\Ti§Blén]sSahkmµkat;edreTAelICIvPaBrs;enA enAtMbn;CnbT bTBiesaFn_EdlTTYl)anBIkmµkrkat;edr nig RKYsarenAtMbn;CnbT kñúgextþé®BEvg

KMeragviPaKbBaðaGPivDÆn_ sikçakaménvKÁsikSaCan;x<s;CMnan;TI 1 nig ®kumeGDIGay

tula 2005

\Ti§Blén]sSahkmµkat;edreTAelICIvPaBrs;enA enAtMbn;CnbT bTBiesaFn_EdlTTYl)anBIkmµkrkat;edr nig RKYsarenAtMbn;CnbT kñúgextþé®BEvg

KMeragviPaKbBaðaGPivDÆn_

sikçakaménvKÁsikSaCan;x<s;CMnan;TI 1 nig ®kumeGDIGay Ex tula 2005

2

matikaerOg esckþIEføgGMNrKuN 3 esckþIsegçb 4 esckþIepþIm 5 TisedAénkarRsavRCav 7 viFIsaRsþRsavRCav 7 karlUtlas; nig lT§PaBbnþdMeNIrkarteTAmuxén]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkñúg®beTskmú<Ca 8 bTBiesaFn_rbs;kmµkreragcRkkat;edrmkBIextþéRBEvg 24 bTBiesaFn_énRkumRKYsarenAextþéRBEvgEdlmansmaCik®KYsareFVICakmµkr 38 krNIsikSamYycMnYnénRkumRKYsarenAextþéRBEvgEdlmansmaCikCakmµkr 49 esckþIsniñidæan 68 ]bsm<½n§TI1³ eQµaHsikçakam nig®kumeGDIGay 72 Éksar®sav®Cavrbs;KMerageGDIGay 73

3

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4

esckþIsegçb kar®sav®Cavrbs;KMeragviPaKbBaðaGPivDÆn_énGgÁkarsIusIusIuenH manbMNgEsVgyl;GMBI karrIklUtlas; niglT§PaBEdlnaMeGaymandMeNIrkareTAmuxén]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkñúg®beTskm<úCa nigkt;®taTuknUv bTBiesaFn_pÞal;énkmµkrkat;edrEdlmkBIextþé®BEvg ®BmTaMgBinitüemIlnUvkarrYmcMENkén]sSahkmµ kat;edreTAelIkarelIkkMBs;CIvPaB®KYsarenAextþé®BEvg nigedayET,k EsVgyl;BI\Ti§Blén]sSahkmµ kat;edr eTAelITMnak;TMngeynD½rkñúg®KYsarenAextþé®BEvg . karpøas;bþÚr®bB½n§esdækic©BIesdækic©Epnkar mkCaesdækic©TIpSarrbs;®beTskm<úCa kic©®Bme®BogGnue®KaHBaNiC¢kmµCamYyshKmn_GuWr:ub nigshrdæ Gaemrik kar®bkan;x¢ab;nUvsþg;darkargarkñúgsµartITTYlxus®tUvcMeBaHsgÁm karcUlrYmya:gsMxan;BI sMMNak;m®nþIraCrdæaPi)al nigm®nþIénsmaKmplitkreragc®kkat;edrén®beTskm<úCa (GMAC) nig \Ti§BlénkUtasemøokbMBak; )ancUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarCMrujeGaymankarlUtlas;én]sSahkmµkat;edr enAkñúg®beTskm<úCa . eTaHbIfa karbBa©b;®bB½n§kUtaTUTaMgBiPBelakenAcugqñaM 2004knøgmkenH )anKMramkMEhgdl;karnaMecjsemøokbMBak;naeBlGnaKt k¾]sSahkmµenH enAEtdMeNIrkarCabnþenAkñúg qmasTI 1énqñaM 2005 enH . Etk¾enAEtmankarTamTareGaymankMENTMrg;kñúg®Tg;®TayFM enAe®kay eBlbBa©b;®bB½n§kUta edIm,IeGay]sSahkmµenH GacmanlT§PaB®bkYt®bECgCabnþeTAeTot . karCYb®bTHe®KaHraMgs¶Üt nigTwkCMnn;Cab;²KñataMgBIqñaM 2001 mk eFVIeGayxUcxatTinñpl®sUv nig)aneFVI eGay®kum®KYsarenAtMbn;CnbTkñúgextþé®BEvgCYbnUvkarxVHxates,ogya:gxøaMgnigCMBak;bMNule®cIneday sarkarcMNaysMrab;eFVIE®scMkar . dUecñH karcMNak®sukmkrkkargareFVIenAtameragc®kkat;edrCaCMerIs mYyEdlmankarcab;GarmµN_kñúgkarTTYlnUv®)ak;cMNUl . edaysar)aneFVIkarenAeragc®k eFVIeGayzan³ nigtYnaTIrbs;®sþIenAkñúg®KYsar)an®besIreT,Ig EtkarxitxMeFVIkargarelIsema:gedaysarmankargare®cIn ®tUvbMeBj )aneFVIeGaykmµkreragc®kmanTukçkgVl; nigmanbBaðasuxPaB . ®bkarsMxan;EdlKYreFVI karkt;sMKal;enaHKW karEdlkmµkreragc®kGacepJI®)ak;kaseTAdl;®kum®KYsarenAÉtMbn;CnbTEdl)an rge®KaHedaymhnþrayFmµCati manlT§PaBTij®sUv niges,ogGaharepSg²eTot cMNayelIsuxPaB ykeTAeFVIE®s nigsgbMNuleK . CaTUeTA luyEdl)anepJIeTApÞHenaH ®tUv)anykeTAcMNaysMrab; EtkarxVHxatesogGaharkñúg®KYsar CaCagykeTA®bkbmuxCMnYjxñattUc edIm,ITTYl)annUv®)ak;cMNUl. dUecñH CalT§pl ]sSahkmµkat;edrmin)aneFVIeGayCIvPaB®kum®KYsarenAtMbn;CnbT®besIrrugerOgeT Et )an®twmCYyTb;Tl;nUvkarxVHxatenAkñúg®KYsarb:ueNÑaH .

5

\Ti§Blén]sSahkmµkat;edreTAelICIvPaBrs;enA enAtMbn;CnbT bTBiesaFn_EdlTTYl)anBIkmµkrkat;edr nig RKYsarenAtMbn;CnbT kñúgextþé®BEvg

esckþIepþIm

karpøas;bþÚr®bB½n§esdækic©BIesdækic©Epnkar mkCaesdækic©TIpSarrbs;®beTskm<úCaenAedImTsvtS 1990 CaktþaCMrujeGaymanvinieyaKTunbreTspÞal;ya:ge®cIn ®BmTaMgkareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmµén]sSahkmµ pgEdr . ktþaenH)anbegáIteGaymanbriyakaseFVIBaNiC¢kmµ CaBiessKW ]sSahkmµkat;edrEdlman karrIklUtlas;taMgBIeBlenaHmk . TnÞwmnwgenHEdr karbegáIt)anraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa tamry³ kare)aH eqñatEbb®bCaFibetyüna qñaM 1993 )anCMrujeGay®beTskm<úCabegáIt)annUvTMnak;TMngEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ eT,Igvij CamYyrdæaPi)alénbs©wm®beTs. karnaMecjsemøokbMBak;)anekIneT,Igya:gqab;rh½se®kayqñaM 1996 enAeBlEdlkic©®Bme®BogGnue®KaHBaNiC¢kmµ®tUv)ancuHhtßelxa EdlenA®KadMbUg)aneFVICamYy shKmn_GuWr:ub nig bnÞab;mkCamYyshrdæGaemrik . enAkñúgqñaM 2004 ]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa TaMgmUlrk)ancMNUlsrub 1950 landuløar ¬mYyBan;®)aMbYnryhasiblanduløar¦ BIeragc®kkat;edr 206 EdlkñúgenaHmankmµkreFVIkarsrubcMnYn 245>000nak; . kñúgeBlEdleragc®kPaKe®cIn)anebIkTVarenATI®kugPñMeBj ®bCaCnenAtMbn;CnbT )annaMKñacUlmkTI®kug edIm,ImkrkkargareFVIenAeragc®kkat;edrsemøokbMBak; . PaKe®cInénGñkcMNak®sukmkrkkargareFVIKWCa ®sþIenAv½yekµgEdlmkBIextþEdlenACit®kugPñMeBj. karEdleragc®kt®mUveGaymankare®CIserIskmµkr ®sþIv½yekµgenaH naMeGaymankarE®b®bYlKYreGaykt;sMKal;nUvTMenomTmøab;EdlFøab;manenAtMbn;CnbT eBalKWBImun bursEdlenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT )aneFVIdMeNIrmkkan;TI®kugPñMeBj edIm,ImkrkargareFVIeTAtam rdUvkal cMENkÉ®sþIvij CaBiess®sþIenAlIv e®cInEtenAÉpÞH EteBlenH®sþICae®cIn)anecjBIpÞHrbs;xøÜn BItMbn;CnbT edIm,ImkrkkargareFVI . tamBit »kasmankargareFVIEdlTTYl)ancMNUlCa®)ak;duløarKWCa ktþaTak;TajxøaMgmYyEdleFVIeGay®sþImkrkkargareFVIenAPñMeBj . TnÞwmnwgenHEdr ktþaCMrujBImUldæan k¾CaktþamYyxøaMgNas;Edr. Cak;Esþg karCYb®bTHnUve®KaHTwkCMnn; nigraMgs¶ÜtpÞÜn²Kña karcMNayx<s; sMrab;eFVIE®scMkar nigkar)anTinñplTabCabnþbnÞab; eTIbeFVIeGayBYkeK®tUvcakecjeTArk»kaskargar epSgeTot . kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaHEdr eKeXIjman»kastictYcsMrab;eFVIkar e®kABIkargareFVIE®scMkar.

6

dUecñH karcMNak®sukeq<aHmkkan;TI®kugPñMeBj eTA®beTséf nigeTAkan;®beTsevotNam )ankøayeTACa yuT§sa®sþ®bkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitCaTUeTAmYysMrab;®bCaCn®kI®kBItMbn;CnbT . kic©®Bme®BogBaNiC¢kmµEpñkkat;edrCamYyshrdæGaemrik manP¢ab;eTAnwglkçx½NÐénkarelIkkMBs; sþg;dakargarehIyeKeXIjfa kmµkar)anTTYlpl®beyaCn_BIkic©®Bme®BogenH . eTaHCaya:gNakþI ®sþI®tUveFVIkarCae®cInema:g edIm,IGacEbgEcknUvcMENkNamYyén®)ak;cMNUlrbs;eK sMrab;®kum®KYsarenA Éextþé®BEvg . edaysarbBaðaenH eTIbeFVIeGayBYkeKmankarenOyht; nigcuHexSaykmøaMg . elIsBIenH eTAeTot kmµkrCae®cIn)an®TaMrs;enAkñúgkEnøgmYyEdlmanKñae®cInceg¥ot ehIyxVHxate®cInya:g. eTaHCamansßanPaBEbbenHk¾eday BYkeKenAEtxitxMs‘U®TaMnwgkargar ehIynwgeqøot»kaseFVIeGayxøÜn )ansb,ayxøH² kñúgCIvPaBenATI®kug . TaMgenHCakarbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjc,as;BITwkcitþmutmaMrbs;BYkeK kñúgkarCYyelIksÞÜy®KYsar EdlkMBugsßitenAÉCnbT. EteTaHCaya:gNakþI BYkeK®tUvCYb]bsKÁmYy eTotKW karE®b®bYlEdl)anekItmannacugqñaM 2004 . dUecñH edaysarEtBYkeKmankarBwgEp¥kEteTA elI»kaskargarEdlmanenAkñúgeragc®kkat;edr eBlenaH GnaKtkargarrbs;kmµkr®tUv)anTTYlrgnUv karKMramkMEhgenAcugqñaM 2004 kñúgxN³Edlkic©®Bme®BogGnue®KaHBaNiC¢kmµ®tUv)anputkMNt; ehIy nigkarekIneT,IgnUvkar®bkYt®bECg enAkñúgTIpSarsemøokbMBak;enAelIBiPBelak . bBaðaEdl)anelIk mkenH )annaMeGaymankarBiPakSaedjedalKñaya:ge®cInGMBI lT§PaBénkarbnþdMeNIrkareTAmuxén ]sSahkmµkat;edr nigplvi)akEdlnwg ekItmanmkelIesdækic©én®beTskm<úCa . kñúgeKalbMNgeGaymankaryl;dwgGMBI sar³sMxan;énkarlUtlas;rbs;]sSahkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµ sMrab; CIvPaBrs;enArbs;®bCaCnenAtMbn;CnbT ®kumeGDIGay)aneFVIkar®sav®CavenHeT,IgedayepþatelI\Ti§Bl én]sSahkmµkat;edrsemøokbMBak; mkelICIvPaBrs;enA enAtMbn;CnbT kñúgextþé®BEvg . kar®sav®Cav enHcg;EsVgyl;GMBIkarrIklUtlas; niglT§PaBEdlnaMeGaymandMeNIrkarteTAmuxén]sSahkmµkat;edr enAkñúg®beTskm<úCa kt;®taTuknUvbTBiesaFn_pÞal;énkmµkrkat;edrEdlmkBIextþé®BEvg BinitüemIlnUv karrYmcMENkén]sSahkmµkat;edreTAelIkarelIkkMBs;CIvPaB®KYsarenAkñúgXuMBIr enAÉextþé®BEvg nig EsVgyl;GMBI\Ti§Blén]sSahkmµkat;edr mkelITMnak;TMngeynD½renAkñúg®KYsarTaMgenH .

7

TisedAénkar®sav®Cav

• kMNt;rkemIlnUvkarrIklUtlas; niglT§PaBEdlnaMeGaymandMeNIrkareTAmuxén]sSahkmµ kat;edrenAkñúg®beTskm<úCa

• kt;®taTuknUvbTBiesaFn_pÞal;énkmµkrkat;edr EdlmkBIextþé®BEvg • BinitüemIlnUvkarrYmcMENkén]sSahkmµkat;edr eTAelIkarelIkkMBs;CIvPaB®KYsarenAÉ

extþé®BEvg • EsVgyl;GMBI\Ti§Blén]sSahkmµkat;edreTAelITMnak;TMngeynD½rkñúg®KYsarenAextþé®BEvg

viFIsa®sþ®sav®Cav

karcuH®bmUlBt’manenAtammUldæanpÞal;®tUv)aneFVIeT,IgenAkñúgcenøaHEx kBaØa nig Ex tula 2004 enA TI®kugPñMeBjCamYykmµkrkat;edrmkBIextþé®BEvg . kar®bmUlBt’manenHrYmman karBiPakSaCa®kumtUc² nigkare®bIbBa¢IsMNYrsMPasn_kmµkrkat;edrpÞal;enAnwgTIkEnøgEdlBYkeKkMBugsñak;enA tamry³viFIsa®sþ PURPOSIVE . karcuH®bmUlBt’manenAkñúgXuM ®kaMgsVay nig XuM lVa ®suk®BHesþc extþé®BEvg k¾)aneFVIpgEdr enAkñúgcenøaHEx kBaØa nig Ex tula 2004 . kar®bmUlBt’manenH k¾manerobcMCa karBiPakSakñúg®kumtUc² nigbBa¢IsMNYrsMPasn_®kum®KYsarEdlmansmaCikkñúgbnÞúkeFVICakmµkrkat;edr tamry³viFIsa®sþ PURPOSIVEpgEdr . bEnßmBIelIenHeTot k¾mankarsMPasn_sIuCMerACamYy®KYsar EdlmansmaCikeFVICakmµkrkat;edr edIm,IEsVgyl;eGaykan;EtmanPaBBisþarEfmeTotGMBI dMeNIrkar nigTMnak;TMng . enAPñMeBj k¾mankarsMPasn_CamYyesdæviTUkm<úCaBIrnak; nig ®bFanKMeragénsaCIvkmµ hirBaØvtßúGnþrCati edIm,IbegáInkaryl;dwgGMBI dMeNIrkar niglT§PaBbnþdMeNIrkareTAmuxén]sSahkmµ kat;edrenH .

8

karlUtlas; nig lT§PaBbn þdMeNIrkarteTAmuxkñ úgry³eBlEvgén]sSahkmµkat;edr

enAkñúg®beTskm<úCa1 karlUtlas;én]sSahkmµkat;edrenARbeTskm<úCa CagmYyTsvtSr_knøgeTAenH ]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa )anrIklUtlas;kñúgkMritmYyd¾KYr[PJak;ep¥Il . karnaMecjsemøokbMBak;)anekIneLIgBI 26>7 landuløar enAqñaM1995 rhUtdl;eTA 1>6Ban;landuløar enAqñaM 2003 . enAqñaM 2003 vis½y]sSahkmµenH)anRsUbykkMlaMgBlkmµ)anCag 230>000nak; ¬esµI65°énGñkEdlmankargareFVIkñúgvis½yplitkmµTUTaMg®beTs¦ nigrk)ancMNUlCarUbiyb½NÑbreTs ¬78°éncMNUlEdl)anmkBIkarnaMecjsrub¦ . kmµkrEdleFVIkarkñúgeragcRkKWCaRsþIv½yekµgmkBI tMbn;CnbT ehIyBYkeK)anepJIR)ak;kMérmYycMnYneTA[®kumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK enAtambNþaextþepSg² . tamkar)a:n;RbmaNKW kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnkm<úCasrubcMnYn 13lannak; man1lannak;Edl)anTTYl pl®beyaCn_edayRbeyal b¤edaypÞal;BIvis½y]sSahkmµenH . PaKeRcInénm©as;eragcRkkat;edrCaCnbreTsEdlmanmkBIRbeTscin hugkug étva:n; nigsaFarNrdækUer: ehIyral;plitplkat;edrRtUv)annaMecjykeTAlk; . enAkñúgqñaM 2003 plitplkat;edrsrubkñúg RbeTskm<úCa 73°RtUv)annaMecjeTAshrdæGaemrik edayET,k 23° RtUv)anlk;enAshKmn_GWru:b . edayKµanRbB½n§pÁt;pÁg;enAkñúgRbeTsenaH m©as;eragcRkenAkm<úCa)annaMcUlnUvvtßúFatuedImesÞIEtTaMgRsug dUcCa sésGMe)aH RkNat; eRKOgsMPar³epSg² nigsMPar³evcx©b;mYycMnYn . edaysartémønaMcUlx<s; )aneFVI[mankarkat;bnßytMélbEnßmkñúgRsukénkarnaMecjsMelokbMBak;kñúgqñaM2003 RbEhl442lan duløar EdlcMnYnenHKWRbEhl 28°éncMNUlEdl)anmkBIkarlk;semøokbMBak;srub .

1 EpñkenH dkRsg;ecjBI Keith Stuart-Smith, Rekha Dayal, Peter Brimble and Sam Holl, Phase 1 Report: Cambodia’s Garment Industry – Meeting the Challenges of the Post Quota Environment, (Phnom Penh: Asian Development Bank and Kingdom of Cambodia, Ministry of Commerce, October 2004) and Lynn Salinger et al, Measuring Competitiveness and Labor Productivity in Cambodia’s Garment Industry, (Washington, DC: Nathan Associates Inc. for the United States Agency for International Development, June 2005).

9

kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ CamYyshKmn_GWrub nigshrdæGaemrik

kñúgvisalPaBd¾FMTUlay karGPivDÆn_ya:gqab;rh½selIvis½ykat;edrenARbeTskm<úCaKWCalT§plénkic© RBmeRBogvaynP½NÐ (MFA) Edl)anGnum½tkñúgry³kalCag30qñaMmkehIy edaybNþaRbeTsEdl cMNayéføedImx<s;xag]sSahkmµvaynP½NÐ edIm,Ikat;bnßyplitkmµvaynP½NÐrbs;RbeTsTaMgenaH kñúgGRtamYyEdlGacRKb;RKg)an . karkMNt;brimaNEdlRtUv)aneKehAfa kUta ®tUv)aneFVIeLIg tamry³karcrcareTVPaKI b¤tamry³ÉketaPaKIeTAelIbNþaRbeTsEdlmanplitkrsMelokbMBak;eFVIkar RbkYtRbECgedaypÞal;CamYyplitkrénshrdæGaemrik nigshKmn_GWru:b . lT§plmYyKYreGay kt;sMKal;énkic©RBmeRBogvaynP½NÐKW karrIklUtlas;énvis½y]sSahkmµkat;edrenARbeTsmYycMnYn rYmTaMgRbeTskm<úCapgEdlminsUvmanbTBiesaFn_enAkñúgvis½ykat;edrenH ehtuenHehIy eTIbmindak; kMhitbrimaNsMrab;karnaMecjenaHeT .

enABak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM1990 km<úCa)anTak;TajvinieyaKTunrbs;breTsxagvis½ykat;edreTA)an edaysartémøkMlaMgBlkmµefak karmindak;kMritkUtakñúgTIpSarBiPBelaksMxan;² nigRbB½n§GnueRKaH BaNiC¢kmµ (GSP) edIm,ImanlT§PaBQancUlTAkñúgTIpSarshKmn_GWru:b . enA®KadMbUg cab;BIqñaM1995 shKmn_GWr:ubKW CaTIpSardMbUgsMrab;km<úCakñúgkarnaMecjsMelokbMBak; . luHmkdl;qñaM 1999 RckcUl eTAkan;TIpSarshrdæGaemrikedayGnueRKaHsMrab;km<úCa k¾RtUv)anTTYl eTaHCamankarkMritkUtaelITMnij 12muxk¾eday karnaMecjeTATIpSarGaemriktaMgBIeBlenaHmk enAmankarekIneLIgKYreGaykt;sMKal; . enAExmkra qñaM1999 kic©RBmeRBogvaynP½NÐeTVPaKIrvagshrdæGaemrik-km<úCa ®tUv)anerobcMeT,Ig edayP¢ab;kUtasMrab;naMcUleTAkan;TIpSarshrdæGaemrik CamYylkçx½NÐeKarBnUvsþg;darBlkmµGnþrCati EdlRtYtBinitüedayGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati(ILO). enHCaelIkdMbUg nigCaeBlevlaEdlshrdæGaemrik P¢ab;kMeNInkUtaRbcaMqñaMCamYynwgkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvkarGnuvtþn_sþg;darkargar. enAExFñÚ qñaM2001 kic©RBmeRBogRtUv)anpþl;bEnßm3qñaMeTotrhUtdl;eBlputkMNt;énkic©RBmeRBogvaynP½NÐ ¬CamYynwg RbB½n§kUta¦ enAcugqñaM2004 . enAqñaM 2001 RbeTskm<úCamanlT§PaBcUlTIpSarshKmn_GWru:b edayRbB½n§rYcBn§ nigKµankUta (quota-free and duty-free) EdlsßiteRkamRbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTArbs; shKmn_GWru:bEdlGacnaMcUlRKb;muxTMnij elIkElgEtsBVavuF (EU’s Everything But Arms) sMrab; bNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_enAkñúgsaklelak . enAkñúgry³eBlenHEdr smaKmplitkrkat;edrkm<úCa (GMAC) )ancab;epþImbegáIteT,IgenAqñaM1996 ehIy)anCYyCMrujraCrdæaPi)al xitxM®bwgE®bgedIm,ITTYl )annUvRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµBiess BIbNþalRbeTs]sSahkmµeCOnelOn nigshKmn_GWru:b.

10

karcUlrYmcMENkrbs;]sSahkmµkat;edr cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© dUc)anelIkeT,IgxagedImmkehIyfa ]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCamankarlUtlas;ya:gxøaMg edayman karekIneT,IgnUvtMélénkarnaMecjsemøokbMBak;BI 26>7landuløarenAqñaM1995 rhUtdl;Cag 1>6Ban; landuløarenAqñaM2003 ¬sUmemIltaragTI1¦ . enAkñúgqñaM2003 karnaMecjeTATIpSarGaemrik KWman tMélsrub 1>12Ban;landuløar EdlkñúgenaH 63°KWCatémømuxTMnijsßiteRkamRbB½n§kUta . kñúgqñaMenH Edr karnaMcUleTAkñúgTIpSarshKmn_GWru:b KWmancMnYnelIsBI 407landuløar EdlkñúgenaH 59°KWCatémø muxTMnijsßiteRkamRbB½n§kUta . CamYynwgkarBRgIkRbB½n§GnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµénRbeTskaNada EdlRKb dNþb;eTAelIvaynP½NÐ nigsMelokbMBak;enaHKW karnaMecjeTATIpSardéTeTotrbs;km<úCa )anekIndl; 79landuløar Kit®twmExmkra qñaM 2003 . kalBIqñaM qñaM1995 karnaMecjsemøokbMBak;manEt3>1° b:ueNaÑHénkarnaMecjTMnijsrubrbs;®beTs EtenAqñaM 2003 vijKW manrhUtdl;eTA 78>2° . dUecñH kñúgry³eBlmindl;10qñaMpg ]sSahkmµnaMecjsMelokbMBak; )ankøayCak,alma:sIunya:gsMxan;sMrab; karlUtlas;rbs;®beTskm<úCa .

enAqñaM2004 tMélénkarnaMecjplitpl]sSahkmµsMelokbMBak;én®beTskm<úCa)anbnþekIneLIg eTaH bImanbBaðaKMramkMEhgénkarQancUlTIbBa©b;RbB½n§kUtaTUTaMgBiPBelakk¾dUc®beTskm<úCakþI . enAedIm qñaM2005 Ék]tþmrdæelxaFikarénRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ)anraykarN_fa karlk; sMelokbMBak;enAqñaM2004 )anekIneLIgrhUtdl;1>95Ban;landuløar ehIynwgGacekIneLIg80° kñúgcMnYnsrubénkarnaMecj2.

2

karEst The Cambodia Daily, ecjéf¶TI 9 Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2005

11

taragTI 1³ karnaMecjsMelokbMBak;rbs;km<úCaBIqñaM1995-2003/ tMél nigbrimaNnaMecj

tMél ¬landuløa¦

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

shrdæGaemrik 0.5 1.6 109.9 291.8 516.1 751.3 828.6 953.5 1,121.1

shKmn_GWrub 25.7 74.8 112.4 63.1 136.7 220.8 309.1 355.7 407.4

RbeTsepSg² 0.6 3.9 4.8 4.5 7.3 14.3 17.9 28.1 78.7

karnaMecjsrub 26.7 80.3 227.1 359.4 660.1 986.4 1,155.6 1,337.2 1,607.1

bMEnkPaKry énkarnaMecj semøokbMBak;

3.1 11.2 27.1 45.2 58.7 70.8 73.9 76.8 78.2

brimaN ¬landuM¦

shrdæGaemrik 1.3 8.8 62.2 124.7 148.1 206.5 266.9 309.2 340.5

shKmn_GWrub 9.0 2.0 34.3 20.7 34.7 58.3 81.3 90.2 107.2

RbeTsepSg² 0.7 2.0 15.2 1.1 3.2 4.4 4.5 7.4 18.2

karnaMecjsrub 10.9 12.8 111.7 146.5 186.0 269.2 352.7 406.8 466.3

RbPB³ RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ cited in Stuart-Smith et al, Phase 1 Report: Cambodia’s Garment Industry cMnYneragcRk nigkargar enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa cMnYnéneragcRkkat;edr)anekIneLIgya:gelOnBI 20eragcRk enAqñaM1995 rhUt dl;Cag 200eragcRkenAqñaM 2004 ¬sUmemIltaragTI2¦. edaysareragcRkkat;edrxøHEtgEtp¥ak RbtibtþikarCaerOy² b¤k¾manxøHbiTTaMgRsugEtmþgenaH eKmankarBi)akkñúgkarkMNt;cMnYneragcRk Cak;lak; kñúgeBlkMNt;NamYy . enAqñaM 2004 r)aykarN_CMhanTImYyrbs;FanaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI )ansresrfa maneragcRkcMnYn 56 )anbiTTVarCasßaBr cab;taMgBIBak;kNþalTsvtSr_19903 . dUecñH cMnYnsrubéneragcRkmanrhUtdl;Cag 250eragcRk ebIeyIgbUkbB©ÚalcMnYneragcRkEdl)anbiTenaH . CagenHeTAeTot mankarCYlRkumh‘untUc²EdlTTYlem:AkarbnþedIm,IeGayCYyplitsMelokbMBak;bEnßm 3

Stuart-Smith et al, Phase 1 Report: Cambodia’s Garment Industry

12

enAkMLúgeBlEdlmantMrUvkarx<s;. eragcRkPaKeRcInmanTItaMgenAPñMeBj nigtMbn;CuMvijRkugEdlrfynþ kugTIn½rGacmanlT§PaBdwkecjcUltambeNþaypøÚvEdlmancMgaypøÚv 230 KILÚEmRt eTAdl;EpsmuRT RkugRBHsIhnu . enAqñaM 2004 viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa (EIC) )aneFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNfa témøTwk®)ak; srubénGclnRTBürbs;eragcRkcMnYn200 EdlkMBugRbtiþbtiþkarenAkm<úCasBVéf¶manRbmaN 260lan duløar . viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa k¾)anKNnarkeXIjeTotfa Twk®)ak;vinieyaKTunbreTspÞal;enAkñúg ]sSahkmµkat;edrenH ¬edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRbtibtiþkarcracrsac;R)ak;¦ Kitcab;BIcenøaHqñaM1995 dl;qñaM 2003 mancMnYnsrubrhUtdl;eTACag 600landuløar4 . taragTI 2³ karekIneLIgéneragcRk nigkargarelIvis½y]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa 1995-2004

qñaM cMnYneragcRkkat;edr cMnYnkMlaMgBlkmµ ¬nak;¦ 1995 20 18,700 1996 24 24,000 1997 67 51,600 1998 129 79,200 1999 152 96,600 2000 190 122,600 2001 186 188,100 2002 188 210,400 2003 197 234,000 2004 206 245,600

RbPB³ sßanTUtGaemrikenAkm<úCa “Economic Significance of the Garment Sector in Cambodia,” cited in Salinger et al, Measuring Competitiveness in Cambodia’s Garment Industry

dUc)anerobrab;xagedIm PaKeRcInéneragcRkkat;edrKWRKb;RKgedaym©as;mkBIRbeTscin hugkug étva:n; nigsaFarNrdækUer: ehIyral;plitplsMelokbMBak;RtUv)annaMecj. Rkumh‘unEdlmanma:kl,I² dUcCa The Gap, Nike, Reebok, Adidas, Marks nig Spenser, Wal-Mart, Sears, nig Liz Claiborne KWCaGñkTijd¾sMxan;kñúgCMnYjenH . eragcRknImYy²)anplitsMelokbMBak;eRcInmuxCamYynwgcMnYnd_eRcIn dUcCa³ exaeCIgEvg sMelokbMBak;raRtI nigGavEdl®bePTepSg². GñkvinieyaKEdlmkBITIVbGasIu EtgEt maneragcRkRsedogKñaenAkñúgRbeTsÉeTotenATIVbGasIu ehIy)ansMerccitþeFVIkarplittamkarbBa¢aTij GaRs½yeTAtamcMnYnénkUtaEdlman KuNPaBplitpl tMélplitkmµ nigeBlevlaRbKl;TMnij.

4

elak suk haac “Cambodia’s Garment Industry in 2005 and Beyond,” Economic Review, Volume 1, Number 5, July-September, 2004

13

tamBit PaKeRcInéneragcRkKWRKb;RKgedaybreTsTaMgRsug ehIyyuT§saRsþénkarsMerccitþBIeRkA RbeTs )anpþl;karelIkTwkcitþtictYc sMrab;vinieyaKinbnþeFVIkarrksuIenAkm<úCa eRkamsßanPaBénkMrit RbkYtRbECgEdlmankarekIneT,IgCalMdab;enaH . CamFümeragcRknImYy²mankmµkreFVIkarRbEhl 1>000nak; eTaHbIeragcRkxøH mankmµkrticCag 500nak; nigeragcRkxøHeTotmankmµkrcMnYnCag 5>000nak; . kñúgxN³EdlmankarbBa¢aTijpøas;bþÚr eTAtamrdUvkal tMrUvkarénkMlaMgBlkmµEtgEtmankarERbRbYlRKb;eBlBIcMnYn 60 eTA 100° . taMgBIqñaM 1995 ]sSahkmµkat;edr )anbegáIteGaymankargareFVI nig)anekIneLIgya:gxøaMgrhUtdl;qñaM 2001 ehIymankarekIneLIgtictYcenAqñaMbnþbnÞab; ¬sUmemIltaragTI2¦. eTaHbICamankmµkrkat;edr EdlmancMnYn65°énGñkEdlmankargareFVIenAkñúgvis½yplitkmµkñúg®beTsenAkñúgqñaM 2003 k¾eday cMnYnenH®bEhlesµInwg4°énkmøaMgBlkmµsrubenATUTaMgRbeTsb:ueNÑaH e®BaH®bCaCnkm<úCaPaKe®cInKW CaGñkeFVIkargarksikmµ . karsikSaCMhanTImYyrbs;FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuIEdl)aneFVIenAqñaM2004 )an)a:nRbmaNfa kMlaMgBlkmµ enAkñúgvis½ykat;edr man 85° CaRsþI ehIyEdlcMnYnenHCitesµInwg 20° énkMlaMgRsþIEdlmanGayu18 -25qñaM . karsikSa)anrkeXIjeTotfa kMlaMgBlkmµkat;edrsrubEdlmancMnYn 230>000 nak; )anTTYlkMér:srub®bcaMqñaMRbmaN 135 landuløar5 . TMnak;TMngKñarvagkMeNInkUta nigkarRbtibtiþtam sþg;darkargarEdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHsgÁm )aneFVIeGaykmµkrTTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_ eTaHbI emdwknaMénshCIBesrIkmµkrkm<úCa)anTTYlsÁal;fa ebIminmankarcUlrYmBak;B½n§BIGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati eTenaH shCIBrbs;elaknwgmankarBi)akkñúgkareFVIkargarrbs;xøÜn®bkbedayÉkraCüPaBk¾eday6 .

5

Stuart-Smith et al, r)aykarN_CMhanTImYy rbs;]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa 6Elizabeth Becker, “Labor Standards Keep Garment Industry Afloat,” The Cambodia Daily, May 16, 2005

14

PaBRbkYtRbECgén]sSahkmµkat;edr ]sSahkmµkat;edrkm<úCaFøab;mankmøaMg®bkYt®bECge®cIn edaysarmankic©RBmeRBogGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarkMNt;kUtaCamYyGaemrik nigshKmn_GWru:b. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karputkMNt;RbB½n§kUtanacug qñaM 2004knøgmkenH eFVIeGaykmøaMgénkar®bkYt®bECg )ankøayeTACabBaðaKYreGayRBYy)armÖmYy e®BaHmankarBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarcMNay epSg²Edlminsm®sbkñúgvis½ykat;edrdUcerobrab;xage®kam.

enAqñaM2001 mankar®sav®CavmYyrbs;viTüasßanRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa Edl)anBinitüemIl eTAelI :karcMNaysMrab;kariyaFibetyü : Tak;TgelIvis½ykat;edrenH . karcMNayenHmancMnYn rhUtdl; 7°éntémølk;srubEdlmandUcCa éføsMuc,ab;GnuBaØatiedIm,IdMeNIrkareragcRk c,ab;GnuBaØati[ naMcUlvtßúFatuedIm nigkarnaMTMnijecj RBmTaMgkarcMNaysMrab;karyWtya:vkñúgkarTTYl)annUvlixit nig sMNuMÉksarTaMgenH . eyagtamkarsikSaenaH m©as;eragcRk)an)a:n;RbmaNfa karcMNaysMrab; kariyaFibetyüenHKW mancMnYnRbEhlesµInwgR)ak;cMeNjsuT§rbs;BYkeK ehIynigRbEhlBak;kNþalén ®)ak;kMér:rbs;kmµkr7 .

sßanPaBEdl)anerobrab;xagelIenH mankarpøas;bþÚtictYcBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM . enAqñaM2004 karsikSa rbs;FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI)ansikSalMGiteTAelIcMNucexSaymYycMnYnkñúgvis½ykat;edrenAkm<úCa Edlkñúg enaHrYmman :PaBsµú®KsµajénEbbbTnaMecjnaMcUl GMeBIBukrlYy nigkarsUk)a:n;EdlmancMnYnrhUtdl; 7°éntémølk;srub bBaðaénkarelIkTwkcitþkmµkr nigkarbegáInplitPaB RBmTaMgkarcMNayx<s;én ehdæarcnasm<½n§ :8 . Tak;TgeTAnwgbBaðaBukrlYy karsikSa)anbgðajfa karcMNayeRkApøÚvkarKWCa karcaM)ac;bMputedIm,ITTYl)ansMNuMÉksaredIm,InaMecjplitpl nigmankarcMNayeRkApøÚvkarEfmeTot kñúgkardwkTMnijtampøÚvCatieTAdl;kMBg;EpRkugRBHsIuhnu karcMNayenAkMBg;Ep nigenAeBlelIkdak;TMnij elInava . CagenHeTAeTot cMeBaHkarcMNayeRkApøÚvkareTAelIsMNuMEbbbTnaMecjnaMcUl RtUv)anRkumhu‘n kat;edrmYycMnYnt¥ÚjEt¥fa bBaðakariyaFibetyüEdlBak;B½n§nwgnaMcUlvtßúFatuedIm nigkarnaMecjplitpl sMerc EtgEt)aneFVIeGayBYkeKmankarxatbg;eBlevla nigmankarBnüareBlCabnþbnÞab;EdlBYkeKmin GacTTYlyk)aneT,Iy .

7elak suk hac :]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa : Cambodia’s Development Review, elx5 ecjéf¶TI 3 Exkkþda-kBaØa qñaM2001 . 8Stuart-Smith et al, Cambodia’s Garment Industry

15

rIÉkarelIkTwkcitþkmµkr nigkarbgáInplitPaBvij karsikSaenaH)aneFVIkarkt;sMKal;elIbBaðamYycMnYn EdlrYmman bBaðaviFIsaRsþbNþúHbNþal k¾dUcCaCMnajEdl)anTTYlenAmankMritTab karmanKMlatén karTMnak;TMng nigkaryl;dwgnUvvb,Fm’BIKñaeTAvijeTAmkvagkmµkrnigGñkRKb;RKg lT§PaBeRbIbec©kviTüa mankMritTab karmanplb:HBal;enAeBldMeNIkarplitkmµ®Tg;®TayFM RBmTaMgTak;TgeTAelIsuxPaB nigkarxVl;xVayrbs;kmµkr. e®kABIenH enAmankarxVHxateTAelIehdæarcnasm<½n§sMrab;GñkvinieyaKdUcCa karpÁt;pÁg;GKIÁsnIminRKb;RKan; RBmTaMgmantémøx<s;eTotpg . CagenHeTAeTot RbeTskm<úCaBuMman kMBg;EpsmuRTTwkeRCA dUecñHral;karnaMecjnaMcUl RtUv)anepÞrTMnijenARbeTsTI3NamYy EdlCaTUeTA eKepÞrenARbeTsswgðbUrI . karxVHxatkMBg;EpsmuRTTwkeRCAenH eFVIeGaymanbBaðaraMgsÞHdl;karcMNay eBlevlakñúgkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij .

enAExmifuna qñaM2005 karsikSamYyEdl]btßmÖeday USAID )anbgðajfa manEt7° én eragc®kcMnYn 80Edl)aneFVIkarsikSa®sav®Cav RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa CashRKasEdlCab;cMNat;fñak;BiPBelak . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday man75°EdleKyl;fa manskþanuBlkñúgkarEklMGreFVIeGayRbesIreT,Ig)an e®kABIenaH KWCaeragc®kEdl®tUv)ancat;Tukfa minmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;edIm,IsMerceCaKC½y)anenAkñúg yuKsm½yeRkaykUtaenaHeT . karsikSa)ansegáteXIjEdrfa ebImankarbNþúHbNþalxagkargar bec©keTsnig nigkar®Kb;®Kg nigbec©keTspliteGay)anRbesIr eTIbplitPaBGacekIneT,IgBI15 20° ehIyebImankarekIneT,IgnUvplitPaBenH ]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa GacTTYl)annUvtMélbEnßm edayplitsMelokbMBak;eGaymanKuNPaB nigmantMélx<s;9 .

edaymankarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIt®mUvkar kñúgkareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvkarRbkYtRbECg enAkñúg ]sSahkmµkat;edrenaH raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)andak;ecjnUvkMENTMrg;edIm,IsMrbsMrYlBaNiC¢kmµdUcCa kar sMrYleGaymanÉksarrdæ)alecjcUlEtmYy nigdMeNIrkarRckecjcUlEtmYyenARkugRBHsIhnu. naEx mIna qñaM 2005 rdæm®nþIRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ Ék]tþm cm RbsiT§ Edl)anEføgenAÉkarRbCuMCamYysmaKm plitkreragc®kkat;edrkm<úCa)anebþCJafa nwglaElgBItMENg ebIGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúg]sSahkmµkat;edr minRtUv)ankat;bnßyenaH10 .

9Salinger et al, Measuring Competitiveness and Labor Productivity in Cambodia’s Garment Industry. See also

Economic Review, Volume 2, Number 2, April-June, 2005 10kaEst The Cambodia Daily, March 14, 2005

16

lT§PaBbnþdMeNIrkarteTAmuxry³eBlEvgén]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa

enAeBlmankarTTYlsÁal;nUvkarekIneLIgKYr[PJak;ep¥Ilén]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa sMrab;karnaMecj edaysarman®bB½n§kUta nigkarGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµenaH GñksegátkarN_mYycMnYn)anTsSn_Tayfa nwg mankardYlrlMPøamén]sSahkmµkat;edrkñúgqñaM2005 enAeBlEdlkUtaRtUv)aneKlb;ecal . GñkxøH eTotEdlmankaryl;dwgeRcIneTAelIktþaepSg²Bak;B½n§k¾)anTayTukCamunEdrfa nwgmankarFøak;cuHCa beNþIr²kñúgry³eBlCae®cInqñaMteTAmuxeTot. rIÉ GñkEdlmankþIsg,wme®cIneTAelIIlT§PaBénkMENTMrg; )aneFVIkarGHGagfa ]sSahkmµmYyEdlmankar®bkYt®bECgEbbenH GacnwgrkSa)annUvkMritplitkmµ nigkargareGaykmµkreFVIkñúgkMritdUcsBVéf¶enHEdr. edaysarkarbBa©b;RbB½n§kUta Gacnwgmanplb:HBal; dl;CIvitrs;enArbs;kmµkrrab;Ban;nak; RBmTaMgCIvPaB®kumRKYsarBYkeKrs;enAÉtMbn;CnbTEdlBwgelI R)ak;Edl)anepJIenaH dUecñH karviPaKeTAelIIlT§PaBbnþdMeNIrkarEvgq¶ayén]sSahkmµkat;edr BitCaman karcaM)ac; nigCabnÞan;eTotpg . KMrUénesNarIy:UBIr³ dMeNIrkarKµankMENTMrg; nig dMeNIrkareq<aHeTArkkarlUtlas;

enAeBlEdlkarbBa©b;énRbB½n§kUta nigkarRbemIlemIlGMBIGnaKténkarekIneLIgnUv]sSahkmµkat;edr ®tUv)anmCÄdæanTUeTAelIkeT,IgenaH enAkñúgRtImasTI3 qñaM2004 viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa )anbegáItnUv KMrUesNarIyU:BIr edayEp¥keTAtamkarsnµt;mYycMnYn11. KMrUesNarIy:UénlMnaMdMeNIrkarKµankMENTMrg; ¬Laissez-faire¦ mann½yfa ]sSahkmµ enHenAbnþdMeNIrtamTmøab;knøgmkenaH ®tUv)anGñkviPaKsnµt; fa GacmankMeNIn 5° kñúgTIpSarsMelokbMBak;BiPBelak . eK)ansnµt;bEnßmeTotfa karRbkYtRbECg kñúgTIpSarGaemrik nwgmankMritxøaMgkøa ehIykMritplitPaBrbs;]sSahkmµkat;edrenHenAEtdEdl ehIy nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa minmanviFankarGVIedIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvbriyakasénkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµesaH . eyagtamkarsnµt;xagelIenH karnaMecjsMelokbMBak;BIkm<úCa eTAshrdæGaemrikkñúgcenøaHBIqñaM 2005-2010 Føak;cuHCamFüm 5° kñúgmYyqñaM ehIytMélplitplkat;edrkalBImunFøab;sßitenAeRkamkUta enAkñúgTIpSarTaMgenaH k¾Føak;cuH 5°kñúgmYyqñaMEdr . kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr eK)ansnµt;fa lkçx½NÐ nanaenAkñúgshKmn_GWru:b nig TIpSarepSg²eTotEdlrYmmanRbeTskaNada nwgenAEtrkSaRbB½n§

11

elak suk hac :]sSahkmµkat;edrkm<úCa qñaM2005 nigeRkay2005 :

17

GnueRKaHdEdl ehIysMelokbMBak;EdlnaMecjeTATIpSarTaMgenaH nwgenAEtbnþekIneLIg 5°kñúgmYyqñaM ehIytémømankarekIneLIg 2° kñúgmYyqñaMEdrenaH. cMeBaH esNarIy:UéndMeNIrkareq<aHeTArkkarlUtlas ;vij bgðajnUvmaKa’mYy®bkbedayPaBsuTidæiniym sMrab;RbeTskm<úCa . eK)ansnµt;pgEdrfa TIpSarBiPBelaksMrab;plitplkat;edr bnþekIneLIg5° kñúgmYyqñaM ehIykarRbkYtRbECgkñúgTIpSarGaemrikenAEtrwgmaM. b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij eK)ansnµt;fa kMENTMrg; esdækic© nigc,ab; ®tUv)anGnuvtþn_EdlCakarCMrujeGayplitkrsMelokbMBak; enAEtrkSaPaBRbkYtRbECg )an nigrkSanUvkardeNþIm)anTIpSarenAkñúgTIpSarBiPBelakkñúgkMritdEdl . CaBiessenaH raCrdæaPi)al nig]sSahkmµ nwgxitxMrYmKñaedIm,I 1¦-eFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvplitPaBénkMlaMgBlkmµ 2¦-bnþrkSa eGay)an nigTTYl)ankarrkTIpSar)aneRcIn 3¦-kat;bnßyeBlevladwkCBa©Ún nigbegáIteGayman GñkpÁt;pÁg;BIkñúg®suksMrab;CYy]sSahkmµenH 4¦- kat;bnßykarcMNaymincaM)ac; nig TI 5¦-KitKUr edaH®saycMeBaH]bsKÁraraMgnana . dUecñH cMeBaHesNarIy:UenH karnaMecjsMelokbMBak;rbs;km<úCanwg bnþekIneLIg 5°kñúgmYyqñaM ®sbeTAtamkMeNInénTIpSarsMelokbMBak;kñúgBiPBelak . KYreGaykt;sMKal;fa eTaHbIesNarIyU:éndMeNIrkarKµankMENTMrg;xagelIenHmanPaBTuTidæiniymk¾eday k¾esNarIyU:enH min)anTsSn_Tayfa karnaMecjsMelokbMBak;kat;edrFøak;cuHPøam²enaHEdr . eTaHCa ya:gNakþI esNarIyU:enH ebIKitCarYmkñúgry³eBle®cInqñaM Gacmankar)at;bg;e®cIn ehIynwgmanplvi)ak xøaMgsMrab;]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa. enAeRkamesNarIyU:éndMeNIrkarKµankMENTMrg;enH karnaMecj sMelokbMBak;nwgGacFøak;cuH 110landuløarenAqñaM 2007 ehIybnÞab;mkCit 300landuløar enAqñaM 2010 . dUcKñaenHEdr enAqñaM2007 tMélbEnßmnwgFaøk;cuHdl; 33landuløar nig qñaM 2010 Føak;cuH 89landuløar . cMeBaHtMélBlkmµFøak;cuH11landuløarenAqñaM2007 nig 33landuløar enAqñaM2010. rIÉR)ak;cMeNjdulFøak;cuH 14landuløar enAqñaM2007 nig Føak;dl; 29landuløar enAqñaM2010 . enAqñaM 2010 kar)at;bg;kargarnwgekIneLIgrhUtdl; 32>000nak; nigtMélR)ak;ExFøak;cuH 33landuløar. müa:gvijeTot ebIKittamry³ esNarIyU:éndMeNIreq<aHeTArkkarlUtlas;vijenaH eKnwg)aneXIjnUv plRbeyaCn_KYreGaykt;sMKal; . enAqñaM2010 tMélénkarnaMecjsMelokbMBak;nwgekIneLIg 1>3 Ban; landuløar kargarfµInwgekIneLIgrhUtdl;Cit 100>000nak; ehIykarcMNayeTAelIR)ak;Exkmµkr nwg ekIneLIg 175 landuløarEdr . dUecñH karTTYl)an®)ak;ExkñúgkMritekIneT,IgsMrab;kmµkr mann½yfa nwgmankarekIneT,IgkñúgkarepJI®)ak;kaseTAÉRsukkMeNItrbs;BYkeKenAtMbn;CnbTpgEdr .

18

\T§iBlrbs;cinkñúgTIpSarBiPBelak

mankarvaytMélmYyGMBIlT§PaBén®beTskm<úCaQancUlkñúgTIpSarsMelokbMBak;BiPBelak eRkayeBl bBa©b;kUtaEdl)ant®mUveGaymankarBiPakSaKñaGMBI vtþmanénRbeTscinEdlkMBugEtbgðajxøÜnCabeNþIr² enAkñúgTIpSarBiPBelakenH . kñúgxN³eBlEdlbNþaRbeTsepSg²eTotenAkñúgGasIudUcCa \NaÐ bg;køaEds nigevotNam GaceFVIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYyRbeTskm<úCaEdrenaH EtkarBitRbeTscin RtUv)aneKemIleXIjfa ®beTsEdlnwgman\Ti§BlKMramkMEhgxøaMgkøabMput . edaysar®beTscin mankarpÁt;pÁg;EpñkvaynP½NÐBIkñúg®beTsrbs;eK karmankMlaMgBlkmµd¾e®cIn nigkarvinieyaKTunbreTs pÞal; rYmCamYynwgehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢Únd¾l¥enaH RbeTscin)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_ya:gKYreGaykt; sMKal;BIkarnaMecjsemøokbMBak; eTaHCamankarkMhitkUtak¾eday . Cak;Esþg tMélnaMecjsMelokbMBak; rbs;RbeTscin)anekIneLIgBI 9>7Ban;landuløarenAqñaM1990 eTAdl; 41>3Ban;landuløarenAkñúgqñaM 2002 . CamYykarlb;ecalnUvRbB½n§kUtaenAcugqñaM2004 karnaMecjsMelokbMBak;rbs;®beTscinGac nwgekIneLIgBI 50Ban;landuløarkñúgqñaM2005 rhUtdl; 65Ban;landuløarkñúgqñaM2010 . karekIneLIg énBaNiC¢kmµcinEbbenH CaBiess karQancUleTAkñúgTIpSarGaemrikEdlFøab;man®bB½n§kUtaenaH Gacnwg raraMgnUvkarlUtlas;énvis½y]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCaCabnþeTot . edaymankarTTYlsÁal;énsnÞúHekIneLIgrbs;cinenAkñúgvis½yBaNiC¢kmµkat;edrfa Ca]bsKÁdl;plitkr kat;edrrbs;xøÜnenaH ®beTsGaemrik)ane®CamE®CgeFVIeGayRbeTscin)ancUleTAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ BiPBelak edaydak;lkçx½NÐmYyKW :r)aMgkarBar : b¤dak;kUtaedIm,IkMNt;kñúgkarnaMcUlsMrab;®beTscin. enAeBlCitputkMNt;énkarkic©RBmeRBogvaynP½NÐ plitkrGaemrik)aneFVIkaresñIsuMeTArdæaPi)alrbs;eK edIm,IrkSaTukkUtacMnYn 15 kúñugcMeNamkUtaTaMg 91 Edl®tUvbBa©b;enAcugqñaM2004 edaysMGagfa cin GacnwgbMpøajdl;]sSahkmµvaynP½NÐrbs;Gaemrik)an. ebImankareKarBtamcMnYnkUtafµIdUc)anerobrab; mkenH vaCakardak;kMhit®beTscin eGaynaMecjekIneT,IgkñúgkMritRtwmEt 7>5° enAkñúgEpñknImYy² . RbeTscin)aneFVIkareqøIytbya:gxøaMgfa lkçx½NÐ :r)aMgkarBar : ®tUv)anerobcMeT,IgedIm,Ie®tomTb;Tl; eTAnwgkarekIneLIgnUvkarnaMcUld¾kMhu‘k EterOgenHminTan;nwg)anekItecjCarUbragenAeT,IyeT12 . 12

r)aykarN_BiessGMBI³ ]sSahkmµvaynP½NÐ Gñkesdækic©/ éf¶TI 13 Ex vicäika qñaM2004

19

karBitlkçx½NÐ :r)aMgkarBar : edIm,IRbqaMgeTAnwgsnÞúHekIneLIgPøam²énkarnaMcUlrbs;cinkñúgqñaM 2005 ®tUv)anKitKUredayeyagtamTsSn³mYyEdlTsSnavdþI Gñkesdækic© Edlmanninñakarxag®beTsGaemrik nigshKmn_GWru:b )anGHGagenAcugqñaM 2004 fa GñkTijnwgman»kase®CIserIssemøokbMBak;BIe®cIn ®bPBtamkareBjcitþrbs;BYkeK . dUcKñaenHEdr karbgçM[cinTTYlyknUvkUtafµI Cakarpþl;nUvGnþrkal mYysMrab;karcUleTAkñúgTIpSarEdlKµan®bB½n§kUta EdlenHCakarbg¥g;el,OnénkarlUtlas;rbs;RbeTs cin nigCakarbnßÚrbnßyplb:HBal;énkarpøas;bþÚrEdlGaceFVI[mankøaMgkøarkñúgéf¶GnaKt13. cMeBaH RbeTskm<úCavij viFankarTaMgenH nwgnaMeGaykm<úCamaneBlevlasMrab;Gnuvtþn_nUvkMENTMrg;EdlCa ®bkarcaM)ac;sMrab;karRbkYtRbECgeGay)anRbesIreLIg .

karvivtþn_enAkñúgqñaM 2005 dUcEdl)anKitTukCamun karlubecalnUvkUtarbs;Gaemrik cab;BIéf¶TI 01 Exmkra qñaM 2005 )annaM mknUvkarpøas;bþÚrTIpSarBiPBelaky:agxøaMgsMrab;plitplsMelokbMBak; . CaBiess RbeTscin TTYl )ankarekIneLIgya:gxøaMgnUvkarnaMecjsMelokbMBak; kñúgGMLúgeBlEtBIrbIExdMbUgkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ e®kaydMNak;karKµankUtaenH . edIm,ICakarbBa¢ak;BIkMenInenHeGaykan;Etc,as; RbeTscindeNþIm)an TIpSarsemøokbMBak;kñúgRtImasTI1énqñaM 2005 cMnYn 20/1° énTIpSarsemøokbMBak;srubenAGaemrik ebIeFobeTAnwgqñaM 2004 manEt 13/8°bu:eNÑaH . ebIeyIgeRbobeFob RbeTsmiuksiuk kUer:xagt,Úg mU:rITus nigGaRhiVcxagt,Úg TTYlrgnUvkarFøak;cuHy:agxøaMg kñúgkarlk;sMelokbMBak;rbs;BYkeK . kardk r)aMgEdl)anQaneTArkkarRbkYtRbECgenAedImqñaM 2005enH KWCasm<aFmYyeFVI[tMélsMelokbMBak; enAelITIpSarBiPBelak )anFøak;cuH14. RbeTskm<úCamin)anrYcputBIninñakarE®b®bYlEdlekIteLIgenATUTaMgBiPBelakenaHeT . Cak;EsþgenAkñúg GMLúgeBlBIrbIExdMbUgenAedImqñaM 2005 maneragcRkcMnYn12 RtUv)aneKraykarN_[dwgfa )anbiTTVar ehIyeragcRkcMnYn 24 epSgeTotKW biTTVarbeNþaHGasnñEdlbNþal[kmµkrRbEhl 30>000 nak; )an)at;bg;kargareFVI . kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaHpgEdr maneragcRkcMnYn 13 )anebIkdMeNIrkarEdlpþl;

13

r)aykarN_BiessGMBI³ ]sSahkmµvaynP½NÐ Gñkesdækic©/ éf¶TI13 Ex vicäika qñaM2004 14

Salinger et al, Measuring Competitiveness and Labor Productivity in Cambodia’s Garment Industry

20

kargarfµIdl;kmµkrcMnYn10>000nak;15. enABak;kNþalqñaM 2005 GKÁelxaFikarénsmaKmplitkr eragc®kkat;edrkm<úCa )anraykarN_[dwgfa kargarenAkñúg]sSakmµkat;edr)anekIneLIgvijEdlCakar Tb;Tl;eTAnwgkar)at;bg;kargarknøgmk ehIy\T,ÚvenHmankmµkrsrubRbEhl 265>000 nak;16. bnÞab;BIenaHmk GnuRbFannaykdæanBaNiC¢kmµbreTsénRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ)anRbkasfa enAxN³Edl eragcRkcMnYn 9 )anbiTTVar eKeXIjmaneragcRkcMnYn 30 )anebIkdMeNIrkar17. cMeBaH GgÁkar BlkmµGnþrCativij)anraykarN_fa kMriténkarpþl;kargarRtUv)anrkSa[manesßrPaB)an eTaHCaman karE®b®bYlxøH eBalKW maneragc®kxøHmankmµkrrhUtCag 5>000nak;18.

EpñkeTAelIEtbrimaNplitkmµsuT§saF RbeTskm<úCaGacRKb;RKgxøÜnÉg)annUvkMritdUceBlmun enAkñúg ry³kalbu:nµanExedImqñaM e®kayeBlKµankUtaenaH . ]TahrN_dUcCa enAeBlEdlRbeTscin TTYl)an eCaKC½yy:agxøaMg kñúgkardeNþImTIpSarsMelokbMBak;eTAelIRbePTTMnijCae®cInenAshrdæGaemrik enA GMLúgeBl4ExdMbUgenAqñaM 2005 edayeFobeTAnwgqñaMmunenaH RbeTskm<úCak¾TTYl)ankMeNIncMeBaH TMnijcMnYn5RbePT elIkElgEt 2 RbePTEdl)anFøak;cuH ¬sUmemIltaragTI 3¦. kar)a:n;RbmaNrbs; GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati )an[dwgfa enAkñúgRtImasTI1enAqñaM2005 karnaMecjsMelokbMBak;rbs;RbeTs km<úCaeTAkan;shrdæGaemrik )anekIneLIg 11° KitCabrimaNsMelokbMBak; nigekIneLIg 17° KitCa témøduløar19. dUcKñaenHEdr témølk;ecjTUTaMgBiPBelak k¾mankarekIneT,IgEdr . TsSnavdþI Gñkesdækic© )an[dwgfa témøénkarnaMecjsMelokbMBak;RbeTskm<úCa mankarekIneLIgcMnYn 5>5° cab;BIExmkra-]sPa eFobeTAnwgry³eBldEdlenAkñúgqñaMmun20. enHsbBa¢ak;[eXIjc,as;fa enAkñúg ry³eBlxøI ]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa mindYlrlMeLIy.

15

Elena Lesley, “20,000 Garment Jobs Lost in 2005,” Phnom Penh Post, May 6-19, 2005 16

Timothy Wheeler, “Scrappy Garment Industry Making Gains in Post-Quota Environment,” Phnom Penh Post, July 15-28, 2005. 17

The Cambodia Daily, August 6-7, 2005 18

The Cambodia Daily, October 26, 2005 19

The Cambodia Daily, October 26, 2005 20

The economist, September 10, 2005

21

taragTI 3³ kareRbobeFobbrimaNénkarnaMcUlRbePTsMelokbMBak;sMxan;² eTAshrdæGaemrik rvagRbeTskm<úCa nigcin enAEx mkra-emsa 2004 nigEx mkra-emsa 2005

KitCalanEm:Rtkaer: naMcUlBIRbeTskm<úCa naMcUlBIRbeTscin RbePTsMelok

bMBak; mkra-emsa

2004 mkra-emsa

2004 °énkar pøas;bþÚr

mkra-emsa 2004

mkra-emsa 2005

°énkar pøas;bþÚr

Cotton nightwear

44.7 40.2 -10.1 9.4 71.4 660

Manmade fiber Nightwear

19.3 25.8 33.7 8.5 29.6 248

Cotton slacks

15.2 23.2 52.6 5.2 87.5 1,584

Cotton knit blouses

7.1 10.4 46.5 2.2 38.4 1,639

Cotton Trousers

7.3 9.1 24.7 3.3 50.9 1,420

Manmade fiber knit blouses

3.1 3.8 22.6 9.1 38.7 324

Manmade fiber skirts

2.8 2.6 -7.1 1.9 6.9 257

RbPB³ ®ksYgBaNiC¢kmµshrdæGaemrik. kariyal½yvaynP½NÐ nigsMelokbMBak;. Tinñin½ybzmpþl;[ enA®twmExemsa qñaM 2005 EdldkRsg;ecjBIÉksar Measuring Competitiveness and Labor Productivity

in Cambodia’s Garment Industry, Exmina qñaM 2005. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday ninñakarTUeTAénkarbBa¢aTijTMnijbEnßmeTot nigkarFøak;cuHnUvtémø KWCacMnuc KYr[RBYy)armÖmYy CaBiesscMeBaH kmµkr :kat;edrykbug : EdlTTYl)anR)ak;kMérEp¥keTAelIbrimaN sMelokbMBak;Edledr)an. naEx]sPa 2005 GnuRbFanshCIBshB½n§kmµkrkat;edrRbCaFibetyü km<úCa )anbBa¢ak;[dwgfa nieyaCkeragcRkxøH)anbBa©úHtémøR)ak;QñÜlkmµkredrykcMnYnbug21. dUecñH témøFøak;cuHénplitplkat;edrEdlbNþal[mankarkat;bnßyR)ak;kMérBlkmµKW Bak;B½n§edaypÞal;eTA nwgkardkecjnUv®bB½n§kUta . enAqñaM 2004 karsikSamYyerobcMsMrab;rdæaPi)alkm<úCa Cakar®sav®Cav edayFnaKarBiPBelak )an[dwgfa témørbs;plitplkñúgeBlmankUta mantémøx<s;Cag témøEdlKµan

21

Lesley, “20,000 Garment Jobs Lost in 2005”

22

kUtacMnYn®bEhl 5dg eBalKWxusKñaRbEhlBI 5 Tl;nwg 1 duløar kñúgsemøokbMBak;mYyEm:Rtkaer:22. enAeBlEdlbrimaNmankarekIneLIg ehIytémømankarFøak;cuH ]sSahkmµenH®tUvRtUvEtbegáInsmtßPaB RbkYtRbECg Etmin®tUvePøc®btibtþitamsþg;darkargarenaHeT,Iy .

enABak;kNþalqñaM karnaMecjplitplsMelokbMBak;rbs;RbeTscin mankarekIneLIgxøMag bNþal[ shrdæGaemrik nigshKmGWr:ub dak;r)aMgkarBar . enAEx]sPa qñaM 2005 shrdæGaemrik)anRbkasfa )ankMNt;kUtasMrab;kMeNInénkarnaMcUl®twm 7>5°®bcaMqñaMsMrab;®bePTsemøokbMBak;dUcCa GavédEvgnig édxøI exaeCIgEvg nigexa®Tnab;EdlnaMcUlBIRbeTscin23. dUcKñaenHEdr enAExmifuna qñaM 2005 shKmGWr:ub )ancuHGnusarN³énkareyaKyl;KñaEdldak;kMnt;[RbeTscin naMcUlTMnijsMelokbMBak; cMnYn10 RbePT enAkñúgcenøaHBI 8-12/5°24. luHmkdl;edImExkBaØa qñaM 2005 shKmGWr:ub )ancrcareLIgvijnUvkic©RBmeRBogenH edIm,I®BmTTYlykGavrgaFM nigexaeCIgEvgnaMcUlBI®beTscin Edl)anCab;KaMgkñúgcMnYnd¾e®cInenAÉkMBg;EpenAGWur:ub kñúglkçx½NÐdUredaHmYyKW karkat;bnßykarnaMecj rbs;RbeTscinsMrab;qñaMeRkay. viFankarenH nwgman®bsiT§iPaBkñúgry³eBlbeNþaHGasnñ dUecñH kardak; r)aMgkarBar EdlCalkçx½NÐmYyCYyeGayRbeTscin )ancUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak naqñaM 2001enaH nwgmansuBlPaBRtwmqñaM2008 bu:eNÑaH. ®sbKñaenHEdr kardak;kUtaCafµIeTAelI RbeTscin )anpþl;[RbeTskm<úCanUvry³eBl2qñaMknøHEfmeTot kñúgkarbnþEsVgrk»kasl¥bMput enAkñúg TIpSarsMelokbMBak;BiPBelak.

edIm,I[RbeTskm<úCae)aHCMha‘neTAmuxeTotenAkñúgTIpSarshrdæGaemrik m®nþIRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ nig m®nþI smaKmplitkreragc®kkat;edrkm<úCa )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;shrdæGaemrik edIm,IbBa©úHbBa©ÚlsPa GaemrikaMg sMrab;karGnum½tc,ab;GMBI CMnYyGnueRKaHBn§sMrab;®beTskMBugGPivDÆn_ . esckþI®Bagc,ab; RtUv)aneKbBa¢ÚneTARBwT§sPaGaemrikenAExmkra qñaM 2005 ehIykñúgry³eBl1ExeRkayeTot kMENfµIén esckþI®Bagc,ab;enH ®tUvbBa¢ÚnbnþeTArdæsPaGaemrik. RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_cMnYn15 EdleK)ankMNt;fa nwg)anTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIc,ab;enHKW manrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgRbeTskm<úCa RBmTaMgRbeTsEdlTTYl

22

Cambodia Seizing Global Opportunity: Investment Climate Assessment & Reform Strategy, (Phnom Penh: Prepared for the Royal Cambodian Government by the World Bank Group, August 2004) 23

The Cambodia Daily, May 18, 2005 24

Wheeler, “Scrappy Garment Industry Making Gains in Post-Quota Environment”

23

rgeRKaHedayrlksmuRTs‘UNamidUcCa ®beTsma:lDIv nigesrIlgáa . karGnum½c,ab;enH Gacpþl;[ RbeTskm<úCa nUvkarnaMcUlRbePTTMnijmYycMnYneTAshrdæGaemrikedayBMumanbg;Bn§. naeBlbc©úb,nñenH m©as;eragcRkenARbeTskm<úCa )anbg;Bn§RbEhl17°eTAelITMnijnaMcUleTAshrdæGaemrik. enAEx kkáda 2005 kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIenAGaemrikkNþal (CAFTA) RtUv)anGnum½t edaysPa GaemrikaMgrYcehIy EdlenHCa»kasl¥sMrab;kar®tYs®taypøÚv[mankarBiPakSaeTAelIc,ab;GnueRKaHBn§ enHeGaykan;Etl¥itl¥n;enAeBlNamYy25.

dUecñH pÞúyBIkarTsSn_TayTukEdlfa ]sSahkmµkat;edrnwgdYlrlMPøam² b¤k¾manFøakcuHCabeNþIr² EbrCaeKemIleXIj lT§PaBdMeNIrkareTAtmuxén]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa enABak;kNþalqñaM 2005 manPaBRbesIr. eTaHbICamankarkarfycuHTIpSarplitplxøH k¾brimaNnaMecjsrub )anelIsBIkMrit naMecjkalBIqñaMknøgeTA ehIykarlk;ecjk¾)anekIneLIgCag5°Edr. eKemIleXIjfa karRbkYtRbECg kan;EtxøaMgeLIg enAelITIpSarBiPBelak )anpþl;pl®beyaCn_dl;GñkTijCagGñkpÁt;pÁg;. eyageTAtam tMrUvkarCaTUeTAEdlRtUvkarTMnijmanKuNPaBx<s;kñúgtémøTabenaH karEkTMrg;énvis½y]sSahkmµkat;edr KWCamansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas;. karEkrTMrg;enH TamTar[mankarbegáInplitPaB nigkat;bnßycMNay EpñkkariyaFibetyü ehIykñúgeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr KYrKitGMBIrkSa[)annUvsþg;darkargarsmRsb26. kñúgxN³Edlmankardak;r)aMgkarBarCaeNþaHGasnñeTAelIRbeTscin nigGñkTijGacTijBI®bPBpÁt;pÁg; e®cInkEnøgenaH ]sSahkmµkat;edrrbs;RbeTskm<úCa enAmaneBlevlaedIm,IeFVIkarEkTMrg;kñúgeKalbMNg manlT§PaBcUlrYmRbkYtRbECgbnþeTot eTaHbICa]sSahkmµenH minGackøayCak,alma:sIund¾sMxan; sMrab;karlUtlas;enAeBlxagmuxkþI.

25

Elena Lesley, “Tsunami-Triggered Trade Bill Stalls in US Senate,” Phnom Penh Post, April 22-May 5, 2005.

sUmemIlpgEdrenAkñúg The Cambodia Daily, July 8, 2005 and August 27-28, 2005 26

In 2005 the ILO continued to monitor labor standards in garment factories under its Better Factories Cambodia

project. sUmemIl Phnom Penh Post, July 29-August 11, 2005

24

bTBiesaFn_rbs;kmµkreragcRkkat;edrmkBIextþéRBEvg

ÉksarEpñkenHcg®kgnUvbTBiesaFn_rbs;kmµkreragcRk Edl)aneFVIcMNakRsukmkBIextþéRBEvg mk rs;enA nigRbkbkargarenATIRkugPñMeBj. Bt’manTaMgenH RtUv)anRbmUlBIkmµkreragcRkEdlmkBI extþéRBEvg tamry³kareFVIGegátCamYykmµkrcMnYn 116nak; nig lT§plénkarBiPakSakñúg®kumtUc² . ®bvtþiTak;Tgnwgkmµkr

cMnYnkmµkreragcRkmYycMnYnFMEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_KWRsþImanv½yekµg nigminTan;erobkar . BYkeKmkBI RsukcMnYn11 kñúgextþéRBEvg ehIycMnYnkmµkrEdleRcInbMputmkBIRsukke®Ba¢oc kMBg;RtEbk emsag nigRsukBaraMg . kñúgcMeNamkmµkrcMnYn 116nak;EdleK)ansMPasn_man 109 ¬94°¦ CaRsþI. GayuCa mFüménkmµkarEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_TaMgenaHKW 22>5 qañM . Gayurbs;eKPaKeRcIn ¬61nak; b¤ 53°¦ cab; BI 20-24 qañM . mankmµkrBIrnak;EdleK)ansMPasn_KWmanGayueRkam 18 qañM ehIymancMnYn8nak; EdlmanGayu30qañM b¤cas;CagenH . cMeBaHsßanPaB®KYsarvij BYkeKPaKeRcInbMputKWenAlIv ¬95nak; b¤ 83°¦ énkmµkrcMnYn 116nak; EdleK)ansMPasn_ . ebIeFVIkareRbobeFobvij eKeXIjmanEtcMnYn 15nak; ¬13°¦ )anerobkarrYc ehIykñúgcMeNmGñkEdl)anerobkarenH manEt4nak;bu:eNÑaHEdl)an rs;enACamYybþIrbs;eKenATIRkugPñMeBj . kñúgcMeNamGñkEdl)anerobkarrYc man7nak;mankUn nigman Etmañk;eTEdlmankUnmñak;rs;enATIRkugPñMeBjEdr . kñúgcMeNam®sþIemma:y5nak;Edl)ansMPasn_vij man4nak; )anykkUn²rbs;BYkeK mkrs;enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBjpgEdr .

sMrab;kar®sav®CavenH27 kmµkrEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_TaMg 116nak; RtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚlCasmaCikenAkñúg ®kum®KYsarenAkñúgextþéRBEvgEdr . eyagtamkarbBa¢ak;mkenH eK)anKNnaeXIjfa TMhMRKYsar CamFüménkmµkrTaMg116nak;KW 6>46 . ebIKitCamFüménGñkEdlGacCYyrkcMNUlsMrab;®KYsarKW 3>52 . rIÉ cMnYnmFüménGñkEdl)ancMNak®sukkñúgcMeNamGñkEdlmanlT§PaBrkcMNUlsMrab;®KYsar

27

kar®sav®CavenH yklMnaMtam Kethie Friedman Edlcat;Tuk®kum®KYsarCa GgÁkarPaBmYyEdl®Kb;smaCik®KYsarman katBVkic© dak;bBa¢ÚlrYmKñanUvFnFan¼cMNUlEdlrk)anBI®Kb;®bePTénkargarEdl)aneFVI . sUmemIlÉksarrbs; Kethie

Friedman GMBI :®KYsarCaGgÁPaBmYyEdldak;®)ak;cMNUlrYmKña : Edl)ane)aHBum<pSayenAkñúg Households and the World Economy,

Joan Smith, Immanuel Wallerstein, and Hans Dieter Evers, eds., Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1984, 37-55

25

KW 1>97 . ®bkarKYreGaykt;sMKal;enaHKW cMnYnmFüménGñkEdl)aneFVICakmµkrkat;edrkñúg®KYsarman rhUtdl;eTA 1>55 . enHCakarbgðaj[eXIjfa kmµkrEdlcMNakRsuk CaBiess kmµkreragcRk kat;edr CakmøaMgBlkmµmYycMENkya:gFMsMrab;rkcMNUlCYy®T®Tg;dl;®kumRKYsar . dUcKañenHEdr cMNucxagelIenH )anbgðajfa man®kumRKYsarCaeRcInEdlmansmaCikRKYsarmkeFVIkar tameragcRk kat;edrelIsBImañk; .

karTTYl)annUvkarGb;rMrbs;kmµkrcMnYn 108nak; Edl)anbBa©b;karsikSakñúgkMritNamYyenaH eXIjfa mancMnYne®cIn . enAeBlEdleK)anKNnarkmFümPaKénkMritsikSa eXIjfa BYkeK)anbBa¢b;®twmfñak;TI 5 Edr . ®bkarKYr[cab;GarmµN_enaHKW kmµkrkat;edrcMnYn 29 nak; ¬27°¦)anbBa©b;kMritsikSafñak;TI 7 b¤x<s;CagenH . RbvtþiénkareFVIcMNakRsuk nigRBwtþikarN_epSg²

GñkcMNakRsukmkBIextþéRBEvgEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_ )ancab;epþImeFVIkargartameragcRknana tagBIqañM 1995 b:uEnþenAqañM2000 cMnYnGñkcMNak®sukmkeFVIkarenAeragc®k)anekIneT,IgCaxøaMg ehIyeRkaymk k¾fyeTAvijkñúgcMnYntictYc ¬sUmemIltaragTI 4¦ . eyagtamsßitixagelIenH eKk¾)anrkeXIjfa kmµkrcMnYn 61nak; ¬53°¦ éncMnYnkmµkrEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_ )aneFVIkarenAtameragcRkkat;edrelIs BI 2qañM . TnÞwmenHEdr cMnYn39nak; ¬34°¦ EdleTIbEt)ancMNakRsukenaH)aneFVIkar enAtameragcRk kat;edrkñúgry³eBlmYyqañM b¤ticCagenH . BYkeKPaKe®cIn ¬66nak; b¤57°¦ )aneFVIkarenAkñúgeragcRk EtmYykEnøgb:ueNÑaH cMENk33nak; ¬28°¦ )aneFVIkarenAkñúgeragcRkcMnYnBIrkEnøg ehIy17nak; ¬15°¦ )aneFVIkarenAkñúgeragcRkcMnYnbIkEnøg b¤eRcInCagenH . enAGMT,úgeBlénkar®sav®CavenH kmµkrTaMg 116nak; )aneFVIkarenAkñúgeragcRkeRcInCag40kEnøgedayET,kBIKña ehIytamFmµta BYkeK eFVIkarenAtameragcRkEdlCitkEnøgsañk;enArbs;BYkeK .

26

taragTI 4³ qañMEdlkmµkreragcRkmkBIextþéRBEvg )ancab;epþImeFVIkarBIdMbUgtameragcRk PñMeBj Ex kBaØa-tula qañM 2004

qñaM cMnYn ¬nak;¦ PaKry

1997 b¤ BImunenH 3 2.6

1998 6 5.2

1999 10 8.6

2000 24 20.7

2001 21 18.1

2002 16 13.8

2003 19 16.4

2004 17 14.7

cMnYnkmµkrpþl;cMelIy= 116

mUlehtuEdlnaMBYkeK nigsmaCikepSgeTotenAkñúgRKYsarrbs;eK )ancMNakRsuk mkenATIRkugPñMeBj edIm,IrkkargareFVItameragcRkkat;edr manktþaBIrsMxan;KW ktþaCMruj nigktþaTak;Taj ¬sUmemIltaragTI 5¦ . cMeBaHktþaCMrujKW karelIkeT,Igya:ge®cInelIslb;GMBI TinñplRsUvmin®Kb;®Kan; Cakarbgðaj eGayeXIjfa manvibtþixagvis½yksikmµenAkñúgextþéRBEvgEdlbNþalmkBIbBaða eRKaHTwkCMnn; nig raMgs¶ÜtpÞÜn²Kña kñúgry³eBlbYnqañMknøgmkenH . rIÉPaBKaµndIFIø k¾CabBaðamYyEdlkmµkrxøHkMBugEtCYb ®bTH. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaHEdr »kaskargarsIuQñÜlenACit²PUmienAmankMrit ®BmTaMgxVHTunsMrab; ®bkbmuxrbrrkcMNUl )anbgðajeGayeXIjc,as;BIPaBminrIkcMerInén]sSahkmµepSg²enAtMbn;CnbT enaHeT. ktþaTaMgenHedayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMg bBaðabMNulepSg²edaysarcMNayelIéføsuxPaB nigcMNay elIkareFVIE®scMkarKWCaktþaCMrujBit®)akdEdleFVIeGayBYkeKEsVgrkkargareFVIenARkugPñMeBj. cMeBaHktþa Tak;TajvijKWfa »kaskargareragc®kenAPñMeBj CaBiesssMrab;®sþIv½yekµgenAlIv CaCMerIsKYreGay cab;GarmµN_mYy sMrab;karEsVgrkkargarEdlpþl;nUvkMér:sMrab;BYkeK .

27

taragTI5³ mUlehtuEdlnaM[BYkeKcakecjBIextþéRBEvgmkeFVIkarenAeragcRk PñMeBj ExkBaØa-tula qañM 2004

mUlehtu cMnYn PaKry Tinñpl®sUvmin®Kb;®Kan; 100 86.2

mankargareFVIenAtameragcRkkat;edr 91 78.4

xVHxatedImTunsMrab;cab;epþImRbkbrbrrksuI 84 72.4

»kassMrab;sIuQñÚlenAtamPUmi mankMrit 76 65.5

CMBak;bMNuledaysaréføsuxPaB 44 37.9

CMBak;bMNuledaysarkareFVIE®s 33 28.4

KµandIFøI ¬RKYsarEdlKµandIeFVIERs¦ 10 8.6

CMBak;bMNuledaysarEl,gsuIsg 2 1.7

epSg² 21 18.1

cMnYnkmµkrpþl;cMelIy= 116

kmµkreragcRkmkBIextþéRBEvg )anTTYlkargareFVIenAtameragcRkkat;edrnanaenATIRkugPñMeBj tamry³ meFüa)ayCaeRcIn . esÞIrEtBak;kNþal ¬54nak; b¤ 47°¦ énkmµkrEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_cMnYn116nak; )anniyayfa BYkeK)ankargareFVIedaysarmanbgb¥Únsac;BaJatiCYy . kñúgcMnYne®cInEdrKW ¬40 b¤ 34°¦ )anerobrab;Edrfa eKrk)ankargareFVIedayxøÜneKpÞal; . manmYycMnYntUc ¬19 b¤ 16°¦ EdlTTYl)ankargareFVI edaysarmitþPkþiCYy .

pÞúyeTAnwgTsSn³eBjniymmYyEdlfa karTTYl)ankargaredaymin)ac;cMNayluyenaH eKeXIjfa manEtkmµkr32nak; ¬28°¦ énkmµkr116nak;Edl®tUv)ansMPasn_ )ansUkluyeKedIm,I[man kargareFVIenAkñúgeragcRk. cMeBaHcMnYnEdl)ansUkeKenaH CamFümKWmankMritx<s;rhUtdl;eTA 40>16 duløar. tamBit karsUkluyenH®tUv)aneFVIeT,IgeRkA®kbx½NÐénkarRKb;RKgrbs;eragcRkTaMg®sug . kñúg cMeNamkmµkrTaMg32nak;Edl)ansUkluyenaH man25nak;)anx©IluyeK ykmksUkeKedIm,I)ankargar eFVI. kñúgcMeNamGñkEdl)anx©IluyeK man18nak; )ansgbMNulrYcGs; rIÉ7nak;eTot sg)anxøH. manEtkmµkrcMnYn3nak; kñúgcMeNam32nak;EdlsUkluyeK )anlk;RTBüsm,tþidUcCa eRKOgGlgáar edIm,IykluymksUkeK edIm,ITTYl)ankargareFVI.

28

cMNUl cMNay nigR)ak;epJI]btßmÖdl;®kumRKYsar

kmµkreragcRkRtUv)aneKbg;R)ak;QñÜl[eTAtamema:gEdleK)aneFVI . tamFmµta kmµkrEdl®tUv)an sMPasn_116nak; )aneFVIkar8ema:gkñúgmYyéf¶ ¬94°¦ nig 6éf¶kñúgmYys)aþh_ ¬96°¦. CaFmµta enAeBleFVIkarelIsem:ag PaKeRcInénkmµkrEdl)anpþl;cemøIyTaMgenaH )aneFVIkar10ema:gkñúgmYyéf¶ . enAEtmancMnYnkmµkr1¼4eTotEdl)aneFVIkarelIsema:g KWmancMnYnelIsBI10ema:gkñúgmYyéf¶ . sUm bBa¢ak;fa kmµkrEdl)anpþl;cemøIyPaKeRcInén116nak; ¬90°¦ RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa CakmµkreBjsiTi§ cMENkÉmYyPaKtUc ¬10°¦ RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa CakmµkrmineBjema:g b¤kmµkrGENþt .

edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgluyelIsema:gpg R)ak;ExCamFümrbs;kmµkrTaMg 116nak;Edl®tUv)ansMPasn_ KWmancMnYn 62>14 duløar . enAeBlCamYyKñaenH eKeXIjmanR)ak;ExkmµkrepSg²BIKañEdlKYr[kt; sMKal; eday1¼5énkmµkr rkR)ak;kMér)aneRkam 50 duløarkñúgmYyEx ehIyesÞIrEt1¼5eTot rk)an elIsBI70duløarkñúgmYyEx ¬sUmemIltaragTI 6¦. KYrkt;sMKal;fa kñúgcMeNamkmµkrEdl)ansMPasn_ TaMgGs;man7nak;Caburs ehIyR)ak;ExCamFümrbs;eK 71>28 duløarEdlcMnYnenHmankMritx<s;Cag mFümPaKTUeTA . sMxan;CagenHeTAeTotenaHKW R)ak;kMérEdlkmµkrrk)anRbcaMEx )anFøak;cuHya:gxaøMg ebIsinCadkR)ak;elIsema:gecjBIR)ak;ExFmµtarbs;BYkeK . ebIminKit®)ak;elIsema:g R)ak;cMNUlCa mFüm®bcaMExrbs;kmµkr94nak;Edl)anbBa¢ak;®)ab;KW 44>73 duløar b¤ RbEhl72° énR)ak;kMér rYmCamYynwgR)ak;elIsema:gpg . dUecñH edIm,IrkSaR)ak;ExkñúgkMritx<s;rbs;eK kmµkrRtUveFVIkar 10ema:g kñúgmYyéf¶ b¤eRcInCagenH kñúgry³eBl 6éf¶kñúgmYys)aþh_ .

taragTI 6³ R)ak;kMérRbcaMExrYmTaMgR)ak;elIsema:g rbs;kmµkreragcRk mkBIextþéRBEvg PñMeBj Ex kBaØa-tula qañM 2004

®)ak;kMér®bcaMEx cMnYn PaKry ticCag 50 duløar 25 21.6

50 -60 duløar 42 36.2

60>1-70 duløar 27 23.3

elIsBI 70 duløar 22 19.0

srub 116 100.1

29

cMeBaHBt’manGMBIkarcMNaayRbcaMExCamFümEdl)anTTYl)anBIkarsMPasn_CamYykmµkrmñak;² RtUv)an lat®tdagenAkñúgtaragTI 7 . tYelxenH )anbgðajnUvcMnYnCamFüm EdleK)anKNnaedayEp¥kelI cMnYnkmµkrsrub116nak; eTaHbICakmµkrxøH min)anerobrab;nUvmuxcMNayeGay)aneBjeljk¾eday . enAeBlEdleK)aneRbobeFobeTAnwgR)ak;cMNUlRbcaMExCamFüm karcMNayRbcaMExCamFüm eXIjfa eT,Igx<s;KYr[kt;sMKal; edayeKminTan;)anKitbBa©ÚlnUvR)ak;epJI]btßmÖRKYsarenAextþéRBEvg. CaFmµta enAkñúgkareFVIGegát Gñkpþl;cMelIyEtgEtbgðajnUvtYelxénkarcMNayx<s; ehtuenHehIyeKKYreFVIkar kt;sMKal;CamuncMeBaHbBaðaenHfa nwgmanPaBmin®b®ktICaminxan .

taragTI 7³ R)ak;cMNayRbcaMExCamFüménkmµkreragcRkmkBIextþéRBEvg KitCaduløar PñMeBj Ex kBaØa-tula qañM 2004

Gahar 18.75

kEnøgsañk;GaRs½y ¬rYmTaMgéføTwk ePøIg¦ 8.20

sgR)ak;kMcI 7.70

kareFVIdMeNIr 5.52

semøokbMBak; 5.26

vtßúeRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn 4.07

suxPaB 3.89

karkMsanþ 3.65

karGb;rM 2.71

srub 59.75

cMnYnkmµkrpþl;cMelIysrub= 116

GVIEdleKeXIjelceFøaEdrenaHKW mFümPaKénkarcMNaysMrab;ykeTAsgbMNuleK mankMritx<s; . bu:Enþ ebIBinitüemIl[)ansIuCMerA eKemIleXIjfa manEt43nak; ¬37°¦ énkmµkr116nak; kMBugykluy rbs;xøÜneTAsgbMNul ehIymanEt24nak; ¬21°¦ én kmµkr116nak;sgR)ak;kñúgcMnYnCag 7duløar

30

mYyEx. eTaHbImankmµkrtic®twmEt 1¼5 )ansgR)ak;km©IkþI EtTwk®)ak;Edl)ansgmancMnYneRcIn eTIbeFVIeGayeKemIleXIjfa cMnYnsgR)ak;KitCamFümhak;dUcCamankMritx<s; . RsedogKañenHEdr manEt48nak; ¬21°¦énGñkpþl;cemøIycMnYn 116 nak; )ancMNayluyelIkareFVIdMeNIr ehIymanEt 25nak; ¬21°¦ Edl)ancMNayluyelIsBI2>50duløar kñúgmYyEx sMrab;kareFVIdMeNIrenaH . fVIt,itEt mankarlM)akkñúgkarTTYl)annUvtYelxénkarcMNayBit®)akdkþI EtlMnaMTUeTAénkarcMNay)anbgðaj eGayXIjc,as; eBalKWminsUvCamanKmøatBIKñaNas;NaenaHeT . kmµkreragcRkmkBIextþéRBEvg )ancMNayR)ak;mYyPaKFMénkMér:EdlTTYl)an®bcaMEx sMrab;EtKaMRTdl;esckþIRtUvkarCamUldæanrbs;eK enAPñMeBjbu:eNÑaHdUcCa mðÚbGahar nigsñak;enA. kmµkresIÞrEtTaMgGs; ¬112 b¤ 97°¦ énkmµkrTaMg116nak;EdleK)ansMPasn_ )anepJIluyeTAeGay RkumRKYsarrbs;eKenAextþéRBEvg . cMnYnluyCamFümEdleK)anepJICUnRKYsarKW 16>82duløar b¤RbEhl 27°énR)ak;cMNUlCamFümRbcaMExrYmTaMgR)ak;elIsema:gpg . ®bkarKYr[cab;GarmµN_enaHKWkmµkr Edl ®tUv)ansMPasn_ 35nak; ¬31°¦ )anx©IR)ak;BIeKxøHrYmpSMedIm,IepJIeTARsuk. cMnYnR)ak;Edl)anepJI eTApÞH kñúgkMrithak;dUcmancMnYnx<s; edayrYmTaMg®)ak;km©IEdrenaH )anbgðajeGayeXIjnUvPaBcaM)ac; énkarrYmcMENkrbs;kmµkrkñúgkarCYyKaMRTdl;RkumRKYsarrbs;eKenAextþé®BEvg . kmµkr)anbBa¢ak;fa BYkeK)aneRbImeFüa)ayCaeRcIn edIm,IepJIluyeTApÞH . meFüa)ayénkarepJIrYmman karepJItambgb¥Ún ¬67°¦ eTA®sukedayxøÜnÉg ¬57°¦ bgb¥ÚnBIRsukmkTTYlyk ¬44°¦ nigtammitþPkiþ ¬22°¦.

enAeBlEdleKeFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMgbEnßmeTot eTIbeKemIleXIjkan;Etc,as;GMBI TMnak;TMngrvaglT§PaBén karepJI®)ak;kñúgcMnYne®cIn nig®)ak;kMér®bcaMExEdlBYkeKTTYl)an. ebImin)anTTYlcMNUlBIkareFVIkarelIs ema:geTenaH kmµkrminGacbMeBjt®mUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;BYkeKenAPñMeBj ®BmTaMg)anepJIluyeTApÞHenAÉ extþé®BEvgkñúgcMnYn®kas;E®klenaH)aneT . dUecñH edaysarEtBYkeK)aneFVIkarelIsema:g EdlCaFmµta BYkeK®tUvbMeBjkargarBI 10 ema:g b¤e®cInCagenH ehIymanry³eBl 6éf¶kñúgmYys)aþh_ eTIbBYkeK GacbnþepJIluyeTApÞH)anCabnþbnÞab;enaH. CaTUeTAR)ak;epJI]btßmÖEdl®kum®KYsarenAextþéRBEvg)anTTYl RtUv)anykeTAeRbIsMrab;karcMNayRbcaM éf¶ edIm,IbMeBjkarxVHxatkñúgCIvPaB®KYsar CaCagykeTA®bkbmuxrbrCak;lak;NamYyedIm,Irk®)ak; cMNUl ¬sUmemIltaragTI8¦. eTaHbICaBt’manlMGitTak;TgeTAnwgbBaðaes,ogkþI EtkarTijes,ogGahar RtUv)anBYkeKelIkmkniyayCajwkjab;. ebItamcemøIyEdl)anelIkeT,IgCae®cInEdrenaHKW karcMNay

31

elIéføsuxPaB bMNul nigkareFVIE®scMkar. ®)ak;Edl)anepJIenH k¾)ane®bI®)as;pgEdrsMrab;EbgEck eTAdl;kareronsU®trbs;smaCik®KYsar bnÞab;mkk¾mankar EbgEcksMrab;ykeTAciBa©wmstVEbbyfapl nigkarTijRTBüsm,tþidUcCa pÞHsEm,g e®KOgynþsMrab; eFVIE®s kmøaMgGUsTaj dIFøI nigmU:tU . cMeBaH karykluyEdl)anepJIsMrab;eFVICMnYyxñattUcvij k®mnwg)anB¤GñkNamñak;)anniyayNas; . taragTI 8³ kareRbI®)as;luyrbs;®kum®KYsarenAextþé®BEvg cMeBaHluyEdlkmµkreragcRk)anepJIeTA

PñMeBj Ex kBaØa-tula qañM 2004 RbePTéncMNay cMnYn PaKry

cMNayelIsuxPaB 99 88.4

cMNaysMrab;kareFVIE®scMkar 87 77.7

sgbMNul 76 67.9

cMNaysMrab;kareronsU®trbs;smaCik®KYsar 68 60.7

cMNaysMrab;karciBa©wmstV 46 41.1

ykeTATijRTBüsm,tþi 37 33.0

)ancab;epþImeFVICMnYyxañttUc 15 13.4

cMnYnkmµkrpþl;cMelIysrub= 112

sßanPaBrs;enArbs;kmµkr

kmµkrCaGñkpþl;cemøIyCaeRcInEdleK)ansMPasn_enaH )anrs;enAkñúgkEnøg®bmUlpþúMCae®cInkEnøg Edl )anerobcMeT,IgsMrab;kmµkreragcRkkat;edrsañk;enA . TIsañk;GaRs½y CaFmµta sßitenACiteragcRkEdl GacedIrdl; ehIyTIkEnøgsñak;enAenH ®tUv)ansg;BIeQIEdlman®kalebtug b¤\dækar:Uedayx½NÐCabnÞb;² CaCYr. TIsañk;GaRs½yenaH RtUv)anx½NÐCabnÞb;² edaykñúgmYybnÞb; mankmµkrBIbIeTAbYnnak;rs;enA CamYyKañ . cMeBaHbnÞb;TwkRtUv)aneRbIR)as;rYmKña . enAtambnÞb;TaMgenaHmanePøIgGKIÁsnI nigGagTwkFMeFVI BIsuIm:g; sßitenAxageRkACitTICRmkTaMgenH .

32

kñúgcMeNamkmµkrTaMg116nak;enaH man52nak; ¬45°¦)anbBa¢ak;fa TIsañk;GaRs½yrbs;eKsmrmü ehIyman51nak; ¬44°¦ )ancat;Tukfa minsUvsmrmü nig13nak;eTot ¬11°¦ )anyl;fa min smrmüeT . kmµkrmankart¥ÚjEt¥rfa bnÞb;TwktUc TIkEnøgedk nigcMGinGaharceg¥ót TwkminsUvman Gnam½y nigminmanePøIg nigTwkRKb;RKan;sMrab;eRbIR)as; . Gñkpþl;cemøIyPaKeRcIn 61nak; ¬53°¦ )anniyayfa sßanPaBsnþisux nigsuvtßiPaBenAkñúgTIsñak;GaRs½yrbs;BYkeK mansuvtßiPaBRKb;RKan; cMENk31nak; ¬27°¦ )ancat;TukfaminsUvmansuvtßiPaB nig 24nak;epSgeTot )anelIkeT,Igfa minman suvtßiPaBRKb;RKan;eT .

sßanPaBkargarrbs;kmµkr

kic©RBmeRBogGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµCamYyshrdæGaemrik RtUv)anPa¢b;eTAnwglkçx½NÐénkarGnuvtþn_tam eKalkarN_kargar . enAkñúgkar®sav®CaveTAelIkmµkrextþéRBEvgcMnYn 116nak; man 35nak; ¬30°¦ manGarmµN_fa sßanPaBkargarrbs;eK l¥RKb;RKan; . edayET,k kmµkrEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_ CagBak;kNþal ¬59nak; b¤ 51°¦ )anerobrab;fa sßanPaBkargarrbs;eKminsUvl¥RKb;RKan;eT nigman mYyPaKtUc ¬10nak; b¤ 9°¦ )anerobrab;fa minl¥RKb;RKan;eT . e®kABIenH k¾enAmanmYyPaKtUcEdr ¬12nak; b¤ 10°¦ mankarlM)akkñúgkarbeBa©jeyabl; . bBaðaCacMbgmYycMnYnEdl)anerobrab; eday kmµkr 108nak; mankarTak;TgeTAnwgbBaaðsuxPaB nigkarrMelaPsiT§i nigplRbeyaCn_ ¬sUmemIltarag TI9¦ . karBiPakSakñúgRkumtUc)anBnül;fa BYkeKmankars‘U®TaMnwgkarlM)akeRcInkñúgeBlEdlkMBugbMeBj kargarrbs;eKdUcCa :enAeBlEdleyIgG‘utsMelokbMBak; eyIgRtUvQrry³eBleRcInema:g ehIynwgkMedA EdlPayecjBIe®KOgma:sIunenAkñúgeragc®keFVI[eyIgBi)akdkdegðIm . enAeBlEdleyIgRClk;BN’ sMelokbMBak; eyIgRtUvTTYlrgnUvkøinBulEdlbeBa©jedayCatiKImI . enAeBlEdleyIgedrexaGav ry³eBlyUrema:g eyIgmankarGs;kmøaMg nigeFVIeGayédrbs;yIg)anmutnwgm©úledr .

33

taragTI 9³ bBaðaEdlkmµkreragcRkmkBIextþéRBEvg )anCYb®bTHkñúgeBleFVIkar

kñúgkarbMeBjkargarbc©úb,nñ PñMeBj Ex kBaØa-tula qañM 2004 plvi)ak cMnYn PaKry

suxPaBcuHexSay 82 75.9

køinCatiKImI 80 74.1

eRKaHfañk;kñúgeBlbMeBjkargar 56 51.9

kgVHxatxül;ecjcUl 48 44.4

esvasuxPaBminRKb;RKan; 48 44.4

karrMelaPsiT§ikmµkr 48 44.4

bgçM[eFVIkarelIsema:g 38 35.2

eFVIkaryUrema:g 37 34.3

RtUvQrry³eBlyUr 34 31.5

min)anTTYlR)ak;kMéreBjelj 34 31.5

TIkEnøgceg¥ót 26 24.1

éf¶Qb;sMrakmineTogTat; 22 20.4

xVHBnøW 22 20.4

karebotebonekrþi_xµas; 8 7.4

epSg² 11 10.2

cMnYnkmµkrpþl;cMelIysrub= 108

eTaHbImankmµkrxøH)anrkmeFüa)aymYyb¤eRcIn edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðarbs;eKkþI GñkxøHeTotmin)anrk dMeNaH®sayGVIeT . Ep¥keTAelIcemøIyrbs;kmµkr 97nak; man40nak;)anraykarN_BIbBaðarbs;eK CUndl;tMNagshCIB ehIy37nak;)ant¥ÚjEt¥R)ab;kmµkrepSg²eTot 33nak;)anraykarN_BIbBaða rbs;eKCUneTAGñkRKb;RKg ehIy5nak;epSgeTot)anraykarN_eTAGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYy . púÞy

34

eTAvij Gñkpþl;cemøIy30nak;minmanviFankarN_GVIeT. kñúgcMeNamkmµkr88nak;Edl)anri³rkmeFüa)ay edaHRsayeTAelIbBaðakargarrbs;eK manEt 40nak;bu:eNÑaH)anniyayfa BYkeK)anTTYleCaKC½y . PaKeRcInénkmµkr)anraykarN_fa BYkeKyl;dwgBIc,ab;kargarEdlTak;TgeTAnwgéf¶Qb;sMrak karQb; sMrakeBlmanCm¶W Qb;lMEhmatuPaB Qb;sMrakpÞal;xøÜn nigkarQb;sMrakRbcaMqañM . kñúgcMeNamGñkpþl; cemøIy105nak;Edl)anbeBa©jeyabl;GMBIfa etIeragc®k)anGnuvtþn_tammaRtaTaMgenHb¤ya:gNaenaH man21nak;)anniyayfa nieyaCkrbs;eK)anGnuvtþn_c,ab;eBjeljtammaRtaTaMgenH ehIyman75 nak;)anniyayfa nieyaCkrbs;eK)anGnuvtþn_)anxøH rIÉ9nak;eTot)aneqøIyfa mindwgGIVeT . karcUlrYmenAkñúgskmµPaBshCIB nig skmµPaBrbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al

RsbeTAtamkarrIkcMerInén]sSahkmµeragcRkkat;edrenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa eKeXIjmankarelcecjCa rUbrageT,IgnUvshCIBkmµkrkñúgvis½yenH28. skmµPaBénshCIBkmµkrTaMgenH BuMsUvCamankarBak;B½n§ jwkjab;eTAnwgkUdkmµ nigkartva:epSg²rT EtmaneBlxøHkmµkr)anecjeFVI)atukmµtamdgvifIEdr . tam karbBa¢ak;®)ab; kmµkrcMnYn 50nak; ¬43°¦ kñúgcMeNamkmµkrcMnYn116nak; EdleK)ansMPasn_KWCa smaCikrbs;shCIB. kñúgcMeNamsmaCikshCIBTaMg50nak; man14nak;)anyl;eXIjfa shCIB eFVIkarmanRbsiT§iPaB nigman19nak;eTot)anGHGagfa shCIBminsUvmanRbsiT§iPaB ehIyman10nak; )ancat;Tukfa KaµnRbsiT§iPaB ehIy7nak;epSgeTotminGacBnül;)an . kmµkarnI Gayu22qañM mkBI extþéRBEvg)anerobrab;kñúgPaBmnÞwlkñúgcitþ GMBIkarcUlrYmenAkñúgshCIBrbs;nag . :xJúMCasmaCikshCIB kmµkr ehIyéføsmaCikPaBral;ExRtUv)aneKkat;CasV½yRbvtþiBIR)ak;Exrbs;xJúM . eTaHCaxJúM)ankøayCa smaCikrbs;shCIBGs;ry³eBlCayUrmkehIykþI xJúMmindwgfa etIshCIB)aneFVIGVIxøHsMrab;xJúM b¤k¾sRmab; kmµkrd¾éTeToteT . eyIg)ancUlrYmeFVIkUdkmµ bu:Enþmankarpøas;bþÚrtictYcNas;. :

28shCIBrbs;]sSahkmµkat;edrTaMgGs;®tUv)anP¢ab;TMnak;TMngCamYyshB½n§shCIBfñak;CatiNamYykñúgcMeNamshB½n§ shCIBfñak;CatiTaMg 5 mandUcCa The Cambodian Federation of Independent Trade Unions; The Cambodian Union’s Federation; The Free Trade Union of Workers of the Kingdom of Cambodia; The Cambodian Labor Union

Federation; and The National Independent Federation of Textile Unions in Cambodia. shCIBfñak;CatiTaMg 5 GHGagfa mansmaCikelIsBI 80>000nak; ehIyfa cMnYnenHesµInwg 50°énkmµkrkat;edrTaMgGs; . eTaHbIfa Cag90° énsmaCikshCIBKWCa®sþI eKeXIjman®sþIBIrbInak; )ankan;kab;muxtMENgfñak;dwknaM . See Stuatt-Smith et al, Phase 1

Report: Cambodia’s Garment Industry.

35

karEdlKYr[cMNab;GarmµN_enaHKW mankmµkr58nak; ¬50°¦ kñúgcMeNamkmµkrTaMg116nak; EdleK )ansMPasn_ )ancUlrYmenAkñúgkareFVIkUdkmµ b¤kartva:nana ehIyEdlcMnYnenHx<s;Cag cMnYnsmaCikPaB énshCIBEdl)anerobrab;xagelIenH. tamBiteTA ebIBinitü[ditdl; )anbgðaj[dwgfa kñúgcMeNam58 nak;Edl)ancUlrYmeFVIkUdkmµ manEt 33nak;bu:eNÑaHCasmaCikshCIB . enAkñúgcMeNamGñkTaMg58 nak; enH mankmµkr15nak;)anerobrab;fa kareFVIkUdkmµmanRbsiT§iPaB nigman35nak; emIl eXIjfa minsUvCamanRbsiT§iPaB ehIy8nak;epSgeTotmanTsSn³fa minmanRbsiT§iPaBeT . tamkareRbobeFob mankmµkr23nak; ¬20°¦énkmµkr116nak;Edl®tUv)ansMPasn_ )ancUlrYmeFVI )atukmµtamdgpøÚv . kñúgcMeNamGñkEdl)ancUlrYm)atukmµ 23nak; manEt12nak;KWCasmaCikshCIB ehIykñúgcMeNam 23nak;dEdlenH man22nak; )ancUlrYmkñúgkareFVIkUdkmµ b¤kartva:epSg² . CarYm man)atukr7nak;kñúgcMeNam23nak; )ancat;Tukfa kareFVI)atukmµtamdgpøÚvmanRbsiT§iPaB 10nak;epSg eTotKitfa minsUvmanRbsiT§iPaB ehIy5nak;eTot)ancat;Tukfa KaµnRbsiT§ieT nigmanEtmañk;Kt; minmaneyabl;GVITaMgGs; . eTaHbImankmµkrmYycMnYntUcEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_ )ancUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBEdlerobcMeT,IgedayGgÁkar minEmnrdæaPi)al k¾BYkeKmankareBjcitþkñúgkMritx<s;KYrkt;sMKal; . kñúgcMeNamkmµkr14nak; ¬12°én kmµkrEdl)anpþl;cemøIy114nak;¦ Edl)ancUlrYmenAkñúgskmµPaBepSg²rbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al man9nak;)ancat;Tukfa karcUlrYmmanRbeyaCn_ nig3nak;eTotyl;eXIjfa manRbeyaCn_bnþibnþÜc ehIy2nak;eTot Kaµneyabl;GVIeT,Iy . TMnak;TMngeynD½r

KYr[kt;sMKal;fa mankmµkrcMNakRsuk107nak; ¬92°¦énkmµkr116nak;Edl®tUv)ansMPasn_ enA TIRkugPñMeBj)anGHGagfa BYkeKmanTMnukcitþelIxøÜnÉg taMgBIBYkeK)ancab;epþImeFVIkarenAkñúgeragcRk kat;edrmk . enAkúñglkçN³RsedogKñaenHEdr mankmµkr95nak; ¬82°¦ én116nak; )anbBa¢ak;fa BYkeKTTYl)annUvzan³x<s;enAkñúgRKYsarrbs;eK . elIsBIenHeTAeTot mankmµkr89nak; ¬77°¦ én116nak; )anTTYlsÁal;fa BYkeKeBjcitþnwgkargarrbs;BYkeK .

36

kareFVIkarenAkñúgeragcRkkat;edr)annaMmknUvTaMgGtßRbeyaCn_ nig bnÞúkF¶n; . kmµkrEdl)anpþl; cemøIy100nak; ¬86°¦ én116nak;)anniyayfa manGtßRbeyaCn_e®cIn . GtßRbeyaCn_EdlBYkeK )anelIkeT,IgrYmman sar³sMxan;sMrab;®kumRKYsar man»kasedIm,IeFVIesckþIsMercedayxøÜneK kareKarB BIbgb¥Ún nigRkumRKYsarmanemaTnPaBe®cIncMeBaHBYkeK . enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaEdleKemIleXIjCaTUeTA fa RsþIv½yekµgkñúgRKYsark¾dUcCaenAkñúgsgÁm manzan³tUcTabenaH eBlenHkarEdlBYkeKTTYl)annUv pl®beyaCn_dUc)anerobrab;mkenHKWCa karbgðajeGayeXIjnUvkarsMerc)ansñaédsMxan;²ya:ge®cIn . enAeBlCamYyenH kmµkrEdl)anpþl;cemøIy 81nak; ¬70°¦ én116nak; )anTTYlsÁal;nUvbnÞúkF¶n; Cae®cInEdr . bnÞúkF¶n;Edl)anerobrab;edayRkumkmµkr81nak;rYmman kþIrMBwgBI®kum®KYsarkñúgkareGayeK enAEtbnþeFVIkargarenAkñúgeragcRk nigPaBlM)akkñúgkarerobkarnigkøayCaRKYsarmYypÞal;xøÜnrbs;eK . bEnßmBIelIenHeTotKW karEdlBYkeKmanzan³enAkñúg®KYsar®besIrCageBlmun k¾Gaccat;TukfaCalkçx½NÐ mYy Edlt®mUveGayBYkeKenAbnþpþl;karepJIR)ak;]btßmÖdl;®kum®KYsarenAÉextþbnþeTAmuxeTot .

kmµkrCae®cIn)anbeBa©jnUvTsSn³TaMgviC¢man nigGviC¢manpgGMBIfa etIGñkPUmipg yl;eXIjya:gNa enAeBlEdl®sþIv½yekµgecjmkeFVIkargartameragc®kenATIRkugPñMeBjenaH . eTaHbImankmµkrEdl)an pþl;cemøIy 47nak;¬40°¦én116nak;)anelIkeT,Igfa GñkPUmismøwgemIlmkBYkeKedaykþIeKarB e®BaH BYkeKKWCaTIsg,wm nigCaGñkrkR)ak;cMNUlsMxan;sMrab;RKYsar enAmankmµkr 34nak;eTot ¬29°¦ man GarmµN_fa GñkPUmimankaremIlgay nigxVHkareKarB . rIÉ35nak;epSgeTot ¬30°¦ minmaneyabl;GVI esaHeT,Iy . kmµkrcMNakRsukmñak;mkBIextþéRBEvg)anKitfa kmµkrCaRsþIePT RtUvTTYlrgnUveTVeRKaH e®BaHfa :ebI®sþIepJIluyeTARsukeRcIn eKnwgnaMKañniyayfa eyIgeFVIGVI²kñúgpøÚvminl¥edIm,IrkluyeGay )ane®cIn . EtebIepJIluyeTARsukticvij eKnwgnaMKañniyayfa eyIgcMNayluyeRcInelIxøÜnÉg b¤sMrab; eGayKUesñh_enATIRkugPñMeBj. :

cMeBaHkarbnþkarsikSaeronsU®trbs;kmµkrvij mankmµkr54nak; ¬47°¦ én116nak; )anniyayfa BYkeK)anQb;eron enAeBlEdlBYkeK)ancakecjBIRsuk mkeFVIkarenATI®kugPñMeBj . manEtkmµkr 9 nak;bu:eNÑaH EdlmanlT§PaBbnþkarsikSaenATIRkugPñMeBj . RsedogKañenHEdr manEtkmµkr11nak; )anniyayfa BYkeK)aneronCMnajepSg²dUcCakat;®kNat; nigedr)a:k; enAkñúgeragcRkkat;edr EdlGac CYy[BYkeKGacrkargareFVIeTAGnaKt)an . kmµkrmañk;mkBIextþéRBEvg)ansMEdgnUvkaresaksþay³ :bgb¥ÚnRbus²rbs;xJúMyYrkabUbesovePAeTAsalaeron cMENkxJúMyYrfg;)ay edIrtMrg;eq<aHeTAeragcRkedIm,I eFVIkar . xJúMcg;eTAsalaeronEdr buEnþxJúMRtUveFVIkar edIm,ICYy]btßmÖdl;RKYsarrbs;xJúM. :

37

cMeBaHkar)at;bg;kargarvij kmµkrEdl)anpþl;cemøIy 39nak; ¬34°¦ én115nak;)anniyayfa BYkeKFøab;)at;bg;kargartameragcRkkat;edrBImun . tamBitBYkeKCaeRcIn)anQb;BIkargaredaysar mUlehtupÞal;xøÜnrbs;eK . mankmµkrmYycMnYntUcEdl)an)at;bg;kargar enAeBlEdleragcRkkat;bnßy kmµkr edayxVHGñkbBa¢aTij b¤eragcRkbiTecal . enAeBlkmµkrQb;BIkargarelIkmun PaKeRcIn)an rkkargareFVIPøamenAtameragcRkepSg²eTot . GñkxøHeTotRtUvRtT,b;eTARsuksin eTIbRtT,b;mkPñMeBj CafµImþgeTot ehIycab;eFVIkargarenAkñúgeragcRkkat;edrbnþeTot . kñúgcMeNamkmµkrTaMg116nak; Edl®tUv)ansMPasn_ man90nak; ¬78°¦ )andwgCamunfa kic©RBmeRBog GnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµCamYyshrdæGaemrik nwg®tUv)anbBa©b;enAcugqañM2004 . enAeBlEdlGñksMPasn_ )ansYrfa etIBYkeKnigeFVIkargarGVI eBlEdleKGs;kargareFVIenAqñaM 2005 eBlenaHmankmµkrcMnYneRcIn Nas;)aneqøIyfa BYkeKnwgRtT,b;eTARsukvij . GñkxøHeTotGHGagfa BYkeKnwgrkkargareFVIenAtam eragcRkkat;edrepSgeTot b¤rkkargarGVIepSgeTotenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj . CaTUeTA kmµkrCae®cInminman Epnkarc,as;las;fa etIeKnwg®bkan;ykTisedANamYyenaHeT . ebItamkaryl;eXIjKW BYkeKKitepþat EteTAelIkargarbc©úb,nñEdlBYkeKkMBugEteFVIenHsin .

38

bTBiesaFn_énRkumRKYsarenAextþéRBEvgEdlmansmaCik®KYsareFVICakmµkr

EpñkenHeFVIkarBinitü nigBiPakSaeTAelIbTBiesaFn_énRkumRKYsarenAextþé®BEvgEdlmansmaCik®KYsar Cakmµkrkat;edr . Bt’manTaMgenHTTYl)anBIkarsMPasn_CamYyRkumRKYsarcMnYn 218nak; enAXuMlVa nigXuMRkaMgsVay énRsukRBHesþc extþéRBEvg ¬109RKYsarkñúgXuMnImYy²¦ nig mankarBiPakSaCaRkum tUc²Cae®cIn®kum CamYyfñak;dwknaMenAtamPUmiCae®cInnak;.

®bvtþiTUeTA sMrab;;karRsavRCavenH kmµkrcMNakRsuk RtUv)ancat;TukCasmaCikmñak;kñúg®KYsarenAÉextþéRBEvgEdr . dUecñH mFümPaKénTMhMRKYsarTaMg 218®KYsarEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_KW 6>84 . ebIKitCamFüménGñkEdl GacCYyrkcMNUlsMrab;®KYsarKW 3>98 . rIÉ cMnYnmFüménGñkEdl)ancMNak®sukkñúgcMeNamGñkEdl manlT§PaBrkcMNUlsMrab;®KYsar KW 1>95 . cMeBaHcMnYnmFümPaKénGñkEdl)aneFVICakmµkrkat;edr kñúg®KYsarvijKWmanrhUtdl;eTA 1>40 . enHCakarbgðaj[eXIjfa kmµkrEdlcMNakRsuk CaBiess kmµkreragcRkkat;edr CakmøaMgBlkmµmYycMENkFMsMrab;rkcMNUlCYy®T®Tg;dl;®kumRKYsarEdr . dUcKañ enHEdr cMNucxagelIenH)anbgðajfa man®kumRKYsarCaeRcInEdlmansmaCikRKYsarmkeFVIkarenAtam eragcRkkat;edrelIsBImañk; .

CarYm smaCikRKYsarEdl)ancMNakRsukKW®sþIv½yekµgenAlIv. eK)anrkeXIjfa kñúg 218RKYsarEdl )ansMPasn_mansmaCikEdleFVICakmµkrkat;edrTaMgGs;cMnYn 306nak;. kñúgcMeNamkmµkr 306nak;/ manRsþIcMnYn 254 nak; ¬83°¦. cMENkGayurbs;BYkeK kt;®ta)anBIkmµkrEt 305nak;bu:eNÑaH. Cak;EsþgGayuCamFüménkmµkrEdlcas;CageKbMputEdlsßitkñúg218RKYsarenaHKW 23>75qñaM . cMeBaH GayuCamFüménGñkcas;CageKlMdab;TI2 kñúgcMeNam71RKYsarKW 21>62qñaM nigGayuCamFüménGñk cas;CageKlMdab;TI3 kñúgcMeNam13RKYsarKW 21>54 qñaM. rIÉGayuCamFüménGñkcas;CageKlMdab;TI4 kñúgcMeNam3RKYsarKW 20 qñaM. tamkarkt;sMKal; mankmµkr10nak;kñúgcMeNamkmµkr 305 nak;KWCa GnitiCn eBalKW)ancUleFVIkartaMgBIGayuminTan;dl; 18emø:H . cMeBaHsßanPaB®KYsarrbs;kmµkr )an kt;®taBt’manenH®twmEt 305 nak;bu:eNÑaH. CarYm 239nak; ¬78°¦ enAlIv rIÉ57nak; ¬17°¦ erobkarrYcehIy nig 12 nak; ¬4°¦ CaRsþIemma:y edayET,kman 2 nak; )anEbkKña b¤ElglHKña.

39

RbvtþiénkareFVIcMNakRsuk nig sßankarN_epSg²

tamkarsMPasn_CamYyRkumRKYsarenAkñúgXuMlVa nigXuMRkaMgsVay )anbBa¢ak;fa smaCik®KYsarrbs;BYkeK )anecjeTAeFVIkarenAPñMeBjtaMgBImunqñaM 1997 nigmankarekIneT,Igya:gxøaMgqñaM 2000 nigbnÞab;mk)an Føak;cuHvijbnþicehIyenAefr EteT,Igx<s;xøaMgmþgeTotenAkñúgqñaM 2003 ¬sUmemIltaragTI10¦. kñúgxN³eBlEdlkarcMNakRsukBlkmµtamrdUvkalrbs;burseTAkan;TIRkugPñMeBjKW ekItmanCaFmµta enAkñúgTsvtSr_1990 kñúgeBlenaHk¾mankarrIklUtlas;énvis½ykat;edrenAkñúgshsSvtSfµI Edl)an CMruj[ manrlkfµImYyénkarcMNakBlkmµBICnbTmkkan;TIRkug EdlPaKeRcIn®sþIv½yekµgman»kas)an eFVIkargarkñúgry³eBlEvg.

taragTI 10³ qñaMEdlkmµkr)anecjBIRkumRKYsarmkcab;epþImkargarenAeragcRkkat;edr XuMlVa nig XuMRkaMgsVay extþéRBEvg

Ex kBaØa-tula 2004 qñaM cMnYn PaKry

mun b¤ enAqñaM 1997 15 6.9

1998 15 6.9 1999 24 11.1 2000 34 15.7 2001 29 13.4 2002 31 14.4 2003 38 17.6 2004 30 13.9 cMnYn®KYsarEdl)anpþl;cMelIysrub= 116

ktþaTak;Tajedaysarman»kaskargareFVIenAkñúgeragcRkkat;edrKWCa Psþútagc,as;las;EdleFVIeGay smaCik®kumRKYsarrbs;eK RtUvcMNak®sukmkrkkargareFVIenATI®kug. b:uEnþktþaCMrujk¾CaehtuplsMxan; EdleFVIeGaysmaCik®KYsarrbs;BYkeKcMNakRsukEdr ¬sUmemIltaragTI11¦ . ]bsKÁEdl)anCYb ®bTHedaysarPaBraMgs¶Üt nigTwkCMnn;kñúgtMbn;Edl)anRsavRCav )anbMpøajpldMNaMRsUvry³eBl4qñaM Cab;²KñaknøgmkenH nig)aneFVIeGay[ksikrCaeRcInCMBak;bMNuleKedaysar minmanlT§PaBTUTat; cMeBaHkarxatbg;kñúgkareFVIE®scMkarrbs;BYkeK . rIÉbMNulTak;TgnwgkarBüa)alsuxPaB )andak;TMgn; bEnßmeTAlIvibtþiEdleKman®sab;eTot . edaysarkgVH»kaskargaredIm,IkMérenAkñúgPUmi nigkgVHxat FnFanedIm,I®bkbmuxbrbrGVImYy eTIbRbCaCnRtUvEsVgrkCMerIsepSgeToteRkABIenAkñúgextþéRBEvg.

40

taragTI 11³ mUlehtuEdleFVIeGaysmaCik®KYsareFVIcMNakRsuk

XuMlVa nig XuMRkaMgsVay extþéRBEvg Ex kBaØa-tula qñaM 2004

mUlehtu cMnYn PaKry Tinñpl®sUvmin®Kb;®Kan; 180 83.7

kargarmanenAeragcRkkat;edr 165 76.7

»kaskargarenAtamPUmiminsUvman 154 71.6

kgVHxatFnFanykeTA®bkbmuxrbr 138 64.2

bMNuledaysarcMNayelIsuxPaB 78 36.3

bMNuledaysarkareFVIE®scMkar 64 29.8

PaBKµandIFøI ¬RkumRKYsarminmandIERs¦ 12 5.6

bMNulbNþalmkBIkarelgEl,g 2 0.9

epSg² 17 7.9

cMnYn®KYsarEdl)anpþl;cMelIysrub³ 215

edIm,ITTYl)ankargareFVIenAeragcRkkat;edr Canic©kalTamTareGaymankarCYyeRCamERCgBIGñkdéT. CagBak;kNþalén®KYsarEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_cMnYn 216 nak; ¬120nak; b¤ 55°¦ )anrMlwkfa smaCik RKYsarrbs;xøÜnTTYl)ankargareFVIenAeragcRkkat;edredaymansac;jatiCYy . GñkxøHeTot ¬50 nak; b¤ 23°¦ manmitþPkþiCYy EtGñkxøHeTot ¬46 nak; b¤ 21°¦ rkkargar)aneFVIedayxøÜnÉg.

karsUkluyedIm,ITTYl)ankargarkñúgeragcRkkat;edrekItmanCaTUeTA eTaHbIminEmn®Kb;krNIk¾eday. bu:EnþvaCakarGnuvtþCak;Esþg. Cak;Esþg 95 RKYsar ¬44 °¦ cMeNam 218 RKYsarEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_ bBa¢ak;fa smaCik®KYsarrbs;eK)ansUkluyedIm,ITTYl)ankargareFVIenAeragcRkkat;edr . tamFmµta cMnYnCamFümEdl)ansUkluyeKKWmankMritx<s;rhUtdl;eTA 51>98 duløar. kñúgcMeNamRkumRKYsarEdl )ansMPasn_95RKYsarEdl)ansUkluyeKenaH man81RKYsar)anx©IluyedIm,IykeTAsUkeK. kñúgcMeNam ®KYsarEdl)anx©IeK man69RKYsar)ansgeKrYcral;ehIy . dUcKñaenHEdr kñúgcMeNam95®KYsarEdl)an sUkluy man33RKYsar)anlk;RTBüsm,tþi edIm,IykeTAsUkeK b¤sgbMNulEdl)anx©IeKykeTAsUk )a:n;enaH. RTBüsm,tþiEdl)anlk;rYmman RCUk eKa dI nigeRKOgGlgáar.

41

kmµsiT§idIFøI nigplitkmµksikmµ

cab;taMgBImankarEbgEckdIERseLIgvijdl;RbCaksikrenAedImTsvtSr_TI 80enaHmk karbgábegáInpl RsUvenAelIdILÚt_bnþicbnþÜc)ankøayCayuT§saRsþsMxan;sMrab;ciBa©wmCIvit®KYsarkñúgXuMlVa nigXuMRkaMgsVay . kñúgeBleBl®sav®CavkalBIEx kBaØa-tula 2004 )anrkeXIjfa 202 RKYsar ¬93°¦ én218RKYsar Edl®tUv)ansMPasn_ mankmµsiT§idIERs . mFümPaKénépÞdIERsEdlkan;kab;edayRkum RKYsarTaMg 202 enaH manEt 1/56 hikta . ®sbeBlenaHEdr man63RKYsar ¬29°¦ énRKYsarcMnYn 218 Edl®tUv )ansMPasn_ )anCYldIERseK . mFümPaKénépÞdIERsEdl)anCYledayRkumRKYsar TaMg61Edl)anpþl; cMelIy manRtwmEt 0/85hiktabu:eNÑaH . sUmbBa¢ak;fa 60 ®KYsarkñúgcMeNam63®KYsarEdl)anCYldI eKenaH k¾Ca®KYsarEdlmandIE®srbs;eKxøHEdr . kñúgrdUvbgábegáInplqñaMknøgeTAenH man191RKYsar ¬93°¦ én205RKYsarEdlmandIE®senaH )an bgábegáInplenAelIdIERsrbs;BYkeKEdr. Ep¥kelI®kumRKYsar190Edl)aneqøIy épÞdICamFümEdl)an bgábegáInplkñúgqñaMknøgmk manEt1/48hikta ehIyTTYl)anplRsUvCamFüm 1>581 ¬mYyBan; ®)aMryEb:tsibmYy¦ KILÚRkam b¤ 1/58etan . enAeBlEdlKNnaCaTinñplkñúgmYyhiktavij eKeXIj )anTinñpld¾TabmYyKW 1/07 etan . ebIe®bobeFobeTAnwgsmaCik®KYsarCamFümEdlkMBugEtrs;enAÉ pÞHRbmaN 4/89 enaH mñak;²)anTTYlRsUv®twmEt 323KILÚRkam BIkarRbmUlplnaqñaMknøgmk. ebIeK cab;epþImKitbBa©ÚlsmaCikEdl)anmkkat;edrEdrenaH mñak;²GacTTYl)an®sUvCamFümRtwmEt 231 KILÚRkambu:eNÑaH . tampl®sUvEdlTTYl)anknøgmk karEdlmansmaCikkñúg®KYsarcMNakRsukKWCa karkat;bnßynUvbnÞúkF¶n;mYyenARKYsarrbs;eK. minEmnCaerOgcEmøkenaHeT enAeBlEdlman®KYsarEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_ 172 nak; ¬84°¦kñúgcMeNam 204®KYsarenaH )anGHGagfa karRbmUlplRsUvrbs;BYkeK minRKb;RKan;edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;RKYsarry³eBl mYyqñaMeT . PaKeRcInbMput ¬96°¦ én®KYsarEdlmankarxVHxat RtUvkarTijRsUvcUlbEnßm sMrab;ry³ eBl2Ex b¤elIsBIenH . edayET,k man®KYsarCagBak;kNþal ¬58°¦ RtUvkarTijRsUvcUlbEnßm sMrab;ry³eBl4Ex b¤eRcInCagenH nig ®KYsar 1¼4 ¬27°¦ RtUvkarTijRsUvbEnßmsMrab;ry³ eBl6Ex b¤eRcInCagenH.

42

edaysare®KaHraMgs¶ÜtxøaMg)aneFVI[b:HBal;dl;XuMTaMgBIrenAcugqñaM 2004 )aneFVIeGayvibtþikñúgvis½y ksikmµesÞIrEtkøayCavibtþiEdlkan;EtF¶n;F¶reT,IgEfmeTot . nardUvbgábegáInplbc©úb,nñ 193RKYsar ¬94°¦ kñúgcMeNam205RKYsarEdlmandIERskMBugEtmmajwkkñúgkareFVIE®s . Etedaysarplvi)ak eRKaHraMgs¶Üt PaKeRcInénksikrTaMgenaHminGac)a:n;sµanfa nwgTTYl)anTinñplbu:nµanenaHeT . TnÞwm nwgenHk¾man72®KYsarrMBwgTukfa plRsUvEdlkMBugEtxitxMeFVI nwg)anCamFüm®bEhl849KILÚRkam . cMnYnTinñpl®sUvrMBwgTukenH rwtEtTabCag eBalKWesµInwg 46° énTinñpl®sUvCamFümEdl)anTTYlna rdUvkalbgábegáInplkñúgqñaMknøgmk. kñúgxN³eBlEdl®KYsarmYycMnYntUcKµandIFøI ¬16®KYsar b¤7°¦ kñúgcMeNamRkumRKYsarTaMg218 Edl ®tUv)ansMPasn_enaH eKyl;eXIjfa manninñakarmYyQaneTArkvismPaBFnFandIFøI kan;EtelceLIg. kñúgcMeNamRkumRKYsarTaMgGs;Edl®tUv)ansMPasn_ man 43RKYsar ¬20°¦ )anlk;dIERs. rIÉépÞRkLa CamFümEdl)anlk;eday 41 ®KYsaresµInwg 0/92 hikta. pÞúyeTAvij man48RKYsar ¬22°¦ én RkumRKYsarEdl)ansMPasn_TaMgGs; )anTijdIERsEdlmanépÞdIEdl)anTijCamFüm 1/83hikta . KYrkt;sMKal;fa 34 ®KYsar ¬79°¦énGñklk;dITaMgGs; minEmnCaGñkFøab;)anTijdIE®senaHeT ehIy nigedayET,k 39 ®KYsar ¬81°¦énGñkTijdIE®sTaMgGs; k¾minEmnCaGñkFøab;)anlk;dIé®senaHEdr. erOgra:gTaMgenH )anbgðajeGayeXIjnUverOgra:vepSg²KñaénGñkEdlBak;B½n§kñúgkarTij niglk;dIE®s. Cak;Esþg GñkEdllk;dIERs mandIEsticCagGñkmin)anlk; CamFüm 0/71 hikta . cMENkGñkTij dIE®svij mandIERse®cInCagGñkmin)anTij CamFüm 0/85 hikta . emXuMRkaMgsVay)aneFVIGtßaFib,ay fa GñkTijdIEdlrs;enAkñúgmUldæanEdrenaH )anxitxMTijdIBI®KYsarEdllk;dIkñúgeBlmane®KaHGasnñ edIm,IB®gIkTMhMdIkmµsiT§irbs;BYkeK. karepJIR)ak;rbs;kmµkrcMNakRsuk RkumRKYsarTaMgGs;EdlRtUv)ansMPasn_suT§EtmansmaCik®KYsareFVICakmµkrkat;edr. dUecñH CakarFmµta Edlman206RKYsar ¬94°¦ én®KYsarEdl)ansMPasn_TaMg218RKYsar )anTTYlR)ak;epJI]btßmÖBI smaCik®KYsarEdlCakmµkrkat;edrenaH. cMnYnCamFümRbcaMExEdlRKYsarTaMg205 )anTTYlKW 16/12 duløar. RkumRKYsarTaMgenaH )aneRbIR)as;luyEdl)anTTYlsMrab;CYypÁt;pÁg;CIvPaB®KYsar man®KYsarxøH )anykeTA®bkbmuxrbrxñattUc ¬sUmemIltaragTI12¦. Cak;Esþg eTaHbICaBt’manlMGitTak;TgeTAnwg

43

bBaðaes,ogkþI EtkarTijes,oGahar RtUv)anBYkeKelIkmkniyayCajwkjab; . karEbgEckluyEdl epJImksMrab;karcMNayelIsuxPaBkñúg®KYsar nigykeTAeFVIE®scMkar k¾®tUv)aneKerobrab;CaTUeTAEdr . e®kABIenaH k¾mankarcMNaysMrab;karsikSaeronsU®trbs;smaCikkñúg®KYsar nigkarTUTat;bMNul. man ®KYsarxøH)anykeTArYmpSMedIm,ITijRTBüsm,tþirYmman pÞH eRKOgynþ sMrab;eFVIE®scMkar dI kmøaMgGUsTaj nigmU:tU . cMENkÉ karykeTA®bkbmuxrbrxñattUcvij man®KYsarmYyPaKtUcbu:eNÑaH .

taragTI 12³ kareRbI®)as;luyrbs;®kum®KYsarenAextþé®BEvg cMeBaHluyEdlkmµkreragcRk)anepJIeTA XuMlVa nig XuMRkaMgsVay extþéRBEvg

Ex kBaØa-tula 2004 muxcMNay cMnYn ¬nak;¦ PaKry

cMNayelIsuxPaBRKYsar 162 78.60

cMNaysMrab;kareFVIE®scMkar 140 68.00

]btßmÖkareronsURtdl;smaCikRKYsar 130 63.10

sgbMNuleK 96 46.60

ykeTATijRTBüsm,tþisMrab;®KYsar 45 21.80

eFVICMnYj b¤muxrbrxñattUc 18 8.70

cMnYn®KYsarEdl)anpþl;cMelIysrub = 215 yuT§saRsþRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvit RkumRKYsarkñúgXuMlVa nigXuMRkaMgsVayEdl)ansMPasn_)an®bkbmuxrbrciBa©wmCIvitrbs;BYkeK tamry³ skmµPaBrkcMNUle®cInEpñkEdlrYmman kareFVIERs kargarcMNakRsuk ¬CaBiess eFVIkarenAeragcRk kat;edr¦ kardaMdMNaM karlk;dUr ¬dUcCa RCUk eKa nigman;¦ suIQñÜleK ¬TaMgkargarksikmµ nigeRkABI ksikmµ¦ kar®bmUlniglk;bEnøbgáaEdl)anBIvalE®s ®BmTaMgkarplit niglk;eRKOgsib,kmµepSg². KYrkt;sMKal;pgEdrfa kñúgcMeNam»kasrkcMNUlTaMgenH eKemIleXIjfa kareFVIE®scMkar nigkargar cMNakRsukKWCaRbPBpÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBd¾sMxan;bMput ¬sUmemIltaragTI13¦. edaysarEtmane®KaHraMgs¶Üt nigTwkCMnn;pÞÜn²Kñakñúgry³eBlbu:nµanqñaMcuge®kayenH nig karbBa©b;kUtanaMcUlsemøokbMBak;enAcugqñaM 2004 eTIbeFVIeGaymuxrbrcm,gEdlnaMmknUvcMNUle®cInsMrab;®KYsardUcEdl)anelIkeT,IgmkenH sßit kñúgPaBmineTogTat;eT,Iy . müa:geTot lT§PaBénkarvil®tT,b;rbs;kmµkrkat;edrkñúgcMnYne®cIneTAkan;

44

PUmikMeNItrbs;eKenAÉé®BEvg GacCabnÞúkF¶n;bEnßmeTotcMeBaH®KYsar kñúgxN³Edlesdækic©®KYsarBwg Ep¥keTAelIEtkareFVIE®scMkar ehIymin)anpll¥pgenaH . ®sedogKñaenHEdr karman»kastictYcsMrab; GñkcMNakBlkmµmkBICnbT mkkan;TI®kugPñMeBj nwgbnþeFVIeGaysmaCik®KYsarEdlcab;epþImmanv½y GacCYyrkcMNUlkñúg®KYsar)an EbrCaenArg;caMBwgEp¥kEteTAelImuxrbreFVIE®scMkarEdlmanTinñplTab ®sab; ehIyEdlgaynwgb:HBal;edaye®KaHmhnþrayFmµCati .

taragTI 13³ cMNat;fñak;én®bePTmuxrbrrbs;RkumRKYsar

XuMlVa nig XuMRkaMgsVay extþéRBEvg Ex kBaØa-tula 2004

sMxan;Nas; sMxan;lMdab; TI2

sMxan;lMdab; TI3

sMxan;lMdab; TI4

sMxan;lMdab; TI5

®bePTmuxrbr

cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° eFVIERs nigdaMdMNaM 164 79.6 22 11 3 1.9 1 2.4 0 0

kargarcMNakRsuk ¬rYmTaMgkargar kñúgeragcRkkat;edr¦

31 15 119 59.8 44 27.7 7 17.1 0 0

eFVIkarlk;-dUr ¬stVBahn³ nig stVsøab¦

4 1.9 40 20.1 68 42.8 14 34.1 3 42.8

suIQñÜleFVIkargartamPUmi ¬sIuQñÜl eFVIE®s nigkargarepSg²tamPUmi¦

5 2.4 13 6.5 36 22.6 15 36.6 2 28.6

plit niglk;eRKOgsib,kmµ 2 1 5 2.5 8 5 4 9.8 2 28.6

srub 206 99.9 199 99.9 159 100 41 100 7 100

tamry³kMriténcMNayRbcaMRKYsar )anqøúHeGayeXIjBICIvPaB®KYsarEdlsßitenAkñúgkMritTabenAeT,Iy . RkumRKYsarEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_)anniyayfa Kat;)ancayvayR)ak;cMNUlPaKeRcIneTAelIes,ogGahar karcMNayelIkareFVIE®scMMkardUcCa CI fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it nigedayET,k sMrab;karBüa)alsuxPaBkñúg ®KYsar ¬sUmemIltaragTI 14¦. cMENkÉ karykeTATijRTBüsm,tþi nigeFVICMnYjxñattUc Kwmantic tYcNas; . tamBiteTA ]sSahkmµkat;edr)anpþl;plRbeyaCn_Epñkesdækic©xøHsMrab;RkumRKYsarenA TICnbTkñúgextþéRBEvgEdl)ansMPasn_mkenH Et]sSahkmµenH min)anelIkkMBs;®kum®KYsarTaMgenH eGayhYsBIkMritCIvPaBtUcTab eBalKW min)ankøayeTACa®KYsarman®TBüsm,tiþGVIe®cInenaHeT,Iy .

45

taragTI 14³ cMNat;fñak;énkMritcMNayrbs;RkumRKYsar XuMlVa nig XuMRkaMgsVay extþéRBEvg

Ex kBaØa-tula 2004 cMNayeRcIn cMNaylMdab;

TI2 cMNaylMdab;

TI3 cMNaylMdab;

TI 4 cMNaylMdab;

TI5 muxcMNay

cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° es,ogGahar 144 70.2 36 17.6 19 10.2 2 2.0 0 0

cMNaysMrab;eFVIE®scMkar 34 16.6 99 48.3 36 19.2 10 10.2 0 0

cMNayelIsuxPaB 21 10.2 56 27.3 88 47.0 16 16.3 2 20

sgbMNul 5 2.4 10 4.8 37 19.9 53 54.1 4 40

TijRTBüsm,tþi 0 0 4 1.9 3 1.6 12 12.2 2 20

eFVICMnYjxñattUc 1 0.5 0 0 4 2.1 5 5.1 0 0

srub 205 99.9 205 99.9 187 100 98 99.9 10 100

karedaHRsayvibtþi kñúgcMeNam®KYsarEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_ 218RKYsar man192RKYsar ¬88°¦ )anTTYlsÁal;fa BYkKat; )anCYbvibtþienHkñúgry³kalBI5qñaMknøgmkenH. vibtþiEdl)anekIteLIgjwkjab;CageKEdl)anbBa¢ak;CUn kñúgcMeNam®KYsarTaMg192nak;enaHKW karxUcxatpl®sUvdMNaM ¬146RKYsar b¤ 76°¦ nigsmaCik RKYsarmanCMgW ¬140®KYsar b¤73°¦. enAeBlRbQmmuxnwgvibtþinana RkumRKYsarTaMgenaH)aneqøIytb tammeFüa)aye®cInya:g mandUcCa BYkKat;)ankat;bnßykarhUbcukkñúg®KYsar EsVgrkCMnYyBIsac;jati x©IbuledaymankarR)ak; niglk;RTBüsm,tþixøHdUcCa stVBahn³ eRKOgGlgáar nigdIFøI.

46

TMnak;TMngeynD½rkñúg®KYsar kñúgcMeNam®KYsarEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_TaMg 218RKYsar man170RKYsar ¬78°¦ )anniyayfa BYkKat;)anRbQmmuxnwgkgVHkMlaMgBlkmµkñúgpÞH taMgBIsmaCikRKYsar)anecjBIpÞHeTArkkargareFVI ehIykgVHkMlaMgBlkmµenH )anb:HBal;dl;kargarplitkmµ ¬kareFVIERs nigkarciBa©wmstV¦ k¾dUcCa kargarkñúg nigCuMvijpÞHsEm,g ¬karcMGinGahar e)akKk; nigkaremIlEfTaMekµg nigmnusScas;enAkñúg RKYsar¦ ¬sUmemIltaragTI15¦.

taragTI 15³ RbePTénbBaðakgVHkMlaMgBlkmµEdlRkumRKYsar)anRbQmmux

extþéRBEvg Ex kBaØa-tula 2004 RbePTénbBaða cMnYn PaKry

kgVHkMlaMgBlkmµeFVIERscMkar 160 94.10

kgVHBlkmµemIlEfstV 97 57.10

kgVHBlkmµsMrab;cMGinGahar nigsMGatpÞHsEm,g 83 48.80

kgVHBlkmµsMrab;kare)akKk; 71 41.80

kgVHBlkmµemIlEfTaMekµgtUc² 49 28.80

kgVHBlkmµemIlEfTaMmnusScas; 36 21.20

kgVHBlkmµedIm,ICYylk;dUrenAkñúgpÞH 7 4.10

epSg² 10 5.90

cMnYn®KYsarEdl)anpþl;cMelIysrub = 170 eTaHCamankar)at;bg;nUvkmµlaMgBlkmµenAÉpÞHk¾eday RkumRKYsarPaKeRcInKW 181 RKYsar ¬83°¦ én®KYsarEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_218RKYsar)anGHGagfa smaCikRKYsareFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edr man sar³sMxan;sMrab;RkumRKYsarnaeBlbc©úb,nñenH CagBImunkarcab;epþImeFVIkargarenAPñMeBj . edaysarPaK eRcInénkmµkrKWCaRsþI enHCakarbgðajeGayeXIjnUvPaBRbesIreLIgénsßanPaB b¤zan³rbs;RsþIenAkñúg RkumRKYsar . tamlT§plénkarBiPakSa®kumtUc²CamYyfñak;dwknaMPUmi k¾)anbgðajnUvkaryl;RsbdUcKña EdrfasßanPaBb¤zan³rbs;RsþIEdlCakmµkrkat;edr)anBitCamanPaBRbesIrenAkñúg®KYsarEmn. Cak;Esþg pl®beyaCn_EdlTTYl)anBIkarepJIR)ak;]btßmÖrbs;kmµkr GacTUTat;Kña)anCamYynwgbBaðakgVHBlkmµ Edl®kum®KYsar)an®bQmknøgmk.

47

xN³EdlsßanPaB b¤zan³rbs;kmµkr nigRsþI)an®besIreLIg edaykarbMeBjkargarenAeragcRkkat;edr eyIgBinitüeXIjfa 202 RKYsar ¬93°¦ én®KYsarEdl)ansMPasn_TaMgGs; )ansMEdgnUvkþIkgVl;GMBI smaCikRKYsarrbs;eKEdlkMBugEtrs;enA nigeFVIkarenATIRkugPñMeBj. kgVl;cMbgrbs;RkumRKYsarTaMgenaH KWTak;TgnwgsuvtßiPaBpÞal;xøÜn bBaðasuxPaB lkçx½NÐénkarrs;enA nigkþI)armÖxøacsmaCik®KYsarrbs;xøÜn Edl)anmkeFVIkarenH rs;enAkeNþackENþgmñak;Ég. man®KYsarCagBak;kNþal ¬132RKYsar b¤ 61°¦ énRkumRKYsarTaMg 218 )andwgfa kic©RBmeRBog GnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµCamYyshrdæGaemriknwgRtUvbBa©b;enAcugqñaM 2004. PaKeRcInén®KYsarTaMgenH )an GHGagfa smaCikRKYsarEdlCakmµkr KYrEtRtLb;eTAkan;PUmikMeNItvij ebIBYkeKRtUv)at;bg;kargarenA tameragcRkenAkñúgqñaM 2005 . bu:Enþk¾man®KYsarCae®cIn)anKitEdrfa BYkeKk¾nwgGacRtLb;eTATIRkug PñMeBjvij edIm,IrkkargareFVIenAtameragcRkkat;edrdéTeTot nigkargarepSg²eTot. bBaðaenHk¾Føab; ekItmanknøgmkCahUrEhEdr eBalKW enAeBlEdlsmaCikCakmµkrxøH)an)at;bg;kargar BYkeK)an vilmkrkkargarenATI®kugPñMeBjvij . cMENkÉ karBiPakSakñúg®kumtUc)anbeBa©jTsSn³fa BYkeKman karKaM®T nigcg;eGaykUnRbuseFVIkarenAPñMeBj eRcInCagkUnRsI.

48

krNIsikSamYycMnYnénRkumRKYsarenAextþéRBEvgEdlmansmaCikCakmµkr

EpñkenHmankarlat®tdagnUvRbvtþierOgra:vrbs;RkumRKYsarkmµkrmYycMnYn enAextþþXuMlVa nigXuM®kaMgsVay kñúg®suk®BHesþc extþé®BEvg . krNIsikSaenH manerobrablGMBIsar³sMxan;énkargarkat;edr cMeBaH CIvPaB®KYsarEdlBwgEp¥kelIkareFVIE®scMkar ehIyEdlBYkeKkMBugEtxitxM®bkbrbrenH edIm,IciBa©wmCIvit kñúgxN³eBlEdlmankarcMNayx<s;sMrab;kareFVIE®scMkar karFøak;cuHénTinñpl®sUvbNþalmkBIman e®KaHraMgs¶Üt nigTwkCMnn;pÞÜn²Kña nigkarEbgEckdIE®scMkareTAeGaysmaCik®KYsarEdl)anerobkarrYc pgenaH . sMrab;®KYsarmYycMnYn karepJI®)ak;mkpÞHrbs;smaCikkat;edr mansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;CYy dl;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;®kum®KYsar . É®kum®KYsarxøHeTot luyepJImkenH )anCYydl;karcMNayEpñk suxPaBkúñug®KYsar . sMrab;®KYsarmYycMnYneTot luyenH)anCYybn§ÚrbnßykarxVHxat®sUvGgárkñúg®KYsar. eTaHbIeKemIleXIjfa ®KYsarCae®cInEdl)anelIkeT,IgkñúgkrNIsikSaTTYlpl®beyaCn_Epñkesdækic©BI kargareragc®kkat;edrk¾eday plvi)akénkarrs;enAEbkKñak¾ekItmanCak;EsþgEdr. CaBiess «Bukmþay mankarxVayxVl;GMBIkUn²enAlIvEdlkMBugEtrs;enAÉTI®kugPñMeBj . BYkeKnwkKitfa kUn®sIrbs;BYkeKGac nwgerobkarCamYybursmkBIextþepSg²EdlGacnwgminvil®tT,b;mkrs;enAkñúgPUmikMeNItvij . kñúgxN³ eBlCamYyKñaenaHEdr »kassMrab;eFVIkarenACuMvijPUmikMeNIt mantictYcNas; . edaysarkmµkremIl eXIjnUv»kaskargarl¥enAkñúgTI®kug eTIbBYkeKsuxcitþrs;enAkñúgPaBkeNþackENþgq¶ayBI®kum®KYsar nig xitxM®bwgE®bgeFVIkargar . kareFVIkargarelIsema:ge®cInKWCa kargarEdlkmµkr)anTTYleFVICaTUeTA ehIy mankrNImYyEdl)anbBa¢ak;fa kmµkr)andYleTAelIkMral\dæedaymindwgxøÜn . edayET,k ®sþIEdl mankUn EtgEtTukkUnrbs;eKeGay«BukmþayCYyemIlEfTaMenAÉextþedaysarkargare®cIneBk . tam karerobrab; TaMgkmµkr nig®kum®KYsarrbs;BYkeK mankarBwgEp¥kmkelIkargarmYyEdlmanPaBmineTog Tat;eT,Iy . CarYm BYkeKminman\Ti§BlGVI edIm,ICMrujeGay]sSahkmµkat;edreGayenAbnþeTAmuxeTot CYyelIkMBs;enACIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeKenaHeT .

49

krNIsikSaTI 1³ RKYsarrbs;elak Eg:t exg nig Gñk®sI hY‘t sufa enAPUmietñatRcuH XuMlVa

elak Eg:t exg nigPriya hY‘t sufa )anrs;enAkñúgmYyCIvitrbs;BYkeKenAkñúgPUmietñatRcuH XuMlVa. bc©úb,nñ enH elak exg manGayu 49 qñaM cMENkGñkRsIsufa manGayu 48 qñaM KUsVamIPriyaenHmankUnbInak; ehIysuT§EtenAlIv . kUnRbusrbs;BYkKat;eQµaH Eg:t vNѳ Gayu 25 qñaM kMBugrs;enA nigeFVIE®scMkar CamYy«Bukmþay . bu:EnþkUnRsITaMgBIrrbs;Kat; Eg:t ma:éL Gayu 22 qñaM nig Eg:t suxa Gayu 19 qñaM )aneFVIcMNakRsukeTAeFVIkargarkat;edrenATIRkugPñMeBj.

kBaØa Eg:t suxa Cab¥ÚnRsIeBAkñúgcMeNambgb¥ÚnRsITaMgBIr )ancakecjBIpÞHmuneKry³eBlbIqñaMmkehIy bnÞab;BInag)anbBa©b;karsikSafñak;TI9 . kBaØa)anrs;enATIRkugPñMeBjCamYymitþPkþimkBIPUmiCamYyKña. enAqñaMdMbUg kBaØaminGacrkkargar)aneFVIenAkñúgeragcRkEdlRKb;RKgedaybreTsenaHeT dUecñH kBaØaRtUv cMNayeBlrbs;nag eronedrsMelokbMBak;[GñkCMnYjRsIþkñúgRsukmñak; . kBaØarkR)ak;)anbnþicbnþÜc ehIyRtUvBwgEp¥kelIRkumRKYsarenAPUmietñat®cuH edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBnagenATIRkug . «Bukmþayrbs;kBaØa )anepJIGgár15KILÚRkam nigfvika 25/000erolsMrab;qñaMdMbUg . luHeRkaymknagk¾rkkargar )aneFVI enAkñúgeragcRkkat;edrEdlmanm©as;CaCnbreTs.

tambTBiesaFn_rbs;kBaØa Eg:t ma:éL EdlCabgRsIKWRbhak;RbEhlnwgb¥ÚnRsIEdr. nag)aneFVIcMNak RsukeTAkan;RkugPñMeBjry³eBl2qñaMmkehIy bnÞab;BInag)anbBa©b;fñak;mFümsikSa bu:EnþnagRtUvcMNay eBlevlaeronedrCamYyGñkebIkhagkat;edrkñúgRsukmñak; . R)ak;cMNUlrbs;nageBlenaH)antictYc ehIy)anb¥ÚnRsIrbs;nageQµaH suxa CYypÁt;pÁg;nagbEnßm . «Bukmþayrbs;kBaØa ma:éL k¾)anpþl;Ggár [nag 15KILÚRkamerogral;BIrExmþg . bgb¥ÚnRsITaMg2 bc©úb,nñenHkMBugrs;enACamYyKña nigeFVIkarenA eragcRkCamYyKña Edlkñúgeragc®kenHCakargardMbUgrbs;kBaØa ma:éL bu:EnþCaeragcRkTI3sMrab;kBaØa suxa. BYkeKmñak;²suT§Et)ansUkluyeK edIm,ITTYl)ankargareFVIenAtameragcRk . bc©úb,nñenH ma:suIn edrEdleK)anhat;eron RtUv)anykeTArkSaTukenAÉpÞHPUmikMeNIt ehIyBYkeKTaMgBIrkMBugTTYl)an cMNUlCaduløar kñúgnamCakmµkarinIeragcRkkat;edr.

50

\LÚvenH edaysarkUnRsITaMgBIrEdlkMBugrkcMNUl)anBIeragcRk eTIbman®)ak;cMNUlepJIRtT,b;mk ®kum®KYsarenAextþéRBEvgCabeNþIrvijehIy. GñkRsI hY‘t sufa )anGHGagfa Kat;min)anTTYlR)ak; EdlkUnRsITaMgBIrrbs;Kat;epJImkeTogTat;eT. tamFmµta GñkRsITTYl)an®)ak;BIkUnRsI enAeBlNa EdlkUnmkelgpÞHkñúgeBlBYkeKsMrakBIkargar bu:EnþfµI²enH GñkRsITTYl)an50 duløarBIkUnRsITaMg2nak; ehIyGMLúgeBlraMgs¶ÜtkalBIbu:nµanExknøgmkenH kUnRsITaMgBIr)anepJI 50 duløarpgEdr sMrab;TijsaMg bUmTwkdak;E®s. GñkRsI sufa )anbEnßmeTotfa RbsinkUnRsITaMgBIreFVIkarelIsema:g BYkeKnwgTTYl )anluybEnßmedIm,IepJImkpÞH bu:EnþebImin)aneFVIkargarelIsema:geT mankarlM)aksMrab;BYkeKkñúgkarepJI R)ak;mk[BYkeyIg. kBaØa ma:éL nig suxa TTYl)aneborvtSkñúgmñak;²cMnYn 45 duløar kñúg1Ex edayminmankargarEfmema:g . CamYyKñaenHEdr BYkeKTaMgBIrnak;RtUvcMNay 25 duløarsMrab;QñÜlbnÞb; bUknwgéføTwkePøIgcMnYn 5 duløareTot . BYkeKminmansl;R)ak;eRcIneT eRkayeBlcMNayelIéføGahar sMelokbMBak; nigsMPar³pÞal;xøÜn. kareFVIERscMkarrbs;RkumRKYsar

RKYsarelak Eg:t exg nig GñkRsI hY‘t sufa manépÞdIERs 1/7 hiktaEdldl;rdUvRbmUlplmþg² TTYl)anplRsUv 1/5etan b¤ ®twmEt 0/9etankñúgmYyhikta ebIkarbgárbegáIn plenaHminRtUv)anbMpøaj edayeRKaHraMgs¶Üt nigTwkCMnn;eTenaH. kalBIrdUvRbmUlpl 2003-2004knøgmk edaysar eRKaHraMgs¶Üt Kat;RbmUlpl)anRtwmEt1etanb:ueNÑaH bu:EnþkñúgrdUveFVIE®sqñaM 2004-2005fµI²enH eRKaHraMgs¶Üt)aneFVI[raMgsÞHdl;kardksÞÚgnaExkkáda ehIyTwkCMnn;bnþbnÞab; )anBnüardMeNIrkarenaHbnþ eTAmuxeTot . BYkeK)aneFVIkardksÞÚgenAkñúgExkBaØa ehIymanKMeragnwgRcUtkat; enAExmkraxagmux.

eTaHbICaelak exg nigGñkRsI sufa RBmTaMgkUnRbus vNѳ kMBugeFVIkardksÞÚgelIépÞdIERsRbcaMRKYsar k¾eday k¾cMNayelIkareFVIE®smankMritx<s;. cMNayTaMgenaHrYmman cMNayCYl ma:suInbUmTwk sMrab;CI KImI nigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it cMNayCYlGñkdksÞÚg nigRcUtkat; edIm,IbBa©b;kargarTaMgenaHeGayTan;eBl evla nigcMNayelIkare)akRsUvEfmeTot. elak exg )an)a:n;RbmaNfa RKYsarrbs;Kat;RtUvcMNay 700/000 eTA 1 lanerol edIm,IcMNaysMrab;kareFVIE®skñúgmYyrdUv.

edIm,ITb;Tl;eTAnwgkarcMNaykñúgkareFVIE®scMkar RkumRKYsarrbs;Kat;)anciBa©wmRCUk man; nigTa sMrab; lk;. elIsBIenH BYkKat;k¾)aneTAsIuQñÜleFVIERscMkardUcCa dksÞÚg RcUtkat; nigP¢Ürras;edaye®bIeKa

51

rbs;Kat;edIm,I)ankMérxøH. tamFmµta RkumRKYsarrbs;Kat; k¾)anx©IluyBIGñkd¾éTedIm,IcMNay elIkareFVIE®scMkarEdr ehIyR)ak;kMcInwgRtUvbg;karR)ak;RbmaN 30° enAeBlRbmUlpl®sUvmþg. dUc)anerobrab;rYcmkehIy eTaHbICasßitkñúgrdUvkalminman]bsKÁk¾eday k¾dIERsEdlBwgEp¥kEteTAelI TwkePøógTTYl)anTinñplRtwmEt 1/5 etanRsUvbu:eNÑaH. cMeBaHRKYsarTaMgmUlEdlmansmaCik 5nak; RkumRKYsarRtUvkarTinñplRsUv 3etankñúgmYyqñaM . RbsinebIkUnRsITaMg2rs;enACuMKñaÉpÞHvijenaH kareFVI ERsnwgminGacpÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBrbs;BYkeK)aneT . cMeBaHR)ak;Edl EdlkUnRsITaMgBIr)anepJImk sMrab;Tij ®sUvGgárenaH )anCYysMralbnÞúk«Bukmþayrbs;BYkeK)anKYreGaykt;sMKal;. dUecñH enHCakarrYmcMENk ya:gsMxan;énkargarkat;edrsMrab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;®kum®KYsarenAtMbn;CnbTenaH . kar®bemIlemIlGnaKtkñúg®KYsar

elak exg nig GñkRsI sufa cg;eGaykUn®sITaMgBIrKW ma:éT, nigsuxa ®tT,b;mkPUmikMeNItvij nigerobkar enATIenH kñúgéf¶NamYy. EtBYkeKKitfadIE®sEdlman BuMGac®Kb;®Kan;sMrab;CYydl;kUn²TaMgGs;)aneT nigCaBiess enAeBlBYkeKman®kum®KYsarerog²xøÜn . elIsBIenHeTAeTot enAextþé®BEvgBuMmaneragc®k kat;edr b¤eragc®kFM²ÉeToteT . mansib,kmµeFVI\dæmYyenAtambeNþaypøÚvCati )ane®CIserIsGñkeFVIkar BIkñúgPUmi mYycMnYntUcbu:eNÑaH . »kassMrab;rksIuQñÜlepSg²eTotenACuMvijPUmi k¾BuMsUvman . Gñk®sI sufa )anelIkeT,Igfa :ebI ma:éT, nigsuxa ®tT,b;mkPUmikMeNItvij BYkeKminGacrkcMNUl)aneT . ebIenAeFVIenAtameragc®k ya:gehacNas;k¾BYkeKGacCYyxøÜneK)anEdr : . rIÉkUn®busrbs;elak exg nigGñk®sI sufa eQµaHvNѳ k¾)aneFVIdMeNIreTAPñMeBjedIm,IeTArkkargareFVItameragc®kenATIenaHEdr . Etman»kastictYcNas; sMrab;bursv½yekµg ehIykarsUkluycUlk¾x<s;EfmeTot . e®kayBIeFVIkarenA eragc®kmYykñúgry³eBlxøI)anBIrs)aþh_ vNѳk¾vil®tT,b;mkpÞHvij .

sufa )anFUrcitþ edaysarkUn®sITaMgBIr)aneronsU®tkñúgkMritx<s; ehIy)ane®tomxøÜnemIlEfTaMxøÜnÉgkñúg PaBm©as;kar)an . EtKat;enAEt)armÖedaysarkUn®sITaMgBIrnak;sßitenAq¶ay . Kat;mindwgfa mindwgCa manerOgGVIGacekIteT,IgcMeBaHBYkeKTaMgBIreT . Kat;k¾BuM®)akdkñúgcitþfa kUnTaMgBIrnwgvilmkpÞHvij kñúg kal³eTs³NaEdleragc®kbiTTVarenaHeT .

52

krNIsikSaTI 2³ RKYsarrbs;elak sut esg nig GñkRsI can; ra:vI enAPUmietñatRcuH XuMlVa

elak sut esg nigPriyarbs;Kat; can; ra:vI )anrs;enAkñúgPUmietñatRcuH XuMlVaCaerogrhUtmk. bc©úb,nñ enH elak esg manGayu 51 qñaM cMENkGñkRsI ra:vI manGayu 46 qñaM KUsVamIPriyaksikrBIrnak;enHman kUnR)aMbInak; kUnc,gTaMg2)anerobkarrYcehIy ehIyrs;enAciBa©wmRKYsareKedaypÞal; cMENkkUn6nak; epSgeTotkMBugsßitenAkñúgbnÞúkrbs;Kat;enAeT,Iy . ecARsIEdl®tUvCakUnrbs;kUn®busEdl)anerobkar ehIymanGayumindl;mYyqñaMpgenaH kMBugEtrs;enACamYyKat; ehIy«Bukmþayrbs;ecARsIenaH)anCYy ]btßmÖR)ak; 10/000erol kñúgmYyExsMrab;pÁt;pÁg;kUnrbs;eK.

rIÉkUnRsIrbs;Kat;Edl)anerobkarehIyeQµaH sut PI Gayu 24qñaM )aneFVIdMeNIreTAPñMeBjedIm,IeFVIkargar eFVItameragcRkkat;edrkalBIqñaM 2000 EdlkalenaHnagenAlIvenAeT,Iy. nag)aneFVIdMeNIreTAeFVIkar CamYybgéføRsIrbs;nagEdlCaPriyaénbgRbusrbs;nag . edaysarR)ak;ExnadMNak;kardMbUgrbs; nagTabeBk RtwmEt 20 duløar kñúgmYyEx eTIbnag PI )anbþÚreragcRkNaEdlmanR)ak;Exx<s;CagenH. kalenaH «Bukmþaynag)anpÁt;pÁg;nagnUvGgár15KILÚRkamkñúgmYyExedIm,Ipþl;bEnßmelIcMNUlrbs;nag. kalBIqñaM 2001 nag PI )anerobGaBah_BiGah_CamYyGñkrt;mU:tUDubEdlman®sukkMeNItenAextþkMBg;cam ehIybc©úb,nñenHkMBugeFVIkarenAenAPñMeBj . enAeBlnag)anerobkarrYc «Bukmþaynagmin)anpþl;Ggár edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBRKYsarpÞal;rbs;nagenATIRkugPñMeBjeToteT . bc©úb,nñenH nagPI enAeFVIkarenAkñúg eragc®kenAeT,Iy ehIy)an®)ak;Ex 40 duløarkñúgmYyEx . ®)ak;cMNUlenHKWsMrab;CYy®T®Tg;®KYsar rbs;nagenAPñMeBlEdlmankUnkñúgbnÞúkcMnYn2nak;eTot. CaeRcInqñaMmkehIyEdlnag PI )aneFVIkarenA eragcRkkat;edrenATIRkugPñMeBj bu:Enþ nagminEdl)anepJIluykak;eTACUn«Bukmþayrbs;nagenAÉpÞHeT.

elak sut esg nigGñkRsI can; ra:vI k¾mankUnRsIenAlIvmñak;eQµaH sut savI Gayu 22 qñaM kMBugeFVIkarenA eragcRkkat;edrEdr. kBaØa savI )anecjBIPUmiry³eBl5ExehIy bnÞab;BIbuNücUlqñaMExµr eday«Buk rbs;nag)anCUndMeNIrmkdl;PñMeBj . ehIybc©úb,nñenH nagrs;enACamYynwgbgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyrbs;nag EdlmkBIPUmiCamYyKña. dUcbgRsIc,grbs;nagEdr savI min)ansUkluyedIm,ITTYl)ankargareFVIeT . savI Gacrkluy)anRKb;RKan;sMrab;pÁt;pÁg;xøÜnnag ehIymin)anTTYlGgárBI«BukmþaynageT. ebIeTaHfa nag)ancayvayeRcInsMrab;karrs;enArbs;nag k¾nagenAEtGaccat;EcgepJIR)ak;20/000erol¬5 duløar¦

53

kñúgmYyExeTAdl;RkumRKYsarenAextþéRBEvgEdr. mþayrbs; savI)anniyayfa savI minGacCYyrkcMNUl )ankñúgkargareFVIE®sedaysarTwkCMnn;nafµI²enH eTIbnag)ansMerccitþsuMkarGnuBaØatiBI«Bukmþayrbs;nag edIm,IecjeTAeFVIkarenAPñMeBj. kareFVIERscMkarrbs;RkumRKYsar

RKYsarrbs;GñkTaMgBIrmandIkmµsiT§icMnYn 1>5hiktaEdlkñúgenaHdIERsman1hiktasßitenAEk,rPUmi nig dIknøHhiktaeTotenACitsÞwg. épÞdITaMgenH RtUv)aneKEbgEckeGayeTA[®KYsarenHEdlmankUnBIrnak; enArs;CamYykñúgsm½yEdlmankarEbgEckdIE®stamRkumsamKÁIkalBIedImTsSvtSqñaM 1980. dIMmYy hikta sßitkñúgtMbn;Edlrge®KaHraMgs¶Üt eTIbRkumRKYsarminGacRbmUlplRsUvenAelIépÞdIenH)an taMgBI qñaM 2000mkem:øH. karBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugelITwkePøóg dIERsenHRtUv)aneKeFVIkardksÞÚgenAExkkádaKWcMeBl EdlmanePøógFøak;xøaMg. ebIeRbobeFobnwgépÞdIknøHhiktaEdlenACitédTenøemKgÁ dIenHeRsacRsb;eday karbUmTwkbBa©Úl)annacugrdUv. eTaHCaya:gNakþI kalBI4qñaMknøgeTA 2000-2004 TwkCMnn;)aneLIg mk e®kayBImaneRKaHraMgs¶Üt)anbMpøajsMNab ehIy)anxUcTinñplRsUvenAelIépÞdIERsd¾tUcenH. kalBIrdUveFVIE®sqñaM 2004-2005 enH RkumRKYsar)aneFVIkardksÞÚgrYcral;CasßaBrelIépÞdIknøHhikta ehIyTwkCMnn;cab;epþIm®skcuHCabeNþIr²ehIy dUecñH sut esg nig can; ravI minKitfa xøÜnnwgRbQmnwg plvi)aknaeBlxagmuxeLIy.

elak sut esg )an)a:n;RbmaNfa RKYsarKat;RtUvkarRsUv 3etanknøH ¬b¤3/500KILÚRkam¦ edIm,I eqøIytbnwgtMrUvkareRbIR)as;RsUvRbcaMqñaMrbs;RKYsar. tamFmµta RKYsarKat;TTYl)anplRsUBI 500 eTA 600 KILÚRkamenAelIépÞdIknøHhikta sMrab;rdUvkalRbmUlplnImYy². CaP½BVsMNag GgÁkar)a:dik )anpþl;ma:sIunbUmTwksMrab;XuMTaMgmUl eFVIeGay®kum®KYsarrbs;Kat; manlT§PaBbUmTwkeRsacRsb;sMrab; eFVIE®s)anBIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM EdlelIkTImYyKWcab;BIExmIna-sIha nigelIkTIBIrcab;BIEx sIha-mkra . bu:EnþedaysarminTTYl)anTinñplelIépÞdICagmYyhiktaEdleRsacRsb;edayTwkePøógenaH eTIbeFVIeGay RKYsarenH minGacmanes,og®Kb;®Kan;BIITinñpl®sUvEdl)anBIdIERsknøHhiktaenaHeT . edIm,IbMeBj karxVHxatenH kñúgqñaM 2002 elak sut esg )ancab;epþImCYldIeK 0/7hikta enACitRbPBTwkTenøEdl Cab;nwgPUmiFM. edaysarEtdICYlenH sßitenACit®bPBTwkRKb;RKan; dUecñHCaFmµta RKYsarGacRbmUlpl RsUv 1/000 KILÚRkamkñúgmYyelIk²énkareFVIE®sBIrdgkñúgmYyqñaMrbs;Kat; . TinñplenH)anCYybMeBj nUvtMrUvkarkñúg®KYsar)ane®cIn eTaHbIKat;enAEtCYnRbTHnwgkarxVHxatk¾eday.

54

TnwÞwmnwgenHEdr RkumRKYsar)ancMNaye®cInsMrab;kareFVIE®smþg² . karcMNayTaMgenHrYmman éføQñÜl 120 KILÚRkamsMrab;dICYl 0/7hikta kñúgrdUvkalRbmUlplmYyelIk² cMNayelIeRbgsaMgbUmTwk RbEhl200/000erolkñúgmYyelIk² nigcMNayelICIKImIRbEhl 100/000erol sMrab;rdUvkal RbmUlplnImYy². munqñaM 2000 elak sut esg nigGñkRsI can; ra:vI )anCYlkMlaMgBlkmµedIm,IeFVIERs bc©úb,nñenH smaCikRKYsar)aneFVIkardksÞÚgedayxøÜnÉgvij . edIm,IeGay)an®)ak;kassMrab;ykeTA cMNaykñúgkareFVIE®smþg ®kum®KYsark¾)anciBa©wmRCUk man; nigTasMrab;lk;pgEdr. kar®bemIlemIlGnaKtkñúg®KYsar

kñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMknøgmkenH can; ra:vI )anCYyrk®)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RkumRKYsaredaykarplit nig lk;Rsas . BIdMbUg Kat;)aneRbIR)as;RsUvEdleFVI)anBIdIERspÞal;xøÜnedIm,Iplit®sa bnÞab;mkTijGgár BIpSar enAeBlKat;)ancMNUlBIkarlk;®sa . eBlbc©úb,nñenH éføRsUvmantMélx<s; dUecñHKat;RtUvrg;caM rhUtdl;karRbmUlplrYc eTIbKat;cab;epþImbit®saCafµI . smaCikRKYsareFVIkE®Ba©gl¥IsMrab;lk;eTA[ GñkPUmiepSg². kalBImun RKYsarenHmaneKaeRcInk,al bu:EnþBYkKat;)anlk;stVTaMgenaH edaysar TwkCMnn;Cab;²Kña. smaCikRKYsark¾)anCYyrkkMér taMgBIenAEk,r²PUmi rhUtdl;eTAeFVIkarenAPñMeBj bu:Enþ eBlxøH man»kastictYcNas; . sut vuT§I Gayu 20qñaM RtUvCakUnRbusrbs;elak esg nig GñkRsI ra:vI )aneFVIIkargarry³eBlbIExenAeragcRkRkdasmYynaTIRkugPñMeBj bnÞab;mk )anvilRtLb;mkkan;pÞHvij ehIymankargarxøH²Edl®tUveFVIbEnßm. ]sKÁmYyeTotEdl®KYsarenH®tUvCYb®bTHEdrenaHKW Kat;min Tan;dwgc,as;fa enAeBlNadIERsEdl)anCYlRbmaN 0/7hikta nwgRtUv)anm©as;eKykvij e®BaHm©as;dI bc©úb,nñenH eFVIkarenAmþúMTI®bCuMCnGñkelOg.

esg nig ra:vI )anTTYlsÁal;fa kUnRsIrbs;Kat;eQµaH sut savI Gayu 22 qñaM )an®bQmmuxnwg]bsKÁ mYykñúgkareFVIkargarenAeragc®kenAPñMeBj nigpÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBedayxøÜnnagenAPñMeBj. eTaHCaya:gNakþI BYkeKmanPaBkk;ekþA BIeRBaHbgRsI2nak;rbs;nagEdl)anerobkarehIy rs;enACitnagenAnwgTI®kug ®sab;enaH GacCYynagenAeBlmanFur³sMxan; . KUsVamuIPriyaenH manGarmµN_fa savI nwgbnþsñak;enA eFVIkarnaTIRkugPñMeBjyUrb¤qab; GaRs½yelIkargarEdlnagman . EtebInagsMerccitþRtLb;mkkan;Rsuk kMeNItvijenaH «Bukmþaynag)ansnüafa nwgTTYlxusRtUv nigEsVgrkviFICYynag.

55

krNIsikSaTI 3³ RKYsarrbs;elak RBuM sux nig GñkRsI Ekv criya PUmiRBIg XuMRkaMgsVay

elak RBuM sux nigPriyarbs;Kat; Ekv criya kMBugrs;enAkñúgPUmi RBIg XuMRkaMgsVay. bc©úb,nñenH elak sux manGayu 47 qñaM cMENkGñkRsI criya manGayu 45 qñaM KUsVamIPriyaenHmankUn 7nak;. kUnRsI c,grbs;Kat;eQµaH RBM esdæa )anerobkarrYcehIy nigrs;enACamYysVamInigkUnrbs;nag enAkMBg;cmøg GñkelOg . muneBlnagerobkar esdæa Føab;eFVIkarenAeragBum<naTIRkugPñMeBj . erogral;Ex b¤BIrExmþg nagmanlT§PaBepJIR)ak;xøHmk[«BukmþayenAPUmikMeNIt. Et\T,ÚvenH eTaHCanagminmankargareFVIenA TIRkugPñMeBjk¾eday esdæa )anCUn«Bukmþaynag 20/000 b¤ 30/000 erol ¬5-7>5 duløar¦ erogral; 2b¤3Exmþg. nagenAEtmanlT§PaBeFVIdUecñH BIeRBaHnagmansVamIeFVIkarCasnþisuxenARckRBMEdnéf enA XuMe)a:yEb:t extþbnÞaymanC½y. elak sux nigGñkRsI criya k¾mankUnRsIenAlIvmñak;eQµaH RBuM supanI Gayu 21 qñaM . supanI RtUv)an eKe®CIserIs[eFVIkargarenAeragcRkkat;edrmYyenATIRkugPñMeBjry³eBl3qñaMknøgmkehIy . enA®Ka dMbUg nag)ancakecjBIPUmikMeNItmkPñMeBjCamYyGñkCitxag edayminTan;mankargarCak;lak;NamYy sMrab;nageFVIenAeLIy . «Bukmþaynag]btßmÖnagnUvGgár nigR)ak; 10/000erol sMrab;kareFVIdMeNIr nig cMNayepSg². BIrs)þah_eRkaymk nagrkkargar)aneFVIenAeragcRkkat;edr mYykEnøgEdlsßitenA kEnøgeFVIkarrbs;GñkCitxagEdl)annaMnagmkPñMeBjenaHEdr . munnwg)ancUleFVIkargarenH eKt®mUv eGaynagsUkluyrt;karcMnYn40duløar ehIyedIm,I)an®)ak;enHsMrab;kUn elak sux )anx©IBIGñkcgkarR)ak; enAkñúgPUmimñak;edaymankarR)ak; 2/50 duløar kñúgmYyEx. luH)an 6Exe®kaymk luyEdl)anx©IenH ®tUv)ansgrYcGs; edaysar®)ak;Exrbs;supanIxøH nig®)ak;cMNUlrbs;«Bukrbs;nagxøH . elak sux )anniyaykñúgTwkcitþGaelaHGl½yfa Kat;)an®Bm[kUnRsIeTAbMerIkarenATIRkugPñMeBj BIeRBaHEtxøÜnKat; minGacRTRTg;CIvPaBRbcaMRKYsar)an.

56

kareFVIERscMkarrbs;RkumRKYsar elakRBMu sux nigGñkRsI Ekv criya mandIERsEdlBwgEp¥kelITwkePøógcMnYn2hiktaenAkñúgPUmiEdlGac bgábegáInpl)anEtmþgKt;kñúgmYyqñaM . kalBIbu:nµanqñaMknøgmkenH dIERsenH)anTTYlrgPaBraMgs¶Üt nig TwkCMnn;EdleFVI[TinñplRsUvmankarfycuH. ebImankareRbIR)as;CI elak sux GacRbmUlplRsUv)an 1/200 KILÚRkamelIépÞdITaMg2hikta b¤mYyhiktaTTYl)an 600 KILÚRkambu:eNÑaH. pÞúyeTAvij ebIKat;mineRbICIvij enaHplRsUvEdlTTYl)anKWRtwmEt 960KILÚRkamEtbu:eNÑaH b¤esµInwg 480KILÚRkam kñúgmYyhikta. CIKImImantMélx<s; tamFmµta elak sux RtUvTijbNþak;edayKitkarR)ak; 10/000erol ¬2>50duløar¦ kñúg1Ex. enAeBlmanTinñplRsUvTab eBlxøHKat;RtUvEtlk;RCUkedIm,IsgbMNuleK. edIm,Ikat;bnßyeTAnwgkarcMNaykñúgkareFVIE®s smaCikRKYsarTaMgmUlRtUveFVIkarP¢Ürras; nigdksÞÚgeday xøÜnÉg ehIyenAeBlRcUtkat;RbmUlpl BYkKat;Rbvas;édCamYyGñkCikxag. enArdUvR)aMg CYnkal elak RBuM sux eTAPñMeBjeFVIkarCakmµsMNg;mYyExb¤eRcInEx ehIyKat;sñak;enA kñúgkardæansMNg; nigeRbIR)as;luyEdlKat;rk)anmYyéf¶ 5/000erol ¬1>25duløar¦ edIm,ITijmðÚb. cMENkÉ GñkRsI Ekv criya vij suIQñÜleFVIERs[eKenACitPUmi edIm,IbMeBjkarxVHxatkñúgRkumRKYsar. muneBl supanI cakecjeTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edr nagk¾suIQñÜldksÞÚgRcUtkat;dUcmþaynagEdr. R)ak;epJI]btßmÖdl;RkumRKYsarBIeragcRkkat;edr elak RBuM sux )anbnþeTotfa Kat;dwgminc,as;eTfa etIkUnRsIKat; supanI TTYl)ankMérbu:nµanBIeragcRkeT b:uEnþKat;Kitfa nagGacrk)anticbMbput 70duløarEdrkñúgmYyEx. erogral;2 b¤ 3 Exmþg nag)anpþl; [«BukmþayBI 30-40 duløar . tamFmµta supanI EtgykR)ak;eTACUn«Bukmþay enAeBlnageTA elgRsukkMeNIt bu:EnþkrNInagCab;rvl; «BuknagnwgmkTTYlR)ak;enAPñMeBj. elak RBuM sux )anTTYl sÁal;fa ebIKµankarepJIR)ak;]btßmÖBIkUnRsIKat;eT RKYsarKat;nwgminmanR)ak;RKb;RKan; edIm,ITijmðÚbGahar )aneT . BYkKat;eRbIluyEdlepJIenaH TijGgár nig Rbhuk ehIyk¾)anTijkUnRCUkEdr Ete®cIngab;eTA vij. enAeBlEdlsYrKat;fa etInwgmanGVIekIteLIgsMrab;®KYsarTaMgmUl ebIsupanIRtUverobkar elak RBuM sux minmancMelIyesaHeT,Iy.

57

krNIsikSaTI 4³ RKYsarrbs;elak Tun TUc nig GñkRsI eck suKn§a PUmiRBIg XuMRkaMgsVay

elak Tun TUc manGayu 55 qñaM Ca®bFanPUmiénPUmi®BIg XuMRkaMgsVay nig Priyarbs;Kat; Gñk®sI eck suKn§a manGayu 54 qñaM . KUsVamIPriyaenHmankUn 7nak; Rbus4nak; RsI3nak; EdlmanGayucenøaHBI 15-34qñaM . kUn4nak;)anerobkarehIy kUn3nak;eTotenAlIv. kUnc,g2nak;rs;enApÞHdac;edayELk enAkñúgPUmiCamYybþIRbBn§nigkUn²rbs;BYkeK rIÉkUn5nak;eTot Edl2nak;erobkarehIy kMBugEtrs;enA kñúgdMbUlpÞHCamYyKat;TaMgBIrnak;. manEtkUnmñak;Kt;Edlrs;enAeRkAPUmi. Tak;TgeTAnwgkarE®b®bYlkñúg Tmøab;®béBNIExµrEdl®sþImineTANaq¶ayBIpÞHenaH eBlenHKat;mankUnRsIrbs;Kat;eQµaH Tun exma:rI Gayu 18 qñaM enAlIv )anecjeTAq¶ay ehIykMBugEteFVIIkargarenAeragcRkkat;edrmYy naTIRkugPñMeBj. nag exma:rI )aneFVIcMNakRsukeTATIRkugPñMeBj5ExknøgeTAenH edayeTACamYybgb¥ÚnRsIrbs;nagmñak; manGayu21qñaMmkBIPUmiCamYyKña. «Bukmþaynag)an[R)ak;nag 50/000erolsMrab;kareFVIdMeNIr nig cMNayepSg²eBlnagcakecjBIpÞH. nag)ansñak;enApÞHCamYysac;jatirbs;nag. mYyExeRkaymk nag exma:rI rkkargar)aneFVIenAeragcRkmYyEdlsac;jatinagk¾eFVIkarenATIenaHEdr nagmin)ansUkluy sMrab;karcUleFVIkareLIy. mþayrbs;nag)aneFVIkarkt;sMKal;fa :exma:rI mankarGnÞHsarcg;eTAPñMeBj BIeRBaHfa minmankargarenAkñúgPUmisMrab;nageFVIeLIy eRkABIkargareFVIERscMkar . nageTIbEt)anbBa©b; karsikSafñak;TI8 bu:Enþcg;CYyrkcMNUlsMrab;RKYsarTaMgmUl. : kareFVIERscMkarrbs;RkumRKYsar

RKYsarenHmandIERsEdlBwgEp¥kelITwkePøógcMnYn3hiktaenAkñúgPUmi bu:EnþKat;)anEbgEck 1hiktaknøH dl;kUnKat;4nak;EdlerobkarehIy RKYsarenHenAsl;dIRtwmEt1hiktaknøHbu:eNÑaHsMrab;bgábegáInpl. kalBIbu:nµanqñaMknøgmkenH RKYsarenHGacRbmUlpl)an 2/400KILÚRkam b¤ 1/6etan kñúgmYyhikta nardUvkalRcUtkat;mþg² . bu:EnþenAbu:nµanqñaMknøgmkenH eRKaHraMgs¶Üt nigTwkCMnn;)an bMpøajTinñplRsUv Gs;. kalBIqñaM 2000 nig 2001 TwkCMnn;)anbnßyTinñplRsUvelIépÞdIenH mkenARtwmEt 960 KILÚRkam b¤ 0/64etankñúg1hikta . rIÉqñaM 2002 nig 2003 edaysarRKaHraMgs¶Üt TinñplRsUv)an RtwmEt 1/560KILÚRkam b¤ 1/04etankñúg1hikta. enHbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa kñúgry³eBl 4qñaMCab;²Kña knøgeTAenH RKYsarenHRtUvTijRsUvbEnßmeTotedIm,IbRgÁb;karxVHxat e®BaHfa t®mUvkar®sUvedIm,IpÁt;pÁg; RKYsarKW 2/400KILÚRkamkñúgmYyqñaM.

58

enAqñaM2004 ePøógFøak;mkyWt BYkKat;)anBnüareBlsÞÚgBIExkkádaeTAExkBaØa nigmanKMeragRcUt kat;RbmUlplenAExFñÚ b¤Exmkra . elak TUc )aneRbICIKImI bu:Enþmin)aneRbIfñaMsMlab;stVl¥iteT . kalBI qñaM 2004 RKYsarenH)anlk;kUnRCUk2k,aledIm,ITijCI2karug sMrab;dak;E®s . eRkABIkareFVIERscMkar elak TUc )anTTYl®)ak;]btßmÖ 20/000erolkñúgmYyExkñúgzan³Kat;CaRbFanPUmi ehIycMNUlenH)an CYyrYmcMENkkarxVHxatkñúgRKYsar . R)ak;epJI]btßmÖdl;RkumRKYsarBIeragcRkkat;edr nag Tun exma:rI rkcMNUl)an 40duløarkñúgmYyEx BIkargareragcRkkat;edrenAPñMeBj . ebIeFVIkarEfm ema:g nagnwgTTYl)an 50 duløarkñúgmYyEx. nageTAelgRsukkMeNIterogral;2Exmþg ehIytamFmµta )anCUn®)ak;eTAeGaymþaynag 20 duløarkñúgmYyEx eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday enAeBlxøH nag)anCUnmþay RtwmEt 10 duløarbu:eNÑaHkñúgmYyEx. GñkRsI suKn§a )aneRbIR)as; R)ak;EdlkUnepJImksMrab;TijfñaMbu:eNÑaH edaysarGñkRsImanCMgWRbcaMkay ehIyRtUvcMNayBI 80/000-90/000erol ¬20-22>5duløar¦ kñúgmYyExedIm,ITijfñaM . elakRsITijfñaMenAKøIniksuxPaB ehIybg;[eKenAeBlNa EdlelakRsI)an TTYlR)ak;EdlkUnRsIepJImk. elakRsI suKn§a mankarRBYy)armÖBIkUnRsIrbs;Kat; eRBaHfamuneBleFVIcMNakRsukeTAPñMeBj kBaØa exma:rI minEdleTANaeRkABIeTAsalaeroneLIy . nagKWCaekµgRsIEdlrs;enA nigeFVIkarenAq¶ay ehIymþayrbs;nagmin)andwgeTfa etInwgmanGVIekIteLIgcMeBaHrUbnag . bu:Enþ etImanCMerIsGVIeRkABIenH? ebImþay nagcg;eGaynagenAkñúgPUmi enaHRKYsarnwgRbQmmuxnwgvibtþihirBaØvtßúminxaneT,Iy. elakRsI niyayfa :Kat;eBjcitþnwg[kUnsñak;enAeFVIkarÉPñMeBj ebIkargarenAEtmanbnþeTot bu:EnþebInagminman kargareFVIeT ´cg;[nagRtT,b;mkpÞHvij BIeRBaH´mincg;[nagerobkarCamYybursmkBITIq¶ayeT. :

59

karsikSaelIkrNITI 5³ RKYsarrbs;elak esA sMpn nig GñkRsI xan; stßa PUmiBanI XuMlVa

elak esA sMpn Gayu 69qñaM CaRbFanPUmiBanI cMENkPriyarbs;Kat;eQµaH xan; stßa Gayu 68 qñaM RKYsarenHmankUn 6nak; EdlmanGayucab;BI 25 dl; 44 qñaM . kYnRsIc,gbg¥s;enAlIv kMBugrs;enA CamYy«Bukmþay RBmTaMgmanecA2nak;eTotrs;enACamYy ecARsIGayu10qñaM nigecARbusGayu7qñaM. ecATaMgBIrenHKWCakUnrbs;kUnRsIrbs;Kat;mñak;eTot eQµaH esA suPI Gayu 27qñaM rs;enACamYybþI enA PñMeBj nigeFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edr.

suPI )anCYbbþInagEdlmanedImkMeNItenAextþkMBg;qñaMg enAeBlnag)aneTAelgpÞHmþaymIgenAPñMeBj. bþIRbBn§v½yekµgenH)anerobkarenAPUmiBanI bnÞab;mk)anRtLb;eTATIRkugvijsñak;enAkEnøgEdlbþInagkMBug eFVIkarsMNg; . suPI sMralkUnTaMgBIrenAPUmiBanI ehIyRtLb;eTAPñMeBjvij edayTukkUnTaMgBIr eGay mþaynagemIlEfTaMenAÉPUmikMeNIt . enA®KadMbUg suPI )anCYyrkcMNUlbEnßmBIelIcMNUlrbs;bþIInag edaykarTijlk;bEnøenAPñMeBj luHbIqñaMeRkaymk nagrkkargar)aneFVIenAeragcRkkat;edrEdlnag TTYl)anR)ak;Ex 40duløar nig 60duløarkñúgmYyEx krNIeFVIkarEfmema:g. TnÞwmnwgenHEdr bþInagGacrk cMNUl)an 160/000-200/000 erol ¬40-50duløar¦ kñúgmYyExBIkargarsMNg;. elak esA sMpn )anbBa¢ak;fa suPI nigbþIrbs;nag )anpþl;luy[BYkKat;mYyExBI10-15duløarsMrab;pÁt;pÁg;kUnrbs;eK TaMgBIrnak;. eRkABIsuPI elak sMpn nigGñkRsI stßa mankUnEdlerobkarehIy3nak;eTotkMBugrs;enA nigeFVIkarenAÉ TI®kugPñMeBj. esA suIlat Gayu 37qñaM kUnRbusrbs;Kat;kMBugeFVIIkargarsMNg; )anpþl;[«Bukmþay BI20/000-30/000` ¬5-7>5duløar¦ erogral;2-3Exmþg enAeBlEdlKat;mkelgRsukkMeNIt . cMENk esA pløI CakUnRsIrbs;Kat;Gayu33qñaM nigbþInagk¾eFVIkargarsMNg;EdrenaH pløI)andak;Bakü cUleFVIIkarenAeragcRk4-5ehIy bu:EnþeKminTTYlyk ehIy®kum®KYsar)anKitfa edaysarEtnagman GayuelIs30qñaM nigEfmTaMgmankUn3nak;eTot . edaysartMrUvkarcaM)ac;RbcaMRKYsarnag pløI minEdl )anepJIR)ak;eTA[«BukmþaynageT . kUnRbusrbs;Kat;mñak;eToteQµaH esA bu‘NÑariT§i Gayu 25 qñaM CaGñkebIkbr[Rkumhu‘nsMNg; cMENkÉ®bBn§rbs;Kat;EdlmanRsukkMeNItenAPUmietñatRcuH EdlenACit

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PUmiBanIEdrenaH kMBugeFVIkargarenAeragcRkkat;edrmYy. b‘uNÑariT§I )anpþl;eGay«Bukmþay 10-20duløar kñúgmYyEx. RKYsarenHenAmankUnRsImñak;eToteQµaH esA suPara: Gayu 42 qñaM rs;enACamYykUnBIrnak; rbs;nagkñúgPUmiBanImanpÞHdac;edayELkmYyenAEk,rnwgpÞH«BukmþaynagEdr. kalBIb:unµanqñaMmun bþIrbs; nag suPara: CaTahanmkBIkMBg;qñaMg )ane)aHbg;nag nigkUnecal. elak esA sMpn nig GñkRsI xan; stßa )aneRbIR)as;R)ak;EdlkUn²epJImksMrab;TijmðÚbGahar CYl kMlaMgBlkmµeFVIERs TijCIdak;RsUv eFVIbuNüTanepSg² TijfñaMsMrab;elakRsI stßa ehIynigpÁt;pÁg; ecABIrnak;enAkñúgbnÞúkCamYyKat;. ®KYsarenH BwgEp¥kTaMgRsugelIelIR)ak;EdlkUnepJImk nigkareFVIERs sMrab;ciBa©wmCIvitrbs;BYkeK . BYkKat;manv½ykan;Etcas;Nas;eTAehIyminGacrkcMNUl)anBIRbPBNa eToteT. kareFVIERscMkarrbs;RkumRKYsar sMpn nig stßa bgábegáInplelIdIERslicTwkcMnYn2hiktaenAPUmiBanI . épÞdIenHrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgdIknøH hikta EdlKat;)anEbgEckeTA[kUnRsIKat; suPI TukCaekrþ×. ®kum®KYsarenH bgábegáInplelIdI 2hiktaenH ehIyeRbIR)as;RsUvEdlplit)anelIdIknøHhikta sMrab;ciBa©wmkUnTaMg2rbs;suPI . suPIk¾ )annaMykRsUvEdlplit)anmYycMENk eTAPñMeBjedIm,IpÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBrbs;nag nigbþInagEdr. sMpn )anniyayfa BYkKat;GacRbmUlTinñplRsUv)an 100 faMg esµInwg 2/400KILÚRkam elIépÞdI 2hiktakñúgqñaM enAkñúgqñaMNaEdlmanGMeNaypll¥ eBalKWesµInwg 1/2etankñúg1hikta . Et kalBI4 qñaMknøgeTAenH BYkKat;TTYlrgnUvPaBraMgs¶Üt ehIyGMLúgeBleRKaHraMgs¶ÜtenaH BYkKat;plitRsUv)an RtwmEt 70faMg esµInwg 1/680KILÚRkamelIépÞdI2hikta ebIKitkñúgmYyhiktaTTYl)anEt 0/8 etan. kñúgqñaM 2004 elak sMpn )aneFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNfa karRbmUlplnaeBlxagmuxenH nwgTTYl)an ticCag70faMg edaysareRKaHraMgs¶ÜtEdl)anCYbkñúgeBlfµIenH. sMpn )anGHGagfa RKYsarrbs;;Kat; EdlsmaCik 5nak; ¬sMpn stßa kUnRsIc,gbg¥s; nigecA2nak;¦ RtUvkarRsUv 70 faMg sMrab;karhUbcuk RbcaMqñaMrbs;BYkeK bEnßmBIelIBUCRsUvbMrugTuksMrab;eFVIBUCpg. ebIkarRbmUlplRsUvrbs;RkumRKYsar enAqñaMxagmuxenH minRKb;RKan;eTenaH elak sMpn )aneRKagesñIsuM[kUn²rbs;Kat; begáInkar]btßmÖR)ak; bEnßmeTot.

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xN³eBlkarRbmUlplRsUvrbs;RkumRKYsar mankareLIgcuHBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM elak sMpn nigGñk®sI stßa enAEtcMNayTuneRcInelIkarplitRsUvRbcaMqñaMdEdl. elak sMpn )aneRbIR)as;luyEdlkUn®sIepJI mk[ edIm,ITijCI1 b¤2karu:gbgáarTukmunrdUvbgábgáInplcUlmkdl; edayCImYykar:ug tamkarraykarN_ fa mantMél 200/000 erol. bc©úb,nñenH edaysarKat;kan;Etmanv½ycas;ehIy BuMGacP¢Üreday xøÜnÉg)an Kat;k¾CYlkµÜyRbus Kat;[P¢Ürras;[kñúgtMél 50/000erol sMrab;dI2hikta edayeRbIR)as;eKa nign½gÁlrbs;Kat;. RKYsar enH k¾)anCYlkMlaMgdksÞÚgkñúgtMél 3/000erolkñúgmYy éf¶sMrab;mñak;² edaymanGaharbIeBlpg . eBlxøH RKYsarenH eGaykmµkrsIuQñÜlx©IbulRsUvCamunenAkñúgrdUv®)aMg cMeBaHGñkNaEdlyl;RBmsgvij tamry³kardksÞÚgelIdIERsrbs;Kat; . tamFmµta GñkEdlx©IGgár 15KILÚRkam nwgRtUvCYyeFVIE®sKat; kñúgry³eBl5éf¶. naeBlrdUvRcUtkat; elak sMpn rkGñkdéTmk eFVIkardUrykGahar3eBlkñúgmYyéf¶ edaykareRbIR)as;eKarbs;Kat;dwkCBa¢ÚnRsUvBIERsmkdak;pÞH. kar®bemIlemIlGnaKtkñúg®KYsar bc©úb,nñenH nag esA sUPI EdlmanKt’ )anQb;sMrakBIkargarenAeragcRkkat;drmYyry³ . edaysar nagmin)anTTYlnUv®)ak;kér:BIeragc®ksMrab;karQb;sMraklMEhmatuPaBenaH dUecñHkar]btßmÖrbs;nag dl;«BukmþayRtUv)ankat;pþac;esÞIrTaMg®sug . kalBImYys)aþh_knøgmkenH nag)anmkelgPUmiBanI ehIy)anpþl;luy 40/000` ¬10duløar¦ [eTA«BukmþaynagsMrab;pÁt;pÁg;kUnTaMgBIrnak;. \LÚvenH suPI )aneTAkMBg;qñaMg CaRsukkMeNItmþayekµkrbs;nag edIm,IeTAsMralkUnTI3rbs;nagenATIenaH ehIyenA eBlnagRtT,b;mkPñMeBjvij kUnrbs;nagnwgRtUvepJITuknwgmþayekµkenAkMBg;qñaMgemIlEfTaM. karrs;enA TIRkugPñMeBj ®KYsarrbs;nag suPI manEtbnÞb;mYyenAkñúgpÞHtUcmYy minmanGñkemIlEfTaMkUn²eLIy. dUecñH kñúgeBlGnaKtxøImYy kUnc,gTaMgBIr nwgRtUvbnþrs;enAFMFat;enAextþéRBEvg nigkUneBA enAÉextþ kMBg;qñaMg. suPImanKMeragRtT,b;eTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edrvij kñúgGMLúgeBl 3ExeTot bu:Enþelak sMpn minR)akdkñúgcitþfa eragcRkeKnwgTTYlykkUn®sIrbs;Kat;mñak;enaH bnþeFVIkareTot b¤ya:gNa enaHeT .

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krNIsikSaTI 6³ RKYsarrbs;elak ePaK sarun nig GñkRsI ehov can;pa PUmiRBMxSac; XuMlVa

elak ePaK sarun Gayu 52qñaM cMENkPriyarbs;Kat;eQµaH ehov can;pa manGayudUcKñanwgKat;Edr rs;enAenAPUmiRBMxSac; XuMlVa . RKYsarenHmankUn 8nak; . kYnRsIc,gbg¥s;)anerobkarrYcehIy kMBugrs; enACamYybþI nigkUn3nak;enAXuMEk,rKña ehIyBYkeKk¾Caksikr. rIÉkUnRbusc,gbg¥s;rbs;RKYsarenH CaRBHsgÇKg;enAvtþmYynaextþtaEkv . cMeBaHkUn 6nak;eTot sßitenAkñúgbnÞúkrbs;RKYsar. kUnRsIbInak; EdlenAlIvkñúgcMeNamkUnTaMg6 kMBugeFVIkargarenAeragc®kkat;edrenATI®kugPñMeBj. nag ePaK bu‘nFI Gayu 23qñaM )aneFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edrenAPñMeBjtaMgBIqñaM 2000mkem:øH eday «Bukmanag CaGñkEfTaM nigCYsCulma:suInePøIgenAeragcRkkat;edrenATIRkugPñMeBj rkkargar[nageFVI dUecñH nagmin)ansUkkak;sMrab;cUleFVIkareT. nagTTYl)anR)ak;Ex 45 duløarkñúgmYyEx ehIyGaceLIg dl; 70-80duløar krNIeFVIkarEfmema:g . nag)anbBa©b;karsikSadl;fñak;TI8. nag ePaK FIta Gayu 20 qñaM nig ePaK kNÑarI Gayu 18 qñaM )aneFVIcMNakRsukeTATIRkugPñMeBjCamYyKña ry³eBl5ExknøgeTAenHKWeRkayeBlcUlqñaMExµr2004rYcPøam². mþaymIgEdl)aneFVIkarenAkñúgeragc®k mYy )anCYyrkkargar[eK)aneFVIenA kñúgeragcRkEdlKat;eFVIkarenaHEdr . nagTaMgBIrnak; rs;enAkñúg bnÞb;mYyCab;nwgbnÞb;mþaymIgnag enAEk,eragcRk . BYkeKk¾min)ancMNayluyedIm,IsUkrKEdr . enAeBlcab;epþImeFVIkardMbUg BYkeKTTYl)anR)ak;Ex 30duløarmñak;² bu:Enþ\LÚvTTYl)an 40 duløarkñúg mYyEx ehIyebIeFVIkarEfmema:g BYkeKGacTTYl)an 60 duløar kñúg1Ex. FIta )anbBa©b;karsikSafñak;TI 6 cMENkÉ kNÑarI )anbBa©b;karsikSafñak;TI 8 . elak sarun nig Gñk®sI can;pa )anBnül;fa kUnRsIrbs;Kat;)aneFVIcMNakRsuk eTAeFVIkarenA eragcRkkat;edr edaysareRKaHraMgs¶Üt nigTwkCMnn;)aneFVI[fycuHnUvTinñplRsUvrbs;Kat; . Kat;man karlM)akedIm,IciBa©wmRKYsarTaMgmUlEdlrs;enACuMKña edaykarTTYl)annUvplRsUvbnþicbnþÜc . elIsBI enHeTAeTot enAeBlkareFVIERs)ancb;sBV®Kb; kUnRsIrbs;Kat;minmankargarepSgsMrab;eFVIeT.

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kareFVIERscMkarrbs;RkumRKYsar RkumRKYsarrbs; elak ePaK sarun nigGñk®sI ehov can;pa mandIERseFVIRsUvvsSacMnYn 1>5 hikta. Kat;)anEbgEckdImYyT,Út_manTMhM 0>3 hiktadl;kUnRsIEdl)anerobkarrYc . RKYsareFVIkardaMduHenAelI épÞdI 1>5 hikta rYmKañ . kUnRsIEdl)anerobkarrYcehIy )anmkCYyeFVIE®s nigRbmUlplRsUvCacMENk rbs;nag enArdUvRcUtkat;rYcral; . enAkñúgrdUveFVIE®sCaFmµta RkumRKYsarenHGacplitRsUv)an 2>000KIT,ÚRkam elITMhMk,aldI 1>5 hikta b¤ 1>3 etan kñúgdIERsmYyhikta . enAkñúgeBlmaneRKaHTwkCMnn; nigraMgs¶Üt RKYsarenH )anplitRsUv )antic . ]TahrN_ enAqañM 2003-2004 eKmin)aneFVIE®senAelIépÞdI 0>5 hikta edaysarraMgs¶Üt ehIy)anRbmUlplRsUv)anEt 960KIT,ÚRkam enAelIk,aldIEdlenAsl;mYyhikta . kalBIqañMmun² manePøogFøak;xøaMgmuneBlRcUtkat; eFVIeGaymanTwkCMnn; ehIy)anbMpøajdMNaMRsUvGs; . kñúgqañM 2004 RKYsarenHminGacdksÞÚg)anenAkñúgExkkáda edaysarPaBraMgs¶Üt EteRkaymkenAkñúgExkBaØa TwkhUr BIsÞwgmklicERsGs;rlIg . BYkeKmanKMeragmanEpnkardksÞÚgenAedImExtula ehIyminmansgÇwmfa nwgRbmUlpl)anBIkarRcUtkat;enAkñúgExmkraenaHeT . kñúgGtItkal RKYsarenH)anCYlkmµkredIm,ICYy eFVIkardksÞÚg . enAkñúgqañMenH edaysarKµan®)ak;kas BYkKat;RtUveFVIkaredayxøÜnÉg. elak ePaK sarun )ankt;sMKal;fa rUbKat; nig®bBn§RBmTaMgkUntUc²TaMgbIRtUvkarRsUvcMnYn 1>500 K>k sMrab;karhUbcuk kñúgmYyqañM². edIm,ICaCMnYuybEnßmelIplRsUvrbs;eK ®kum®KYsar)anxitxMdaMdMNaM nigciBa©wmman; . kalBImun BYkeK )anciBa©wmRCUk buEnþgab;Gs; . Gñk®sI can;pa )andak;tUbtUcmYyenAkñúgpÞH edaymanlk;eck s‘ut nig eRKOgbriePaKepSg²eTotEdlKat;)anTijBIpSarcm¶ay 10K>m tambeNþaypøÚvCati . elak sarun nigGñk®sI can;pa )anniyayfa BYkKat;kan;Etcas; ehIymanCm¶WrpgenaH nwgminmankmøaMgBlMÉNa eTA rksIuQñÜlsÞÚgdk nig®cUtkat;)aneT . elak sarun minFøab;)anmkeFIVkarenATIRkugPñMeBj dUecñHminEdl )ansÁal;TIRkugeT manEtGñk®sIcan;pa CaGñkFøab;eTAPñMeBjedIm,IeTAykluy]btßmBIkUnRsITaMgbIrbs; BYkKat; .

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R)ak;epJI]btßmÖdl;RkumRKYsarBIeragcRkkat;edr Gñk®sI can;pa eFVIdMeNIreTAPñMeBjCaerogral;BIrb¤bIExmþg edIm,IRbmUlluyEdlkUnRsIrbs;Kat;bMrugTuk sMrab;CYydl;®kum®KYsar. CaFmµta nag b‘unFI )anCUnmþayrbs;eK 20 duløarkñúgmYyEx . cMnYnBitR)akd Edl)anepJI maneBlxøHeRcIn maneBlxøHtic KWvaGaRs½yeTAelIkarrkkMér)anBIkargarelIsema:g ehIy kMérEdl)anBIkareFVIkarelIsema:g k¾mankarE®b®bYlBImYyExeTAmYyEx . R)ak;ExFmµtaEdl nag b‘unFI TTYl)anesÞIrEtTaMgGs; KWcMNayeTAelICIvPaBrs;enArbs;nag . enAeBlEdl nag FIta nigkNÑarI )aneFVIkarenATIRkugPñMeBjry³eBl5ExdMbUg Gñk®sIcan;pa )anmksYrsuxTukçBYkeKBIrdgehIy . kalBI elIkTImYy kUn®sITaMgBIrnak;enH)anrYmKñapþl;R)ak;]btßmdl;Kat; 30duløar bu:EnþelITIBIr )an®twmEt 10 duløarb:ueNÑaH . elak sarun nigGñk®sI can;pa eRbI®)as;luyEdlkUnrk)anBIIkargarenAeragcRkkat;edr eTATijGgár RtI nigsac;RCUk bric©akcUlrYmbuNüsB nigGaBah_Bah_ TijCIdak;ERs TijsMelokbMBak; nigsmÖar³sikSasMrab;kUntUc² RBmTaMgTijfañMsgáÚv sMrab;Gñk®sI can;pa EdlmanCMgWxñgruaMér: . kar®bemIlemIlGnaKtkñúg®KYsar Gñk®sI can;pa mankgVl;BIkUnRsIrbs;Kat;EdleFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edrenATIRkugPñMeBj bu:EnþKat;man GarmµN_fa BYkeKKaµnCMerIseT . ebIBYkeKrs;enAkñúgPUmivij ®kum®KYsarBitCaCYbRbTHpllM)ak eday karxVHxatGgárhUbcukCaminxan. elak sarun )anbBa¢ak;fa taMgBIkarEckdIFøIenAedImTsvtSqañM 1980 RkumRKYsarKat;)anBwgEp¥kEteTAelIépÞdIERsTMhM 1>5hiktadEdl . kalBIeBlenaH eKmankUnEtmañk; bu:eNÑaH buEnþ\T,ÚvenH BYkeKmankUnrhUtdl;eTA8nak; . CamYynwgkarerobGaBah_BiBah_eGaykUn CabnþbnÞab;eTotenaH dIERsEdlmanenH nwgRtUvbnþEbgEckteTAeTot. etIBYkeKnwgGacrs;enA)aneday rebobNa? . elak sarun )anelIkeT,Igfa eK®tUvEtbegáItkargarbEnßmeTot e®BaHcMnYnmnusSmanekIn eT,Ig\tQb;Qr. Kat;)aneBalGHGagfa rdæaPi)alKYrKaMRTdl;karBRgIkeragcRkkat;edr . ebIeragcRk kat;edrRtUv)aneKbiT dUcBaküccamGaramEmnenaH RbCaBlrdæenAéRBEvgnwgRbQmmuxpllM)akya:g eRcIn . dUecñH rdæaPi)alRtUvbNþak;TuneTAelI]sSahkmµeragcRkkat;edrenH e®BaHmandIkan;EtticeTA² .

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krNIsikSaTI 7³ RKYsarrbs;elak ePaK riT§I nig GñkRsI eB®C su‘nlI PUmiRBMxSac; XuMlVa

elak ePaK riT§I KWCab¥ÚnRbusrbs;elak ePaK sarun ¬sUmemIlkrNIsikSaTI6¦. elak riT§I nig Priya Gñk®sI eB®C s‘unlI manGayu 41 qñaMdUcKña nigmankUn 6nak;. elak riT§I )aneFVIkarenATIRkugPñMeBj ry³eBl9qñaMmkehIy CaGñkEfTaM nigCYsCulma:suInePøIgenAeragcRkkat;edr . ry³eBl5ExknøgeTA kUnRsIrbs;Kat;eQµaH ePaK suFa Gayu 21 qñaM k¾)anbMerIkargarCakmµkarinI enAeragcRkkat;edrEdr. edaymankarbgçM[eFVIkarEfmema:gelIslb; nag suFa )andYlsnøb;enAkñúgsaleragcRk . bnÞab;mk «Bukrbs;nag)annaMnageTARsukkMeNIt edIm,IeFVIkarBüa)al. nag ePaK suFa rkkargar)aneFVIdMbUgenAeragcRkkat;edrnaRkugPñMeBj kalBIqñaM 2001 enAeBlenaH nag)ansñak;enACamYybgCIdUnmYynageQµaH ePaK bu‘nFI. nag suFa )anbMerIkargar[eragcRkkat;edr EdlRKb;RKgedayefAEkcinry³eBlbIEx bnÞab;mk nagRtUv)aneKbBaÄb;edaymUlehtuCMgWraMér: nigbnþ karQb;sMrakjwkjab; bu:Enþ nag suFa )anG³Gagfa eragcRkenHEtgEtbBaÄb;kmµkrCaeTotTat; eRkayeBlbBa©b;ry³eBlsakl,gkargarbIEx edIm,IkuM[kmµkrTamTareborvtSx<s;sMrab;kargareBjsiT§i rbs;BYkeK. BIrExeRkaymk nagTTYl)ankargarepSgeTotCakmµkarinIGENþtenAeragcRkTI2 Edlman RKb;RKgedayCnCaticinEdr . bu:Enþnag)anQb;BIeragcRkTIBIrenaHPøam eRkayeBlnag)ansMPasn_Cab; enAeragcRkTI3EdlRKb;RKgedayCnCaticineTot. nag suFa )anenAeFVIenAeragcRkkat;edrenHry³eBl Cit3qñaMehIyEdlkalBIcUldMbUg nag)aneFVICabuKÁlikGENþt eRkaymkCabuKÁlikeBjsiT§i. enAerag cRkenH ral;kic©karTaMgGs; edayminKitfa CakmµkreBjsiT§i b¤kmµkrGENþtenaHeT KWBYkeKRtUvTTYl ®)ak;QñÜleTAtamcMnYnbug. tamFmµta nag suFa GacTTYlbugEtmYykñúgmYyéf¶EdlesµInwgTwk®)ak; 5/000` ¬1/25 duløar¦ . kalNanageFVIkar)aneRcIn cMNUlrbs;nagk¾ekIneLIgtamenaHEdr eBalKWkñúgmYyExTTYl)an 50 duløarKitTaMgR)ak;eFVIkarEfmema:g. kalenaH suFa eFVIkarEfmema:gBI 3-5ema:g kñúgmYyéf¶ edayeFVIkareBjmYyéf¶ nigbnþrhUtdl;yb;eRCA .

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R)ak;epJI]btßmÖdl;RkumRKYsarBIeragcRkkat;edr

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nag ePaK suFa min)anepJIR)ak;eTA[mþay[)aneTogTat;dUc«Bukrbs;nageT ebIeRbobeFobnwgR)ak;Ex rbs;nagenAeragcRkdMbUg cMNUlEdl)antamry³CabugenAeragcRkTI3enHticCag ehIyCaFmµtaKW sMrab;EtkarcMNaypÞal;xøÜnrbs;nagbu:eNÑaH . maneBlmYyenaH Gñk®sI s‘unlI )anykluyEdlnag suFa )anpþl;eGayenaH epJImkeGaynagvijcMnYn 50/000` ¬12/5duløar¦ edayKat;yl;BIkarlM)ak rbs;kUnenARkugPñMeBj. enAeBlmankarcaM)ac;xøaMg nagsuFa EfmTaMg)ansuMR)ak;BI«BuknagEdleFVIkar enAPñMeBjEdr.

BIeBlmun bnÞab;BIRbmUlplRsUvrYcehIy ePaK suvNÑariT§i Gayu 19 qñaM man»kas)aneTAeFVIkargar sMNg;CaelIkdMbUgenAPñMeBjry³eBl6Ex. suvNÑariT§i sñak;enAnwgkEnøgkardæansagsg; ehIy)anepJI R)ak;[mþayrbs;Kat;BI 50/000-60/000` ¬12/5-15 duløar¦ erogral;Ex . \LÚvenH suvNÑariT§i )anRtLb;mkPUmivijehIy bu:EnþmanKMeragRtLb;eTAPMñeBjvijnaeBlqab;²enH eRkayeBl)aneFVIE®s rYcral;ehIyenaH.

kareFVIERscMkarrbs;RkumRKYsar

RKYsarenH mandIERsmYyhikta edayrab;bBa©ÚldIE®sEdl)anEckkalBIedImTsvtSqñaM 1980 nigdIekrþi_ mrtkrbs;Gñk®sI s‘unlI . enAqñaMNaEdlmanGMeNaypll¥ BYkKat;GacRbmUlplRsUv)an 1/560 KILÚRkam esµInwg 1/56etankñúgdIERsmYyhikta. EtkñúgqñaMmanTwkCMnn; nigraMgs¶Üt Kat;GacRbmUlpl )anRtwmEt 960 KILÚRkam esµInwg 0/96etanelIdIERsmYyhikta . Gñk®sI su‘nlI )anG³Gagfa RKYsar rbs;Kat; RtUvkarRsUv 2/400 KILÚRkam sMrab;karhUbcukRbcaMqñaM. dUecñH enHCakarbgðaj[eXIjfa eTaHbICaqñaMNaEdlmanGMeNaypll¥k¾eday k¾RKYsarenHminGacBwgEp¥kEtelIkareFVIERsmYymuxedIm,I ciBa©wmCIvitenaHeT dUecñHeRkABIkarciBa©wmman; nigRCUk RKYsarenHRtUvBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugelIkarepJIR)ak;BI elak riT§I nigkarepJIbnþicbnþÜcBI nag suFa nig kUn®busrbs;Kat; suvNÑariT§i.

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kar®bemIlemIlGnaKtkñúg®KYsar elak ePaK riT§I hak;dUcCamankargarGciéRnþy_enAPñMeBj Etk¾Ga®s½yelIlT§PaBdMeNIrkarteTA muxén]sSahkmµkat;edrEdr . cMeBaH nag suFa eTaHbInag)andYlsnøb;kñúgeragc®kkalBIedImqñaMk¾eday nagenAEt)anmkPñMeBjdak;BaküeFVIkarenAtameragcRkkat;edrepSgeTotEdr . suFa)anTTYlsÁal;fa nagminBUEkeFVIERscMkareT ehIynagk¾nwkmitþPkþienAPñMeBj. nag)anbEnßmeTotfa kñúgnamCaRsI nagRtUv karsMelokbMBak;eRcIn nigmankargareFVIpÞal;xøÜn edIm,I[nagGacTijnUvGVIEdlnagRtUvkar . nag suFa )anTTYlsÁal;Edrfa karcUlrYmcMENkpÁt;pÁg;RKYsar CakarCYysMralbnÞúkEdlra:b;rgeday«Bukrbs; nag. cMENkÉ suvNÑariT§i k¾xitxMEsVgrkkarsMNg;eFVIbEnßmeTotenAPñMeBjEdr. tamkar®bemIlemIl eTAGnaKt Gñk®sI eB®C su‘nlI )anG³Gagfa Kat;minmandIERsRKb;RKan;sMrab;EckkUnecAeT. kñúgxN³ EdldIERs Gacplit)an®sUvsMrab;EtCYyciBa©wmKat; nigbþIkñúge®cInqñaMteTAmuxenaH dUecñHkUn²RtUvEtxitxM rkkargareFVIenAPñMeBjCabnþeTAeTot.

68

esckþIsniñdæan CagmYyTsvtSknøgeTAenH vis½y]sSahkmµkat;edrnaMecjsemøokbMBak; )ancUlrYmcMENkeRcIn cMeBaH karGPivDÆn_esdækic©RbeTskm<úCa . kMeNInRbcaMqñaMnUvplitpl karlk;ecjeTAbreTs karTTYl)an cMNUlrUbiyb½NÑbreTs nigkarmankargareFVI bBa¢ak;BIkMeNIny:agqab;rh½sén]sSahkmµ nigCa karrYmcMENkd¾sMxan;mYyénesdækic©CatiTaMgmUl . karekIneLIgén]sSahkmµkat;edrenH GaRs½yeTA elIktþaBak;B½n§mYycMnYn . dMeNIrvivtþn_dUcCa karpøas;bþÚr®bB½n§esdækic©BIesdækic©Epnkar mkCaesdækic© TIpSarrbs;®beTskm<úCa kic©®Bme®BogGnue®KaHBaNiC¢kmµCamYyshKmn_GuWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrik kar®bkan;x¢ab;nUvsþg;darkargarkñúgsµartITTYlxus®tUvcMeBaHsgÁm karcUlrYmya:gsMxan;BIsMMNak;m®nþI raCrdæaPi)al nigm®nþIénsmaKmplitkreragc®kkat;edrén®beTskm<úCa nig\Ti§BlénkUta semøokbMBak; )ancUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarCMrujeGayshRKaskat;edrfµI²lUtlas; nig begáInskmµPaBplitkmµy:ag xøaMgkøa enAkñúg®beTskm<úCa . bnÞab;BI karbBa©b;®bB½n§kUtaTUTaMgBiPBelakenaHmk k¾]sSahkmµenH enAEtdMeNIrkarCabnþenAkñúgqmasTI 1énqñaM 2005 enHEdr . EtlT§PaBénkarbnþdMeNIrkarteTAmux én]sSahkmµenH sßitenAkñúgPaBminTan;®)akd®bCaenAeT,IyenaHeT . karenAbnþdak;r)aMgkarBarkar naMcUlBI®beTscinBIsMNak;®beTsGaemrik nigshKmn_GuWru:b enAkñúgqñaM 2005 nwg mansuBlPaB®twmqñaM 2008 bu:eNÑaH . dUecñH eKemIleXIjfa eBlevlaenAsl;tic sMrab;raCrdæaPi)al k¾dUcCa ]sSahkmµ kat;edr kñúgkareFVIkMENTMrg;kñúgkMritFMEdlenHCa®bkarcM)ac; edIm,IeGay]sSahkmµenH GacmanlT§PaB ®bkYt®bECgCabnþeTAeTot)an . kMeNInkargarkñúgvis½ykat;edr )aneqøIytbcMeBlevlaEdlmanvibtþivis½yksikmµenAextþéRBEvg nigextþ déTeTotenARbeTskm<úCa. edaysar e®KaHraMgs¶Üt nigTwkCMnn;Cab;²KñataMgBIqñaM 2001 mk eFVIeGay xUcxatTinñpl®sUv nig)aneFVIeGay®kum®KYsarenAtMbn;CnbTkñúgextþé®BEvgCYbnUvkarxVHxates,ogya:g xøaMg nigCMBak;bMNule®cInedaysarkarcMNaysMrab;eFVIE®scMkar . dUecñH karcMNak®sukmkrkkargareFVI enAtameragc®kkat;edrCaCMerIsmYyEdlmankarcab;GarmµN_kñúgkarTTYlnUv®)ak;cMNUl eTaHbIfa kargar enH)anpþl;»kas[RsþIv½yekµg²eFVIkarenAPñMeBje®cInCagburskþI ehIyenHk¾CakarbgðajeGayeXIjnUv karpøas;bþÚrmYyenAkñúgTMenomTmøab;BIburaNmk . enAeBlEdlTTYl)ankargarenAeragcRk ehIykmµkr eCOCak;fa ebIKµankargarbEnßmem:ageT BYkeKminGacmanR)ak;RKb;RKan;kñúgkarepJIeTA[RKYsarbs;eKeT . EtkarxitxMeFVIkargarelIsema:gedaysarmankargare®cIn®tUvbMeBj )aneFVIeGaykmµkreragc®kCae®cIn

69

manTukçkgVl; nigmanbBaðasuxPaB . kmµkrkat;edrmkBIextþéRBEvg mkeFVIkarenAPñMeBjEdl®tUv)an sMPasn_)anepJIR)ak;eTARKYsarrbs;eK CamFümKW 16/82 duløarGaemrikkñúgmYyEx b¤esµInwg 27°én R)ak;cMNUlRbcaMExCamFümEdlrYmTaMgR)ak;kargarbEnßmema:gpg . tYelxenH RsedogKñanwgcMelIy rbs;®kumRKYsarenAextþéRBEvgEdlmansmaCik®KYsareFVICakmµkrkat;edrEdrenaH)an[dwgfa kUn²rbs; BYkeK)anepJIR)ak;eTA[cMnYn 16/12 duløarGaemrikkñúgmYyEx . karepJI®)ak;kaseTAdl;®kum®KYsar enAtMbn;CnbTEdl)anrgnUve®KaHmhnþrayFmµCati eFVIeGayBYkeKmanlT§PaBTij®sUv niges,ogGahar epSg²eTot cMNayelIsuxPaB ykeTAeFVIE®s nigsgbMNuleK . CaTUeTA luyEdl)anepJIeTApÞHenaH ®tUv)anykeTAcMNaysMrab; EtkarxVHxatesogGaharkñúg®KYsar CaCagykeTA®bkbmuxCMnYjxñattUc edIm,ITTYl)annUv®)ak;cMNUl. dUecñH CalT§pl ]sSahkmµkat;edrmin)aneFVIeGayCIvPaB®besIrrugerOg eT Et)an®twmCYyTb;Tl;nUvkarxVHxatenAkñúg®KYsarb:ueNÑaH . karpþl;kargardl;RsþIv½yekµg² enAkñúg]sSahkmµkat;edr manplb:HBal;CaviC¢manmYycMnYn. kmµkr mkBIextþéRBEvg )an[dwgfa zan³nigtYnaTIrbs;eKenAkñúgRKYsarmanPaBRbesIreLIg ehIyBYkeKman »kaseRcIneLIgkñúgkareFVIesckþIsMerccitþedayxøÜnÉg. TaMgenHeFVI[RsþIkan;EtmanCMenOCak;elIxøÜnÉg. eTaHbIBYkeK)ancMNUltictYckþI enHk¾Ca®bPBcMNUlÉkraCürbs;eKEdlGacmanlT§PaBcMNaymYyPaK sMrab;TijsMelokbMBak; edIrelgkMsanþepSg² RBmTaMgTijrbs;rbreRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn. enAkñúgRbeTs km<úCa EdleKemIleXIjCaTUeTAfa RsþIv½yekµgkñúgRKYsark¾dUcCaenAkñúgsgÁm manzan³tUcTabenaH eBlenHkarEdlBYkeKTTYl)annUv pl®beyaCn_dUc)anerobrab;mkenHKWCa karbgðajeGayeXIjnUv karsMerc)ansñaédsMxan;²ya:ge®cIn nig CaeCaKC½yrbs;RsþI . pÞúyeTAvij karbnþTTYl)annUv PaBRbesIreLIgrbs;kmµkarnIenHKWGaRs½yeTAelIlT§PaBénkarbnþepJI®)ak;eTAdl;®kum®KYsarteTAeTot. cMeBaHxøÜneKpÞal; kmµkrEtgEt)anCYb®bTHnUv]bsKÁCanic© edaysarmanPaBE®b®bYleT,IgcuHya:gxøaMg enAkñúg]sSahkmµkat;edrenH. krNICak;EsþgKW karbiTeragcRk nigp¥akdMeNIrkarCaTUeTAKW eFVI[)at;bg; kargarrbs;kmµkrrab;Ban;nak;. karERbRbYlnUvtRmUvkarkMlaMgBlkmµ bNþal[mankMlaMgBlkmµcl½t kan;EteRcIneLIgpgEdr . tamkarkt;sMKal; man43°énkmµkrmkBIextþéRBEvgEdl®tUv)ansMPasn_ Føab;eFVIkareRcInCagmYyeragcRk . enAeBlEdlkmµkr)at;bg;kargar b¤ Qb;eFVIkarkñúgeragcRk edayxøÜnÉg BYkeKPaKeRcInGacrk)ankargarfµIenAeragcRkepSgeTotPøam. GñkxøHeTotRtT,b;eTApÞHsin rYcehIymkPñMeBjvijsarCafµI . vaminEmnCaerOgKYr[PJak;ep¥IleTEdlfa bBaðakgVHkargareFVIenACnbT

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eFVIeGayRsþIv½yekµgsMerccitþRtT,b;mkTIRkugPñMeBjvijenaH . b:uEnþninñakarenH Gacmanplb:HBal;Ca GviC¢man kñúgeBlNaEdl»kaskargarFøak;cuHkñúgRTg;RTayFM Kitcab;BI)anbBa©b;kUtaenaH. kmµkr Edl BMumanCMnajsMrab;kargarepSgeTot RBmTaMgminGacRtT,b;eTAeFVIkargarenAkñúgPUmikMeNItrbs;eKvij )anenaH GacFøak;eTAkñúgkarTTYlykkargarEdlminsm®sb b¤kargarNaEdlGacmankarekg®bv½Ba© enATIRkugPñMeBj29. karsnüabegáInplitPaBxagBlkmµenAkñúg]sSahkmµkat;edr Cakarpþl;nUvyuT§saRsþmYyedIm,IeFVI[ dMeNIrkarkan;EtRbesIreLIgedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;m©as;eragcRkpg nigkmµkrpgEdr . dUcEdlman enAkñúgkar®sav®CavmYyEdl]btßmÖedayCMnYyGPivDÆn_GnþrCatirbs;Gaemrik (USAID) naeBlfµI²enH fa karGPivDÆn_ nigbNþúHbNþalbuKÁlik manskþanuBlsMrab;EklMGrplitPaBeragcRkBI 15-20°. karcMeNjBIplitPaB Gac[eragcRkplitnUvsMelokbMBak;EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ nigmantémøx<s;. RsedogKñaenHEdr edIm,IEklMGrplitPaB luH®taEtmankMlaMgBlkmµEdlmanCMnajx<s; nigpþl;[eK nUvR)ak;Exx<s;pgEdr . karTTYl)annUvGtßRbeyaCn_Epñkesdækic©EdleKarBeTAtamsþg;darkargar®bkb edayPaBTTYlxus®tUvcMeBaHsgÁm nigedIm,IeGaymankar®bkYt®bECgKW TamTareGaymankar®Kb;RKg EdlsMedAeTAelIkarelIkkBs;CMnaj nigsþg;darkargar CaCagkarkat;bnßyR)ak;ebovtSr_ nigdak;kMhit nUvskmµPaBshCIBrbs;kmµkr . bEnßmBIelIkarpþl;plRbeyaCn_Pøam²dl;m©as;eragcRk nigkmµkr karGPivDÆn_CMnajkarRbtibtþikar bec©keTs nigkarRKb;RKg Gacman\T§iBleTAelIeragcRkepSgeTot Tak;TajkarvinieyaKkñúgRsuk nigbreTs RBmTaMgGacbegáIt)ankargarfµI²EfmeTot . GVIEdlsMxan;enaH KW karbegáIteGaymaneragcRke®cIn®bePT Gacpþl;nUvmUldæan®Kw³TUlMTUlaysMrab;énkarGPivDÆn_mnusS nigkMeNInesdækic©30. kMeNInEdlKYr[kt;sMKal;én]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa )anpþl;nUvkarelIksÞÜyesdækic©Cati y:ageRcIn ehIyeKemIleXIjfa nwgbnþdMeNIrEbbenHnaeBlqab;²xagmuxeTot . eTaHbICamankarlUtlas; dUcEdl)anerobrab;mkenHkþI k¾kmµkrkat;edrEdlmancMnYn65°énGñkEdlmankargareFVIenAkñúgvis½y plitkmµkñúg®beTs ebIeFobCamYykmøaMgBlkmµsrubenATUTaMgRbeTsKW manEtRbEhl4° b:ueNÑaH.

29

sUmemIlGtßbTrbs;elak Hach, “Cambodia’s Garment Industry in 2005 and Beyond” 30

Salinger et al, Measuring Competitiveness and Labor Productivity in Cambodia’s Garment Industry.

71

ehtudUecñH karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTUTaMg®beTs ®tUvBwgEp¥kCasMxan;eTAelIplitPaBénvis½yksikmµ ®BmTaMgshRKasFuntUc nigFunmFümenACnbTEdlmanRbCaCnPaKe®cInbMputkMBugrs;enA nig eFIVkarenATIenaH . karbegáIntémøbEnßmenAkñúgvis½yTaMgenH GacCYyBRgIk]sShkmµe®cIn®bePT nig BRgIkTIpSarkñúgRsukEfmeTot . karlUtlas;énksi]sSahkmµ GacbegáIt)ankargarenACnbT TnÞwmnwg enaHEdrk¾pþl;nUvTunsMrab;ykeTAeFVIvinieyaKbEnßmeTot . karGPivDÆn_shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm Gac CYyelIksÞÜyBaNiC¢kmµkñúgRsuk RBmTaMgpþl;nUvplRbeyaCn_dl;GñkpÁt;pÁg;BImUldæan EdlnwgmantYnaTI cUlrYmcMENkelIksÞÜy]sSahkmµkat;edr nig]sSahkmµdéTeTotEdr . b:uEnþ yuT§saRsþEbbenH k¾ TamTar[mankarcab;epþImkMENTMrg; CaBiess karsMrbsMrYlBaNiC¢kmµ nig dkecjnUvr)aMgnanaEdl Ca]bsKÁ cMeBaHkarlUtlas;én]sSahkmµe®cIn®bePTeTot31. kñúgxN³eBlEdlmankarelIksÞÜy karlUtlas;Epñkksikmµ nig]sSahkmµ karCMrujeGaymanTIpSarkñúgRsuk nignaMecjeRkARbeTspgenaH kardak;ecjnUvviFankarhµt;ct;rbs;rdækñúgkare)assMGatGMeBIBukrlYy Gacman\Ti§BlyUrGEgVg nigpþl; plRbeyaCn_dl;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;®bCaCnenAtMbn;CnbTCaminxan.

31

sUmemIl Cambodia Seizing Global Opportunity.

72

]bsm< ½n§TI 1³ sikçakam nig®kumeGDIGay

eQµaH nigGgÁkarrbs;sikçakamEdlcUlrYm®sav®Cav

Hun Leakhena Krom Akphiwat Phum Keo Chamroeun NGO Forum on Cambodia Keo Chenda Enfants & Developpment Nop Sarom Family Health Promotion Nut Mak Chhong Kunathor Sok Bun Sean Cambodian Association for Development

of the Economy Together

Uch Ponh Cambodian Women for Peace and Development Khieu Thoun Cambodian Women’s Crisis Center Yim Nimola Khmer Women’s Voice Center Chhoeung Sun Lay Cambodian Women’s Development Association Hem Sakhorn Chamreun Chiet Khmer Sok Sophal Cambodian Development and Relief Center

for the Poor

®kumeGDIGay Oeur Il Cooperation Committee for Cambodia/ADI Project Seng Savuth Cooperation Committee for Cambodia/ADI Project

Ang Sopha Cooperation Committee for Cambodia/ADI Project Hor Sakphea Cooperation Committee for Cambodia/ADI Project John McAndrew Cooperation Committee for Cambodia/ADI Project

73

Éksar®sav®Cavrbs;KMerageGDIGay

• GMeBIhigSakñúg®KYsarenAkñúgtMbn;taMgTIlMenAfIµtamCayEdn enAe)a:yEb:tEdlmankMeNInmnusSya:g qab;rh½s³ kar®sav®CavenAkñúgPUmiBIr kñúgXMue)a:yEb:t extþbnÞaymanC½y Ex ]sPa 2005

• karelIkkMBs;kñúgkare®bI®)as;FnFanFmµCatirbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic enAPaK|sanén®beTskm<úCa Ex FñÚ 2004

• kareqøIytbrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic eTAnwgkarfycuHénFnFanFmµCati³ karsikSaRsavRCavenAkñúg PUmiBIrrbs;CnCatiesÞog enARsuksñÜl extþRkecH Ex kBaØa 2004

• kareRbIR)as;eRKÓgejonCabBaðasgÁm³ TsSn³rbs;RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmibI enACayRkug)at;dMbg Exemsa 2004

• bTBiesaFn_rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu¼sgáat; kñúgkarelIkkMBs;GPi)alkic©mUldæanedaymankarcUlrYm³ krNIsikSarbs;XMu¼sgáat;cMnYnR)aMenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa Ex mIna 2004

• karecjeTARbkbkargarenARbeTséf nigRBMEdnkm<úCa-éf³ ninñakarnaeBlbc©úb,nñ enAPUmicMnYn4 kñúgextþ)at;dMbg Ex FñÚ 2003

• plb:HBal;én]sSahkmµeTscrN_mkelICIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn enAtMbn;]TüanGgÁr Ex FñÚ 2002

• karsikSaRsavRCav®Tg;®TaytUc sþIBIkarEbgEckdIFIø enARbeTskm<úCa³ cMnucsMxan;²EdlTTYl

)anBIkrNIsikSacMnYnbI Ex vicäika 2001