Hybrid Vechele

7/28/2019 Hybrid Vechele

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SEMINAR 2012-13 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 1 MTI THRISSUR

Index

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

HISTORY

WHAT MAKE A HYBRID

GASOLINE POWERED CAR

PROBLEMS WITH GASOLINE POWERED CAR

EVOLUTION OF HYBRID

ELECTRIC POWERED CARHYBRID STRUCTURE

PARALLEL HYBRID CAR

SERIES HYBRID CAR

HYBRID COMPONENTS

USES OF HYBRID CAR

HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS

HYBRID EFFICIENCY

ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID CAR

WHATS AVAILABLE NOW

CONCLUTION

REFERENCE


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Hybrid electric vehicle

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric

vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE)

propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the

electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a

conventional vehicle or better performance. There are a variety of HEV

types, and the degree to which they function as EVs varies as well. The most

common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks

(pickups and tractors) and buses also exist.

Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as

regenerative braking, which converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into electric

energy to charge the battery, rather than wasting it as heat energy as

conventional brakes do. Some varieties of HEVs use their internal

combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator

(this combination is known as a motor-generator), to either recharge their batteries or to directly power the electric drive motors. Many HEVs reduce

idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when

needed; this is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid-electric produces less

emissions from its ICE than a comparably-sized gasoline car, since an HEV's

gasoline engine is usually smaller than a comparably-sized pure gasoline-

burning vehicle (natural gas and propane fuels produce lower emissions) and

if not used to directly drive the car, can be geared to run at maximum

efficiency, further improving fuel economy.


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History

In 1900, while employed at Lohner Coach Factory, Ferdinand Porsche

developed the Mixte; a 4WD series-hybrid version of "System Lohner-

Porsche" electric carriage previously appeared in 1900 Paris World Fair. The

Mixte included a pair of generators driven by 2.5-hp Daimler IC engines to

extend operating range and it could travel nearly 65 km on battery alone. It

was presented in the Paris Auto Show in 1901. The Mixte broke several

Austrian speed records, and also won the Exelberg Rally in 1901 with

Porsche himself driving. The Mixte used a gasoline engine powering a

generator, which in turn powered electric hub motors, with a small battery

pack for reliability. It had a top speed of 50 km/h and a power of 5.22 kW

during 20 minutes.

In 1905, Henri Pieper of Germany/Belgium introduced a hybrid vehicle

with an electric motor/generator, batteries, and a small gasoline engine. It

used the electric motor to charge its batteries at cruise speed and used both

motors to accelerate or climb a hill. The Pieper factory was taken over by

Imperia, after Pieper died. The 1915 Dual Power, made by the Woods Motor

Vehicle electric car maker, had a four-cylinder ICE and an electric motor.

Below 15 mph (24 km/h) the electric motor alone drove the vehicle, drawing

power from a battery pack, and above this speed the "main" engine cut in to

take the car up to its 35 mph (56 km/h) top speed. About 600 were made up

to 1918. The Woods hybrid was a commercial failure, proving to be too slow

for its price, and too difficult to service. The United States Army's 1928

Experimental Motorized Force tested a gasoline-electric bus in a truck

convoy.

In 1931 Erich Gaichen invented and drove from Altenburg to Berlin a

1/2 horsepower electric car containing features later incorporated into hybrid

cars. Its maximum speed was 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), but it was

licensed by the Motor Transport Office, taxed by the German Revenue

Department and patented by the German Reichs-Patent Amt. The car battery

was re-charged by the motor when the car went downhill. Additional power tocharge the battery was provided by a cylinder of compressed air which was


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re-charged by small air pumps activated by vibrations of the chassis and the

brakes and by igniting ox hydrogen gas. An account of the car and his

characterization as a "crank inventor" can be found in Arthur Koestler's

autobiography, Arrow in the blue, pages 269-271, which summarize a

contemporaneous newspaper account written by Koestler. No production

beyond the prototype was reported.

The Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid was the first gasoline-electric hybrid

automobile

Figure 1 of Henri Pieper's 1905 Hybrid Vehicle Patent Application.


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WHAT MAKE A HYBRID

Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power.

Many people have probably owned a hybrid vehicle at some point. For

example, a mo-ped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it

combines the power of a petrol engine with the pedal power of its rider. Giant

trucks and pulling trains are diesel electric hybrid. Submarines are also

hybrid vehicles. Some are nuclear-electric and some are diesel-electric.

Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can

directly or indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid. The gasoline

electric hybrid car is just a cross between a gasoline-powered car and anelectric car.


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GASOLINE POWERED CAR

The figure shows a schematic representation of gasoline-powered car.

It consists of a fuel tank, an engine and transmission. The fuel from the fuel

tank helps the running of engine. The power produced is transmitted to the

transmission system and it turns the road wheels.


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PROBLEMS WITH GASOLINE POWERED CAR

To be useful for a car must meet certain requirements. A car should be

able to.

a) Drive at least 300 miles between refueling.

b) Refueled quickly and easily.

c) Keep up other traffic on the road.

A gasoline car meets these requirements but produces a relative large

amount of pollution and generally gets poor mileage. On the other hand the

electric car produces almost no pollution but it can only go upto 100 miles

between charges and the problem is that it is very slow and inconvenient to

recharge.

When driver for quick acceleration causes a car to be much less

efficient than they could be. Less powerful engine gets better mileage than

an identical car with a more power engine. The amusing thing is that most of

what we require a car to do uses a small percentage of its hybrid power

when driving along the freeway at 60 mph.


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EVOLUTION OF HYBRID

The hybrid is a compromise. It attempts to significantly increase the

mileage and reduce the emissions of a gas-powered car while overcoming

the shortcomings of an electric car. It is wondering that while any one would

build such a complicated machine when most people are perfectly happy

with their gasoline-powered car. The reason is two told that is to reduce tail

pipe emission and to improve the mileage.


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ELECTRIC POWERED CAR

The figure shows a typical electric car. It consists of a set of batteries,

electric motor and transmission. The batteries provide power to electric

motor and the motor turns the transmission.


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HYBRID STRUCTURE

Two power sources found in a hybrid car in different ways. It has a

fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine and set of batteries that

supplies power to an electric motor. Both the engine and the electric motor

can turn the transmission at the same time, and the transmission then turns

the road wheels. The different ways in which the power sources found in a

hybrid car are describe as follows.

1) Parallel Hybrid

2) Series Hybrid

PARALLEL HYBRID CAR

The figure shows a typical parallel hybrid. You'll notice that the fuel

tank and gas engine connect to the transmission. The batteries and electric

motor also connect to the transmission independently. As a result, in a

parallel hybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can provide

propulsion power.


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SERIES HYBRID CAR

The figure shows a series hybrid. The gasoline engine turns

generator, and the generator can either charge the batteries or power anelectric motor that drives the transmission. Thus, the gasoline engine never

directly powers the vehicle. Take a look at the diagram of the series hybrid,

starting with the fuel tank, and 4- cylinder engine, Generator, Battery, Electric

motor and transmission.


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HYBRID COMPONENTS

Hybrid car contains the following parts.

1) Gasoline engine

The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will

find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and

uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase

efficiency.

2) Fuel tank

The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for thegasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than

batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to

store as much energy as 7 pounds of gasoline.

3) Electric motor

The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated.

Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator.

For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries

to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car

down and return energy to the batteries.

4) Generator

The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to

produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids.

5) Batteries

The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for

the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only

power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put

energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them.

6) Transmission

The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic

function as the transmission on a conventional car.


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USES OF HYBRID CAR

California emissions standards announced how much of each type

of pollution a car is allowed to emit in California. The amount is usually

specified in gm/mile of carbon monoxide.

The key thing here is that the amount of pollutions allowed does not

depend on the mileage a car gets. But a car that burns twice as much fuel to

go a mile will generate approximately twice as much pollution. The pollution

will have to be reduced by the emission control equipment on the car. So

decreasing the fuel consumption of the car is one of the surest ways to

decrease emission.

Carbon dioxide is another type of pollution a car produce it cause

global warming. So the hybrid cars are used to reduce the air pollution. They

produce very less.

Amount of exhaust gases like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide

with respect to the other vehicles. The pollutants in this type of gas are very

less and are in a controlled manner.


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HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS

You can get the best mileage from a hybrid car by using the same

kind of driving habits that give you better mileage in your gasoline-engine

car:

a) Drive slower

The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the

faster you drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is

about double that at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down

can increase your mileage significantly.

b) Maintain a constant speedEach time you speed up the car you use energy, some of which

is wasted when you slow the car down again. By maintaining a

constant speed, you will make the most efficient use of your fuel.

c) Avoid abrupt stops

When you stop your car, the electric motor in the hybrid acts

like a generator and take some of the energy out of the car while

slowing it down. If you give the electric motor more time to slow the

vehicle, it can recover more of the energy.


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HYBRID EFFICIENCY

Besides a smaller, more efficient engine, today's hybrids use many

other tricks to increase fuel efficiency. Some of those tricks will help any type

of car get better mileage, and some only apply to a hybrid.

Recover energy and store it in the battery

Whenever you step on the brake pedal in your car, you are removing

energy from the car. The faster a car is going, the more kinetic energy it has.

The brakes of a car remove this energy and dissipate it in the form of heat. A

hybrid car can capture some of this energy and store it in the battery to use

later. It does this by using "regenerative braking." That is, instead of just

using the brakes to stop the car, the electric motor that drives the hybrid can

also slow the car. In this mode, the electric motor acts as a generator and

charges the batteries while the car is slowing down.

Sometimes shut off the engine

A hybrid car does not need to rely on the gasoline engine all of the

time because it has an alternate power source -- the electric motor andbatteries. So the hybrid car can sometimes turn off the gasoline engine.

It uses advanced aerodynamics

This is used to the air resistance. This helps the hybrid car to increase

its efficiency. A less power is required when the car is made in an

aerodynamic model.

It uses small efficient engine

The engine in a hybrid weight only 56 kg and it is a small, 1 litre, three

cylinders that produces 67 HP and 5700 rpm. The additional power provided

by the small electric motor is able to accelerate the hybrid car from 0-60 mph

in about 11 seconds.


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ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID CAR

1) Decreasing fuel consumption while it turns reduces emission.

2) Pollution is reduced considerably

3) Improve mileage.

4) Reduced tail pipe emission

5) Refueling problem reduced

6) No need of more fuel consumption at the time of acceleration.

7) Uses small engine and components their by reduces weight.

8) Better performance.


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WHATS AVAILABLE NOW

Three hybrid cars are now available in the United States the Honda

Civic Hybrid, the Honda Insight and the Toyota Prius. We will be discussing

the latter two, and although both of these cars are hybrids, they are actually

quite different in character.

The Honda Insight, which was introduced in early 2000 in the United

States, is designed to get the best possible mileage. The Insight is a small,

lightweight two-seater with a tiny, high-efficiency gas engine.

The Toyota Prius, which came out in Japan at the end of 1997, is

designed to reduce emissions in urban areas. It meets California's super

ultra-low emissions vehicle (SULEV) standard. It is a four-door sedan that

seats five, and the power train is capable of accelerating the vehicle to

speeds up to 15 mph (24 kph) on electric power alone. The Prius was

honoured as the 2004 North American Car of the Year.


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CONCLUTION

The hybrid car gives very good mileage and it produces less pollution.

So in the incoming years the hybrid car will become the most common

vehicle in the world. Hybrid car produces less pollution than gasoline

powered car and good mileage than electric car.


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REFERENCE

www.howstuffworks.com

Autocar April 2004

www.honda.com

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Hybrid Vechele