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Le Repentir
Etymologie
du latin mdival repoenitere, regretter, emprunter au latin
classiqiepaenitere etre
mcontent de soi (pnitent)Employ ds Chanson de Roland au sens de
renoncer , cesser de , qui signifie encore
aujourdhui regrtteramrement davoir pris une dcision, davoir
accompli un acte ou de
navoir pas accompli un acte .
La valeur religieuse de manifester le regret davoir commis une
faute et la promesse de la
racheter est egalement atteste en ancien francais.
Hans Wehr: p 98 tawba= repentir, penitence, contrition, penance
(eng)
Se repentir:
1. ressentir le refret (dune faute), accompagn du dsir de ne pas
recommencer, de rparer.[cf. regretter, se reprocher, sen vouloir,
pleurer ses pchs]
[antidote] Se repentir de : regretter davoir commis (une faute
condamnable) et se
promettre de ne plus la commettre.
2. Regretter (une action), souhaiter ne pas avoir fait (qqch.);
subir les consquences
dsagrables (d'un acte).
La pnitence
1. Profond regret*, remords* d'avoir offens Dieu, accompagn de
l'intention de rparer ses
fautes et de ne plus y retomber, dans la relig. chrtienne.
[cf. contrition, rsipiscence]
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Definition
Le concept de repentir se compose de trois elements
interdpendants les uns des autres:
le savoir (al-ilm) ltat (de remord) (al Hal) laction (al-amal)
Le savoir: prise de conscience de la gravit des maux causes par les
pchs et du
voile quils dressent entre lhomme et le divin.
Letat: il depend et survient aprs la prise de conscience (1). Il
correspond unsentiment daffliction due lloignement du divin car
certitude que le pch est
lorigine de cette perte. Laffliction pour cet acte ayant entrain
lloignement du divin
se nomme le regret.
Laction: Lorsque cette affliction triomphe du Coeur et le domine
(2), un nouveletat est engender dans le Coeur que lon nomme
volition et aspiration dffectuer un
acte en connexion avec le present, le pass, et le future.
Sa relation avec le present cest de rpudier le pch quil
commetait jusqualors.
Sa relation avec le future, cest la ferme resolution de romper
avec le pch qui a
cause lloignement et lalienation du bien aim jusqu la fin de sa
vie.
Sa relation avec le pass, cest de rparer ce qui est rvolu et qui
a t cause par le
pch.
Le savoir estlorigine de tout ce processus, elle en est la
foundation.
Elle en dautre terme la foi et la certitude. LA foi dans le sens
de croyance que les
pchs sont despoisons qui causent la perte et certitude, c-a-d le
raffermissement de cette
croyance et le rejet du doute et de sa domination exerc sur le
Coeur.Bien quil est souvent rduit uniquement au sentiment de regre
t(2eme element), le
repentir correspond lensemble de ces trois elements (ilm, hal,
amal). Car sil y regret (2), il
est forcment prcd dun savoir qui est pr-requis, et ncessairement
suivi dune ferme
resolution qui est le rsultat de ce regret.
Ghazalis definition prend en compte lensemble.
Sa ncessit et son bienfait
definition du ncessaire:
deux types de novices:
athar, akhbar et Quran
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Setting ones intention
Hikam Sakandari: beginning illuminated= ending illuminated
First hadith in Nawawi: intention. Have the firm intention to
study in order to seek the
pleasure of Allah.
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Hadith of Gabriel
Most important hadith in Islam because it is a summation of the
entire teaching of the religion
and also because it was told 80 days before he died, so very
close to the last period.
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On intention, Imam Haddad
1. Sincerity in acts of obedienceCondition and a sign of a
sincere intention is that the behaviour does not belie the
intention.
2. Good intentions in permissible (mubah) acts
Good intentions does not affect wrong actions. (ex of man
standing with backbiter; ex. )
Strive, my brother, always to intend that your obedience be
solely for the sake of God, and
that whatever licit things you may use are only to help you to
obey Him.
3. Making numerous intentions for a single action: each one has
a complete a reward, so you
have done in this signle act multiple acts!
ex. of this in acts of devotion:Reading the Quran: a) communing
with God; unearthing the
knowledge of the Quran; giving benefit to oneself; and to
others; etc
Learning: intend to: learn but also teach it; reminding and
remembering; giving and receiving
in gain; encouraging adherence to Allahs book; and the sunna of
the Messegner. 10
INTENTIONS in this single act of learning.
ex of this in mubah actions: Bismillah, allahumma barik lana fi
ma razaktana wa rzukna
khayrun minhou wa jaa
Oh allah bless us with what you provided for us and provide for
us with which is better and
make it an aid for us in obeying Allah and His Messenger
ex. dressing: one intend covering ones nakedness (which in
itself is an obligation act, not a
recommended). Do not intend showing off for people. Following
the sunna of the prophet;
beautifying oneself to worship Allah (which is a command in the
Quran); also display the
ffavour of Allah on that person.
the sunnas: begin with the right; taking it off with our left;
start by bismillah whren dressing;
+ dua when dressed.
the book of intentions, kitab an-niyyah
meaning of intention
1st meaning
2nd meaning:
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Reducing ones intake of food
The concept ofshar(shar al kalam, shar at-taam, etc) excess. We
would normally refer to
this as gluttonous eating but it is actually a kind of obsessive
way of doing things .
Gluttony comes becomes you look at food and then become all wet
in your appetite and youwant to just indulge in it.
The same applies for gossiping.
The manner of reducing ones food.
This is not about an eating regime for the purposes of body
building and nutritional in terms
of health although what he is going to suggest is no ay going to
reduce our health. Eating for
spiritual health will in fact bring levels of physical
discomfort and weaken you but only for a
small period of time once you get used to it.
What a person would do in their live sis to reduce their food to
a level of healthy eating for
the physicality and then move into a spiritual eating for the
psiritual health because ultimatelyif you do not obtain the
spiritual health for your eating, your physicality will be
affected
without a doubt.
Once you have been able to attain a habit of physical
nutritional lifestyle and ethically
nutritional lifestyle.
_ He uses wheat, barley, etc. : remember that this was the
staple food at the time.
The point is to move from unacceptable eating, to nutritional
eating, then enter into a spiritual
dieting.
The process of reducing food intake is gradual : unnacceptable
eating> good eating >
ethically nutritional eating > spiritual and nutritional
eating.
The body should not be affected by that process : gradual
reduction.
3 factors : quantity, quality, time.
Quantity : 3 levels
1st degree : the rank of the uprightly righteous : limitation of
the quantity to sufficient
sustenance.sufficient sustenance, ie not about desires but xwhat
allow you to keep your back
straight. He is fearful of harm from it, upon his intellect and
life.
2nd degree : to satisfy oneself with half a measure of food for
the day, ie 1/3 of the belly :
Umar and other companions : a saa(2.5 kg) of barley per week
> App. 400 g of food per day.
3nd degree : one measure of food : 800g of food per day. He does
not go above that because
it is excess. Thats the limit. We have to get here.
ccl : you only reach for food when you feel hungry. the sign of
true hunger is that you eat
anything given to you. Picking and choosing is a sign that youre
not hungry.
TIME
1st degree : holds food for three days maximum. Abu Bakr= 6
days
2nd degree : without food for two days
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3rd degree : eat once a day only. For he who eats twice, his
hunger is not real. The benefit of
hunger will leave him.
Quality
