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Page 1: Meaning Reconstruction of Young Men's Gender Orientation ...ensani.ir/storage/Files/20100602163055-بازسازي معنايي جهت گيري... · ! l,i6 & "&˛ "* li6& % * "m ˘#V!*

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Page 2: Meaning Reconstruction of Young Men's Gender Orientation ...ensani.ir/storage/Files/20100602163055-بازسازي معنايي جهت گيري... · ! l,i6 & "&˛ "* li6& % * "m ˘#V!*

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"* li6& %��* "m�� �#V�! "* ! ��* ���\]� 0�!� c� n�$�$� 0' $� ! l,i6� ���& "&�A 0* �.�% 0U$�! ! ����2 �EJ�& B����� +,'�� +(& (Neuman, 2006: P 449).

� �*[!� o�@�$�(-� "H��&B 0,0(�8� 9�(p�) 0EP�U& =,�$� �+_�� =,*�� "H� 0*� 0 ��� 8"H� a+& ! �"*�(* ! ��* ��6&�%A `+) = 0� �g�&BA 0�"H�9 0Q�*"H��0B�$8 ��

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(�\&� � 9%A "*��"#�g+,cd"�?* 9 � � ! S�?T���8 �E�,GYN�"8 �6�,�� 1�\(�$� !� $� .,�"#�g+�� =,,\� c���� \� B�,,������ ���� �� ��L�$� ���& =� ?L�,"8 $�

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� ",$�L���� 0P�i& 0* \?� ��"� =#,"8 ?(�,�� 0�5 8B�$��b-A �w��?& 8�)B y��D� =�"�B��(E& ! 0�?8 ()o� B� ��L�$� �* ���A n�$�$� ! 4!�L�& 8�"b�!�

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2005)

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�& ��-� "�B ���& +(s 0* ��(� 0P�i& =�� �� �$�"*��-:

Page 5: Meaning Reconstruction of Young Men's Gender Orientation ...ensani.ir/storage/Files/20100602163055-بازسازي معنايي جهت گيري... · ! l,i6 & "&˛ "* li6& % * "m ˘#V!*

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>(� 0* �'�� =,(s 0��/�+��B�* +(�A" G� ! "�2� >(� B� ���A f�� 0* �*�,�$�

1- Richard Ekins 2- Yvonne Lafferty 3- Sandra Haswell 4- N. S. Carr 5- Dianne. Eley & David. Kirk 6- Belinda. Hewitt; Mark. Western; Janenn Baxter 7- K. S. Lee & S. G. Trost

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��"@�$� �� �&��L& y�s���s �& ��L�$� l,i6� 45��$ �� a��$ ��- .y�s��s

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�& +)�(cf.Maxwell,2004; Schutt, 2004; Ritchie & Lewis, 2005) . l,i6� ��0E&�� �"b�!� B� "J�T �� 8",?L� �$�(- L��"#",?�� ������� y�s��s =�!+� 8�"*

$� +- ��L�$� �&��L&. ������� ���"#",?L� �"b�!� %��(� 0* $�"* =�� �� ��_� �"b�!�� 0r $� +i�E&

* 0��� �*$ w,� ! %�?�� ,)�& %��* �u2 0v,��� 9������� ,EX�! %��* a� ",;?& %��� ";;,,7� ��;;D�� �;;� ! 4�;;,EX�! }�� 8�";;* Z�;;2 [!� ! ���(;;/,N �;;��A �� �";;r

(cf.Neuman,2006, 2007; Blaikie,2007) . 0;��#") �g�;�� F;�"& ! F\(& 0r �D�A B� %�;?�� }�� 9>;N 9$� %�?�� %��) ������� 4�,EX�! �� ",,7� ! B�$ ! 2�$ B� �;)

;$� G;�& ��,;?* �;��A %�";r ����(E& �.��.s ! 4�,EX�! �� ",,7� 94�,EX�! . =;�� B���� �* 90�-Y# B� =,���;X +X� ���?�� 0�2�$"* ��&� 0*�z& 0* ������� 4�,EX�! 0b(�� 0* 0

R,N =,,E� a�T �� n��g�� ! ��* +- %+- ��� �YP 9+(�?) ! a��;- %��� �g�.P� %���

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�;X�! 8�"* ��; ;���� 4�,E; ;7� w;,� ! ���; ;$� ! ",,; �";r F;J! �;��A �� 8��b� . =;��X�!; a";�(r ! I/r K*�X ��(� 0� 4�,E +(�;?,�9 �;& n�";_ 0;b�* ",;?L� ! }�� +;(����

+��-(cf. Glaser,1967, 1978,1998, 2001) .��!� =�0' �"Q "*�"* �� %�?�� P�_� "*%�?�� ",?L� ! }�� +(�A" �� 4�,EX�! 0r $� �!�* =�� "* ���� +,r^� <,6& P�_� �)

�& ����(E& ! 0�2�$ 9 "&B!� �#+�B au2 �� ! +��-. �Y;P9 0;� G;� ! }�� �;6� �;�(�?��;%� �* 9���� ,�)� 4�,EX�! B� �);-� 8���� 0b;?) w,� 8�+E�& a�b . 9";H� =�� B�

�@;/& ! +;T�! ,EX�! |� �* 0� �&9 !";*!� %�#�;��# ! �+;E�& 4�;,EX�! �;* 0;b�* G,�;?)(cf. Lincoln and Guba, 1985; Guba, 1991; Guba and Lincoln, 2005) .

(p�), = S�$� "* �� ��2 %�&�",N 8�,�� B� ��"& }�� ! ",?L� 0r �D�A B� 9�"b�!� =���& Kb- "&B!� �#+�B ������� "�?* ��* "�?* 0* 0�?*�! +- +,P�� ���E& 9�",# ! ��

�& ����(E& %A %!�� ��-;;+ .R)!VN =�� �� 8�";b�!� �* $� +- �E$ 0����"#",;?L�B�$B�* 0*8 g�(E&� ��#,"8 ?(�,�� �R�� *� ��;$ "?N %�B�&A, ;- "�;- %��;$", B�"

� %�/� ! 0�2��"N+) � 0'� �)+;&�,N B� �;r�� 0;s %�#+((' '��/& =8 4�";,,7� =;���& �*��B�� ! }�� ��Us �� ���A 9+���� +((r.

2( �����34 +���,

�g�(E& 8B�$B�* l,i6� =�� `+) 0b(�� 0* 0��� �*��#,"8 ?(�,�� $� �YP 9[!�,r �$�(-[!� %��(� 0* �L��"& l,i6� [!� ! �P�W �$�(-8��.�1 ��D�� 8�"*

"H� [!� ! l,i6� 4�,����&B 0,0(�8 wD� ����6� ! 0, ��� K$� +- y�@��� �).

1- Ethnography

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��"& 0�,$! 0* �E,\1 ������� <,6& |� �� ��"& 0EP�U& B� $� 4��\� 8��.�[!� ! �)��w*� ! ������� ���E& 0* %���* 0r ���)<,6& �� ��"� ,P�E �E,\1 8�)�"r �+,N $� . li6& 9l,i6� [!� =�� ��i�?& ��1 0*,G ���& %�+,& ! <,6& ��

�& r��/& 0EP�U&+(r(cf. Brewer, 1998; Fetterman, 1998; Schutt, 2004; Berg,

2006)

"#$( �% �&��'(� ) ���*��%����

r��/& "L� ?,* �� 0EP�U& =�� %�#+((rR��� B� %��$",*� ��$ Sur "?N %�B�&A ��� K,b/� B�",- "�-+�� .R��� 0EP�U& ! y�@��� 0* %��$",*� ��$ Sur "?N %�B�&A

$� 0�"# 4��_ K,P� +(s : 0�"H� ! +���� ��"X �$�?T ��!� �� +-� ��6P B� ���A Kb- %��!� =�� �� �" �,P!� ��) +�+i�E& %�?b��� K,\X B� ���B��"N�& �",#

(Erikson, 1968:P 128) .��) +(�A" ! G,��� 8�$ 0* �� %��� 9 �!� =�� �� �*���w#(;R) ���);& ��+;� & 0r +(r;D�� 0* "D(;�& �#+�B 8�"* ���+�E� �� ��-

(Ibid,P 155) .R��� B� !"# =�� 0b(�� ".�� 0�T"& |� �� ��,�6� ��6P B� %�B�&A+���� ��"X �P�i��� .i��� ".�� �-B�&A <,6& 0* �-B�&A <,6& |� B� a�) �)�./��� R,N

�./��� ! ( 0L,m! ��H� &+2 ! ��r ��B�* 0* ���%���b,* !"# �. r��/& y�@��� 8�"* +(�+) 8",# 0���� [!� B� %�#+((r1 $� +- ��L�$�. ��

� 8�)�"\)�� %�,&0��#=��N 0r 8�(cf. Patton, 2002) 9$� �"r �"U& 0* �"\)�� !�B� +(���\� 0' +- 0�"# ��r: ~� 0����e�(� "zr�+T �* 8",#2 B� �,- =�� �� 0r

%��$",*�R��� ! [�!"N ! [B�&A 0��#���s �T��� 8�)�#V�! �* ���B�&A 4!�L�& 8�)

1 - Purposive Sampling 2 - Maximum Variation Sampling

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) 8����X� �.��N ! ��,�6� ,EJ! ��6P B� ;������� (0���� "zr�+T �� +- 8",#* 0�-�� �� e�(�+-�.�� 0�����"* 0P��# 8",#1 R��� B� �,- =�� �� 0r +,$"N %�B�&A

r +-;& 0;r��/* +((r;N 0r 8+E;& %�&�",;;& �� 0P�i;L;1� �_�2 ���;s ���� eu; 0r;$� �? .� ��;����$� �* ;& B� ��L;E,-� ��;� e�\;"H8 & ��;� ���;� ��+E;���;0 �)�;��,G#;,"8 +- .� S�$� "*�= &;E, 9��& 0r ���&B;�� =�� 0* li6;$"* 0D,; 0r +

/,* ��D��;�& "�;0\T� ! ��,�2� �� 8"�/,* 4��u1� 9 +)�/& !8 ��� n�"_ ! ���Y#�& IX��& �� 4��u1� 8�!A�"# li6& P�T =�� �� 9$� ��\X 4��u1� ��"b� +(r

(cf.Gubrium and Holstein,1997, 2001; Kval and Brinkman, 2009) .

+#$( � ),��� �'�- . )��/01 231 )� 4 5�678�

R)!VN ��0����.� ��"& 8�)9 0(,&B 0�"H� 0g��� ��[!� B� �L,1 B� 8� �� �) ��� 8�!A�"#�& ��L�$� 4��u1� ! �)B� +(���\� 0r ��- :0\T��& 9��r��/& +)�/& -

�$�"* ! B�* ! 0��,� 2�$ 8�)8��($� 8�)(cf. Esterberg, 2002; Schutt, 2004;

Punch, 2005; Hammersly and Atkinson, 2007). ��� l,i6� �� ����& 8�)[!� B� ��L�$� �* "J�T 8�!A�"# B�* 0\T��& ! ��r��/& +)�/& 9��BA +)�/& 8�)

+-+��.

0(,&B 0�"H� [!� B� "J�T R)!VN �� 8�2 ;b� 0r� [!� B��)8 �6�, ��� K�)8 L,r $� �; �6� ��, ��� K$� +- ��L�$� �) .0(,&B 0�"H� a�$ �� 8�d���

S!"�-� ! �w,�# <$��3 9 �* y��r ��/���0(,&B 0�"H� I/r8�4 �"E& ���� 0E&�� 0*

1 - Snowball Sampling 2 - Grounded theory 3- Glaser & Strauss. 4 - Discovery of Grounded Theory

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"# ��"X %�!�" a�\i�$� ���& ! +- .0(,&B 0�"H� 9+�+i�E& S!"�-� ! �w,�# 8�|� $� [!�; ��� B� 0r $� ���"i� �)* 0r �� 0$+* ������� R)!VN B� GH(& ��1;

�&�& +,P�� 0�"H� 9+�A +(r.(cf.Glaser & Strauss, 1967, 1998, 2001) [!� ��0(,&B 0�"H��� 98�;;F ��� K,�6� 98�!A);0�"H� ! ��& $� 0* n5���T� 0r 8� �* 9+�A

+���� �b��w� t�\��� ".�+b� .i6&;;H� �* l;;0�".�� R,N 8��-�;;��� e!"- 90 9+(r B�T �* n�6,�"� �& e!"- 0EP�U& B� 8� (r+ �& B��� ! * 0�"H� 0r +)� 0 ��� 0�,$! �)

��- l�2 ! �"' ���m(cf. Strauss & Corbin, 1998; Corbin & Strauss, 2008) ."H��&B 0,0(�8 ����8 0�@/&�)8 +���8 B �"- 0*�$� ":

~ � ��� "* �(�\&& 8�)$� �(�9 ��� B� �&� +)�/& 8�) q,J�� ! =�!+� �� w,� 8��& ��L�$� G,)�L&+(r.

� � $� �g�"i�$� �-!�.

� � 0�"H� 8�"* �-!��g�&BA 0�"H� 0� ! $� 8B�$.

� � (�\&;& 8"$ |� "* �;*+r KT�"; ��� 8+();i& |� 0g��� 0* 0r $�;?) 0P�; 0��&+&�D��.

� � ��� +&A $+* 0�"H�$�)+&�,N ! 4u&�E� 9<��"- +E* 0$ 8�.

� � 0�"H�0�_�T $� ��,EX�& ! |,�"#�g+��.

� � � �� ������ ,�*�X �2�- 90�"H� �*��B�� ��,E&^$� 0EP�U& ���& ��"� <$�� +,�.

U& ��;,r 4�EP�;\& �L;(�� H� "*;&B 0�";0(,�� 98�;F 6� ! 8�!A;�; ��� K,);0* � -

) ��1;D�� %�&w�;�& �;� -;N 0* �� ��;��+,;� R;H;�"� &;?; ��� �� "i�);�r �; |(r; +((cf. Glaser & Strauss, 1967; 2001; Corbin and Strauss, 2008) . |,(b�

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F�� 8�"* ��L�$� ���& +�� ��� 8�!Al,�� 0\T��& 9�)1 $� . l,�� �L,r 0\T��& �,- �*);;;0(,&B 0�"H� 8����� �$�(� ��,?* 98� . a"�(r li6& 9l,�� 0\T��& ��

��� 2�$ 8!� 8"�/,*���� �) .$� +- ��� �� 8�.�L# |� 90\T��& FX�! �� .�"H� [!� ,)�&� 0(,&B ��� ! ��,�6� ��w*� a"�(r ! 8"�YN `�UE�� =,(s 8� �� �)

�& y�D�� +(r .(cf. Charmaz, 2006)F�� ��H(& 0* ��� 8�!A0$ B� �) |,(b�\T��&=��N 8���(/,N l,�� 0(cf.Patton, 2002) +&A K�� 0* ��L�$� "�B �,�"� 0* . ��

$� 8�"* ��r B�WA0P�i& ! G,)�L& 0* �*����$�",W ���.�L# 0\T��& �"b�!� B� �)2 +- ��L�$� .0P�i& ! G,)�L& 0b(�� B� +E* �"b�!� B� ��L�$� �* +�+- ��b-A 0,P!� 8�)

0\T��& �&��� 8��()��39 0P�i&" �� G,)�L& ! �)A+��"# 8",.,N 0\T��& +(� . "&� =��0���� 8��$�� ���& ��D�� w,� 8"H� 8",# 0(,&B 0�"H� [!� ,)�& �* ! ��- 8�

���� 8���B 8��#B�$ .0\T��& ��r t�U2 0b(�� B� >N* �) 00P�i& ! G,)�L& 0�,$! �)$ 9"# Kb-�" =�� ! �T�"1 B�* 45�AT"& �� +(�8"H� e�\-� ��4 �� 0&��� . ��

0�T"& =��9 B� ���+���$� B�* �\T��&5 +&A K�� 0* ��L�$�. �"b�!� �� �$�$� ,P�E0(,&B 0�"H� ��� K,�6� ! 0�wD� �B�T �� 8��& ��D�� �)��- .|,(b� ��L�$� ���& 8�)

�& �)�"b�!� "��$ B� %A w���� ���* �"b�!� =�� ����- . ��_� ���2�$ ��� K,�6� �)0(,&B 0�"H� ��$� 8��Y#+r ��,- 0$ 8�(\& "* 8� :~� 9B�* 8��Y#+r6 � � 8��Y#+r

8��6&7 � � �*�@��� 8��Y#+r8 (cf.Corbin and Strauss, 2008).

1 - In-depth Interview 2 - Informal Conversation Interview 3 - General Interview Guide 4 - Theoretical Saturation 5 - Standardized Open – Ended Interview 6 - Open Coding 7 - Axial Coding 8 - Selective Coding

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�& �u1� ��,�6� +(�A" 0* ! $� B�* 8��Y#+r 90�T"& =,P!� 9%A �1 0r ��-P!� G,)�L&,(�\& +�� 45�i& >{$ ! 0� ���$�(- 9���A "* 0�,�2 9 +- %�-��E*� ! �)

��� ���& I/r �) ��-. $� 8��6& 8��Y#+r 90�T"& =,&!� .�� " FX�!A a���� +(�0P�i& 0* �) ���A Z��2 S�$� "* ".�+Q�)0P�i& "�B�)(��Y#+' 98 »8��6&« +,&��

�& 0P�i& ��6& a�T �� 8��Y#+r �"�B 9��-�& 4��_ 8� & 0r �",#0P�i qU$ �� �� �)0�,�2�& <\�"& G) 0* ��E*� ! �)�B�$(cf.Strauss and Corbin, 1998: 123) . =,&�$

$� �*�@��� 8��Y#+r 98��Y#+r 0�T"& .0s��{b� +(�A" 8��Y#+r e�� =�� ! 8B�$0P�i& R�5�N 0�"H� l�2 �� �� �) $� . K&�E� 0D,�� �� "H� ���& �.s��{b�

K,�6��� �* "#�& ����* �B� �b� ! +�A $� ��r KT�"& =�"����-� . �� +��* li6& ���0P�i& =,* +��,N +����* �� �B��"{* l�E� 0* ! ��- �"W �) R�5�N �� ���A 90��� �� �) �"' 0s��{b� G)�* 9����+ +(r ��"@�$� �� 0�"H� n������ ! . �� |� ���- a!+� ��

0��� R@*�@/& +(�A" =�� �) $� +-.

9#$(��(�6� ��2��:

������ ,�*�X ��,E& 0* %+,$� 8�"*1 )g�!� ! ��\��� a��E&� i6� ��,�' 4�i�( B� 9?* ! `��E�& |,(b� 0$,B� +(���\� 0' +&A K�� 0* ��L�$� ��$"& ��:

a!�: a"�('������ <$�� �*����\��� �2(cf. Patton, 2002; Silverman, 2005;

Kval and Brinckman, 2009) :� ���r��/& B� 9[!� = �� +- 0�$��2 %�#+((r0���r 8�)6_ ���& �� ! �"r �*��B�� �� ��+()� "H� %A .

1 - Trustworthiness 2 - Member Check

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�!� :0?��i&��,�6� 8�)1 :� ��� ��� 0* 9[!� =2�$ �� +��"# e��� ��2 8�) ��� �* 0�"H� 8+(*��"# �*��B�� ! 0?��i& ��2 8�).

��$ :� B� ��L�$�,�& |,(b8w2 :� ���&B =,0(,&B 0�"H� ��r �� ��@�& +(s 90( 98����L& 98��Y#+r I��@& KT�"& "*+(�-�� 4��H� 45�i& ��"@�$� ! 8B�$.

5(��6��)

$�'��/& 0r $� =�� l,i6� =�� ��_� a� IP�@& >(� 0* \?� %�#+(('� 0* � %�-��2 %�*B»$!� )IP�@& >(� B�(« �� 0��.s#,"8 &���E& 9+(('� ()o� 9

R('N ! �),� +&��R(' =�"* �)8 %A$� 0��.s �)� �' ��1 0*� 8+(*+r 0�T"& �� 9B�*k� ���L&)�B ��0P�i& " ( �P�X �� 0' +�+- ��"@�$�� +(�"# ��"X +�� 0P�i& .

��B� +���* 4��\� +�� 45�i& = :+��B�*�/�#�� 9+(&��w*� t�\��� 9,"8 ��8 ()o� 9�!�$ <*,�)��/ ! a�8 ��D()8 %��$!� !"# . 0�T"& �� +�� 0��# �(N 45�i& =��

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0��/�+��B�*« $� .�/� 0' $� "'o 0* �B50P�i& ! G,)�L& �2"* =,* 8�7P 0* 0* 8�)$�;[!� "H� 0Ui� B� +&A (,&B 0�"H� �$�(-;0���+� 8��"�� 8� .,*��'; ! =-�; S!"�)k��� ( B�&��s !)k��� (/�"1�2;' %�; �"* �� 0' +��; �2"* ����& 8��,?

& G,)�L&; "�5�* �6U$ �� �� ! 0�� ��' 0* +�� 0P�i& +,P�� �� $� =Q�&; 0P�i);6& ! 0�?;& 8��;& +(s �� c� �* $� =Q�;� 0P�i;� 8���� +�;P 0*�/; 8�7

1 - Analytical Comparison 2 - Auditing

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+-�*(cf. Charmaz, 2006; Corbin and Strauss, 2008) . ���- a!+� ��)~( G,)�L&0�?) 0P�i& ! +�� 45�i& 90,P!� 0' au2 �� �"2� �6�,K1 0\T��& ��"@�$� �)

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شانه پسران نسبت به يبازاند يتيجنس يريگجهت ):1(شماره يانهيمدل زم

دختران

فشار

هنجاري گروه

دوستي

درگيري

فضاي ذهني

روابط

سيالارتباط

ابزارمند

بازانديشي

گيري جهت

جنسيتي

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