4
Educational aspects of Mexican museums . - Mexico could not fail to be influenced by the international movement which revolutionized museums during the first 40 years of the present century. Indeed, towards 194j, this movement which transformed museums frominstitutions intended mainly for experts and specialists into an important means of spreading popular education gave the initial impulse to efforts in Mexico to renew exhibition techniques, to devise better methods of enabling the general public to profit from museums, to broaden museum activities and to attract more visitors from all sections of the population. With these ends in view, various methods were put to the test, but, apart from the fact that museographic techniques are constantly developing and being tried out, only three. methods have been permanently adopted by our museums : guided visits ; the planning and organization of exhibitions by teams of educators and museologists ; the provision of expert advice and encouragement to handicraff groups. Guided visits have been organized in Mexico since the beginning of the century, but the movement gave them a new impetus and led to the adoption of modern pedagogical methods. Since 1947, the National Museum of Plastic Arts has arranged visits for school- children and students conducted by professors and teachers of plastic arts, who first study the museum’s collections under the direction of a group of artists and art critics. During these visits, pupils do practical work in modelling, drawing and literary composition; the object of this is to consolidate the knowledge acquired during the museum visit through concrete expression of the ideas awakened in the pupil’s mind, and to convince him that the museum is a pleasant place where he can carry on activities he likes so that he will want to visit the museum often again. This work shows what impact has been made on the pupils’ minds by the works of art they have seen and provides also a means of judging to what extent the teacher-guides have helped them to understand the art of the various periods, beginning with pre- CoIumbian and continuing through to the abstract art of the present day. The National Museum of Hygiene, one of the most popular museums in Mexico City, which attracts a great number of visitors, mainly from the working classes, has a team of social workers responsible for organizing visits for students and workers. During these visits slides and films are projected and lectures are given by doctors attached to the museum. In each section of the museum one official, usually a nurse, guides visitors and answers their questions concerning the subjects dealt with by the museum and questions relating to health and hygiene in general. Among the Mexican museums undoubtedly the best use of guided visits has been made by the National hluseum of Anthropology and the National Museum of History. The latter has an Educational Department which, although it operates indepen- dently, carries out most of its work in the museum. The staffis composed of primary- school teachers and secondary-school teachers specialized in history. The department trains these teachers as museum guides; they make a thorough study of the objects exhibited in the rooms of which they will be in charge and of their origin. Each year the teachers are assigned different rooms, so as to acquire a full knowledge of the .museum’s collections. Periodically they also carry out study tours in the main archaeological areas or historical sites of Mexico. Visits of school groups to the museums are always preceded by a talk illustrated with slides, organized at the school premises by the department’s teachers. On arrival at the museum, the groups are provided with small folding benches and work materials including plasticine, coloured pencils and thick paper. Each group visits only one of the rooms of the museum and works for two hours at the maximum ; the visit begins with a brief talk to recall the knowledge previously acquired in the classroom; then the exhibits are visited and a commentary is given by the teacher-guides ; according to their own personal interests, the pupils then freely by CRISTINA S. DE BONFIL, IRMA SALGADO, MARIO VASQUEZ i 57

L'action éducative des musées mexicains

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Educational aspects of Mexican museums . -

Mexico could not fail to be influenced by the international movement which revolutionized museums during the first 40 years of the present century. Indeed, towards 194j, this movement which transformed museums frominstitutions intended mainly for experts and specialists into an important means of spreading popular education gave the initial impulse to efforts in Mexico to renew exhibition techniques, to devise better methods of enabling the general public to profit from museums, to broaden museum activities and to attract more visitors from all sections of the population.

With these ends in view, various methods were put to the test, but, apart from the fact that museographic techniques are constantly developing and being tried out, only three. methods have been permanently adopted by our museums : guided visits ; the planning and organization of exhibitions by teams of educators and museologists ; the provision of expert advice and encouragement to handicraff groups.

Guided visits have been organized in Mexico since the beginning of the century, but the movement gave them a new impetus and led to the adoption of modern pedagogical methods.

Since 1947, the National Museum of Plastic Arts has arranged visits for school- children and students conducted by professors and teachers of plastic arts, who first study the museum’s collections under the direction of a group of artists and art critics. During these visits, pupils do practical work in modelling, drawing and literary composition; the object of this is to consolidate the knowledge acquired during the museum visit through concrete expression of the ideas awakened in the pupil’s mind, and to convince him that the museum is a pleasant place where he can carry on activities he likes so that he will want to visit the museum often again. This work shows what impact has been made on the pupils’ minds by the works of art they have seen and provides also a means of judging to what extent the teacher-guides have helped them to understand the art of the various periods, beginning with pre- CoIumbian and continuing through to the abstract art of the present day.

The National Museum of Hygiene, one of the most popular museums in Mexico City, which attracts a great number of visitors, mainly from the working classes, has a team of social workers responsible for organizing visits for students and workers. During these visits slides and films are projected and lectures are given by doctors attached to the museum. In each section of the museum one official, usually a nurse, guides visitors and answers their questions concerning the subjects dealt with by the museum and questions relating to health and hygiene in general.

Among the Mexican museums undoubtedly the best use of guided visits has been made by the National hluseum of Anthropology and the National Museum of History.

The latter has an Educational Department which, although it operates indepen- dently, carries out most of its work in the museum. The staff is composed of primary- school teachers and secondary-school teachers specialized in history. The department trains these teachers as museum guides; they make a thorough study of the objects exhibited in the rooms of which they will be in charge and of their origin. Each year the teachers are assigned different rooms, so as to acquire a full knowledge of the .museum’s collections. Periodically they also carry out study tours in the main archaeological areas or historical sites of Mexico.

Visits of school groups to the museums are always preceded by a talk illustrated with slides, organized at the school premises by the department’s teachers. On arrival at the museum, the groups are provided with small folding benches and work materials including plasticine, coloured pencils and thick paper. Each group visits only one of the rooms of the museum and works for two hours at the maximum ; the visit begins with a brief talk to recall the knowledge previously acquired in the classroom; then the exhibits are visited and a commentary is given by the teacher-guides ; according to their own personal interests, the pupils then freely

by CRISTINA S. D E BONFIL, I R M A SALGADO, MARIO V A S Q U E Z

i

57

express their impressions of the visit; these are given concrete form in the plastic materials -supplied. Sometimes a problem is set as a gauge of what the pupil has gained from his visit. Before leaving the museum, the children are given light refreshments.

Of the pupils who visit these museums with their teachers 5 0 per cent belong to private schools which have their own means of transport ; the others come mostly from the less prosperous parts of the city. The Educational Department also organizes talks illustrated by slides in schools in the poorer suburbs.

For the past few years, the National Museum of Anthropology, in an effort to give its exhibitions a brodder educational appeal, has had on its staff two educators to assist the museographers in finding better ways of helping the general public to assimilate what they learn in the museum by presenting these subjects in such a way as to arouse and satisfy their interest, at whatever level this may be,

The result of this co-operation between museographers and educators was soon evidenced in the successful installation of new exhibition rooms: by the new approach to the general planning of the rooms; the drafting, presentation and general tone of the explanatory notices and complementary informative material ; the importance given to the full-scale replicas of outstanding architectural works and works of art of the pre-Spanish period, which have been included in the exhibition as an essential element needed in order to complete the general picture of each culture; some of these are of monumental size, e.g., the Palenque funeral chamber and the Bonampak temple with wall-paintings.

Another educational activity is carried out by the National Museum of Folk Art and Industry and by its branch museums with the object of preserving and developing traditional art techniques and styles in certain regions of the country. In addition to arranging temporary public exhibitions, the museums have set up workshops where artisans can learn ancient techniques which are fast disappearing ; authentic models of the period are placed at their disposal.

These museums also lend copies of ancient drawings to the workshops as a source of inspiration.

The new annex to the National Museum of History1 represents the most recent attempt to organize an educational exhibition. It was planned essentially for school- children, the exhibits being intended to illustrate and consolidate the knowledge they had acquired in their history classes and to bring to life the setting in which the principal events in Mexican history took place.

Further progress is expected to be made shortly with regard to the development of the educational possibilities of museums in Mexico. Plans are now being made for the opening in the near future of the new National Museum of Anthropology which will start with 2 3 exhibition rooms. A team of four educators specialized in the educational aspects of museum work will co-operate closely with scientific advisers and museologists. Thus, not only will the rooms of the new museum be specially designed for educational purposes, but the museum will also be planned to provide a great number of educational services.

[ Truduted from S)utzish]

I. See p. 2-14.

L'action éducative des musées mexicains

Le Mexique ne pouvait demeurer étranger au grand mouvement international qui a révolutionné les musées dans les quarante premières années du xxe siècle. La modi- fication profonde par laquelle ces institutions, autrefois destinées essentiellement à répondre aux besoins des spécialistes, sont devenues de précieux auxiliaires de l'éducation populaire, s'est fait sentir dans notre pays où, en même temps qu'elle déterminait, vers 194j , une tendance à réformer les techniques d'exposition, elle entraînait la nécessité de trouver de nouvelles méthodes permettant au grand public de mieux profiter de ses visites, et au musée d'étendre ses activités et d'attirer un plus grand nombre de visiteurs appartenant à toutes les couches de la population.

Dif€érentes méthodes ont été expérimentées pour atteindre ces buts, mais, en dehors du développement constant des techniques muséographiques, seuls les trois moyens suivants ont été retenus dans nos musées : organisation de visites guidées ; formation d'tquipes groupant des éducateurs et des spécialistes des musées, aux- quelles est confié le soin de préparer et de réaliser les expositions ; conseils techniques et encouragements à des groupes artisanaux.

Sans doute les visites guidées existaient-elles au Mexique depuis le début du siècle, mais le mouvement précité leur a donné une impulsion nouvelle et a fait appliquer en ce domaine des techniques pédagogiques modernes.

Depuis 1947, le Musée national des arts plastiques organise, à l'intention des écoliers et étudiants, des visites de ce genre, conduites par des professeurs spécialistes des arts plastiques qui ont préalablement appris à connaître les collections du musée sous la direction d'un groupe d'artistes et de critiques d'art. Dans le cadre de ces visites, les élèves exécutent des travaux de modelage, de dessin et de composition littéraire dont l'objet est double : consolider les connaissances acquises lors de leur passage au musée en leur faisant exprimer de fason concrète les notions qu'ils y ont acquises, tout en ancrant dans leur esprit l'idée que le musée est un lieu où ils peuvent exercer des activités agréables, intéressantes et conformes à leurs inclinations, ce qui doit leur donner l'envie d'y revenir. Ces travaux montrent quelles impressions ont produites sur l'esprit des jeunes les œuvres d'art contemplées par eux et per- mettent de juger dans quelle mesure les explications des professeurs qui les ont guidés leur ont facilité la compréhension d'un art qui va des différentes étapes de la période précolombienne aux écoles abstraites actuelles.

Le Musée national de l'hygiène, qui est l'un des plus fréquentés de Mexico, notam- ment par les classes populaires, possède une équipe d'assistantes sociales chargées d'organiser les visites d'écoliers et de travailleurs. Ces visites sont complétées par des projections de diapositives et de films, et par de brèves conférences données par les médecins attachés au musée. Dans chaque section de l'exposition se tient une personne (généralement une infirmière), chargée de diriger les visiteurs et de répondre à leurs questions concernant aussi bien les sujets traités par le musée que l'hygiène et la santé en général.

Les musées de notre pays où les visites guidées ont pris le plus grand développe- ment sont incontestablement le Musée national d'anthropologie et le I\lIusée national d'histoire.

Il existe également l'Institut national d'anthropologie et d'histoire qui com- prend un service éducatif indépendant des musées, mais exersant néanmoins dans leurs locaux l'essentiel de son action. Son personnel comprend des instituteurs e? des professeurs du second degré spécialistes de l'histoire, qui resoivent une iorwition spéciale au service même, où ils apprennent à connaître à fond les pièces expyjsées dans la salle qui leur sera confiée, ainsi que le contexte culturel dans lequel elks se situent. Les maîtres changent de salle chaque année, de fason à se faire une idie plus complète des richesses du musée. De plus, ils effectuent périodiquement des voyages d'étude dans les principales zones archéologiques et les grands sites historiques du pays.

par CRI s T INA S . DE BO NF I L , IRMA SALGADO, MARIO VAS QUEZ

59

I. Voir p. 2-14.

GO

Les visites scolaires en groupes aux deux musées précités sont toujours précédées d'une causerie illustrée de projections fixes, faites dans les écoles mêmes par les professeurs du service. En arrivant au musée, les membres du groupe reçoivent de petits bancs pliants et un matériel de travail composé de pàte à modeler, de crayons de couleur et de papier fort. Chaque groupe ne visite qu'une des salles du musée, et le travail, dont la durée maximum est de deux heures, comprend les activités suivantes : brève causerie d'introduction ayant pour objet de rappeler les connais- sances antérieurement acquises en classe ; visite commentée de l'exposition ; travaux de libre expression dans lesquels, selon ses goûts personnels, chaque élève synthétise, au moyen du matériel plastique mis à sa disposition, les impressions tirées de sa visite ; ces travaux comprennent parfois une petite épreuve objective à laquelle on soumet les élèves pour évaluer dans quelle mesure ils ont profité de leur visite; enfin, un léger rafraîchissement est offert aux enfants avant leur départ.

La moitié des élèves qui visitent ces musées en compagnie de leurs professeurs appartiennent à des écoles privées en mesure d'assurer elles-mêmes leur déplacement, l'autre moitié étant presque entièrement composée d'élèves de districts urbains dont la population ne dispose que de ressources modiques. A certaines occasions, le service éducatif organise des causeries illustrées de projections dans les écoles des quartiers pauvres de la ville.

De plus en plus soucieux de donner aux expositions un caractère éducatif poly- valent, le RilusCe national d'anthropologie a adjoint depuis quelques années à son équipe de muséographes deux éducatrices chargées de les aider à trouver des méthodes qui permettent aux visiteurs d'assimiler au mieux les sujets traités dans les expositions, en les présentant d'une façon didactique propre à satisfaire les goûts du public et à éveiller la curiosité de chacun, selon ses capacités latentes.

La collaboration des muséographes et des éducateurs n'a pas tardé à faire sentir ses heureux effets dans l'aménagement des nouvelles salles du musée, notamment en ce qui concerne les points suivants : nouvelles conceptions dans la planification générale des salles ; texte, présentation et ton général des notices explicatives et des déments d'information complémentaires ; importance accordée à l'inclusion ration- nelle dans l'ordonnance muséographique, de reproductions grandeur nature d'exem- ples remarquables de l'architecture et de l'art préhispaniques j ugés indispensables pour compléter la vue d'ensemble de chaque civilisation et dont certains ont un caractère monumental, tels la chambre funéraire de Palenque ou le temple de Bonam- pak avec ses peintures murales.

Une autre activité éducative, exercée par le Musée national des arts et industries populaires et par ses filiales, vise à préserver et à développer des techniques et des styles artistiques traditionnels dans certaines régions du pays. Ces musées ne se contentent pas de présenter au public des expositions temporaires sur ces thèmes ; ils ont aussi installé des ateliers où les artisans apprennent les anciennes techniques qui ont tendance à tomber dans l'oubli et exécutent leurs travaux en ayant sous les yeux des modèles de l'époque.

Dans d'autres cas, ces musées prêtent des reproductions de dessins anciens à différents ateliers artisanaux pour qu'ils s'en inspirent dans leur production.

La nouvelle annexe du Musée national d'histoire 1 représente l'effort le plus récent pour donner un caractère didactique à nos montages muséographiques. Essen- tiellement consue à l'intention des écoliers, elle vise à leur fournir des illustrations concrètes de nature à ancrer les connaissances préalablement acquises en classe d'histoire et à faire revivre le milieu où se sont déroulés les principaux événements de l'histoire nationale.

En conclusion, nous pouvons dire qu'un progrès important sera prochainement accompli dans notre pays en ce qui concerne l'utilisation des musées à des fins éducatives. En effet, on dresse actuellement les plans du nouveau Musée national d'anthropologie qui sera installé au cours des prochaines années et comptera, pour commencer, vingt-trois salles d'exposition. En contact étroit avec les conseillers scientifiques et les muséographes, quatre professeurs spécialisés dans les aspects éducatifs des musées participent à ce travail. De la sorte, non seulement les salles seront construites selon des principes didactiques, mais encore le musée sera conçu de manière à assurer un très grand nombre de services éducatifs.

[ Trctnzit. de l 'espatgraal]