HS Planning Concepts 2.pdf

8/14/2019 HS Planning Concepts 2.pdf

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City Beautiful Movement To understand Chicago of the early

1900s, consider this observation fromTruesdale Marshall, the protagonist ofHenry Blake Fuller's novel, "With theProcession:" "[Chicago is a] hideousmonster so pitifully grotesque,gruesome, appalling."

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Many people, foreigners and Americansalike, felt the same way about most citiesin America .

By 1910, many cities contained onemillion residents, but few plannedproperly for such a populationexplosion . As a result, cities developedin an ad hoc fashion. This made themshapeless, inefficient and, in many

cases, dangerous .


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City Beautiful Daniel Hudson Burnham , a Chicagoarchitect, began to address theseissues in an approach to urbanplanning that would become known asthe City Beautiful movement.

City Beautiful was characterized bythe belief that if you improved form,function would follow . In otherwords, an attractive city wouldperform better than an unattractive

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one. Beauty came from what Burnhamcalled "municipal art" --magnificent parks, highly designedbuildings, wide boulevards, andpublic gathering places adorned

with fountains and monuments .Such beautiful additions to thecityscape could not directly addressperceived social ills, but they could, atleast in Burnham's thinking, indirectlyimprove social problems byenhancing the urban environment.


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City Beautiful Burnham first displayed theCity Beautiful principles atthe 1893 World's

Columbian Exposition inChicago .

His dream city, known as

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, -scale monuments, electriclights & state-of-the-arttransport systems. It alsoremoved all visible signs

of poverty so that theroughly 27 million visitorswho streamed through theexhibition witnessed a trueurban utopia .

The Administration Building at the 1893World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago,where Daniel Hudson Burnham's City

Beautiful movement made its debut.


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City Beautiful Movement Burnham then applied City Beautiful ideas to several city designs

between 1902 and 1905. He directed plans for Washington, D.C.; Cleveland, Ohio; Manila;

and San Francisco, but the culmination of the movement came in1906 when Burnham teamed up with Edward Bennett to prepare thePlan of Chicago, the first comprehensive plan for controlled

rowth of an American cit .

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Chicago The Plan encompassed the

development of Chicago within a

60-mile radius and called for adouble decker boulevard to betteraccommodate commercial andregular traffic,

straightening of the Chicago River

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consolidation of competing raillines and an integrated park system that

encompassed a 20-mile park areaalong Lake Michigan.

Some of these features, such asthe twin level roadway, werefirsts in any city, anywhere inthe world.


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City Beautiful Movement Although the City Beautiful movement was revolutionary in America,it drew upon urban planning ideas used for many years inEurope . In particular, Burnham used Paris as a successful

model of urban planning . Planning of Paris began in earnest in the 1600s during the reign

of Louis XIV when architects used great foresight to buildsquares, parks and avenues in areas that were barely settled .

As Paris increased its population, it was able to grow into its design.Then, in another era of notable development beginning in the 1850s,Georges Eugne Haussmann, appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte,began reworking the city, making it more suitable and attractive forthe vast numbers of visitors, merchants, manufacturers andresidents who filled the city.

Burnham also recognized the contribution of the ancientplanners responsible for Athens and Rome , as well as theplanning tradition that went back for centuries.

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PLANNING CONCEPTSPatrick Gaddes

01.08.2013


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Patrick Geddes Scottish origin, has been called the father of modern town planning ,Geddes did much of his pioneering work in the Old Town of Edinburgh,having made his home there in 1886. - Geddes name and spirit areimperishably associated with Ramsay Garden and the Outlook Tower, both

in Castle hill.

Geddes was concerned with the relationship between people and citiesand how they affect one another . He emphasized that people do notmere y nee e s e er, u a so oo an wor , e recrea on an soc alife. This makes the house an inseparable part of the neighbourhood, thecity and the surrounding open country and the region.

The town planning primarily meant establishing organic relationship among

Folk, place and work, which corresponds to organism, function andenvironment. FOLK WORK PLACEi.e. organism i.e. function i.e. environment(Social aspect) (Economical aspect) (Physical aspect)

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Patrick Geddes Cities in Evolution published in 1915 essence of the book city beautifulmovement and too many small schemes here and there like garden cities wereonly poor examples of town planning.

In this book he coined the term Conurbation to describe the waves ofpopulation inflow to large cities , followed by overcrowding and slum formation,and then the wave of backflow the whole process resulting in amorphous sprawl,waste, and unnecessary obsolescence.

True city design have little in common and repeating the same over all the three wassas rous an econom ca y was e u

Each valid scheme should and must embody the full utilization of its local andregional conditions

Geddes was the originator of the idea and technique of Regional survey and citysurvey

The sequence of planning is : 1. Regional survey 2. Rural development 3. Town planning

4. City design 9


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Patrick Geddes In 1911 he created a milestone exhibition,

Cities and Town Planning, which wasstudied appreciatively not only throughoutBritain but also abroad. From 1920-23 he

was ro essor o v cs an oc o ogy athe University of Bombay, and in 1924 hesettled at Montpellier, in France.

He died there in 1932, having beenknighted that year.

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Patrick Geddes took over the building formerly knownas Shorts Observatory in 1892.

From the Prospect Roof of the Outlook Tower arespectacular views across the Firth of Forth and thesurrounding city region.

Positioned at the top of the Edinburghs High Street,it still holds the camera obscura, which refracts animage onto a white table within, for study and

The Outlook Tower Interpreters House -

Index Museum - Sociological Laboratory

survey. A mirror at the top of the dome picks upimages and reflects then through a lens which inturn focuses the picture onto a white surface ason a film in a camera.

The tower was conceived as a tool for regional

analysis, index-museum and the worlds firstsociological laboratory. It represents theessence of Geddess thought - his holism, visualthinking, and commitment to understanding thecity in the region.

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ASAP, AUUPThe Outlook Tower Interpreters House -Index Museum - Sociological Laboratory

He said of it: Our greatest need today is toconceive life as a whole, to see its many sidesin their proper relations, but we must have apractical as well as a philosophic interest insuch an integrated view of life.

towards understanding life is purely visual, forfrom here everyone can make a start towardsseeing completely that portion of the world hecan survey. He can also grasp what a natural

region actually is and how a great city islinked to such a region .

Now the tower is home to the Patrick GeddesCentre For Planning Studies, where anarchive and exhibition are housed. 12


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Regional Plan In 1909, Geddes assisted in the early planning of the southern Edinburg . This

work was formative in his development of a regional planning model called the"Valley Section

This model illustrated the complex interactions among biogeography,geomorphology and human systems and attempted to demonstrate how"natural occupations" such as hunting, mining, or fishing are supportedby physical geographies that in turn determine patterns of human

.interrelated relationships between humans and their environment, and toencourage regional planning models that would be responsive to theseconditions

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Patrick Geddes in India He came to India in 1915 at the invitation of Lord Pentland, the then Governor of Madras. He gave his expertadvice for the improvement of about eighteen major

towns in India.

He laid emphasis on Survey before plan i.e.

diagnosis before treatment to make a correctdiagnosis of various ills from which the town suffersand then prescribe the correct remedies for its cure.These are the physical and social economic surveys .

He was the first man who introduced the sociologicalconcept in the town planning . Before coming to India,

he had successfully overcome the horrors ofEdinburg slums . 14


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Conservative Surgery

Balrampur (India) 15


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Conservative Surgery -Balarampur Retaining the native settlement pattern

while improving the hygine and traffic flow Minimises demolition through carefully

Climate and local customs are alsoreflected in the provision of scattered tree-

shaded chowks the mid street openingthat harbour public life in traditional Indiancities

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Conservative Surgery In his early involvement with the Old Town of Edinburg in

late 1880s and with Dublin betwn 1911-1914, he

tirelessly promoted the idea of a civic survey Reduce the number and width of paved streets in

residential areas, & turn the land saved into a chain of

Have flexible plots that might be combined easily orsubdivided

Undo as little as possible

Persuade citizens to get involved, arouse civicenthusiasm let them express their individuality, forstreets will look all the better for a certain freedom oftreatment and rivalry between houses

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PLANNING CONCEPTSC A Perr

01.08.2013


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Neighbourhood Unit The concept of neighbourhood unit was evolved due to the advent of

industrial revolution & gradation of the city environment caused dueto high congestion, heavy traffic movement through the city,insecurity to school going children, distant location of shopping andrecreation activities; etc.

Hence to create a safely healthy physical environment in which

school , schools which are within walking distance from home ; anenvironment in which women may have an easy walk to ashopping centre where they may get the daily households goods,employed people may find convenient transportation to andfrom work . It is an environment in which a well equippedplayground is located near the house where children may play insafety with their friends for healthy development of their mind andspirit. With consideration to all the above physical factor's theNeighborhood concept was evolved.

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ASAP, AUUPCLARENCE A. PERRY CONCEPTION OF

NEIGHBOUHOOD UNIT C.A. PERRY was the first one to specify the physical form of theneighbourhood unit (1872-1944). He described the neighbourhood unit asthat populated area which would require & support an elementaryschool with an enrollment of between 1000 to 1200 pupils. This wouldmean a population of between 5,000 and 6,000 people. Theneighbourhood unit is bounded by arterial roads or other boundaries,with open spaces, school, community centre and local shops, thelatter being on the circumference. Most importantly there was no

. . .these principles, if complied with, "will result in a neighbourhoodcommunity in which the fundamental needs of family life will be metmore completely.

The Settlement House movement which began in London about 1885was the first conscious recognition of the Neighbourhood as a basic unit inthe urban structure or planning. Population criteria may vary from place toplace but it depends mainly upon the size of the neighborhood unit.

In 1972 , the American Institute of Architects adopted the neighborhood unitas the recommended " GROWTH UNIT" for future urban growth . The

growth unit would range in size from 500 to 3,000 dwelling units(population of between 1,700 and 10,000). 20


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Principles of NeighbourhoodTheory1. UNIT OF URBAN PLANNING: It is a unit of urban planning considering

population as a criterion to decide the size of a neighbourhood unit, in

relation to convenient walking distance to most essential social services2. STREET SYSTEM: Major arterial roads and through traffic route should not

pass through residential neighbourhood. Instead these streets shouldprovide the boundaries of the neighbourhood. Interior street pattern should

e es gne an cons ruc e roug use o cu - e-sacs, curve ayou anlight duty surfacing, so as to encourage a quiet, safe, low volume trafficmovement

3. FACILITIES: Neighbourhood unit should consist of orderly arrangement ofall those facilities including primary school, shopping centre, shoppingadjacent to main road, spaces for outdoor recreation; community centre,sports centre etc.

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Principles of NeighbourhoodTheory4. POPULATION: The population of neighbourhood should be that which is

optimal to support its elementary school. When Perry formulated his theory

the population was estimated about 5,000 persons for enrollment of between1000 to 1200 pupils. Current elementary school size standard probablywould higher the figure to 3000 to 4000 persons. In general, it may rangefrom 3000 to 12000 people. For Chicago, in 1942 the range was from 4000

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the unit size was 6000 to 10,000 people. The American Institute of Architectsadopted the unit range between 1700 to 10000 people.

5. SECTOR: Sector is a combination of two or more neighbourhood units. It isconsidered because the facilities which are not covered in theneighbourhood unit should have to be covered in a sector, like secondaryschool, entertainment centres, big markets, major parks and large siterecreation spaces. The size of the population equivalent to the number ofneighbourhood units is equal to twelve to fifteen thousand persons suitablefor a sector.

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Principles of NeighbourhoodTheory6. SIZE AND DENSITY: The size of the unit decides upon the maximum

walking distance from the extreme dwelling unit to the elementary school

and shopping centres. This walking distance considered by C.A. Perry is mile. Hence the physical form of the neighbourhood unit considered byC.A. Perry is mile radius which suggests that the maximum radius forwalking distance from home to the community centre should be mile.

.

7. NEIGHBOURHOOD WALKWAYS: It is stressed to have an independentsystem of footway complimenting the vehicular system.

8. PROTECTIVE STRIPS: These are necessary to protect the units fromannoyance of the traffic and to provide suitable facilities for developingparks, playgrounds and road widening in future.

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ASAP, AUUPCLARENCE STEIN'S CONCEPTION OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD

UNIT The figure shows grouping

of three neighbourhoodunits is served by a highschool and one or two

commercial centres. Walking distance radius isone mile.

Elementary school is the

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within a one half mileradius of all residents in theneighbourhood, local

shopping centres locatednear the school.

Residential streets aresuggested as CUL-DE-SACS to eliminate throughtraffic and park space flowsinto the neighbourhood as

applied in the Radburnplan.


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ASAP, AUUPRadburn

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ASAP, AUUPRadburn- Henry Wright The industrialization of the United States after World War I led to

migration from the rural areas & a dramatic growth of the citiesduring the 1920's. This population shift led to a severe housingshortage. The automobile, which was becoming a mainstay inAmerican life, added a new problem to urban living. Drastic changesin urban design were necessary to provide more housing and toprotect people from the horseless carriage. In answer to the needs of"modern societ " Radburn the "Town for the Motor A e" was created

in 1929.

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How Radburn was going to meetthe problems of "modern society" isbest illustrated in architect HenryWright's "Six Planks for aHousing Platform".

These ideas formed the basicphilosophy that he followed indesigning Radburn.


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ASAP, AUUPRadburn- Henry Wright Plan simply, but comprehensively. Don't stop at the individual property line.

Adjust paving, sidewalks, sewers and the like to the particular needs ofthe property dealt with - not to a conventional pattern. Arrange buildingsand grounds so as to give sunlight, air and a tolerable outlook to even thesmallest and cheapest house.

Provide ample sites in the right places for community use: i.e., playgrounds,school gardens, schools, theatres, churches, public buildings and stores.

Put factories and other industrial buildin s where the can be used without

wasteful transportation of goods or people. Cars must be parked and stored, deliveries made, waste collected - plan for

such services with a minimum of danger, noise and confusion. Bring private and public land into relationship and plan buildings and

groups of buildings with relation to each other. Develop collectively suchservices as will add to the comfort of the individual, at lower cost than ispossible under individual operation.

Arrange for the occupancy of houses on a fair basis of cost and service,including the cost of what needs to be done in organizing, building andmaintaining the community.

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PLANNING CONCEPTSLewis Mumford

01.08.2013


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ASAP, AUUPLewis Mumford Wrote the book Culture of cities: 1938

He was a student of Patrick Geddes Advocate of Neighbourhood unit .

had put forward an outline of the six stagesof city development, from polis tonecropolis.

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ASAP, AUUP6 stages of City Development, Although French geographer Jean Gottman (1961) is credited for

introducing the term, it was Mumford (1938) who first elaborated theconcept. His description was based on a revised version of an

idea his mentor Geddes had advanced in his Cities in Evolution(1915). Geddes had put forward an outline of the six stages ofcity development, from polis to necropolis .

In Culture of Cities Mumford modified this scheme by including anearlier stage represented by eopolis, the village community, andcombining two of later stages of Geddes, parasitopolis andpatholopolis into tyrannopolis. So in this new scheme, citydevelopment originated with the rise of the village (eopolis), itevolved into the polis as an association of villages and kinships,and resulted in metropolis, an association of polis. The later threestages of city development, megalopolis, tyrannopolis andnecropolis represented the decline of the city.

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ASAP, AUUPLewis Mumford In Culture of Cities Mumford regarded megalopolis as the

beginning of decline: at this stage of its development the cityunder the influence of a capitalistic mythos concentrates upon

bigness and power. For Mumford the aimless expansion of themetropolis into megalopolis was an expression of a drive for capitalaccumulation, everything must become rational, big, methodical,quantitative and ruthless. Megalopolis facilitated the repression andexploitation of working classes by regimenting them and bymaking life increasingly insecure and volatile . This gives rise toa new class conflict. As the conflict intensifies in megalopolis, analliance of land-owning aristocracy, speculators, financiers,enterprises, industrialists increase their interest in controlling

the urban space.

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ASAP, AUUPLewis Mumford Mumford observed the transformation of

the metropolis into the shapeless

giantism of the megalopolis in Cultureof Cities. , , ,

understanding megalopolis requiredunderstanding the origins of the masssuburb.

In City in History the revised chapter onmegalopolis is now preceded by a new

chapter on suburbia. 33


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ASAP, AUUPLewis Mumford Although the most recent interpreters

assumed that the suburb is a newphenomenon, Mumford argued that it is asold as the city itself. For example, the city

o r a a r ng o ouses surroun ng .The Greek and Roman cities as well asmedieval cities always had small huts,

gardens, villas surrounding them. It wouldbe an error to regard suburbanism as amere reaction to the crowded and

polluted industrial city. 34


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ASAP, AUUPLewis Mumford The 18 th century city witnessed the rise of the aristocratic suburb

while the 19 th century witnessed the rise of the bourgeois suburb. Mumford said: In the mass movement into suburban areas a

new kind of community was produced, which caricatured boththe historic city and the archetypal suburban refuge: amultitude of uniform, unidentifiable houses, lined up inflexibly,at uniform distances, on uniform roads, in a treeless communalwas e, n a e y peop e o e same c ass, e same ncome,the same age group, witnessing the same televisionperformances, eating the same tasteless pre-fabricated foods,from the same freezers, conforming in every outward andinward respect to a common mold, manufactured in the central

metropolis. Thus the ultimate effect of the suburban escape inour time, ironically, a low-grade uniform environment fromwhich escape is impossible.

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ASAP, AUUPLewis Mumford Nevertheless, Mumford argued, the planners

and policy makers also failed to see what wasattractive in the suburbs and what theyseemingly provided.

The suburb was a neighborhood unit. Thesu ur e pe o recrea e a newconsciousness of something that had beenlost in the rapid growth of the city: the senseof neighborhood.

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ASAP, AUUPLewis Mumford By the twentieth century, the metropolis brought into one vast

complex the industrial town, the commercial town, and the royal andaristocratic town, each stimulating and extending its influence overthe other. The metropolis was an embodiment and expression of anew stage in capitalism in which industrial capital and class wasamong other equally powerful classes and forms of capital.

Mumford argues that massive accretion of power and concentration of

management. The metropolis became an arena for accumulation of different

forms of capital: the banks, brokerage offices, stock exchangesessentially serve a collecting point for the savings in the entire

country, centralizing and monopolizing the use of money. The monopoly of cultural capital was also a mark of the

metropolis.

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ASAP, AUUPLewis Mumford Megalopolis was for him the death of the city, a stage leading to

necropolis. As one moves away from the centre, the urban growthbecomes more aimless and discontinuous, more diffuse and

unfocussed, except where some surviving town has left the originalimprint of a more orderly life. In megalopolis The original containerhas completely disappeared: the sharp division between city andcountry no longer exists.

In 1938 Mumford had argued that the trend toward megalopolis hadto be stopped.

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Thank Yo

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HS Planning Concepts 2.pdf