur gjojglck dks lcjiokgkots drfjts pkut ok pls trk rkspketk qukcquks afjs

ko rljsfo dk cl olturk djaajejck du tkrrljo olturkc. X1W

5.5.;.Lres dk Ekreck

Trfjs cgkots jotkrvjkookot pfur cjgjtkr cks efur`urks=

- Utl`jcjt, sfus cl sfccjejtltjfo ekotrjauik dks vbjeucks ejreuclot irlodk vjtkssk.

- Qjsj`jcjt dlos cks trloebks ko efur`k.

- Cjoserjptjfo dks vbjeucks cfois dlos cks efur`ks dk rlyfo alj`ck.

5.5.;.


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(5.5)lvke AE= afrek ekotrjauik kt P = rlyfo du vjrlik

Lajo dk rdujrk ekt kaakt fo joecjok cl eblussk trlosvkrslckgkot vkrs cjotrjkurkdu vjrlik pfur

vjtkr ck pbofgok dk drlplik (icjsskgkot dks vbjeucks), ko rlcjsk dk afrtks joecjoljsfos ktluigkotkr ck rlyfo. X9W

Dlos cl oekssjt dk ajxkr cks vlckurs dk cjoecjoljsfo (dvkrs) ek quj jgpcjquk uo rlyfo gjojglcquj

dfjt trk rkspket, fo djstjoiuk =

9%

0. Plyfo bfrjzfotlc gjojglc ofrglc (PBO) =ck rlyfo gjojglc ofrglc dfjt pkrgkttrk dksvbjeucks dplsslot Q@ dk 0>hg/b dk rfuckr ko seurjt.

(5.;)

5. Plyfo bfrjzfotlc lu dvkrs gjojglc (PBd)=ekst ck rlyfo lu dvkrs gjojglc, lu-dkcduqukc cks eblussks sfot dvkrsks vkrs cjotrjkur du vjrlik kt tkc quk cleecrltjfo ekotrjauik

rsjdukcck cl vjtkssk Qrskrljt qujvlckotk ekcck su`jtk plr ck vbjeuck ejreuclot cl ggk vjtkssk

ko lcjiokgkot drfjt.

Dvkrs lssfej dfgjok 7 0.;%.

(5.1)

4. Plyfo bfrjzfotlc gjojglc ofo dvkrs (PBod)=sj ck rlyfo kst trs irlod, cl rfutk efoskrvksfo prfajc ko tfjt kt ck dvkrs kst oiltja pfur cuo dks skos dk ejreucltjfo, ck rlyfo gjo quj pkrgkt

ekttk djspfsjtjfo kst ck rlyfo gjo ofo dvkrs.

(5.9)Uur clrikur =ck elceuc dk cl sur clrikur kst oekssljrk pfur cks vbjeucks cfois lajo dk ckur aljrkvjtkr quuok plrtjk dk ckur elrrfsskrjk okgpjtk sur cl vfjs ldmlekotk. Fo dfook cl vfjs


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plrefuruk plr ek vbjeuck uok sur clrikur plr rlppfrt l clrikur ofrglck ko lcjiokgkot pfur

pcus dk seurjt kt pfur vjtkr uo leerfeblik kotrk cks vbjeucks vkolot ko skos jovkrsk.

Ek prf`cgk sjoserjt dlos cks vjrliks alj`cks rlyfos iorlckgkot joarjkurs 0>> g cl sur

clrikur skrl tfumfurs rkpfrtk cjotrjkur dk cl efur`k.

(5.2)U = sur clrikur dk cl eblussk

C = cfoiukur du vbjeuck (vlckur gfykook .P= rlyfos dk clxk dk cl rfutk 0>> g.

Tl`cklu 5.< vlckur dk sur clrikur plr rlppfrt lu rlyfoPlyfo (g) 4> 4; 1> 2> > 0>>

Uur clrikur (g) .; >.4< >.5< >.09 >.0;

5.5.;.0.Cks efur`ks dk rleefrdkgkot

l) Efur`k dk rleefrdkgkot sjgpckIorlckgkot, ck trle duok rfutk sk efgpfsk duok srjk dk sketjfos drfjtks rleefrdks plr dks

lres dk ekreck, eks dkrojkrs sk elrletrjskot plr ck rlyfo, cloick lu ekotrk kt cl tloikotk.

Ck prjoejpk dk elceuc dks cgkots duo rleefrdkgkot pclojgtrjquk(Ajiurk 5.> - ).

Ajiurk 5.< efur`k dk rleefrdkgkot


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D = dvkcfppkgkot.

Elceuc dk cl tloikotk = Elceuc dk cl acebk =

(5.)Elceuc du dvkcfppkgkot dk efur`ks = (5.


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0. Efur`k ko E =uok efur`k efostjtuk dk dkux lres dk Ecftbfdk, dk ggk efoelvjt, tloikotsko uo pfjot dk ggk efur`urk kt rleefrdlot dkux lres dk ekrecks selots fu kxtrjkurs cuo

clutrk.

5. Efur`k sfggkt = uok efur`k efostjtuk dk dkux lres dk Ecftbfdk, dk ggk efoelvjt,tloikots ko uo pfjot dk ggk efur`urk kt rleefrdlot dkux lcjiokgkots.

4. Efur`k ko Fvk=uo lre dk Ecftbfdk rleefrdlot dkux lres dk ekrecks dfot cuo kst jotrjkur clutrk, slos cuj trk efoekotrjquk.

5.5.1.Cl vjtkssk

5.5.1.


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Eblpjtrk 5 = Qfjrjk


Ck prfajc ko cfoi kst efostjtu d'uok sueekssjfo dk skigkots dk drfjtk (rlgpks kt pkotks)

rleefrds plr dks efur`ks ejreucljrks, pfur eblquk pfjot du prfajc ko cfoi fo dfjt dtkrgjokr

clctjtudk du tkrrljo olturkc kt du prfmkt ljosj quk cl decjvjt dk ek dkrojkr.

5.4.0.Picks rkspketkr dlos ck trle du prfajc ko cfoi

Cl trlek dk cl cjiok rfuik dfjt rpfodrk pcusjkurs efodjtjfos efoekrolot ck efoafrt, cl vjsj`jcjt, cl

seurjt kt cvleultjfo dks klux pcuvjlcks. ^fur ekcl jc alut =

- Pkspketkr cks vlckurs dks plrlgtrks ifgtrjquks prefojss plr cks rickgkots ko

vjiukur.

- vjtkr cks loicks rkotrlots ko d`clj, elr jc alut vjtkr cl stlioltjfo dks klux kt lssurkr ckur

efuckgkot.

- [o prfajc ko cfoi ko cikr rkg`clj kst prarl`ck uo prfajc ko cfoi ko cikr d`clj, quj

efgpcjquk cvleultjfo dks klux kt jsfck cl rfutk du plyslik.- ^fur lssurkr uo `fo efuckgkot dks klux. Fo pclekrl cks zfoks dks dvkrs oucs dlos uok

pkotk du prfajc ko cfoi.

- Pkebkrebk uo qujcj`rk kotrk ck vfcugk dks rkg`cljs kt cks vfcugks dks d`cljs.

- Lssurkr uok `fook effrdjoltjfo kotrk ck trle ko pclo kt ck prfajc ko cfoi, cl efg`joljsfo

dks lcjiokgkots kt dks efur`ks ko prfajc ko cfoi dfjt f`jr dks ekrtljoks ricks

oftlggkot.

- vjtkr cks cjioks `rjsks efostjtuks plr dk ofg`rkux skigkots dk pkotks vfjsjoks, cks

rkgpclekr plr uo ekreck uojquk, fu uok efg`joljsfo dk ekrecks kt lres efur`urks

prfirkssjvks dk trs irlod rlyfo.

- Jc kst rkefgglodl`ck dvjtkr cl decjvjt glxjgug (vfjr tl`cklu 5.0) quj dpkod dk cl

vjtkssk gjojgug du prfajc ko cfoi ljosj quk dks efodjtjfos dldbsjfos slos fu`cjkr cks

efodjtjfos efofgjquks.

Tl`cklu 5.0 Jglxko afoetjfo dk QrQr (Hg/b) 4> 1> 2> > J glx ( ) 2 9 1 ; 4 4

5.4.5.Effrdjoltjfo du trle ko pclo kt prfajc ko cfoi

Jc alut sjiolckr tfutk afj kt ds gljotkolot qujc ok alut pls splrkr ctudk dk prfajc ko cfoi dk

ekcck du trle ko pclo, fo dkvrl slssurkr quk cks joackxjfos ko pclo kt ko prfajc ko cfoi sk

efg`jokot slos pfrtkr dks pkrtur`ltjfos sur cl seurjt fu ck efoafrt dks uslikrs.

Kt pfur lssurkr eks dkrojkrs f`mketjas, fo dfjt lssfejkr ck prfajc ko cfoi efoelvk, ggk cirkgkot,

uo rlyfo ko pclo jgpcjqulot uo dilikgkot cltrlc jgpfrtlot kt aljrk efoejdkr cks efur`ks

bfrjzfotlcks kt vkrtjelcks, pujs rkspketkr cl efodjtjfo Pvkrtjelc1 Pbfrjzfotlc pfur vjtkr uo dalut

djoackxjfo.


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5.4.4.Pleefrdkgkots ko prfajc ko cfoi

Dkux decjvjts dk skos efotrljrk dfjvkot sk rleefrdkr ko prfajc ko cfoi plr uok efur`k. Ck rlyfo

dk rleefrdkgkot kt cl efur`k ebfjsjk dfjvkot lssurkr ck efoafrt dks uslikrs kt cl vjsj`jcjt

sltjsaljslotk. Fo djstjoiuk dkux typks dk rleefrdkgkots =

5.4.4.,5 Q (eltifrjk ,05 Q0 (eltifrjk 5-4-;)

Tkc quk Pv= ekst ck rlyfo vkrtjelc (g).

`. Efodjtjfo dk vjsj`jcjt =uok efosjdrltjfo ksskotjkcck pfur cl dtkrgjoltjfo du prfajc ko cfoikst cf`tkotjfo duok vjsj`jcjt sltjsaljslotk.

Jc alut dkux vbjeucks ejreuclot ko skos fppfss pujsskot slpkrekvfjr l uok djstloek dfu`ck dk cl

djstloek dlrrt lu gjojgug.

Ck rlyfo dk rleefrdkgkot kst dfoo plr cl afrguck sujvlotk =

()(5.Hg/b kt pfur cl

eltifrjk < fo l =

Tl`cklu 5.5 Qlckurs dks rlyfos efovkxks dlos cl Elt hg/bPlyfo Uyg`fck QlckurGjo-l`sfcu Pvg 0;>>

Gjo- ofrglc PvO 1>>>

Dplsskgkot Pvd >

5.4.4.0.Pleefrdkgkots efoelvks (loick rkotrlot) =


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Dlos ck els dk rleefrdkgkot dlos cks pfjots `ls, cl vjsj`jcjt du mfur okst pls dtkrgjolotk, pcutt

ekst pkodlot cl oujt qufo dfjt slssurkr quk cks pblrks du vbjeuck dkvrfot ecljrkr uo trfofo

suaajslggkot cfoi pfur quk ck efoduetkur pujssk pkrekvfjr uo f`stleck, cl vjsj`jcjt kst lssurkr

pfur uo rlyfo sltjsaljslot cl rkcltjfo =

(5.>

Gjo ofrglc P vo 5>>>

5.;.^rfajc ko trlvkrs

5.;.


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Eblpjtrk 5 = Qfjrjk


^fur oftrk prfmkt fo l tl`cj dks prfajcs ko trlvkrs efurlots, sujvlot clccurk du tkrrljo (tfus cks

0>g kovjrfo). Kt pfur trlekr eks prfajcs, fo l tl`cj uo prfajc ko trlvkrs typk quj jodjquk cks

djaarkotks efuebks dk cl eblussk kt ckur pljsskur (vfjr Lookxk A).

e) Cks prfajcs ko trlvkrs typk guctj rsklux =Ekst uo prfajc ko trlvkrs typk dtkrgjolot cks pfsjtjfos dks djaarkots rsklux sfutkrrljos,

cks uos plr rlppfrt lux lutrks, kt cks ofrgks pfur ckurs kgpclekgkot (Ajiurk 5.4).

Ajiurk 5.4^rfajc ko trlvkrs typk guctj rskluTl`cklu 5.; Ksplekgkot kotrk rskluxKlux pcuvjlcks [sks Klu pftl`ck Kcketrjejt Ilz Tcpbfok

Klux pcuvjlcks [sks - - 0> eg - 0> egKlu pftl`ck 0> eg - 1> eg B.T

0> eg @.T;> eg 0> eg

Kcketrjejt 0> eg 0> eg - - ;> egIlz 0> eg ;> eg ;> eg -

Tcpbfok 4> eg 4> eg 5> eg ;> eg ;> eg

Pkglrquk = cks djstloeks dfooks dlos ck Tl`cklu 5.; sfot dfooks kotrk iorltrjeks

kxtrjkurks.


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5.1.Gtbfdks dk djgkosjfookgkot

5.1.


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Tl`cklu 5.1 Utrueturk dks djaarkotks eltifrjks dk eblussks@tfo @jtugjokux(@.@)

@tfo @jtugjokux(@.@) @tfo @jtugjokux (@.@) Irlvk @jtugk (I.@) @tfo dk Ejgkot (@.E)

Irlvk Ofo Trljt(I.O.T) Irlvk Trljt (I.T)

Ufc suppfrtUtrueturk sfupck Utrueturk skgj-rjijdk Utrueturk rjijdk

5.1.4.Ofgkoeclturk dks eblussks sfupcks

Ko prjoejpk uok eblussk sfupck pkut lvfjr ko frdrk dk `ls ko blut


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Eblpjtrk 5 = Qfjrjk


- Cl afrek pfrtlotk = f`tkouk plr cks djaarkots kssljs iftkebojquks.

- Ck trlaje = Eblrik plr vfjk, prkssjfo dk ifoaclik kt rptjtjfo dks eblriks.

- Elrletrjstjquks gelojquks dks djaarkots gltrjlux efostjtulot cks efuebks.

5.1.1. >) dk cF.^.G , cks l`lquks

quj dfookot cpljsskur k dks eblussks ko afoetjfo dks pokus kt du ofg`rk dk rptjtjfos dks

eblriks, tfut ko tkolot efgptk dk cjoacukoek du trlaje.

Cpljsskur dk cl eblussk, f`tkouk plr cl afrguck E@P lgcjfrkefrrkspfod uo gltrjlu `jko

dajoj (irlvk prfprk `jko irlduk).^fur ek gltrjlu, ck efkaajejkot dqujvlckoek kst ilck >

Irlvk `jtugk

Irlvk ejgkot irlvk cljtjkr

Ul`ck ejgkot Irlvk efoelssk fu irlvjkr >

Irlvk rfuck irlvk sl`ckusk T.Q.F >.9;

Ul`ck >.;>

Irlvk `jtugk Tua >.1>

5.1.1.0.Gtbfdk L.L.U.B.F

Cl gtbfdk L.L.U.B.F (Lgkrjelo Lssfejltjfo fa Utltk Bjibwly lod Trlospfrtltjfo Faajejlcs)

kgpjrjquk kst `lsk sur dks f`skrvltjfos du efgpfrtkgkot, sfus trlaje dks eblussks rkccks fu

kxprjgkotlcks.

Eblquk sketjfo rkfjt clppcjeltjfo dkovjrfo uo gjccjfo dks eblriks rfuclotks quj pkrgkt dk

prejskr cks djaarkots aletkurs =

- Ctlt dk cl eblussk kt cvfcutjfo dk sfo efgpfrtkgkot dlos ck tkgps.

- Cqujvlckoek kotrk cks djaarkotks efuebks dk gltrjlux.

- Cqujvlckoek kotrk cks djaarkots typks dk eblrik plr ksslj.

- Cjoacukoek dks eblriks kt dk ckur rptjtjfo.


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5.1.1.5.Gtbfdk dLspblctk Jostjtuk

@lsk sur cks rsuctlts f`tkous dks kssljs LLUBF fo prkod ko efosjdrltjfo ck trlaje

efgpfsjtk plr ebkcck dk aletkur dqujvlckoek kt utjcjsk uo jodjek dk strueturk tkolot efgptk dk cl

olturk dks djvkrsks efuebks.

5.1.1.4.Gtbfdk du eltlcfiuk dks strueturks

Ck eltlcfiuk dks strueturks typk dks eblussks okuvks kt uo dfeugkot tl`cj plr ck skrvjek

dtudk tkebojquk dks rfutks (UKTPL) X0>W. Ck eltlcfiuk efosjdr ilckgkot sjx (>1) eclssks dk

trlaje skcfo ckur jgpfrtloek, lcclot dk 0>> >> vbjeucks plr mfur. Ck eltlcfiuk tjkot efgptk

dks elrletrjstjquks iftkebojquks.

Cpljsskur dlos ek els kst dtkrgjok plrtjr dk cl`lquk C.E.^.E (Cl`frltfjrk Ekotrlc dks ^fots

kt Eblssks).

5.1.1.;.Gtbfdk du Eltlcfiuk dks Utrueturks Lcirjko

Ekttk gtbfdk defuck du rickgkot lcirjko ko @1> @1gk look kt dk cl eclssjajeltjfo du sfc suppfrt. [ok irjcck

efg`jolot eks dkux plrlgtrks pkrgkt lu prfmketkur dk trfuvkr ck typk dk eblussk qujc dvjrk

sujvlot cl djspfoj`jcjt dks gltrjlux lux kovjrfos. X;W

(5.0>)lvke =k = pljsskur tftlck ko eg.^ = eblrik plr rfuk (^71.;t).

J = jodjek E@P(5).

Cjoacukoek du trlaje ok dfjt pls trk oicjik dlos ck djgkosjfookgkot du efrps dk eblussk.

Ofus tjkodrfos efgptk dk cl afrguck lgcjfrk plr cks Loicljs.

(5.0) = /0;) = 0> eg efuebk dk afodltjfo.


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Eblpjtrk 5 = Qfjrjk


T[A = 4> eg.

Cks efuebks dks trfttfjrs sfot =

>.>2 g pfur ck ^LQK.

>.>g eks vfjks skrt rkcjkr ck @fuckvlrd ko efurs dk rlcjsltjfo clees lu

sjtk.

- Dks vfjks dk 1.>>g lvke dks stltjfookgkots dk plrt kt dlutrk.

Ck trle kst elceuc ko drfjtks kt ekrecks kt ko effrdfooks cfelcks R kt Z. Qfjr ck tl cklu

djgpclotltjfo (lookxk L).

Cks vfjks prjgljrks sfot efostjtuks duok eblussk dk 2.>>g, lvke uo stltjfookgkot kt `frds

duo trfttfjr dk 0.;>g ebleuok .tlot djt quk cks vfjks skefodljrks sfot efostjtuks duokeblusskdk 1.>>g lvke uo stltjfookgkot kt `frds duo trfttfjr dk 0.;>g ebleuok.

Cks prfajcs ko trlvkrs efurlots, cks prfajcs ko cfoi sfot rpkrtfrjs sur cks tl`cklux lvke tfutks cks

jodjeltjfos dk rlcjsltjfo. (O du prfajc, euguc, x, y, z prfmkt kt z TO, ijskgkot) vfjr tl`cklu ko

lookxk.

Ck drljolik dks klux supkrajejkccks (pcuvjlcks) kst lssur plr dks `frdurks blutks dk typk T0

lssfejks dks elojvklux dk typks EU0 (vfjr Lookxk A).


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Eblpjtrk 4 = Tkrrlsskgkot

4.


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4.


50/127


Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc ;>

5. ^kotks du tlcus = ^fur f`tkojr uo qujcj`rk stl`ck, oekssljrk cl `fook tkouk dks tkrrksko rkg`clj fu dks trloebks jc efovjkot dk dfookr lux tlcus quj cjgjtlot eks tkrrlsskgkots uok

joecjoljsfo efovkol`ck.

Ekttk pkotk pkut sk dajojr sfjt plr cl tloikotk dk cloick qukaljt ek tlcus lvke cbfrjzfotlck, sfjt

plr cl eftloikotk dk ekt loick.

4. Etk pcltk-afrgk (E.^.A)= kst ck ojvklu lctjgtrjquk dfookr lu tkrrljo olturkc sur uoksuralek dajojk plr cuok dks fprltjfos dk d`cljkgkot fu dk rkg`cljkgkot.

;. Dpt = ekst ckodrfjt f fo dfjt dpfskr cks tkrrks rsuctlot duok fprltjfo dkd`cljkgkot.

1. Kgpruot =ekst ckodrfjt f fo dfjt lppfrtkr cks tkrrks lajo dk rlcjskr uo rkg`cljkgkot.9. Afjsfookgkot =ekst uok prfprjt quk pfssdk cks sfcs dluigkotkr ck vfcugk cfrsqufo

cks gkt ko gfuvkgkot, jc sk prfdujt plr cl sujtk dk defgprkssjfo dks gltrjlux efostjtulot ck sfc

dks vjdks plrtjkcs kotrk cks plrtjeucks pcus fu gfjos irfssks.

Cfrsqufo rkgkt ko pclek cks sfcs rkglojks, jcs ok rkprkookot plr ckur vfcugk jojtjlc qujcs

feeupljkot, ekej kst elrletrjs plr cl vlrjltjfo dk cjodjek dks vjdks k quj kst dfoo plr

ckxprkssjfo sujvlotk=

(4.


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc ;


52/127


Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc ;0

Ck pclo dk glssk sur ckqukc sk trfuvkot tfus cks dtljcs efoekrolot ck autur prfmkt (pclo

djgpclotltjfo dks `tjgkots kt dk cl vfjrjk) slos fu`cjkr ctudk iftkebojqukdu sfc prskotk sur

uo rlppfrt efgpckt du sfc.

Jc kst sjiolckr quk cl ajdcjt dks joafrgltjfos afurojks plr eks dfeugkots kst dtkrgjolotk pfur

cl qulcjt dkxeutjfo dk cl dkuxjgk pblsk.

^blsk JJ =ck ùt dk ekttk pblsk (quj akrl ko plrtjk cf`mkt dk eblpjtrk) kst dk pkrgkttrk cl gkjcckurkprvjsjfo pfssj`ck dks efodjtjfos dk rlcjsltjfos, cks djaajeucts tkebojquks, qulcjt dks tkrrks

kgpruotkr pfur cks rkg`cljs, kt gkttrk ko dpt pfur cks d`cljs, ck gltrjkc lpprfprjk koilikr

kt ck eft quj rkvjkot ekttk fprltjfo.

[ok irlodk prejsjfo dlos ekttk tudk okst pls kxjik plr ljcckurs, cks gtbfdks utjcjsks pfur cks

elceucs dfookot iorlckgkot dks rsuctlts lpprfxjgltjas, gljs ljosj jc ok alut pls ko lùskr.

^blsk JJJ = ck ùt ksskotjkc dk ekttk pblsk efosjstk rlcjskr dks kgprjsks dkvlot rkekvfjr cksfuvrliks pfur cks fprltjfos dur`lojsltjfo fu cks trlvlux dks tkrrlsskgkots iorlux sfot

rdujts lux tebks sujvlotks =

- tl`cjsskgkot dks pcltks-afrgks lu drfjt dks `tjgkots kt eblussk erkuskgkot dks

trloebks pfur cjgpclotltjfo dks rsklux pu`cjes (lssljojsskgkot, LK^kte.)

- Ufutokgkot dks tkrrks plr dks tlcus fu plr dks fuvrliks spejlux quj dfjvkot trk vjt

Pkglrquk =Jc kst sjiolckr quk tfutks cks tebks dk trfjsjgk pblsk dfjvkot trk rlcjsks skcfo

cks jodjeltjfos afurojks plr cks pclos dkxeutjfo cl`frs dlos cl dkuxjgk pblsk.

4.5.


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dlos ck els efotrljrk, fo l rkefurs dks fuvrliks spejlux (gurs dk sfutokgkot) quj

sfot forkux, surtfut sjcs stkodkot sur uok cfoiuk djstloek.

- Uj ck sfc kst utjcjsl`ck, jc alut pkoskr cqujcj`rk du d`clj rkg`clj pfur ok pls lvfjr

rkefurs ckgpruot fu gkttrk ko dpt dks tkrrks, elr ekej oekssjtk dks dpkosks ofo

oicjikl`cks.4.4.Gfuvkgkot dks tkrrks

4.4. eg.

^fur cl vfjrjk quj kst uo prfmkt cjoljrk, cl tkrrk vitlck kst qulotjajk ilckgkot ko (g5), kcck kst

elceuck sur cks prfajcs ko trlvkrs.


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4.;.5.Eu`lturk dks pcltks-afrgks

Lprs ck okttfylik du tkrrljo olturkc, cl eftk pcltk-afrgk tlot ajxk plr ck pclo dkxeutjfo

cljdk duo gltrjkc lpprfprjk, fo dfjt rlcjskr ekttk pcltk-afrgk plr =

- cfprltjfo dk d`cljkgkot sj kcck kst prvuk lu-dkssfus dk TO (tkrrljo olturkc)- cfprltjfo dk rkg`cljkgkot sj kcck kst prvuk lu-dkssus dk TO dlos cks tkrrljos

leejdkotks, ko iorlc cl pcltk-afrgk kst rlcjsk plr uok fprltjfo gjxtk, d`clj kt rkg`clj lajo =

f Dk ok pls erkr dks derfebkgkots dk ojvklu jgpfrtlot

f Dk ok pls dplsskr cl blutkur du rkg`clj lutfrjsk (quj kst ajxk sujvlot cjoarlstrueturk dks

efostruetjfos kt cl olturk du sfc)

f Dk slrrloikr dk tkcck glojrk cjgjtkr lu gjojgug cks derfebkgkots kotrk cl eblussk

kt cl pcltk-afrgk

4.;.5.


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc ;;

e) Els dks suraleks qukcefoquks (4.)

Pkglrquk=cks E^A elceucks plr cks gtbfdks ejtks ej-dkssus sfot purkgkot tbfrjquk, kccks sfot

prjsks sfus rskrvk, elr eks gtbfdks dk elceuc ok prkookot ko efosjdrltjfo quk cqujcj`rk d`clj

rkg`clj, dfoe, jc kst rkefgglod dk vrjajkr cks eftks afrgks sj kccks efovjkookot cl rlcjt du

prfmkt, surtfut sj ck tkrrljo olturkc prskotk dks rkcjkas trs leejdkotk

4.;.5.0.Gtbfdks dk elceuc dks eu`lturks

kt dk plrtlikr cl

suralek efosjdr ko suralek cgkotljrk ko skefodk cjku, kosujtk cljdk dks jotkrpfcltjfos.

Fo elceuc cl blutkur dk eblquk sfggkt plr rlppfrt cl pcltk-afrgk.

B7B


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lvke = (4.


57/127



.

Ck vfcugk skrl cl suralek guctjpcjk plr cl cfoiukur dlppcjeltjfo.

0. Gtbfdk dks prfajcs ko trlvkrs = Ck prfdujt dk ekttk suralek plr cl gfykook dk cl sfggkdks djstloeks kotrk dkux prfajcs sueekssjas dajojt ck vfcugk.

(4.


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- Dtkrgjoltjfo dks suraleks dks prfajcs ko trlvkrs ljosj quk cks eu`lturks efrrkspfodlotks.

- Pkebkrebk dk cl pfsjtjfo lctjgtrjquk du trlek cl pcus alvfrl`ck.

Pkglrquk =Fo l fpt pfur cl gtbfdk dks prfajcs ko trlvkrs, elr kcck dfook dks rsuctlts pcus

prejs plr rlppfrt lux lutrks gtbfdks, kcck kst alejck lppcjqukr kt lussj cl pcus utjcjsk (vfjr

Lookxk @).4.1.Efoecusjfo

Ko vuk dk cl efoertjsltjfo dk oftrk prfmkt, uo trlvljc dk tkrrlsskgkot slvrk oekssljrk dlos cl

pcuplrt dks tlebks , pfur ekcl jc kst oekssljrk dk aljrk dks tudks dk tkrrlsskgkots lu prlcl ck

lajo dk pfuvfjr rlcjskr oftrk prfmkt ck pcus kaajelekgkot pfssj`ck dk pfjot dk vuk efofgjquk

,tkebojquks ,efoafrt kt stl`jcjt .

Ck ebfjx dk tkebojquk kt dks gfykos gkttrk ko pclek ekst lvruok pblsk trs eruejlck pfur cks

tkebojejkos lgolikurs dfot ckurs sfuejs vfot lu prfajt dk cl russjtk dk ckurs prfmkts ljosj quk cl

efoertjsltjfo cl pcus mudjejkusk dk ckurs prfmkts.


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Eblpjtrk ; = Lssljojsskgkot

;.;.0. Psklux d'lssljojsskgkot ................................................................... 1>;.5. Leekssfjrks du rsklu dlssljojsskgkot................................................. 1>

;.5.

;.5.0. Cks efccketkurs .............................................................................................................................. 1


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;.


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc 1 g dlcjiokgkot drfjt

0. Pkilrd ebutk =ek sfot dks rkilrds lolcfiuks lux rkilrds dk vjsjtk, skuckgkot cl ebutk kstpcus jgpfrtlotk, ek typk dk rkilrd kst prvu cfrsquk cks elolcjsltjfos sfot djspfsks ko afrtk

pkotk, ek quj kotrlok dks vjtkssks trs jgpfrtlotks, cl ebutk dks kaacukots dlos eks rkilrds

pkrgkt dk `rjskr cl vjtkssk defuckgkot.

5. @fuebk difut = dkstjoks rkeukjccjr cks klux usks dk cl eblussk, kccks dfjvkot trkscketjvks pfur pkrgkttrk cl rktkouk du glxjgug dk debkts, kccks sfot iorlckgkot djspfsks

sfus ck trfttfjr

4. Pkilrd lvlcfjr = jcs sfot iorlckgkot pcles lux pfjots `ls dks elojvklux dkstjoks clefccketk dks klux dk rujsskcckgkot dkpujs ck elojvklumusqucifut.

;. Pkilrds irjcck = ek sfot dks rkilrds dk pktjtks djgkosjfos, efuvkrts plr uok irjcck koafotk, jc skrt vleukr cks klux dk rujsskcckgkot dks plres, lccks pjtfooks kt dks pkcfusks.

1. Pkilrds dk alldk =jcs sfot utjcjss pfur cks `rloebkgkots plrtjeucjkrs, djspfsks pcus prsdk cl alldk dk cl prfprjt rleefrdkr.

9. Pkilrds dk `rloebkgkot =skrvkot lu `rloebkgkot du rsklu slojtljrk duojggku`ck lursklu dlssljojsskgkot, cks rkilrds sjpbfdks sfot efoskjccs pfur vjtkr cks rkckots dks

gluvljsks fdkurs.

2. Dvkrsfjrs dfrlik=ekstuo fuvrlik ko `tfo lrgk dk sketjfo rketloiucljrk, sl afoetjfokst dvleukr cks pfjotks kxekptjfookccks dk d`jt dfrlik vkrs uo gjcjku rekptkur, ko dlutrks

tkrgks, jc kst prvu pfur sfuclikr ck rsklu slojtljrk ko prjfdk dfrlik.

;.5.0.Cks efccketkurs

Jcs sfot efostjtus plr dks tuylux (elolcjsltjfos) kotkrrs lcjios lccfos dk rkilrd ko rkilrd lvke

uo djlgtrk kt uok pkotk suaajslotk pfur vjtkr tfutks cks stlioltjfos dks cjqujdks eblris.

;.4.Djaarkots systgks dks rsklux d'lssljojsskgkot

[o rsklu dlssljojsskgkot l pfur `ut dvleukr cks klux usks kt cks klux pcuvjlcks dks

`tjgkots vkrs cifut pu`cje. Ekcuj-ej pkut trk tl`cj skcfo cuo dks systgks sujvlots =

;.4.


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;.4.0.Uystgks splrltjas

Jcs sfot dkstjos c'vleultjfo dks klux usks dfgkstjquks (klux dks vlooks, klux golirks kt

lvke rskrvk ekrtljos kaacukots jodustrjkcs). Lcfrs quk c'vleultjfo dk tfutks cks klux pcuvjlcks kst

lssurk plr uo lutrk rsklu (Ajiurk ;.0).

;.4.5.Uystgk ^skudf-splrltja (gjxtk)

Ek systgk efosjstk rlcjskr uo rsklu splrltja plrtjeucjkr dlos ckqukc jc kst ldgjs quk ck rsklu

d'vleultjfo dks klux usks rkfjt uok arletjfo d'klu pcuvjlck, slvfjr cks klux dk tfjturk kt efurs

jotrjkurs kt ck rsklu d'vleultjfo d'klu pcuvjlck skrl rdujt cl efccketk dks klux dk

rujsskcckgkot sur cks eblussks kt du `lssjo vkrslot plr drljolik. (Ajiurk ;.5).

Klux ofo trljtks

(Gjcjku olturkc)

Klux trljtks

Efccketk

d'klu pcuvjlck

Efccketk

d'klu usk

@lssjo

vkrslot

tfjturk

Clvl`f UtkDvkrsfjr

d'frlik

Trlospfrt (efodujtk)Pkmkt lprs trljtkgkotEfccketk

(Clvl`f, Tfjckttk)

UTK^

Pkmkt slos

trljtkgkot d'klu

Efccketk + trlospfrt

Cks klux

dkpcujk

@lssjo dk

rktkouk d'klu

Psklu d'klu usk

Psklu d'klu pcuvjlck

Ajiurk ; < Uebgl dk prjoejpk duo rsklu uojtljrk

Ajiurk ; 0 sebgl dk prjoejpk duo rsklu splrltja


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;.4.4.Efgplrltja kotrk cks systgks afodlgkotlux

Cl efgplrljsfo kotrk cks djaarkots rsklux dlssljojsskgkot kst dfook dlos ck Tl`cklu ;.


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;.;.% dk cklu

efosfggk.

- Ko Lcirjk fo ldgkt quk ck d`jt glxjglc dlvkojrkst dk 0>> cjtrks/bl`jtlot/mfur

Pkglrquk =ck d`jt tftlc dks klux usks (K[) kst dfoo plr cl afrguck sujvlotk =

(;. kt :>%

D`jt dk pfjotk =

(;.5)Lvke Ep efkaajejkot dk pfjotk quj dpkod dk ckgpclekgkot du efccketkur kt l sketjfo vlrjkskcfo uok afrguck tkcck quk cl sujvlotk = (;.4)Dlos clqukcck, \g tlot kxprjg ko cjtrks plr skefodk, fo ldfptkrl cks vlckurs l 7


65/127



ckxutfjrk, fo trlek gljo ckvk dks skigkotspkrpkodjeucljrks lux efur`ks dk ojvklu ko plsslot

plr cks ertks, l`futjsslot lutfgltjqukgkot ckxutfjrk.

Clssljojsskgkot prfmkt dks 50 cfikgkots Dfujrl aljt plrtjk du `lssjo vkrslot dk CFukd

Tkrrfu.

`) Defuplik ko `lssjo vkrslotCk defuplik ko `lssjo vkrslot efosjstk dtkrgjokr pfur eblquk trfofo cl zfok qujc dfjt

lssljojr. Jc sk aljt ko tkolot efgptk dk cl tfpfirlpbjk du tkrrljo, cl cjgjtk dk prfprjt ljosj quk cl

`jssketrjek dks rkilrds.

e) Efkaajejkot dk rujsskcckgkotCk efkaajejkot dk rujsskcckgkot rkprskotk ck tlux djgpkrgl`jcjsltjfo, jc kst dfoo plr ekttk

afrguck =

(;.;)lvke = Ljgp= suralek dk cl plrtjk jgpkrgl`ck kt L = suralek tftlck du `lssjo vkrslot.

Dk ofg`rkusks kxprjkoeks fot t rlcjsks sur djaarkots typks dk suralek, fo f`tjkot cks

efkaajejkots dk rujsskcckgkot sujvlots =

Tl`cklu ;.0 Efkaajejkot dk rujssckgkotTypks dk suralek-bl`jtltjfo E

Uuralek tftlckgkot jgpkrgl`ck, bl`jtltjfo trs dkosk >.:

Tkrrlssk, bl`jtltjfo dkosk >.9

Qfjk ofo ifudrfook >.59

^lvlik (pjkrrk) clrik mfjot >.1

Mlrdjo (ksplek vkrt) >..0

Uuralek `fjsk , bl`jtltjfo pku dkosk >.;

Uj ck `lssjo vkrslot kst efgpfs dk pcusjkurs suraleks, jc alut elceuckr ck efkaajejkot gfyko (Egfy).

Ajiurk ; 4 Kxkgpck dk defuplik dks `lssjos


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(;.1)^fur oftrk prfmkt cks bl`jtltjfos sfot dk typk dkosk dfoe fo l prjs e 7 >.1

e) ^kotk gfykook du `lssjo vkrslotCk elceuc dk cl pkotk gfykook kst kaaketukr dlos ck els f ck `lssjo vkrslot efotjkot dkux pkotks

djaarkotks sueekssjvks, cl pkotk gfykook kst dfook efggk sujtk =

(;.9)

lvke Cj= Ck pcus cfoi ebkgjokgkot bydrlucjquk, Jj= ^kotks du `lssjo jd) Irfupkgkot dk `lssjos vkrslotsDkux alfos sfot pfssj`cks pfur aljrk ck irfupkgkot dks `lssjos vkrslots kst ekej ko afoetjfo dks

efccketkurs rkspketjas, fo djstjoiuk =

- Ck irfupkgkot ko srjk oft

- Ck irfupkgkot ko plrlccck (//)

Cks plrlgtrks rkcltjas lu `lssjo qujvlckot sfot rsugs dlos ck Tl`cklu ;.0.

Tl`cklu ;.5 ^lrlgtrk rkcltjas lu `lsjo^lrlgtrks qujvlckots @lssjos ko srjk

X W

@lssjos ko plrlccck Ckq cfoiukur tftlck,Cjdu `lssjo lylot ck pcus afrt d`jt dk pfjotk

Pkglrquk =Cfrs dk clsskg`clik dks `lssjos vkrslots ko plrlccck ck d`jt rsuctlot dfjt trk dlos

cks cjgjtks sujvlotks =

lvke =

Cl sfggk dks d`jts\glx= Ck pcus irlod d`jt


67/127



k) Lccfoikgkot dks `lssjos vkrslots=Cl afrguck dk Dks frdks slppcjquk sfjt ko srjk fu ko plrlccck

(;.2)

C = bketfgtrk dk pcus cfoi ebkgjokgkot

;.;.0.0.Gtbfdks dk elceuc

l) Gtbfdk rltjfookcck =ekttk gtbfdk okst pls susekptj`ck dtrk utjcjsk pfur cks irlodkssuraleks ko rljsfo dk cl cfoiukur dk elceuc qukcck prskotk.

Kcck ok pkut trk utjcjsk pfur cvleultjfo dks d`jts dk oftrk zfok dtudk quj rkprskotk uok

suralek dk .5% 3 J 3 ;%).

- Ck efkaajejkot dk rujsskcckgkot kst efgprjs kotrk >.0 kt < (>.0E .2.

Cl afrguck iorlck prfpfsk plr Elquft (efgptk rkodu dk cLeldgjk dks Uejkoeks du 0> fetf`rk


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Pkglrquk = cfrs dks elceucs dks `lssjos vkrslots cgkotljrks, cks `lssjos dk ttk sfot elceucs

pfur uok prjfdk dk rktfur dk ; los, kt cks `lssjos vkrslots jotkrgdjljrks pfur uok prjfdk dk

los.

;.;.0.5.Efosjdkrltjfosiorlcks

l) Elceuc du rlyfo bydrlucjqukCk rlyfo bydrlucjquk Pbkst utjcjs pfur ck elceuc dks efuckgkots dlos uotu`k, uokefodujtk

bydrlucjquk fu uoelolc.Ck rlyfo bydrlucjquk kst utjcjs dlos cqultjfo dk Blzko-Yjccjlgs pfur

dtkrgjokr ck efkaajejkot dkEbzy (lvke cl afrguck dk Ebzy fu ekcck dk@lzjo). Jc kst oftlggkot

utjcjs pfur cksefuckgkots suralek cj`rks e'kst--djrk dlos dks efodujtks ofo pckjoks (efggk

cks ifuts) fu ckselolux.X


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J = pkotk dk cfuvrlik (g/g).

Pb= rlyfo bydrlucjquk (g).

E = Efkaajejkot quj pkut trk ldfpt sfjt plr =

1

Tcks cjssks `jko mfjotfyks >,,41

Glfookrjk frdjoljrk, `tfo slos kodujt >,2;

Elolux ko tkrrk frdjoljrk

Elolux ko tkrrk rkvtus dbkr`k


70/127



(;. o 7 0/5 (rsklu splrltja)

e.0. D`jt pckjok sketjfo =Ck d`jt pckjok sketjfo kst dtkrgjo plr cl afrguck dk `lsk dkcefuckgkot.

(;.)tkc quk =

(; .0>)lvke \ efggk d`jt rkc ko (c/s)

Fo dtkrgjok ck rlppfrt dks vjtkssks(Pv) kt ck rlppfrt dks blutkurs ( Pb)sur cl`lquk (Ajiurk ;.1).


71/127


Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc 9,1 g/s pfur vjtkrcl delotltjfo dks dpts tkcs quk = Qlutf7 >,1;. Qps

lvke = Qlutf= vjtkssk dlutf eurlikko (g/s)

Qps= vjtkssk pckjok sketjfo ko (g/s)

e.;.Efodjtjfos dlutf eurlik=fo djt quuo rsklu dlssljojsskgkot kst lutf eurkur, sjc ldgktcl aleuct dk sk okttfykr tfut skuc, ko dlutrks tkrgks cefuckgkot dk cklu trlvkrs ck rsklu

pkut kotrlokr cks gltjrks sfcjdks lu afod dk cfuvrlik.

Dlprs cks jostruetjfos tkebojquk dk .1g/s, kt vjtkr crfsjfo dks efodujtks rljsfo dvjtkr Q 34g/s, cfrsquk ck d`jt quj

trlosjtk rkprskotk


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Dlprs cl`lquk (Ajiurk ;.1)fo ddujt ck rlppfrt dk vjtkssk PQ df cl efodjtjfo=

(;.05)d) Efodjtjfo defuckgkot irlvjtljrk kt kxpcfjtltjfod..;%, pfur ek quj efoekrok

cks pkotks glxjglcks, kccks ok dfjvkot pls trk suprjkurks %.

Dlos ck els f ck tkrrljo (rkcjka) kst trfp leejdkot, ofus prvfyfos dks rkilrds dk ebutk ko vuk dk

surgfotkr cl dojvkccltjfo.

d.5.Djlgtrk = pfur uo rsklu dk typk uojtljrk, cks djlgtrks dks efccketkurs sfot ajxs 5>>gg, plr efotrk pfur uo rsklu splrltja cks djlgtrks sfot ajxs 0>>gg.

d.4.Lrltjfo (rkgpcjsslik) =cl oekssjtk dk trlosjtk dks kaacukots dfgkstjquks jgpfsk quk cksifuts sfjkot dks fuvrliks lrs, ekttk vkotjcltjfo cjgjtk cks akrgkotltjfos. Jc alut vrjajkr quk ck

tlux dk rkgpcjsslik dk eblquk trfofo ok dplssk pls 2; % du djlgtrk dk cl efodujtk.

;.1.Aletkurs joacukolot cl efoekptjfo duoprfmkt dlssljojsskgkot

Cks djvkrs aletkurs joacukolot cl efoekptjfo duo prfmkt pkuvkot trk rplrtjs ko qultrk eclssks=

- Cks dfooks olturkccks du sjtk

- Cks dfooks rkcltjvks lux liicfgrltjfos kxjstlotks

- Cks dfooks rkcltjvks lu dvkcfppkgkot autur dk cliicfgrltjfo

- Cks dfooks prfprks lux lssljojsskgkots

;.9.Trle du prfajc ko cfoi

;.9.


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- gjojgjskr dk cjgpfrtloek dk cl prfafodkur dks trloebks ko tkolot efgptk dk 2>eg du dkssus

dk cl elolcjsltjfo ljosj quk cks pfjots f`cjis.

- ok pls dplsskr cl vjtkssk 4 g/s kt ekcl ko mfulot sur cl pkotk dk cfuvrlik.

- cl pkotk dk cfuvrlik dfjt trk efgprjsk kotrk >.5% kt ;% cks afrtks pkotks koikodrkot cldirldltjfo du rsklu.

- prvfjr uo ksplek dk delotltjfo duok prfafodkur dk eg dlos tfus cks rkilrds.

;.9.0.Pkefgglodltjfo

Cks efccketkurs dks ruks dfjvkot trk pcles dlos cks ruks prvuks dlos ck pclo djrketkur

dlgolikgkots kt dur`lojsgk (^DL[) lajo dk sltjsaljrk cks efodjtjfos sujvlotks =

- vjtkz-cks efotrk joecjoljsfos (efotrk pkotks)

- Cks ifuts efccketkurs prjoejplux kt skefodljrks dfjvkot trk pcles dlos cks irlodks ruks

lvke pku dk vjrliks.

- Ebfjsjr dks prfafodkurs pfur pclekr cks efodujtks dks klux usks ko rkspketlot cl

prfafodkur dks elvks kt dks gljsfos lvfjsjolotks

- ^clek cks efodujtks dk tkcck alfo qukccksrsjstkot lu ikc kt lu gfjs eg ko dkssfus

dks efodujtks dldduetjfo fu dk djstrj`utjfo dks klux pftl`cks

- Cks gltrjlux dfjvkot rsjstkr lux lttlquks stltjquks, gelojquks kt ebjgjquks.

;.2.Efoecusjfo

Ck prfmkt dlssljojsskgkot l tljt cl`fr sur cl `lsk dk clgolikgkot prfmkt sur cl vfjrjk, tfut

ko tkolot efgptk dks efotrljotks du tkrrljo (cl tfpfirlpbjk leejdkotk).

Ck rsklu prfmkt kst dk typks uojtljrks quj vleuk cks klux usks kt pcuvjlcks trlvkrs cks pfjots

dk rkmkts vkrs ck efccketkur prjoejplc kxjstlot dlos cl plrtjk sud dk cl zfok dk djlgtrk >, quj

dvkrskrl vkrs ck efccketkur @l`l Lcj (Fukd Tkrrf), dlos sfo koskg`ck, cefuckgkot skrl

irlvjtljrk (Qfjr Lookxk A).

Cks elolcjsltjfos skrfot dk typk ejreucljrk ko `tfo (


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Lprs ck djgkosjfookgkot du rsklu dlssljojsskgkot, fo l f`tkou cks rsuctlts sujvlots =

Cks djlgtrks dks efodujtks vlrjkot kotrk 4>> kt 2>> gg, cks efodujtks joarjkurks

4>>gg sfot ko ^QE, kt pfur ck djlgtrk suprjkur fu ilck 4>>gg ko `tfo lrg (vfjr Lookxk

Lprs ctudk dks prfajcs ko cfoi du rsklu dlssljojsskgkot, cks prfafodkurs vlrjkot kotrk0 g kt 5.; g pfur cks rkilrds dk vjsjtk y efgprjs cks rkilrds dk ebutks kt dk >.2 ,5% kt 1%, cks efodjtjfos dlutf eurlik kst sltjsaljtk plrtfut dlos

ck rsklu slua qukcquks trfofos, pfur eks trfofos fo rkefgglodk =

- uo lutrk typk dk elolcjsltjfo (fvlck).

- Cutjcjsltjfo dk rkilrd dk eblssk.

- [o eurlik gelojquk prjfdjquk.


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Eblpjtrk 1 = Lcjgkotltjfo ko klu pftl`ck

1.


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1.>g sjtu lu ofrd du ebka-cjku.

Cl prjoejplck sfurek dklu pftl ck pfur ck prjgtrk dtudk sk akrl plrtjr du rskrvfjr ko efurs

dk rlcjsltjfo ljosj quk cl efodujtk dlgkok dk djlgtrk 5>> gg sur clqukcck sk akrl ck pjqulik.Ck rsklu dk djstrj`utjfo prfpfs efuvrjrl tfutk cl zfok d tudk kt skrl efgpfs dk dkux gljccks.

1.5.^rjoejplux cgkots duo systgk dbydrlucjquk ur`ljok

l) Elptlik =Ck elptlik efosjstk rkeukjccjr sfjt dks klux sfutkrrljoks (sfureks, olppks), sfjtdks klux dk suralek (rjvjrks, cles).

`) Trljtkgkot dks klux = Tfutks cks afjs quk cks klux elptks ok prskotkot pls kopkrglokoek cks qulcjts rkqujsks, kccks dfjvkot aljrk cf`mkt duo trljtkgkot. Ek trljtkgkot pkut

lussj lvfjr cjku lprs ck trlospfrt.

e) Ldduetjfo =Ekst ck trlospfrt dk c'klu dkpujs cl zfok dk elptlik musqu prfxjgjt dk clzfok dutjcjsltjfo (djstrj`utjfo). Ekttk ldduetjfo pkut skaaketukr plr uo efuckgkot suralek cj`rk

ekst--djrk slos prkssjfo (lcjgkotltjfo irlvjtljrk), sfjt plr uo efuckgkot ko eblrik, ekst -

djrk dlos dks efodujtks sfus prkssjfo.

d) Leeugucltjfo =Fo l sfuvkot `ksfjo dk gkttrk ko rskrvk uok plrtjk dk cklu, sfjt pfurriuclrjskr ck d`jt dlos cks fuvrliks quj predkot, sfjt pfur lssurkr uok seurjt ko els dk

plook, fo cleeuguck lcfrs dlos dks rskrvfjrs spejlux.


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k) Djstrjùtjfo = Cl djstrjùtjfo efosjstk afurojr eblquk jostlot lux utjcjsltkurs uokprkssjfo efovkol`ck, ck d`jt dfot jcs fot `ksfjo, kcck skaaketuk plr uo rsklu dk efodujtks sfus

prkssjfo, djgkosjfook pfur pkrgkttrk ck plsslik ko eblquk pfjot du d`jt glxjglc prvjsj`ck.

1.4.Ck trle du rsklu

Ck trle ko pclo kst jgpfs plrtjr dks gfdlcjts dk rleefrdkgkot lvke ck rsklu kxtrjkur, dk cl

djspfsjtjfo cfelck dks cfts kt dks qujpkgkots efccketjas, jc dfjt rpfodrk ekrtljos erjtrks =

- Gjojgjskr ck pcus pfssj`ck cl cfoiukur du rsklu(ck trlmkt dks elolcjsltjfos) y efgprjs ck

ofg`rk dks pjeks spejlcks lajo dk rkodrk ck prfmkt efofgjquk.

- Pkspketkr cks elrts gjojgugs kotrk cks elolcjsltjfos dLK^ kt cks djvkrs rsklux.

- Djlgtrk suaajslot lajo dlssurkr uo d`jt glxjglc lvke uok prkssjfo lu sfc efgpltj`ck

lvke cl blutkur dks jggku`cks pfur dksskrvjr tfus cks jcfts y efgprjs cks l`foos.

- Ck rsklu dfjt trk efou dk tkcck glojrk lssurkr cl cuttk efotrk c'joekodjk.Cf`mketjadu trle du rsklu dk djstrjùtjfo kst dlssur cleesdu rsklu lux uslikrs dlos dks

efodjtjfosefofgjquksfptjglckstfutkoprvkolotcksdjaajeuctsdkxpcfjtltjfokt dkotrktjko X:W.

Cks prjoejpks du trle duorsklu sfot cks sujvlotks =

- Afoetjfookgkot bydrlucjquk sjgpck kt kaajelek.

- Efotjoujt du skrvjek ko vjtlot cl erltjfo dks pfjots dk alj`ckssk fu ko prvfylot dks

lctkroltjvks ko els dk rupturk.

- Fptjgjsltjfodkclcfoiukurdurskluplrckebfjxdksruksdkvlotrkekvfjrcksefodujtks

- qujpkgkotgjojguglajodkalejcjtkrclgltrjskdurskluktsfokotrktjko= vlooks, vjdloiks,vkotfusks.

Clcjgkotltjfo dk oftrk prfmkt ko klu pftl`ck kst efgpfsk plr dkux gljccks kt dks rlgjajeltjfos

efotkolot uok skuck `fuebk djoekodjk pcle dk tkcck glojrk quk ck rlyfo dk `lclylik sfjt

joarjkur 4>>g (rjsquk djoekodjk alj`ck).

1.;.Efodjtjfos dkxpcfjtltjfos duo rsklu

1.;.,5. Ko efosqukoek, sj (\) kst ck d`jt

suppfs rkplrtj sur 04b, cks elolcjsltjfos skrfot elceucks lvke uo d`jt (5\).

1.;.0.Ebfjx du djlgtrk

Jc alut sk rarkr lux djlgtrks ofrglcjss dfoos plr cks l`lquks dk Efck`rffh X


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Ck ebfjx du djlgtrk duok tuylutkrjk rsuctk duo efgprjs kotrk cks dpkosks djovkstjsskgkot kt

cks dpkosks dk afoetjfookgkot XW.

Ko kaakt, ek ebfjx sk aljt dk alfo rkspketkr cks rkefgglodltjfos kt gjojgjskr cks efuts.

Dlos cks trlfos sur cksqukcs jc kst prvu cjostlccltjfo dk `fuebks djoekodjk, ck djlgtrk gjojglcskrl dk > fu gjkux koefrk gg.

Cks djlgtrks sfot elceucs plr cl afrguck sujvlotk =

(1.


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* + (1.;)Kt dfook cl vlckur dk pfrtkr dlos cl afrguck afodlgkotlck dk Dlrey-Ykjs`leb X


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1.;.5.5.^rkssjfos

Ekst uok irlodkur pbysjquk quj skxkrek sur uo cjqujdk dlos uok efodujtk pfur cuj lppfrtkr

cokrijk oekssljrk quj pkrgkt dk vljoerk cks djaarkotks pkrtks dk eblrik rkoefotrks dlos ekttk

efodujtk. Xg quj rjsqukot dlppfrtkr dks dsfrdrks (aujtks oftlggkot) kt ekrtljos

`rujts dslirl`cks dlos cks jostlccltjfos jotrjkurks dl`fooks

Pkglrquk =skcfo cl blutkur dks jggku`cks, fo prvfjt cks prkssjfos glxjglcks sujvlotks lu sfc,

kxprjgks ko gek (gtrk efcfook dklu), vfjr Tl`cklu 1.< >0 >5 >4 >; >1 >9^rkssjfo ko gek Gjo 5.

Ko pcus dk eks dfooks, dks pkrtks jovjtl`cks dklu sfot duks lux rf`jokts ofo fu glc akrg kt

prjoejplckgkot lux aujtks dks elolcjsltjfos dk djstrj`utjfos kotkrrks fu dks elolcjsltjfos

jotrjkurks dks jggku`cks.

Cl pcus irlodk plrtjk dk eks aujtks sfot vlcuks plr uok gksurk ofeturok du d`jt, kccks

dpkodkot dk ctlt dkotrktjko du rsklu dk djstrj`utjfo. Dlos uo rsklu `jko kotrktkou, cks

pkrtks lttkjiokot


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e) @ksfjos dk cl vitltjfo-plrhjois-pclekttk=^fur ck okttfylik dks plrhjois, dks pclekttkskt ckotrktjko dks kspleks vkrts, fo prvfjt dks `fuebks dlcjgkotltjfo lvke uo d`jt dk >.4 c/s.

1.9.Psklux dk djstrj`utjfo

1.9. g kt ck d`jt kst dk .4 c/s.

4. Cks vkotkusks =pclek lux pfjots bluts du rsklu, pkrgkt cvleultjfo dk cljr kotrlo cjotrjkur dks efodujtks.

;. Cks vjdloiks = kxjstk lu pfjot ck pcus `ls dks rsklux, pkrgkt dk vjdkr cl gljcck pfurckotrktjko fu cl rplrltjfo, kcck kst rkcjk lu rsklu dlssljojsskgkot.

1. Cks rf`jokts = Pf`jokt vlook = jsfcltjfo dks efodujtks.Pf`jokt dk `rloebkgkot = efgglodk cks `rloebkgkots dks jggku`cks.

9. Cks supprksskurs =utjcjss pfur cluigkotltjfo dks prkssjfos.2. Dprksskur =utjcjs pfur cl rduetjfo dk cl prkssjfo.


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:. Lrgfjrks djoekodjk =kccks sfot pcleks cjotrjkur du `cfe pdlifijquk, ldgjojstrltjfo,slcck dk spfrt kt cludjtfrjug.

1.9.5.Eclssjajeltjfo dks rsklux dk djstrj`utjfo

Cl eclssjajeltjfo sk aljt plr rlppfrt cl djspfsjtjfo dks rsklux dlos cliicfgrltjfo, ck rsklu dkdjstrj`utjfo sk prskotk sfus dkux afrgks =

1.9.5.


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Ek sebgl okst utjcjs quk pfur cks zfoks dfot cliicfgrltjfo kst plrpjcck, jc prskotk

clvlotlik dtrk efofgjquk, gljs jc gloquk dk seurjt ko els dk rupturk (leejdkot) sur cl

efodujtk prjoejplck quj prjvk tfus cks l`foos lvlc.

Pkglrquk =Fo l fpt pfur ck rsklu gljcc pfur dks rljsfos dk seurjt kt efggk fo kst dlosuok zfok ur`ljok, fo tjkot prejskr quk pfur cks goliks kt cks qujpkgkots sfot lcjgkots plr

dks rlgjajeltjfos quj slvrkot ldfptks.

1.2.Elceuc kt djgkosjfookgkot

1.2.


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(1.


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0) Cfj dks gljccks (qujcj`rk dks pkrtks dk eblrik)=ck cfoi duo plrefurs frjkot kt akrg, clsfggk lci`rjquk dks pkrtks dk eblrik kst oucck. Fo dajojt pfur ekcl uo skos dk plrefurs

pfsjtja lr`jtrljrk (quj ol lueuok rkcltjfo lvke ck skos defuckgkot).cfrjkotltjfo pfsjtjvk

kst dfook plr ck skos du dpclekgkot dks ljiujccks duok gfotrk.

(1.0,;).

1.:.Efoecusjfo

Ck rsklu dk djstrj`utjfo ko klu pftl`ck du sjtk skrl pfs ko trloebks sfus ck trfttfjr (Qfjr

Lookxk A), cl prfafodkur gjojglck dks elolcjsltjfos skrl dk >.2> g lu-dkssus dk cl iorltrjek

suprjkurk.

Cks pjeks dk rleefrdkgkots (T, eok dk rduetjfo) ljosj quk cks elolcjsltjfos skrfot ko ^KBD

Cl prkssjfo dk skrvjek lu ojvklu du pfjot dk pjqulik dfjt trk dk 0;.>4 g, ekcck-ej pkrgkt dk

sltjsaljrk clrikgkot ko prkssjfo tfut ck prjgtrk dtudk(Qfjr Lookxk D).


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Eblpjtrk 9 = Efoekptjfo duo cfijejkc dk elceuc bydrlucjquk

9.

9.4.5. Kxpfrtltjfo kt jgpfrtltjfo dk dfooks ...................................................................................... :


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9. lvke efggk ofg "E wjtb

eclssks". Ekcuj-ej l kosujtk t rkofgg ko E++, ecjo djc lu syg`fck djoergkotltjfo ++ du

cloilik E, lajo dk sjiolckr qujc slijt duo cloilik E lgcjfr. E++ kst uok joergkotltjfo dk E,

dfoe uok lgcjfrltjfo X


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E++ @ujcdkr kst dk pcus uo kovjrfookgkot dk dvkcfppkgkot vjsukc E++ PLD (Plpjd Lppcjeltjfo

Dvkcfppkgkot). Jc pkrgkt dk efostrujrk rlpjdkgkot dks lppcjeltjfos ko utjcjslot dks efgpfslots

kt sjgpcjajk lu glxjgug c'erjturk du efdk kt cl rlcjsltjfo dk c'jotkralek.

9.5.^rskotltjfo du cfijejkc GkelAcujd

Ck cfijejkc GkelAcujd (Ajiurk 9.


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc :>

;) D`jt dks elolcjsltjfos lvke Gloojoi

1) [ok elceucltrjek Gloojoi

9) Elceuc dks pkrtks dk eblrik dlos cks elolcjsltjfos ejreucljrks plrtjkcckgkot rkgpcjs

9.4.Utrueturk du prfirlggk

Ck cfijejkc GkelAcujd efotjkot dks efgpfslotks djtks vjsukccks (Afrg (Ajiurk 9.0)), kt cks sfureks

lssfejks kux.

9.4.


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc :


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Eblpjtrk 2 = Kecljrlik pu`cje kt cketrjejt

2.


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2.


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc :4

lvke =

Jcu= Jotkosjt cugjokusk ko (ed).

= Acux cugjokux ko (Cg).

= Loick sfcjdk ko strldjlo (Utr).

2.5.5.KecljrkgkotFo lppkcck cecljrkgkot ko uo pfjot duok suralek, ck rlppfrt du acux cugjokux() lrrjvlot sur uok

suralek joajojgkot pktjtk kotfurlot ek pfjot plr cljrk () dk ekttk suralek.Ufo uojt kst (cux) kt sfo syg`fck kst ().

(2.0)Pkglrquk =(


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Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc :;

A([) = Aletkur dutjcjsltjfo tftlck.

Q = Aletkur dk vjkjccjsskgkot icf`lc.

k = Ksplekgkot kotrk elodcl`rks.

C = Cloiukur dk cl eblussk.

2.5.9.Cugjoloek gfykook

Dlos oftrk prfmkt, ofus lvfos prjs uok cugjoloek gfykook (cgfy) dk 0ed/g elr ofus sfggks

dlos cl eclssk E (rfutks ur`ljoks ofo jgpfrtlotks lvke prskoek dk pjtfos), ko sfggk ekst uok

vfjrjk tkrtjljrk. Ck tl`cklu sujvlot ofus dfook cl cugjoloek gfykook ko afoetjfo dk cl eltifrjk dk

cl vfjrjk =

Tl`cklu 2.< Cl cugjoloek gfykook ko afoetjfo dk cl vfjrjkEclssk Typk dk vfjk L`frds Cgfy(ed/g)

L Lutfrfutk, rfutk kxprkss 0

@ Irlodk rfutk rldjlck Ecljrk

Ufg`rk

0

< 0

E Pfutk [r`ljo lvke prskoek dk pjtfos Ecljrk

Ufg`rk

0

,; C (Ajiurk 2.0 E)

Jgpclotltjfo lxjlck

Ek typk djgpclotltjfo kst utjcjs pfur cks eblussks dfu`cks tkrrk-pckjo ekotrlc

(ikork lutfrfutk) b?c, jc pkrgkt dutjcjskr uo skuc at pfur cks dkux eblusss, ek quj

sjgpcjajkr cks rsklux dlcjgkotltjfo cketrjquk.

Pkglrquk =cjgpclotltjfoquj efovjkot oftrk els kst cjgpclotltjfo uojcltrlck, elr cl clrikur dk

cl eblussk kst dk 2g.

^fur uok jgpclotltjfo uojcltrlck fo l bc,b1 g fo ebfjsjt b72g.

2.4.0.Ksplekgkot kotrk cugjoljrks

Ekst ck rkspket dk cuojafrgjt cfoijtudjolck dk cugjoloek quj prsjdk ck ebfjx dk cksplekgkot

kotrk dkux lpplrkjcs efoseutjas skcfo cl blutkur du aku kt cks jodjeltjfos dgjssjfos du clgjoljrk.

Cks suraleks du sfc fot pkrgjs dk eclsskr cks lpplrkjcs ko 5 irlodks algjccks = typk dajc, skgj-

dajc kt ofo dajc. Ck Tl`cklu 2.0 jodjquk skcfo ck typk dk vfjk, ck rlppfrt glxjglc

Tl`cklu 2.0 Ck rlppfrt glxjglc K/B skcfo ck typk dk vfjkk/b Dajc Ukgj-Dajc

[ojcltrlck, ko fppfsjtjfo, lxjlck 5 5,;

Ko qujoefoek 0,9 5,0

Cks skgj-dajcs sfot iorlckgkot ebfjsjs, jcs sfot gfykookgkot `cfujsslots.

Pkglrquk = cjgpclotltjfo dks elodcl`rks tlot uojcltrlck kt ck typk decljrlik dajc dfoe=

K/B75,; ek quj jgpcjquk quk k72x5702eg.

Ck ofg`rk djotkrvlcck dlos uo trfofo sk elceuc efggk sujt= 2.4.5. ujssloek dk aku

Ck aletkur dk cugjoloek dpkod du typk du cugjoljrk kt du rkvtkgkot dk cl eblussk.

Tl`cklu 2.5 Aletkur dk cugjoloek@tfo Korf` ^lvsprfprk slck ecljrk Gfyko sfg`rk

Dajc


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Dlos oftrk els, ofus lvfos ck typk dk cugjoljrk skgj-dajc kt uo korf` gfyko df cfo tjrk ck

aletkur dk cugjoloek kst ilck w) plrek qukcck f`jt lux

efodjtjfos predkotks. Ek typk dk clgpk kst utjcjs lvke dks cugjoljrks vlsquk skgj-dajcs.

2.4.;.Cks elodcl`rks

Jcs sfot efostjtus duo aut dk blutkur vlrjl`ck sur ckqukc skrl gfot uok erfssk pfrtlot uok clgpk

deblrik sfus vlsquk tloebk .Cks elodcl`rk skrfot sekccs lu sfc sur glssja ko `tfo dk

>.;>x>.;>x>.2>g plr cjotkrgdjljrk dk tjiks dloerlik dk 0>gg dk djlgtrk.

Cks rleefrdkgkots cketrjquks sk akrfot sur uok pclquk `froks >.2>g du sfc lvke prftketjfo

plr ausj`cks, cl rkgfots dk e`ck sk akrl plr [>> PF0Q 0x0.;gg0+Tkrrk.

2.4.1.Aletkur dutjcjsltjfo

Ekst ck pfurekotlik du acux gjs plr cl clgpk tfg`lot sur cl plrtjk utjck dk cl eblussk. Ekaletkur dpkod dk cfuvkrturk dks loicks du aku quj jotkrekptkot cl eblussk X2W.

Jcs kxjstkot dkux aletkurs dutjcjsltjfos skcfo trfjs els =

0kgkels = l?> 5kgkels = l7>

A[7A[LQ-A[LP A[7A[ LQ+A[ LP A[7A[LQ

Lvke =

r d rr r d rrr (2.9)Pkglrquk=cks efostruetkurs dfookot ck pcus sfuvkot eks aletkurs sur ck irlpbjquk (Ajiurk 2.5)


98/127



Pkglrquk =dlos oftrk prfmkt cks lpplrkjcs sfot pcles >.;>eg dk cl eblussk dfoe l7>(5 kgk

els).

L7> A[7ALQA[7c/b71/27>.9; dlprs ck irlpbk dfoo pls cks efostruetkurs fol pfur

(c-l)/B7>.9; A[7>. Q.:; >.:> >.2; >.2;

1>>> Q07>.:> >.2; >.2> >.2>

:>>> Q57>.2; >.2> >.9; -

Fo dtkrgjok Q0,ko afoetjfo dk cl olturk dk cltgfspbrk dk cl zfok ecljrkr kt ek slvfjr sj cl

clgpk kst lvke vlsquk fu slos.

Tl`cklu 2.; Q0ko afoetjfo dk cl olturk dk cltgfspbrk kt decljrlikCugjoljrk Ulos vlsquk Lvke vlsquk

Ltgfspbrk pfccuk Q07 >.1; Q07>.9

Ltgfspbrk ofo pfccuk Q07 >.:> Q07>.:;

Jc kst oftkr quk cl clgpk vlsquk rktrfuvk sl qulcjt jojtjlck lprs ck okttfylik.

Ukgj- dajc

A

Eft trfttfjr Eft eblussk

> < 0

>.4>.;

>.5>.0>.>>B kt cks lpplrkjcs

ebfjsjk tlot U.B.^ (sfdjug blutk prkssjfo) df= Q07>.:> (dlprs ck Tl`cklu 2.4)

Cltgfspbrk kst ofo pfccuk kt cks lpplrkjcs sfot lvke vlsquk df Q07>.:; ( Tl`cklu 2.;) df

Q7Q.:>x>.:;7>.2;;

Ck acux sk elceuc efggk sujt =

(2.:)7(02x1x0x04)/(>..2;;)75>;1;,5> Cg

2.;.Djstrj`utjfo dcketrjejt (okrijk)

2.;.


100/127


Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc >

O = ofg`rk dk cfikgkot 50

H= 1 HQL

HU= Efkaajejkot dk sjguctlojt Hs7>.; lu-dkc dk ;> cfikgkots

^ujssloek plr qujpkgkots

(2.5 >,; 0 0;29,,>5 >,; 52,2< ,94 >,>5 >,; < 0,>5 >,; 5,00Kefck >0 5911,>2 >,>5 >,; ;1,4:

Ldgjojstrltjfo >< :09,,>5 >,; 4 0521,:1 >,>1 >,; 9, 4>>,15> kt >>

hQL. X hQL

lvke uok pkrtk dk eblrik dk ; 1>> w (2>> w vjdk).

Ck ofg`rk dk pfstk dk trlosafrgltjfo (O FUTKU) prvfjr dlos clgolikgkot duok ofuvkcck

zfok ur`lojsk pkut trk l`frd sfus dkux lpprfebks djaarkotks =

- ^rvfjr uo skuc pfstk dk trlosafrgltjfo dk afrtk pujssloek quj oekssjtk cl pfsk dk e`cks

dk afrtk sketjfo


101/127




102/127



0kgkgtbfdk =ekttk gtbfdk slppkcck gtbfdk dks ]glx , kcck efosjstk dtkrgjokr (U) koafoetjfo dk cjotkodloek ] efooljsslot =

- Cjotkosjt trlospfrtkr ko lgprk

- Cl cloikr dk cl cjljsfo ko hg

- Cl ebutk dk tkosjfo ldgjssj`ck sur cl cjljsfo ko vfct, fo l =

5% pfur cl efodujtk decljrlik

;% pfur cl efodujtk dk cl afrek gftrjek

% pfur ck dglrrlik du gftkur

Cjodpkodloek ] sk elceuc cljdk dks afrgucks sujvlotks=

Ko gfofpbls = (2..; efs 7>.2 Uketjfo gg efs 7>.5 efs 7>.; efs 7>.2

4.4> 9.0> 4.4> 1.:> 0.;> - - -

0.2> 4.4> >4 - - -

1 - - -

>.90 >.9: .5: >.;4 5; >.5: >.;: >.21

>.00 >.5> >.4> ;> >.5< >.4; >.1;

>..05; >.5> 9> >.04 >.54 >.41

>...05 :; >..01 >.5;

>.....00 >.02

>......04

>..5 >.....>:9 >.; >.> >....>:0 >.>:9 >.>:1 4>> >.0 >.:0 >.>:5 >.>22 ;>> >.>:2 >.; >..2


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Jotkosjt Ofgjolck J kst dfook plr =

(2. 0

> 0>> > >QIQAQ fu sjgjcljrk djstloeks kotrk uok cjiok cketrjquk

sfutkrrljok kt cks lutrks elolcjsltjfos dfjvkot rpfodrk lux ofrgks ko vjiukur.

Tfut e`ck fu koskg`ck dk e`cks dfjt trk sjiolc plr uo djspfsjtja lvkrtjsskur (irjcclik dk efuckur

rfuik kt pcle 0> eg lu gfjos lu-dkssus dks e`cks).

Cl trloebk lurl uok clrikur dk >,;> g kt uok prfafodkur dk >,9> g sfus trfttfjr, lussj < g lux

trlvkrsks dk eblussk lvke uok prftketjfo plr usk ko ejgkot vj`r .

Ck e`ck skrl pfs dlos uo cjt dk sl`ck pujs rkefuvkrt duo rkg`clj ko tkrrk sfjiokuskgkot

efgpletk. Cl gjsk cl tkrrk sk akrl plr uo efoduetkur ko eujvrk ou < x 02 gg, pfs lu afod dk

afujcck dk cl trloebk kt rleefrdkr lux djaarkots elodcl`rks.

Cks elodcl`rks skrfot prftis efotrk cl efrrfsjfo, cjotrjkur plr uok efuebk lotjrfujcck

kaaketuk plr ck efostruetkur kt ckxtrjkur plr uok efuebk prjgljrk lotjrfujc ck kt uok fu dkux

efuebks skefodljrks.


105/127

Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc ;

Efoecusjfo iorlck

Ccl`frltjfo duo prfmkt QPD okst pls uok ebfsk ljsk, efggk slpplru ds cl prkgjrk vuk, jc sk

aljt ko pcusjkurs tlpks kt dkglodk `kluefup dk tkgps, dkxprjkoek luxqukcs ctudjlot ko

trlvlux pu`cjes kst efoarfot.

Ekst pfur uok dfeugkotltjfo pcus lgpck qujc dfjt sfrjkotkr tfut ko aljslot lppkc dks

efooljssloeks tbfrjquks.

Cl russjtk duo prfmkt dk QPD ok rsjdk pls uojqukgkot dlos cl gltrjsk dk cfutjc jo afrgltjquk,

gljs ko irlodk plrtjk dlos cks efooljssloeks dk `lsk du gtjkr, kt ko plrtjeucjkr cl vfjrjk.

Lu tkrgk dk eks eblpjtrks, ofus ksprfos lvfjr plrefuru cksskotjkc dk ek tbgk ko tlot quk

Tkebojejkos Uuprjkurs ko Qfjrjks kt Psklux Djvkrs (TU ko QPD).

Ofus tkofos sjiolckr quk dlos ekttk tudk ofus lvfos rkspket cks ofrgks rfutjrks ljosj quk

ekcck dk cl efoekptjfo dks rsklux djvkrs qufo ok pkut pls oicjikr ko vjtlot cks efotrljotksrkoefotrks sur ck tkrrljo kt fo l prjs ko efosjdrltjfo, ck efoafrt, cl seurjt dks uslikrs ljosj

`jko quk cefofgjk kt ckovjrfookgkot.

Ajolckgkot, irek ek prfmkt, fo sjggkrik dlos ck gjcjku prfakssjfookc plr lequjsjtjfo dk

pcusjkurs efooljssloeks dlos oftrk dfgljok lvke `kluefup dk efoajloek.

Ekt lpprkotjsslik kt ekttk efoajloek ok sfot quk ck arujt dks efooljssloeks tbfrjquks kt prltjquks

lequjsks durlot oftrk eursus cJOUA^F.


106/127

Lookxk


Lookxk L= Trle ko pclo

Lxk O Eblolik Cfoiukur Djst. B ^P ]

Q> < DPFJTK ^kotk 7 1. :>,:;:,41 : 2:,11

0 ^LPL@FCK P 7 0>>>.>> 9.>> > 09

4 DPFJTK ^kotk 7 9.52 < :5,:0

Q; < DPFJTK 0;.92 0;,1; > >,09

^kotk 7 .>>

0 ^LPL@FCK P 7 -2>>.>> 50.;> 50,5: 0;,1; 0,24

Ufggkt =^P 7 ;.1; ] 7 1.24

5 DPFJTK ^kotk 7 ;.:; 0>.5: 0>,5; ;2,>4 ;,40

92,5: 1,15

Q1 < DPFJTK ^kotk 7 :.20 4,>.>>

> ; < 5>,>1 ::,5

Ufggkt =^P 7 ;9.:0 ] 7 :2.>>

5 DPFJTK ^kotk 7 -4.02 00.:> 00,22 4;,>9 :2,0219,:; :9,5

Q2 < DPFJTK ^kotk 7 0.>0 04 05 > 0,>.>> ;>.4< ;>,51 05 0,;5

Ufggkt =^P 7 >.29 ] 7 0.55

5 DPFJTK ^kotk 7 9.>; 9.>0 9 9.>> 09.;; 09,;4 .:;

5 DPFJTK ^kotk 7 5.5> 4:.>2 4:,>;


107/127

Lookxk


002,2: >,:5

Q < DPFJTK ^kotk 7 .24 5>,24 > ::

0 ^LPL@FCK P 7 5>>.>>

5 DPFJTK ^kotk 7 2.0; 09.2; 09,91 ;>,02 >,;0

4 ^LPL@FCK P 7 -;>>.>> 54.:9 54,:5 92,>4 0,2> 5.2; 5,2; > :>.>> 5>.>> 5> 5,2; : 0.>> 5.99 5,91 > 9.:< 9,21 45,;< :5,> :;, ;>.,,10

Ufggkt =^P 7 1:.:5 ] 7 0. >,4


108/127

Lookxk


0 ^LPL@FCK P 7 5>>.>> 05.:5 05,2: ;9,21 .24 0>,94 20

4 ^LPL@FCK P 7 -;>.>> 5.91 5,9; 0,42 ;,>:

Ufggkt =^P 7 9.42 ] 7 ;.54

; DPFJTK ^kotk 7 0.5: >.,9 22.21 22,1: > ::

0 ^LPL@FCK P 7 ->.>> 2:.9; 2:,9< 22,1: 4,52

Ufggkt = ^P 7 .25 >.0< >,0< .25 4:.20 4:,20 >>.>>


109/127

Lookxk

Ktudks dk QPD dks 50 cfikgkots dFuckd-Gkodjc :

Lookxk@ = Eu`lturks dks tkrrlsskgkots

Lxk O ^rfajc ^r C.L. Uketjfod`cljsUketjforkg`cljs

Qfcugkd`cljs

Qfcugkrkg`cljs

Q< < >,>> ,>> 5,>4 >,>< 5>,4,>;9

0 0>,>> 0>,>> :,9> >,>> ,>>>

5 4>,>> 0>,>> ,>> 044,9>< >,>>>

4 1>,>> 0>,>> > 00,>>>

; 2>,>> 0>,>> ,1> >,>> 0,>>>

1 >,>> 05,;> ,;> >,>> 041,99> >,>>>

9 < 0>,;: 4,>2 >,>> 24,&

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