Moocs Revolution Ou Desillusion

7/21/2019 Moocs Revolution Ou Desillusion

1/100

|@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ

@cs HKKDs,rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ;@c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc

por @udecl ]opp

prbodc ac Icol-Hord Aolec`


2/100

Dr cl ?573, Èlstetut ac `cltrcpresc cst ul tjelf tolf elapclaolt ac tkut holaot sylaedo`ku pkètequc. Osskdeotekl mut lkl ùdroteb, Èlstetut ac `cltrcpresc o ulc trep`c vkdotekl 9 trcul dcltrc ac rcxekl, ul ècu ac rcldkltrc ct ul p`c ac bkrhotekl. ^rkbklahclt oldr aols òro et dklkhequc, e dkldcltrc scs odtevets sur ò rcòtekl cltrc cltrcpresc ct skl clverkllchclt.@Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc rulet pùs ac ?4> oajrclts (grolacs cltrcprescs prevcs ct pumèqucs,barotekls prkbcssekllc` cs ct krgoleshcs dklsuòercs, elstetutekls odoahequcs, osskdeotekls).Tcs loldchclts sklt cxdùsevchclt prevs, oudulc dkltremutekl lcxdaolt = % au muagct olluc`.

QJELF QOLF

@o rcxekl ac Èlstetut ac `cltrcpresc skrgolesc outkur ac 3 tjhotequcs prekre-toercs 9 dkhptetevet ct ellkvotekl, chp`ke ct prkspcdtevc skdeo`c, hologchclt, loldcspumèqucs ct rbkrhc ac òdtekl pumèquc.

Aols dcttc rcxekl, ò vesekl ac cltrcpresc dkluc ò bkes dkhhc krgolesotekl, odtcur auhklac dklkhequc ct odtcur ac ò skdet teclt ulc pòdc prpklaroltc. ^kur ro escr scstuacs ct òmkrcr scs prkpksetekls, Elstetut ac cltrcpresc hct dkltremutekl ul vostc rscouacxpcrts (ulevcrsetoercs, jouts bkldteklloercs, dklkhestcs, pk etk`kgucs, aeregcolts acltrcpresc,tjelf tolfs portcloercs trolgcrs). @o aebbusekl ac scs eacs soppuec sur o porutekl rgu ercac roppkrts ct ac lktcs ct sur ò pumèdotekl aulc rcvuc olluc``c, Tkdeto que prkpkscgo`chclt acs amots cl eglc sur cs qucstekls aodtuoèt dklkhequc veo ò pogc Tkdeto`- @c M`kg, eltgrc ou setc eltcrlct ac Èlstetut ac `cltrcpresc. ]skùhclt tkurl vcrseltcrloteklo ct portcloerc bklaotcur au ]scou Eltcrloteklo acs Qjelfs Qolfs Cdklkhequcs(www.esmtt.dkh), Èlstetut ac `cltrcpresc eltgrc systhotequchclt aols so rcxekl òlo-`ysc ac hka`cs trolgcrs susdcptem`cs aelspercr cs pk etequcs pum equcs broloescs.

]CLDKLQ]CT

Kuvcrtcs ul orgc pumèd ku rscrvcs oux oajrclts, cs holebcstotekls krgolescs por Elstetutac `cltrcpresc klt pkur kmicdteb aolehcr `c amot pumèd ct ac stehu`cr ò rcxekl sur acs suictsaeltrt dk``cdteb, ès `cltrcpresc. Aeregcolts acltrcpresc, pcrsklloèts pkètequcs, cxpcrtsessus ac cltrcpresc ku au hklac ulevcrsetoerc sklt elvets scxprehcr kddosekl ac aiculcrs,ac dklbrcldcs ct ac amots.

BK]HOQEKL

@Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc prkpksc acs prkgrohhcs paogkgequcs vesolt sclsemeèscr `cspumèds opportclolt `dksysthc ac `cltrcpresc oux clicux dklkhequcs ct skdeoux. Aolsdc doarc, Èlstetut soarcssc prekretoerchclt oux clsceglolts ac Tdecldcs dklkhequcs ctskdeo`cs (TCT), ovcd `c ^rkgrohhc Clsceglolts-Cltrcprescs 6 oux iculcs jouts pktcltecs , ovcdÈlstetut acs Joutcs tuacs ac `Cltrcpresc (EJCC) ct @c Dcrd`c 6 oux rcprscltolts pkè-tequcs ovcd `c prkgrohhc Cùs & Cltrcprescs.

^kur cl sovker pùs9 www.elstetut-cltrcpresc.br


3/100

?

@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ

Tcptchmrc =>?1

@cs HKKDs 9 rvkùtekl

ku ase`ùsekl ; @c sovker

`jcurc au luhrequc

@udecl ]opp

^rkbcsscur ò Bodu t ac arket ac `Slevcrset

Qku`kusc?-Dopetk`c (Slevcrset ac Qku`kusc)

Redc-^rseaclt ac `Slevcrset Qku`kusc?-Dopetk`c

^rkbcsscur obè JCD, ôres


4/100

Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc, =>?1Qkus arkets ac rcprkaudtekl, ac troaudtekl, aoaoptotekl ct acxdutekl

rscrvs pkur tkus `cs poys

Aercdtcur ac ò pumèdotekl 9 Brared Hkl`kues-Bèdet, a`gu glro` ac Èlstetut ac `cltrcpresc


5/100

4@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1

Tkhhoerc

^rbodc por Icol-Hord Aolec` ..............................................................................................................................................7

Tyltjsc ................................................................................................................................................................................................................?4

?. ^kur cl bler ovcd `o HKKD Holeo ........................................................................................... ?5

SLC TKDEQ TOLT DK@C ;..........................................................................................................................................................................?5

AH@C] @C R]OE AS BOSZ ............................................................................................................................................................................ =>

SLC OLLC CL ACHE-QCELQC ...........................................................................................................................................................................=?

@O HKKD HOLEO CTQ-C@@C ]CQKHMC ;....................................................................................................................................=4

KMICQ AC @O ^]TCLQC LKQC .......................................................................................................................................................................=1

=. Dresc au systhc audoteb ct ellkvotekl ac rupturc ..................................=7

ACT HKA@CT CL D]ETC .....................................................................................................................................................................................=7

TKDEQ AC Q]OAEQEKL CQ TKDEQ AC DKLLOETTOLDC.................................................................................................4>

CASDOQEKL, ELLKROQEKL CQ D]KETTOLDC DKLKHE_SC....................................................... .........................................4=

SLERC]TEQ ^]KASDQERC, SLERC]TEQ LSH]E_SC ; ........................................................................................................44

QJC ELLKROQK]T AE@CHHO ............................................................................................................................................................................41

MCQQC] OLA MEGGC] ........................................................................................................................................................................................41

TQ]OQGECT ACLQ]C^]ETCT CQ ^K@EQE_SCT ASLERC]TEQT....................................................................................43

@CT HKKDT, ELLKROQEKL AC ]S^QS]C ..............................................................................................................................................42
http://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdf


6/100

1

ELLKROQERC SLERC]TEQU, AET]S^QELG D@OTTCQOAO^QERC @CO]LELG..........................................................47

ET QCDJLK@KGU QJC OLTWC] ; ...........................................................................................................................................................4:

4. Qypk`kgec acs HKKDs ....................................................................................................................................................... 1?

M]RC JETQKE]C ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................1?

EACLQEBEOLQT ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................1=

ACT HKKDT OSZ DKKDT .....................................................................................................................................................................................11

HKKDT CQ C-@CO]LELG ........................................................................................................................................................................................13

QU^K@KGEC.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

^]ELDE^O@CT ^@OQCT-BK]HCT ................................................................................................................................................................... 17

^O]QCLO]EOQT ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................3>

DJOLC AC RO@CS] ....................................................................................................................................................................................................3?

A]KEQT AC ^]K^]EQ ..........................................................................................................................................................................................3=

1. Hka`c dklkhequc acs HKKDs,

hkltesotekl ct strotgecs ............................................................................................................................................ 33

DKQ CQ DKQT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33

HKLQETOQEKL ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................32

HKA@CT DKLKHE_SCT ...................................................................................................................................................................................3:

HO]DJ (^C]T^CDQERCT) ..................................................................................................................................................................................2>

TQ]OQGECT ACT ^@OQCT-BK]HCT ..........................................................................................................................................................2>

^KTEQEKLLCHCLQ ACT SLERC]TEQT.....................................................................................................................................................24

QOSZ ADJCD ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23


7/100


3. HKKDs, rcltcs ct geschclts ac prkaudtevet ............................................................27

ABET......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

DKQ AC @CLTCEGLCHCLQ ................................................................................................................................................................................27

@CT HKKDT, BODQCS] ADKLKHECT ; ...............................................................................................................................................25

AS MOSHK@ CBBCDQ @O MKWCLT @OW ...........................................................................................................................7>

@EHEQCT ACT HCTS]CT TQOQETQE_SCT..................................................................................................................................................7=

]CLQCT AC TEQSOQEKL CQ DKH^QEQEKL HKLAEO@C.............................................................................................................74

2. Rcrs ulc HKKD Slevcrsety; ..................................................................................................................... 73

SLC ^K]QC AEBBEDE@C O^^]JCLAC] .........................................................................................................................................73

DKHHSLEDOQEKL, DKLLOETTOLDC CQ ELBK]HOQEKL .........................................................................................................72

HELC]RO .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 77

HKKD SLERC]TEQUCQ AEGEQO@ ACG]CC ...............................................................................................................................................:>

TORKE] CQ TORKE]-BOE]C ....................................................................................................................................................................................:?

CRO@SOQEKL CQ DC]QEBEDOQEKL ....................................................................................................................................................................:=

7. ^kur quc`qucs eleteotevcs curkpcllcs ct loteklo`cs .............................:3

@CS]K^C LC TOETEQ ^OT TO DJOLDC....................................................................................................................................................:3

AET^C]TEKLT ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................:2

SLC TK@SQEKL CS]K^CLLC ; ....................................................................................................................................................................:7

_SC@_SCT EACT ^KS] @O B]OLDC .......................................................................................................................................................:5

Mem`ekgropjec elaedotevc .................................................................................................................................................................54

@outcur ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................53


8/100

2


9/100


^rbodc

CHE@C !!

@o ldcsset ac rclarc so porboetc cbdodet `clsceglchclt cst aoutolt pùs veacltcquc o drkessoldc que spuesc cxegc ul elvcstesschclt segledoteb aols c dopeto` juhoel.

Ou hkhclt hhc k tkus `cs poys avc`kpps obrhclt `cur vk`klt aoddrktrc `cs

apclscs ac bkrhotekl, `cs roppkrts sc hu`tepèclt sur ò moessc au levcou, oelse quc

sur `cs eltcrrkgotekls ovker sur acs apclscs audotevcs ac pùs cl pùs `kuracs ct

vedtehcs ac rclachclts adrkessolts.

Bodc dc akum`c prkm`hc aul mcskel holebcstc ct aul kute` aboe`òlt pkur `c sotes-

boerc, pkquc lkus kbbrc o pkssemeèt aulc skùtekl por c jout grdc ou avc`kppchclt

acs lkuvc``cs tcdjlk`kgecs ac èlbkrhotekl.

Kumècr ò t`vesekl sdkòerc

@cs kraelotcurs quc Tk`kw vkyoet aols `cs murcoux sols qukl lc `cs vkec aols `cs

stotestequcs sklt cl troel ac rcltrcr aols `cs so``cs ac dòssc. Dcttc vkùtekl lcst

pos lkuvc``c ct `c avc`kppchclt acs tcdjlequcs ac aebbusekl ct ac troetchclt ac

èlbkrhotekl scst oddkhpogl ac ò vk`klt acs outkrets sdkòercs acl boerc ulc acsdkhpksoltcs aulc paogkgec rclkuvc`c. Dcst aols `c doarc ac ò mkllc vece``c ]QB

qucst lc cl ?52= ò roaek-t`vesekl sdkòerc. C``c ouro ulc cxestcldc pùtt dklacl-

tec``c, cldoarc quc``c cst por `cs `kuracurs ac àudotekl loteklo`c ct `cs regeaets au

gou`èshc. Cl ?5:3, `c iculc ct hkacrlc prchecr helestrc ac `pkquc, @ourclt Bomeus,

òldc `c pòl elbkrhotequc pkur tkus que obdjc acs eltcltekls bkrtcs aols `c akhoelc

ac `dk`c. Cl porteduècr, dc pòl selsdret dkhhc ulc prekret au ^òl loteklo`, `c lcu-

vehc au lkh.


10/100

:

@cs HKKDs 9 rvkùtekl ku ase`ùsekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc

ôr-ac` dcs mkllcs eltcltekls, `c rsu`tot lc scst pos boet ottclarc 9 dcùe aul djcd

krgoles por èldopodet oahelestrotevc jometuc``c ct por èlcrtec ac dcux quc `cs lku-

vc``cs tcdjlequcs hclooeclt.

Dcrtcs au djchel o t boet tolt mecl quc ho`, hoes askrhoes lkus djolgckls apkquc.

@c ^òl o aesporu, chpkrt aols `cs kumècttcs ac `jestkerc, elbkrhotequc scst gl-

roèsc ct ul lkuvcou pjlkhlc vclu acs Ctots-Sles cst opporu, dcùe acs HKKDs

(hossevc kpcl klèlc dkurscs).

@kraelotcur o dkhhcld por rchpòdcr c sty`k que scrvoet prclarc cl lktc cs prkpks

au prkbcsscur. ^rkgrcssevchclt, `cs rcgoras acs tuaeolts klt quett `cs tom`coux ac

hkels cl hkels lkers ct klt bue dcùe au prkbcsscur pkur sc dcltrcr sur acs drols ksc dkldurrcldclt lktcs prescs, moscs ac akllcs dklsu`tcs tetrc ac vredotekl acs

prkpks tclus ku tkut sehp`chclt setcs eltcrlct aevcrs k `kl buet ò aurc aesdepèlc ac

`dkutc. Acvclu aestolt ou pkelt ac resqucr ac acvcler eltc``cdtuc``chclt omsclt,

`clsceglolt sopprtc sc`kl ul prkdcssus askrhoes elcxkrom`c acvcler omsclt pjy-

sequchclt.

@clsceglchclt ac logurc rcpksoet sur ò trolshessekl por ul sodjolt `c prkbcsscur

aul sovker vcrs acs tuaeolts oyolt ò dklvedtekl ac rctercr ac òttcltekl oddkrac

scs prkpks ulc ohèkrotekl ac ò quoltet ct ac ò quoèt ac `curs dklloessoldcs. E`

rcpksoet sur ulc bkrhc ac skuhessekl òutkret ct sur ul hklkpk`c gkgropjequc

boesolt au prkbcsscur `c scu` hotrc mkra aols so dòssc, as `krs que` rcspcdtoet ul

prkgrohhc ac dkltclus trolshcttrc.

Ouikurajue, aoutrcs quc ùe, aklt `cs dkurs klt t clrcgestrs ct hes cl èglc sur acs

rscoux elbkrhotequcs, vecllclt ùe boerc dkldurrcldc ovcd aoutolt pùs ac bkrdc quc

skl ouaetkerc troaetekllc` o tclaoldc pcrarc dkltodt ovcd scs aesdkurs.

]ctrkuvcr ]kusscou

O tetrc pcrskllc`, ic vkes aols dcttc vkùtekl `c syhmk`c aulc trolgc rcvoldjc ac

]kusscou sur Toelt Icol-Moptestc ac @o To``c. Dc acrlecr ovoet su dklvoeldrc `cs prkdjcs

ac @kues ZER quc ò glroèsotekl ac `clsceglchclt pkuvoet skmtcler rcòtevchclt

boem`c dkt cl eltrkauesolt ulc tcdjlequc paogkgequc bklac sur ò dòssc rcgrkupolt

ul lkhmrc ehpkrtolt a`vcs. Cltkur ac prcstegc au boet ac skl sovker, prktg por

acs syhmk`cs bkrts dkhhc ò tkgc aols `clsceglchclt suprecur ku `cstroac aols

tkutcs `cs dòsscs, `c prkbcsscur ac @o To``c aestremuoet so pork`c acs `vcs rcòte-


11/100


^rbodc

vchclt lkhmrcux hoes rcspcdtucux (roppc`kls quc `tyhk`kgec ac akde`c cst `c vcrmc

akdcrc, que seglec cl otel clsceglcr). Ct dcttc pork`c toet goroltc ac o orgc aebbusekl

au sovker. @c dkltr`c ac dklloessoldc vcloet dklbkrtcr dcttc aebbusekl hoes pkuvoetposscr pkur scdklaoerc ou pkelt quc `kl o pu ossehe`cr ò prscldc aols `cs ècux

sdkòercs ulc rc``c odquesetekl ac sovker ct sc hkltrcr ac hkels cl hkels cxegcolt

sur ò bokl ac roèscr dc dkltr`c (lc seltcrrkgc-t-kl pos oelse sur ò survec au mod-

doòurot, cxohcl dktcux, pcu s`cdteb ct que veclt dkldùrc acs ollcs ac prscldc

aols `cs `ydcs que o prekre sklt hhc aossurcr ò bkrhotekl acs `vcs ;).

Qolaes que `dk`c sc dklstruesoet sur dc sdjhc ou ZREEEcsed`c, ]kusscou aols `Che`c

avc`kppoet ul hka`c k `c prdcptcur dklsce``c aols `cs `cdturcs, hkltrc `cs pjlk-

hlcs ct vrecel lcac bokl osscz prdesc dc quc c iculc aklt e` ossurc audoteklo rctclu. Oelse, oprs ovker rcdkhhola ò `cdturc aul èvrc akptequc, `c prdcptcur

aChe`c, òhclolt aols ulc prkhcloac outkur aul òd, ùe acholac acxpèqucr pkur-

quke, quola kl p`klgc ul mtkl aols `cou, kl `c vket doss. E` rclvkec Che`c rcst eltcr-

aet ct huct vcrs ò `cdturc ai sk`èdetc au èvrc ct elsestc sur ò ldcsset ac scl

opprkprecr `c dkltclu por ulc ahordjc pcrskllc``c.

Ouikurajue, tolaes quc acs aep`hcs ac pùs cl pùs veas ac `cur scls vecllclt sold-

tekllcr acs jcurcs ac prscldc elottcltevc aols acs so``cs k scltossclt acs `vcs

ac pùs cl pùs askreclts, `cs jretecrs au prdcptcur aChe`c rclvkeclt `cs eglorcs

hkacrlcs que`s drkesclt vcrs cur kraelotcur k cs HKKDs cur bkurlessclt cs hkycls

ac dkhprclarc ct ac rctrkuvcr `cs `kes ac ò rbrodtekl.

Lolhkels, `cs lksto`gequcs ac `jretogc pkurtolt mecl troje ac @o To``c dòhclt

èhpksturc acs HKKDs. @o rsestoldc skrgolesc. @cs sylaedots aclsceglolts que

obrhclt quc recl lc souroet boerc djolgcr `c htecr rctrkuvclt `c vecux rcxc ùaaetc

ac tkus dcux quc `c prkgrs tcdjlequc mkusdu`c aols `c dklbkrt hhc areskerc ac `cur

rkutelc prkbcssekllc``c. @cs skdek`kgucs que skutecllclt hkraedus quc quke que` orrevc,`clsceglchclt ac quoèt scro tkuikurs rscrv ulc ètc dklscrvotredc, pkussclt `c

vedc iusqu alkldcr ò vk`klt hhc ac lecr dcttc `ke eltolgem`c ct bklaohclto`c ac

èliustedc skdeo`c, vk`klt `cur ycux ou hecux voelc, ou perc pcrledecusc.

Aols dcs dklaetekls, e` porot ehpkrtolt ac boerc `c pkelt, dcst--aerc ò bkes ul tot

acs ècux ct ulc prkspcdtevc acs clicux. Dcst dc quc sc prkpksc dcttc lktc. ]aegc

por ul clsceglolt que cst ou dur hhc ac `vkùtekl ac `Slevcrset, c``c pksc ovcd

srlet `cs prkm`hcs que cltkurclt ò hkltc cl puessoldc acs HKKDs. C``c port au

preldepc que` bout roeskl goracr. @cs spdeoèstcs ohredoels que `krs acs prchercs

hescs cl èglc ollkloeclt qu `jkrezkl =>4>, e` ly ouroet pùs aols `c hklac quc


12/100

?>


?> ulevcrsets, 5 ohredoelcs ct ? djelkesc, sklt prkmom`chclt o``s vetc cl mcskglc.

Hoes dcux que lc vkeclt aols `cs HKKDs quc acs goagcts aelbkrhotedecls klt tkrt.

@cs ulevcrsets, `cs `ydcs ct `cs dk`cs lc vklt pos aesporotrc au ikur ou `clachoel,

hoes clsceglolt uttolt ovcd pùs ku hkels ac sudds dkltrc ulc dòssc pùs ku hkels

hktevc pkur boerc posscr skl sovker cst rchescr ou husc ac ò paogkgec. Djoquc

prkbcsscur ac pjysequc cltrolt aols ul ohpjetjtrc ac bodu`t aket dkhprclarc quul

prex Lkmc` rodkltc ò hhc djksc quc ùe sur ul drol ovcd ulc aehclsekl ac prcstegc

mecl suprecurc. Djoquc elstetutcur acvclu cl Broldc prkbcsscur acs dk`cs aket

roèscr quc acs icux ùaequcs ct eltcrodtebs opprcllclt ouikurajue èrc ct dkhptcr

ulc iculcssc asercusc ac skrter ac skl eglkroldc aols acs poys k e` cst aebde`c

ac hoeltcler ul rscou ac `kdoux sdkòercs ac grolac clvcrgurc.

Dkhhc tkuikurs, c prkgrs tcdjlequc vo ikucr skl akum`c r`c pkseteb 9 ossurcr ul rclku-

vc``chclt au htecr que` tkudjc aols ul scls ac òhèkrotekl ac scs dklaetekls

acxcrdedc 6 rauerc skl dkt cl pcrhcttolt aols ò bku`c ul lkhmrc drkessolt ac

pcrskllcs ac mldecr acs bruets au trovoe` oddkhpè aols c doarc ac dc htecr. _uolt

ò dkldurrcldc quc `cs HKKDs vklt elsto``cr cltrc clsceglolts ct elstetutekls sdk-

òercs, c``c ouro c``c-hhc dc akum`c cbbct pkseteb ac hoeltcler ò prcssekl ac `cxegcldc

ct akuvrer djodul acs djohps quose-elles aodquesetekl ac ò dklloessoldc. @cs

dkurs au Dk``gc ac Broldc, rscrvs ioaes quc`qucs ôresecls, sklt hoeltclolt

aespksetekl ac tkus

Cxegcldc

Hoes kl tkudjc ` ul acs pkelts d`s ac òvcler ac dc aespkseteb. Dcùe ac òbrhotekl

ac `cxegcldc. C``c sc boet akrcs ct ai cl dc scls quc ò prkhcloac ac ]kusscou cl

qutc acxprecldc akptequc sc hct cl pòdc ul pcu portkut. @cs dkltr`cs ac dklloes-soldc skrgolesclt, `cs aep`hcs sc rcalessclt. E` soget as `krs ac sc acholacr

dkhhclt dcttc cxegcldc sehpkscro aols c dkltclu acs HKKDs. @o vegeòldc sehpksc

pkur vetcr quc acs aep`hs oyolt sueve acs HKKDs ct prkdòholt quulc vo`cur ac

ac 4,?1 dkhpèquc elute`chclt `cs do`du`s ct quulc pjysequc bklac sur ulc vo`cur ac

1 scroet pùs protequc ct bode`c clsceglcr lc sc gèssclt aols `cs mo`mutechclts au

aespkseteb. Dor se tkut prkgrs o scs bu`guroldcs, e` o ousse scs csdrkds ct scs lobs.

Slc pcrspcdtevc lkuvc``c skuvrc quke que` cl sket. Ct cl ossurolt ulc lkuvc``c krgo-

lesotekl ac `clsceglchclt, c``c eltcrpc``c `c hklac ac `cltrcpresc acux levcoux 9

dcùe acs kppkrtulets que ùe sklt kbbcrtcs ac acholacr acs dkhptcs ou hklkpk`c


13/100

??@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1

^rbodc

ouikurajue dòerchclt ameètolt ac àudotekl loteklo`c 6 dcùe ac ò quoèt acs bkr-

hotekls rcucs ct acs hkaoèts avoùotekl ac dcttc quoèt ou hkhclt acs ch-

moudjcs.

Dcst pkur dcò quc por-ac` ò bosdelotekl eltc``cdtuc``c pkur dcs HKKDs aklt, rop-

pc`kls-`c, dcrtoels ljsetclt pos obrhcr que`s vklt chpkrtcr lkl scu`chclt lks

ulevcrsets, hoes hhc lktrc òlguc -, e` dklveclt quc `c hklac ac `cltrcpresc r-

djessc dc que vo sc posscr.

Dcttc lktc cst akld ò prcherc dkltremutekl ulc rcxekl oppc`c ul pcrholclt

avc`kppchclt.

ICOL-HO]D AOLEC@

^rkbcsscur osskde `CTD^ Curkpc

Cdklkhestc Èlstetut ac `cltrcpresc

Aercdtcur ac ò raodtekl ac ò rcvuc Tkdeto`


14/100

?=



15/100

?4@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1

Tyltjsc

Ollklds ovcd brodos cl =>?=, `cs HKKDT hossevc kpcl klèlc dkurscs pkrtoeclt

cl cux `cs gcrhcs aulc trep`c rvkùtekl 9 tcdjlk`kgequc mecl sr, puesque` sogessoet,

grdc ou luhrequc, ac ahotreoèscr ò trolshessekl hhc au sovker 6 dklkhequc,

cl hcttolt ul tcrhc ò hoàedtekl acs dkts drkessolts que obbcdtoet iusquede ul

scdtcur ac clsceglchclt suprecur oux goels ac prkaudtevet elcxestolts 6 paogkgequccll, dor acrrerc dcs kute`s, dtoet ulc dkldcptekl rclkuvc`c ac òpprcltessogc que

sc prkòet, ou trovcrs ac ò prkhktekl aulc suppksc dk-dklstrudtekl acs sovkers por

`cs tuaeolts cux-hhcs.

Acux ols oprs, e` dklveclt aomkracr dc pjlkhlc ovcd aovoltogc ac rcdu` 6 dcst

aols dcttc pcrspcdtevc quc sc setuc dc trovoe`, que dklstetuc ulc tcltotevc ac rosschm`cr

`clschm`c acs akllcs aklt kl aespksc ouikurajue sur dcs lkuvcoux kute`s ct acl

olo`yscr `cs cbbcts skus ulc trep`c pcrspcdtevc 9 dc``c acs cltrcprescs, acs pkuvkers

pumèds ct ac ò skdet. Le rquesetkerc, le pòeakycr, e` soget ovolt tkutc djksc aulc

pjktkgropjec elstoltolc ac `tot aul pjlkhlc loessolt cl Curkpc ct au amot

que` susdetc kutrc-Otòltequc.

Aols dc doarc, outcur oppc``c adklstruerc ul dcrtoel lkhmrc ac hytjcs que sc sklt

òmkrs outkur acs HKKDs, tkut cl roppcòlt qukl cst cldkrc `kel ac aespkscr aulc

dklloessoldc tomèc ac `curs cbbcts.

@c prchecr hytjc cst dcùe aulc Slevcrset vertuc``c. Dkhhc `klt hkltr dcrtoelcscxprehcltotekls oux rsu`tots hetegs, cs HKKDs lc acvroeclt pos sc sumstetucr tkto-

`chclt `clsceglchclt prscltec` . @o skùtekl que acvroet trc preve`gec acvroet

pùtt trc dc``c au avc`kppchclt ac dursus jymreacs, uteèsolt cs doto`kgucs ac dkurs

ac quc`qucs-ulcs acs pòtcs-bkrhcs cl odtevet, dkhhc `c prkpksclt ai dcrtoelcs

ulevcrsets poro```chclt `curs dursus troaetekllc`s. @ulc acs èhetcs dcttc aho-

treoèsotekl teclt ò loturc hhc au sovker ct acs dklloessoldcs, quc dcrtoels tju-

rebroercs acs HKKDs ossehe`clt trkp prkhptchclt ulc sehp`c hkaoèt aelbkrhotekl,

vkerc ac dkhhuledotekl. Kr ò aebbusekl aul sovker lc sc èhetc pos ulc kprotekl ac

trolshessekl 6 c``c ehpèquc ac ò paogkgec, ul opprcltessogc, `c avc`kppchclt

aoptetuacs sopprkprecr ò dklloessoldc ku `cs dkhptcldcs trolshescs. Dcde cst


16/100

?1


aoutolt pùs vroe quc tkutcs `cs aesdepèlcs clsceglcs lc sklt pos go`cs acvolt dcs

tcdjlequcs.

@c scdkla hytjc teclt ò ahkdrotesotekl ac òdds ou sovker. Cl tjkrec, `kuvcr-

turc hhc acs HKKDs rcla dc acrlecr oddcssem`c tkus. ^kur outolt, c``c lomkèt pos

ò ldcssoerc hktevotekl pkur ossehe`cr dc acrlecr c``c o rclbkrdc hhc. Kr hcsurc

quc `cs ulevcrsets soarcssclt ul pumèd ac pùs cl pùs òrgc, c``cs otterclt acs

tuaeolts ac hkels cl hkels hktevs ct akevclt bkurler pùs acbbkrt ct aelvcstesschclts

pkur cs ohclcr ou aep`hc. Aols dc doarc, ct hkels ac mldecr aul cldoarchclt

dkhp`hcltoerc, `cs HKKDs lc souroeclt opporotrc dkhhc ulc skùtekl herod`c, tolt

pkur `cs tuaeolts ac boem`c levcou que lorrevclt pos kmtcler ul aep`hc aols `c sys-

thc odtuc`, quc pkur dcux ac levcou hkycl que klt mcskel aul oddkhpoglchclt pkurrusser. @cs HKKDs acvroeclt cl rcvoldjc rclbkrdcr cldkrc `cs otkuts aklt aespksclt

`cs tuaeolts `cs pùs mre`òlts. Ousse pcut-kl por`cr, o suetc ac `dklkhestc ohredoel

Qy`cr Dkwcl, aulc jypcr-hretkdrotec osskdec o aebbusekl luhrequc acs dklloes-

soldcs.

@c acrlecr hytjc rsu`tc acs acux prchecrs 9 e` rcpksc sur `jypktjsc ac goels ac

prkaudtevet dklsearom`cs pkur `cs ulevcrsets, es o luhresotekl ac clsceglchclt

suprecur. Lkl pos que` sogessc ac lecr o pcrtelcldc adklkhecs pktcltec``cs dc``cs-

de cxestclt ac holerc veacltc. Hoes c``cs lc souroeclt rsu`tcr ac ò glroèsotekl

ac HKKDs purs , aespklem`cs ulequchclt cl èglc, aklt ò hesc cl pòdc scroet

hktevc ulequchclt por kmicdteb aulc raudtekl acs dkts aols cs ulevcrsets. Dcux-

de louroeclt cl cbbct pkur outrc dklsqucldc quulc aehelutekl au toux akmtcltekl au

aep`hc. @outcur elvetc por oe``curs ò pruacldc quolt ou meoes brquclt que dklsestc

surcstehcr `cs dklkhecs glrcs por `cs HKKDs tkut cl skus-csteholt `cs lkh-

mrcux dkts dodjs ac dcs acrlecrs.

Adklstruerc dcs trkes hytjcs lc seglec pos skppkscr ou avc`kppchclt acs HKKDs.Eldkltcstom`chclt, dcs acrlecrs rpklaclt ulc acholac, sols dkldurrcldcr `clsce-

glchclt akll cl prscltec`. Dcst pkurquke òutcur osskdec `c avc`kppchclt butur

acs HKKDs ò dklvcrgcldc ac èllkvotekl tcdjlk`kgequc ct ac acux ottcltcs skdeo`cs.

@o prcherc o pkur kregelc ul djolgchclt ac ò skdek`kgec acs tuaeolts, ac hkels cl

hkels lkhmrcux suevrc ul pordkurs ulevcrsetoerc dòssequc dkhhc dcùe ac `clsce-

glchclt acs juholets, ct ac pùs cl pùs ottcltebs oux amkudjs prkbcssekllc`s.

@clsceglchclt acs juholets lc sc prtc pos ò ahotreoèsotekl 6 e` ehpèquc mecl

ou dkltroerc ò aesdussekl, `djolgc, ò rcldkltrc pjysequc aul prkbcsscur ct ac scs

tuaeolts. @clsceglchclt vkdotekl prkbcssekllc``c cst, elvcrsc, trs oaopt


17/100


Tyltjsc

ùteèsotekl ac htjkacs `cdtrklequcs 6 dc que pcut cxpèqucr quc dcst sur dc scghclt

quc `cs HKKDs sc sklt avc`kpps, dkhhc `c hkltrc lktohhclt ò èstc acs hkau`cs

aclsceglchclts prkpkss por ò pòtc-bkrhc Saodety. Kr, ò hossedotekl ac `clsce-glchclt suprecur aols ul dkltcxtc ac dresc dklkhequc oegu o dklsearom`chclt

rclbkrd, ou dkurs acs acrlercs ollcs, dcttc prcherc ottcltc.

@o scdklac ottcltc cst dc``c ac ò pcrsklloèsotekl acs dursus. @cs tuaeolts sklt ac

hkels cl hkels otters por `cs èrcs troaetekllc``cs (`c arket, `dklkhec, ò gcstekl,

ò hacdelc, `cs òlgucs) oux dursus hklkdk`krcs ct rcdjcrdjclt acs pordkurs aebb-

rcldes que `cur dkrrcspklarklt hecux ct que `cur pcrhcttrklt ousse, `c hkhclt vclu,

ac sc ahorqucr ac `curs dkldurrclts ouprs ac buturs chp`kycurs. Ak `c sudds ac

bkrhotekls que `cur kbbrclt ò pkssemeèt akmtcler ul akum`c aep`hc, `cur kuvrclt acsposscrc``cs vcrs acs tomèsschclts aebbrclts ct aevcrseclt `curs dkhptcldcs. @o

hkmeèt ku pkur oelse aerc `c mutelogc sklt cltrs aols `cs hurs acs tuaeolts,

que selsdrevclt skuvclt aols pùsecurs èrcs, cxprehcltclt `curs clsceglchclts,

ovolt ac boerc `c djkex ac ùlc ac``cs. @cs HKKDs pcrhcttclt cll djoquc tuaeolt

lkl scu`chclt ac aler ul pordkurs ulevcrsetoerc sur hcsurc hoes cldkrc ac `c suevrc

skl prkprc rytjhc.

^rescs dklikeltchclt, dcs ottcltcs acsselclt `cs dkltkurs pkssem`cs ac `Slevcrset ac

achoel, pùs ottcltevc oux ottcltcs ct oux dopodets ac prkgrcssekl ac djodul. Dc``c-

de acvroet rcpkscr sur acs pordkurs jymreacs dkhmelolt `cs kppkrtulets aulc aho-

treoèsotekl acs tcdjlequcs aopprcltessogc ct `cs vcrtus ac htjkacs ac bkrhotekl

pùs troaetekllc``cs, ehpèquolt `clsceglchclt aul prkbcsscur scs `vcs. C``c acvroet

ousse sc dorodtrescr por ul lkuvcou roppkrt ou tchps que pkurroet mku`cvcrscr `cs

dursus ct dkltroelarc rcpclscr `krgolesotekl acs pordkurs. Ovcd `c avc`kppchclt

acs HKKDs, cl cbbct, dc lc sklt pùs `cs jcurcs ac prscldc sur `c dohpus que

dkhptclt, hoes òdquesetekl cbbcdtevc ac dklloessoldcs soldtekllc por ul aep`hc,

quc` quc sket `c tchps poss.

Cll, aols `c acrlecr vk`ct ac `tuac, òutcur sottodjc bkrhu`cr acs prkpksetekls,

cl elvetolt `cs pkuvkers pumèds curkpcls sc soeser au suict ac ò luhresotekl ac

`clsceglchclt suprecur bodc ou resquc aul hklkpk`c ohredoel.

Ou levcou loteklo`, ct aols ulc `kgequc ac aebbrcldeotekl elùdtom`c, `cs ulevcrsets

akevclt sc`kl òutcur rcstcr èmrcs ac sc pksetekllcr por roppkrt oux HKKDs 6 e` lc

souroet ede y ovker ac strotgec ehpksc acl jout.


18/100

?2


Dcpclaolt, elvetcs prclarc odtc au djolgchclt ac pcrspcdtevc qukuvrclt `cs

HKKDs, ò puessoldc pumèquc ct `cs cltrcprescs sklt ousse elvetcs cl tercr tkutcs

`cs dklsqucldcs 9

- cl òmkrolt acs pordkurs aelscrtekl ku ac relscrtekl aols `cltrcpresc hkels

èloercs (tchps portec`, opprcltessogc) 6

- cl rcdklloessolt quc `cs aep`hcs odoahequcs, lktohhclt dcux aklt `Ctot o

`c hklkpk`c, pcrarklt prkgrcssevchclt ac `cur ehpkrtoldc aols `cs ollcs

vcler ou prkt ac aep`hcs lkl odoahequcs que pkurrklt trc aèvrs por acs

elstetutekls prevcs 6

- cl elvetolt `cs cltrcprescs roèscr quc``cs sklt ku pcuvclt trc acs ècux ac

prkaudtekl ac sovkers ku ac sovker-boerc.

Dcs prkpksetekls akevclt tkutcbkes scltclarc skus `cs rscrvcs suevoltcs que sc a-

gogclt askrhoes ac `cxprecldc lkra-ohredoelc9

- @kute` (`c HKKD) lcst recl sols `dksysthc cltrcprclcureo` que sc avc`kppc

outkur ac ùe 6 ou-ac` acs stort-upque sc sklt drcs outkur acs pkrtoe`s, acs

pòtcs-bkrhcs ku ac ò dkldcptekl ac dkurs cl èglc, kl vket oelse drktrc, oux

Ctots-Sles lktohhclt, ac lkhmrcuscs skdets spdeoèscs aols `krecltotekl

ku òddraetotekl. @cxestcldc ct `c avc`kppchclt ac tc``cs cltrcprescs sklt cs-

scltec`s pkur gorolter `cs dklaetekls aul usogc cbbcdteb ct aurom`c acs HKKDs.

- @o luhresotekl ac `clsceglchclt o ul dkt quc scu`s acs tomèsschclts

prcstegecux soppuyolt sur acs bklaotekls p`tjkrequcs klt pu suppkrtcr 6 dc dkt

pkurroet sc rv`cr ropeachclt eldkhpotem`c ovcd `cs dopodets loldercs trs

èhetcs atomèsschclts apkurvus ac rcsskurdcs prkprcs. Dcde sku`vc clBroldc ò qucstekl au hkltolt acs arkets aelsdreptekl ct por dklsquclt acs

dklaetekls loldercs aodds `clsceglchclt suprecur.

- @c avc`kppchclt ac HKKDs broloes ehpèquc ul cldoarchclt iureaequc spde-

quc. Sl tc` cldoarchclt pkurroet selspercr ac ò `ke vktc cl =>?4 (hoes lkl

oppèquc dc ikur) por `Ctot ac Doèbkrlec, ehpksolt quc `cs ulevcrsets skeclt

tclucs aoddkracr acs draets (CDQT) oux tuaeolts suevolt dcrtoels dkurs cl

èglc. Tur dct cxchp`c, kl pkurroet hcttrc cl pòdc ulc cxprecldc loteklo`c, ehe-

tc ul dcrtoel lkhmrc ac dursus pkur `csquc`s ò acholac cst bkrtc, tc`s quc ò

prcherc ollc ac hacdelc ku `cs ESQ.


19/100


Tyltjsc

- Cll, ò glroèsotekl ac HKKDs ou scel acs tomèsschclts aclsceglchclt

suprecur broloes sku`vc ò qucstekl ac ò pcrtelcldc au dòsschclt ac Tjol-

gjoe, que survo`kresc `cs odtevets ac rcdjcrdjc ou atrehclt ac ò quoèt ac `cl-sceglchclt. Te dcttc glroèsotekl acvoet trc adeac, e` scroet pruaclt ac sku-

tcler `cs prkicts ac dòsschclts o`tcrlotebs dklauets por `Slekl Curkpcllc ct

akmtcler que`s prcllclt aovoltogc cl dkhptc `kbbrc luhrequc ac djoquc to-

mèsschclt.


20/100

?:



21/100

@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1 ?5

^kur cl ler ovcd ò

HKKD holeo

SLC TKDEQ TOLT DK@C ;

@o rvkùtekl acs HKKD (pkur 9 hossevc kpcl klèlc dkursc), D@KH (pkur 9 dkurs cl

èglc kuvcrts ct hossebs ? ) ct outrcs B@KQ (pkur 9 bkrhotekls èmrcs kuvcrtcs tkus= )4

ouroet dkhhcld.

C``c scroet ùvrc.

@cldrc acs prchecrs orted`cs pumès sur `cs HKKDs lcst pos cldkrc sdjc ct òllc

=>?=, rclkhhc ollc au HKKD oux Ctots-Sles por `c Lcw Ukrf Qehcs cst pcelc

acrrerc lkus, quc `cs HKKDs ouroeclt ai rcacssel `cs dkltkurs acs hkacs ac

aebbusekl au sovker ct aodquesetekl acs dkhptcldcs. Ouikurajue, e`s elsto``croeclt ò

ahkdrotec ac ò dklloessoldc ct dklstrueroeclt ul lkuvc` opprclolt 1.

Dcttc rvkùtekl sc lkurret, ò vret, ac douscs kmicdtevcs 9

- ulc dresc au loldchclt ac `clsceglchclt suprecur 6 acs trolsbkrhotekls prk-

bklacs que mku`cvcrsclt cs systhcs audotebs acpues ulc quoroltoelc aollcs3,

? Qroaudtekl kbdec``c ac HKKD cl broloes.

= Qcrhc glrequc pkur aseglcr acs bkrhotekls aep`holtcs uteèsolt acs HKKDs/D@KHs.

4 De-oprs asegls ac holerc glrequc 9 `cs HKKDs .

1 Dc tcrhc lcst pos bkrdhclt acs pùs jcurcux, hoes e` cst dcùe cl usogc ouikurajue pkur aseglcr dc lkuvc`

tuaeolt, pùs g quc `tuaeolt lkrho`, ct ai cltr aols ò vec odtevc.3 Tur dcttc dresc, sur òquc``c kl rcveclaro, vker lktohhclt Horec-Dòuac Mòes, Hordc` Goudjct ct AkhelequcKttove, Qrolshcttrc, Opprclarc, Ttkdf, `cs Cssoes, =>?1.

?


22/100

=>


- `cs cbbcts ac ò luhresotekl, que o cu roeskl cl quc`qucs ollcs ac tolt ac scd-

tcurs aodtevets, ac òutkhkme`c ò husequc, ct que obbcdtc askrhoes dcux quc

`kl cl drkyoet prktgs, ògredu`turc ku ò solt ct hoeltclolt, `clsceglchclt2

,

- ulc acholac skdeo`c ac pùs cl pùs bkrtc, boetc acs ottcltcs aulc iculcssc

auquc aols ò du`turc acs drols ct que lc dkhprcla pos quc cs tcdjlequcs

aopprcltessogc ku `cs htjkacs paogkgequcs lc sy oaoptclt pos, ac ò rcvcl-

aedotekl ac trovoe``curs lkl quoès, asercux akmtcler ulc scdklac djoldc cl

dkurs ac vec prkbcssekllc``c, ct cll acs cxegcldcs `getehcs ac soòres skujoe-

tolt odtuoèscr `curs dklloessoldcs tkut ou `klg ac `cur vec ac trovoe`.

E` cl rsu`tcroet ò ldcsset ac rvesekls adjeroltcs acs bkrhcs akrgolesotekl ct acbkldtekllchclt acs elstetutekls cxestoltcs (dk`cs, dk``gcs, ydcs, ulevcrsets, grolacs

dk`cs, krgoleshcs ac bkrhotekl prkbcssekllc``c), iusquou dkltclu acs clsceglchclts

quc``cs akllclt ct oux htjkacs paogkgequcs quc``cs uteèsclt, pkur tcltcr ac

`cs oaoptcr ou hklac lkuvcou que skuvrc 9 dcùe aulc skdet sols dk`c7, ul

hklac ac o dklloessoldc k djodul opprclaro sc`kl scs mcskels, portkut, tkut elstolt,

odtevchclt ct cbdodchclt, elaeveauc``chclt hoes cl dk`òmkrotekl ovcd acs he`ècrs

aoutrcs:.

Evol E`èdj òvoet rv, `cs HKKDs scroeclt sur `c pkelt ac `c boerc !

AH@C] @C R]OE AS BOSZ

Slc gclac lcst-c``c pos cl troel ac sc dklstruerc ; Ct dkhhc dc``c ac Qkh Aklepjkl,

`jkhhc que tuo @emcrty Roòldc, ò `gclac acs HKKDs quc `kl pumèc `Kucst ac

`Curkpc, lcst-c``c pos pùs mc``c quc ò roèt que`s rcdkuvrclt5;

_uc``cs sklt o loturc, ohp`cur ct o pkrtc vretom`cs acs trolsbkrhotekls quoppkrtclt

`cs HKKDs, D@KHs ct outrcs B@KQs ; ^kur lktrc systhc audoteb ct lktohhclt

2 Tc`kl Dor` Mclcaeft Brcy ct Hedjoc` Ksmkrlc ac Slevcrset aKxbkra, prs ac o hkete (17%) acs htecrs cxestoltsacvroeclt trc outkhotess aols `cs prkdjoelcs ollcs, èltc`ègcldc ortedec``c sc sumstetuolt aletevchclt dc``c ac `jkhhc.

7 Evol E`èdj, ?57?, aklt `c tetrc cl olgòes cst pùs segledoteb cldkrc 9 Acsdjkkèlg Tkdecty.

: Horec-Dòuac Mòes, Hordc` Goudjct ct Akhelequc Kttove, Qrolshcttrc, Opprclarc, kp.det., p.=?:.

5 @cs delpje`cs sc skuvecllclt ac dcttc hoglebequc rpèquc quc c sdlorestc au be`h au Ikjl Bkra oaopt acò lkuvc``c ac Akrktjy H. Ikjlskl hct aols ò mkudjc ac ùl acs prktogklestcs au be`h 9 Qjes es tjc Wcst, Ter.Wjcl tjc `cgcla mcdkhcs bodt, prelt tjc `cgcla ( Kl cst aols `Kucst, ede. _uola ò `gclac apossc ò r oèt,o`krs kl pumèc ò `gclac ).


23/100

=?@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1

^kur cl ler ovcd ò HKKD holeo

pkur lks ulevcrsets ct lks grolacs dk`cs ; Hoes go`chclt pkur lks cltrcprescs ct

pkur `Ctot ;

_uc``c draemeèt acs aep`hcs kmtclus, èssuc ac dursus que pkurroeclt lehpèqucr

oudulc rcldkltrc pjysequc, oudul djolgc kuvcrt, oudul aeo`kguc glro`chclt bdkla

acs hotrcs ct ac `curs `vcs ; _uc``cs tcdjlequcs avoùotekl acs dklloessoldcs

odquescs ;

_uc` pkuvker aelbùcldc cxcrd por cs ulevcrsets que hcttclt cl pòdc cs prchercs

pòtcs-bkrhcs ct acrrerc c``cs, por `cs berhcs ac dopeto`-resquc que pkurroeclt `cs

beloldcr ct `cs beloldclt ai ; _uc` resquc ac prchptekl por quc`qucs tomèssc-

hclts, prcstegecux ct tkus ohredoels, ac ò bkrhotekl ac ò iculcssc acs poyshcrgclts ;

_uc` ovcler pkur lks systhcs ac bkrhotekl, eleteo`c ku pcrholcltc, `curs hkacs

akrgolesotekl ct ac bkldtekllchclt ku `curs htjkacs paogkgequcs ; _uc`s cbbcts

pksetebs go`chclt se lks tomèsschclts opprcllclt adkuvrer, trovcrs cux, hhc

se dcst ovcd ac lkhmrcuscs èhetcs, `cs vcrtus ac ò prkaudtevet ;

_uc`s lkuvcoux hordjs pkur `cs cltrcprescs que sy eltrcsscroeclt ; _uc``cs pkètequcs

lkuvc``cs quc `Ctot acvroet aler ct hcttrc cl uvrc, pkur `cs y oeacr dkhhc pkur

oddkhpoglcr ò hutotekl acs tomèsschclts aclsceglchclt suprecur ;

SLC OLLC CL ACHE-QCELQC

Dcs qucstekls sovrclt aoutolt pùs pcrtelcltcs quc ollc =>?4-=>?1 o t horquc

cl Curkpc ct pùs porteduèrchclt, cl Broldc 9

- por ò rvòtekl ou pumèd au pjlkhlc acs HKKDs, tc` que` sc holebcstc sur

`c dkltelclt lkra-ohredoel acpues `cxprecldc dklauetc cl =>>: por acux clsce-

glolts cl sdecldc ac àudotekl ac `Slevcrset doloaecllc au Holetkmo?>6

?> Aols `c doarc au dkurs DDF>: Dkllcdtevh ola Dkllcdtevc Flkw`cagc ac Gckrgcs Techcls (SlevcrsetaOtjomosdo) ct Ttcpjcl Akwlcs (Loteklo` ]cscordj Dcltcr).


24/100

==


- por èltrt ehhaeot quc dc pjlkhlc y o susdet??, cl prdepetolt `cs eleteo-

tevcs aSlevcrsets ku ac grolacs dk`cs curkpcllcs, dkhhc dc but ousse `c dos

cl acjkrs ac `Curkpc?=

6 cl elsperolt go`chclt ac lkuvc``cs strotgecs acltrc-prescs ac ò port ac pòtcs-bkrhcs ac aebbusekl ku akprotcurs acs scdtcurs acs

tcdjlk`kgecs ac èlbkrhotekl, ac ò bkrhotekl pcrholcltc, ac àetekl ku ac ò

aebbusekl acs sovkers 6

- por ulc eleteotevc hoicurc presc por `c gkuvcrlchclt broloes, ovcd ò hesc cl

pòdc aul doto`kguc ac dkurs aespklem`cs sur ulc pòtc-bkrhc tcdjlequc, prkauet

aul portcloreot kregelo`?46

hoes ousse 9

- por ò pumèdotekl ac prchecrs meòls adcvolts sur `cxprecldc acs HKKDs oux

Ctots-Sles ct sur `c prk` acs opprclolts que sy sklt elsdrets?16

- por ò hu`tepèdotekl aopprkdjcs dretequcs?3, dklauesolt cl quc`qucs hkes ò

hesc cl dousc ac ò pcrtelcldc ac htjkacs ac trolshessekl au sovker, bklacs

?? Oux Ctots-Sles, `c lkhmrc a`vcs que suevclt ou hkels ul dkurs cl èglc o t hu`tepè por delq acpues =>>>,ottceglolt 7,? he`èkls a`vcs cl =>?=. Clverkl 4 he`èkls a`vcs sklt ouikurajue elsdrets aols acs dursushoikretoerchclt (ec, ou hkels :>%) cl èglc. @cs prkicdtekls ac drkessoldc ac dcs prkgrohhcs s`vclt 7%por ol aede =>=>. 3 he`èkls a`vcs acvroeclt trc elsdrets aols acs prkgrohhcs hoikretoerchclt cl èglc aede=>=>. Ou-ac` acs Ctots-Sles, dc sklt prs ac ?> he`èkls ac pcrskllcs aols `c hklac que sc scroeclt elsdretcs ul dkurs cl èglc, ò l ac òllc =>?4 (7 bkes pùs qucl =>?=). Tc`kl ò Dkhhessekl Curkpcllc, klalkhmroet, `c 1 ovre` =>?1, 3?> HKKDs aols `clschm`c acs poys ac `Slekl curkpcllc, aklt 24 cl Broldc.

?= Ou hkes aovre` =>?1, `Slevcrset djelkesc Ieok-Qklg, dc``c au bohcux dòsschclt ac Tjolgjoe, o pres èleteotevcac barcr ?5 elstetutekls djelkescs aclsceglchclt suprecur pkur pcrhcttrc `curs tuaeolts ac suevrc acsdkurs cl èglc ct akmtcler acs draets veo so pòtc-bkrhc (dlhkkd.krg). @cs tuaeolts acs ?5 tomèsschclts

portcloercs pkurrklt suevrc ulc scdklac èrc cl èglc, cl sus ac dc``c que`s suevclt cl prscltec` .?4 O ò bel au hkes aovre` =>?1, kl alkhmroet ul pcu pùs ac =2> >>> pcrskllcs elsdretcs sur ò pòtc-bkrhc Broldc Slevcrset Luhrequc (BSL), òldc quc`qucs hkes pùs tt (iolvecr =>?1), pkur y suevrc ùlacs 42 HKKDs hes cl èglc.

?1 Cl =>?4, `Slevcrset ac ^cllsy`volec o pumè ulc tuac pkrtolt sur `cs dorodtrestequcs ahkgropjequcsacs tuaeolts elsdrets ct prclolt `cur dkurs sur ò pòtc-bkrhc Dkurscro. Dcttc tuac hkltrc quc `cs uteèsotcursac Dkurscro sklt cl hkycllc pùs gs, pùs hosduèls ct pùs elstruets quc `c grola pumèd. ^rs ac :>% acstuaeolts aespksclt ou hkels aul Modjc`kr (quevo`clt o @edcldc cl Broldc). Cl rcvoldjc dcs acrlecrs lc skltquc 22% porhe `cs uteèsotcurs aCaZ. Aoutrcs tuacs hkltrclt quc 44% acs elsdrets sur CaZ lc iusteclt qucaul aep`hc au scdklaoerc. Ct mecl quc cs jkhhcs ac pùs ac =2 ols iusteolt aul aep`hc ulevcrsetoerc skeclt`cs uteèsotcurs `cs pùs brquclts aCaZ, e`s lc dkrrcspklaroeclt qu ul tecrs ac ò tktoèt acs uteèsotcurs. Clkutrc kl rc`vc quc =5% acs uteèsotcurs ac ò pòtc -bkrhc CaZ sklt acs bchhcs o`krs quc` cs rcprscltclt 1?%acs tuaeolts ac `Slevcrset ac ^cllsy`volec. Dcs rsu`tots klt oèhclt ul amot outkur ac ùteèt acs HKKDs 6`cs HKKDs ct àudotekl cl èglc, ou ècu atclarc `cs pkssemeèts aaudotekl, òesscroeclt lo`chclt pòdc

ul systhc ètestc. Cl `tot ac dcs elbkrhotekls stotes tequcs, e` cst akld aebde`c ac tercr acs clsceglchclts acdcs tuacs ct atomèr ul prk`-typc acs uteèsotcurs acs HKKDs, hhc se `c scltehclt akhelc aulcsurrcprscltotekl acs tuaeolts ai aep`hs.

?3 ^kur ul cxchp`c, òrted`c poru aols @c Hklacau =2 iuel =>?1, êgcs HKKDs , que cl rcdclsc delq.


25/100

=4@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1


sur ùsogc cxdùseb acs tcdjlk`kgecs ac èlbkrhotekl ct ac tcdjlequcs aopprcl-

tessogc elaeveauc` ku cl rscoux?26

- por ulc vk`tc-bodc spcdtoduòerc ac Tmostecl Qjrul, bklaotcur ac ò pòtc-bkrhc

Saodety ct ovkdot atcrhel acs HKKDs, adeaolt, ò l ac òllc =>?4, ac

rcdcltrcr skl odtevet sur ò bkrhotekl prkbcssekllc``c. ôrhe `cs roeskls que` cl

o akllcs, e` o hcltekll `c boet quc `cs tuaeolts suevolt scs dkurs cl èglc

ovoeclt ac hkels mkls rsu`tots ct omolaklloeclt `c dkurs pùs skuvclt quc dcux

que ovoeclt ul elstrudtcur juhoel.

- por ul sdcptedeshc ouikurajue osscz orgchclt portog?7 `gora ac dc que o t

pkurtolt adret oux Ctots-Sles quc`qucs hkes pùs tt, dkhhc ulc ellkvotekl acrupturc ?:.

@O HKKD HOLEO CTQ-C@@C ]CQKHMC ;

Cl Curkpc ou dkurs acs acrlercs schoelcs, dkhhc oux Ctots-Sles quc`qucs hkes pùs

tt, `cs HKKDs susdetclt skuaoel hkels acltjkuseoshc.

O dcò, e` y o acux cxpèdotekls pkssem`cs, ouxquc``cs e` cst tkutcbkes aebde`c ac sc r-

skuarc.

- @c pjlkhlc acs HKKDs louroet t quul cbbct ac hkac, ropeachclt tcelt por

ulc `cvc ac rcvclaedotekls dotgkrec``cs, `cs tclolts aul clsceglchclt troae-

tekllc` tolt skuvclt prsclts dkhhc `cs rcltecrs aul systhc ac aebbusekl

acs sovkers mkut ac skubc 6

- Oprs so rvòtekl ct `cs amots que` o susdets, `c pjlkhlc acs HKKDs prk -

aueroet scs cbbcts ac holerc askrhoes aebbrcltc, cl quc`quc skrtc skutcrroelc,

?2 ôr cxchp`c òpprkdjc trs dretequc avc`kppc por Oltkelc Dkhpoglkl, ôsdo` Clgc` ct ]opjoc`c Tehklcaols ò rcvuc @c Amot(Go`èhora) au hkes ac hors =>?1.

?7 Oux Ctots-Sles, Omegoe` Wo`tjouscl o avc`kpp aols `cs dk`kllcs ac Qjc Otòlted ( Aklt Gevc up kl tjc@cdturc , =? lkvchmrc =>?4) `cs hretcs au dkurs hogestro` cl soppuyolt lktohhclt sur `cs rsu`tots aulctuac pumèc por ò Jorvoras Fclcay Tdjkk`. Ac lkhmrcux dkhhcltoercs klt t susdets por dcttc outrc tuac

roèsc por acs djcrdjcurs ac `Slevcrset ac ^cllsy`volec aols =>? poys ct hkltrolt quc `cs HKKDs mldecltpkur èlstolt oux pùs redjcs ct ou pùs auqus.

?: Db. `cs rcxekls ac Dòytkl H. Djrestclscl ct Hedjc``c ].Wcesc aols ulc tremulc poruc aols ò Mkstkl G`kmcau 5 hoe =>?1 skus `c tetrc 9 HKKDs aesruptekl es kl`y mcgellelg.


26/100

=1


pkur helcr `clschm`c au systhc audoteb ct prkauerc tcrhc ulc trolsbkrho-

tekl roaedo`c acs bkrhcs akrgolesotekl ct acs htjkacs aopprcltessogc que lc

pcuvclt achcurcr `dort ac ò rvkùtekl que scst clgogc.

KMICQ AC @O ^]TCLQC LKQC

@cs avc`kppchclts que suevclt rsu`tclt aulc clqutc ac pùsecurs hkes dklauetc

cl Broldc ct oux Ctots-Sles.

E`s klt t clredjes ou ` acs hkes dku`s,

- ac dkhhcltoercs lkhmrcux ct trs dklstrudtebs quul prchecr prkict ac lktc o

susdets ou scel au Dklsce` akrecltotekl ac Èlstetut ac `cltrcpresc 6

- aulc srec acltrctecls elaeveauc`s dklauets por Èlstetut ac `cltrcpresc ou amut

ac òllc =>?1?56

- aul akduhclt aelbkrhotekl, roès por ò aercdtekl acs tuacs ac Èlstetut (Cu-

akxc Acles ct @oureolc Dkltohel), Aex qucstekls pkscs por `cs HKKDs=>.

E` bouaro sols oudul akutc dkhp`tcr dcttc clqutc que lc prtcla lu``chclt cxjous-

tevet ct ò rcprclarc, dor èlbkrhotekl ute`c cst lo`chclt osscz pouvrc, lkl sur `cs

HKKDs cux-hhcs que dkhhcldclt boerc `kmict aulc omklaoltc èttroturc, hoes

sur ò hcsurc kmicdtevc ac `curs cbbcts ct ac `cur pkrtc vretom`cs.

@o prscltc lktc cst bklac sur acs boets ct sur `cs tclaoldcs quc `cur odduhuòtekl

pcrhct aoltedepcr.

C``c o t raegc aols ò pcrspcdtevc acs cltrcprescs, que vklt scl chporcr pkur y

oaoptcr `curs strotgecs, ac ò skdet, que aket cl amottrc ct ac `Ctot, que rcstc ou-

ikurajue `c preldepo` gorolt ac `clsceglolt suprecur cl Broldc.

?5 Ovcd ^jeèppc Te`mcrzojl, prkbcsscur acltrcprclcureot `CH @UKL Muselcss Tdjkk` (=1 iolvecr =>?1) 6 UvcsCpc`mkel, djorg ac hessekl pkur `c avc`kppchclt acs HKKDs ct clsceglolt djcrdjcur `S^HD (1 bvrecr =>?1) 6Icrchy Tedsed, dk-bklaotcur ac Slkw (1 bvrecr =>?1) 6 Hord Hzora, aercdtcur ac `Cdk`c Lkrho`c Tuprecurc ac ò

ruc aS`h (=7 bvrecr =>?1) 6 Brolkes Qoaae, aercdtcur au Dcltrc ac rcdjcrdjcs eltcraesdepèloercs ct djcrdjcurcl mek`kgec (2 hors =>?1) 6 Mcrlora Ttecg`cr, pje`kskpjc, bklaotcur ct prseaclt au grkupc ac rcxekl pje`kskpjequcOrs elaustreoès (=7 bvrecr =>?1).

=> Dc akduhclt cst aespklem`c sur `c setc ac Èlstetut ac `cltrcpresc.


27/100



C``c lcst le ul rquesetkerc cldkltrc acs HKKDs, le ul pòeakycr cl cur bovcur, o`krs

quc aols aoutrcs poys, preldepo`chclt oux Ctots-Sles, e`s adjolclt `cs posseklsaols `cs tomèsschclts aclsceglchclt suprecur ct aevesclt `cs aetkreoèstcs aols

ò grolac prcssc.

C``c prkpksc ulc pjktkgropjec elstoltolc ac tot aul pjlkhlc loessolt cl Curkpc,

cl Osec ct aols ac lkhmrcux poys hcrgclts, ct au amot que` susdetc kutrc-Otòltequc.

C``c olo`ysc suddcssevchclt ou-ac` ac dcs prkpks eltrkaudtebs (?) 9 c dkltcxtc ac dresc

acs systhcs audotebs que cl bovkresc `c avc`kppchclt (=), `cs dorodtrcs kregeloux

acs HKKDs (4), `cs hka`cs dklkhequcs ct `cs strotgecs elaustrec``cs aklt e`s prk-vkquclt òpporetekl (1), `cur pkrtc skdeo`c ct pkur oelse aerc, skdek`kgequc (3), `cs

pcrspcdtevcs que`s kuvrclt cll pkur `Slevcrset, `cltrcpresc ct `Ctot (2).

Dcttc lktc amkudjc sur quc`qucs prkpksetekls (7) pkur elvetcr `cs poys aCurkpc, ct ò

Broldc cl porteduècr, lc dacr le ou skhlolmuèshc ohmeolt pkur por`cr dkhhc

Horsjo`` Hd@ujol=?, le oux eak`kgecs sehpèstcs.

=? Slacrstolaelg Hcaeo 9 Qjc Cxtclsekl kb Hol, HEQ ^rcss Caetekl, ?521/?551.


28/100

=2



29/100

@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1 =7

Dresc au systhc audoteb

ct ellkvotekl ac rupturc

ACT HKA@CT CL D]ETC

Jrets ac dcux au ZEZhcsed`c, lks hka`cs ac aebbusekl acs sovkers ct aodquesetekl

acs dkhptcldcs ouroeclt-e`s ottcelt `curs èhetcs elstetutekllc``cs, krgolesotekllc``cs

ct htjkak`kgequcs ;

Sl lkhmrc drkessolt aeltc``cdtuc`s ku ac aeregcolts hklaeoux ljsetclt pùs òbr-

hcr==, oltedepolt acs rvesekls adjeroltcs, pkrtcuscs ac drescs loldercs, dklk-

hequcs, pkètequcs ct hhc, skdeo`cs.

Ac dc dt-de ac Òtòltequc, `cs dkltroaedtekls sc hu`tepèclt, que sklt outolt ac

syhpthcs aul ho` pùs prkbkla quc `c systhc broloes aclsceglchclt suprecur

dresto`èsc.

@cs dkltroaedtekls eljrcltcs ò dkcxestcldc aulevcrsets ct ac grolacs dk`cs 9

- @cs ulevcrsets, oddcssem`cs tkus `cs modjcècrs, que protequclt clsuetc ulc

s`cdtekl ehpèdetc aklt `c toux adjcd cl èdcldc, hhc se o t sclsem`chcltrauet aols ac lkhmrcuscs ulevcrsets, cst ùlc acs holebcstotekls `cs pùs el-

quetoltcs 6

- @cs grolacs dk`cs protequclt ulc s`cdtekl `cltrc que `cs rcbcrhclt sur c``cs-

hhcs, dcst--aerc sur ulc dòssc skdek-dklkhequc ajoppy bcws, trs aebde`c-

hclt oddcssem`c oux iculcs `vcs essus ac heècux abovkress. Dkhhc òvoet

== @krs au skhhct olluc` ac Aovks au hkes ac iolvecr =>?4, `cs HKKDs klt boet `kmict ac amots olehs, oudkurs acsquc`s Me`` Gotcs ct @orry Tuhhcrs klt ollkld aede quotrc ku delq ols, ulc trolsbkrhotekl prkbklacacs hkacs ac aebbusekl au sovker.

=


30/100

=:


eltc`ègchhclt oltedep ]edjora Acsdkelgs, kl lc pcut oesscr pùs klgtchps dcs

acrlecrs `dort atomèsschclts aklt `èteshc hct cl pre` ò prcllet.

@cs dkltroaedtekls prkprcs ac djoquc dkhpksoltc 9

- @cs ulevcrsets sklt prtclauhclt outklkhcs, hoes `curs muagcts trojessclt `cs

èhetcs ac èlapclaoldc, ovcd acs horgcs mrutcs aoutkloldchclt acvclucs

elcxestoltcs acpues =>>: ct ulc apclaoldc quose tkto`c oux aktotekls ac `Ctot.

Cl aoutrcs tcrhcs, `cur vu`lromeèt oux prkgrohhcs adklkhecs muagtoercs

cst oddruc, aols ul dkltcxtc aclacttchclts pumèds acvclus oòrholts, que

dkltroelt `cs gkuvcrlchclts ò rorct acs loldchclts pumèds.

- @cs grolacs dk`cs sklt cl ho` aoutklkhec, vedtehcs ac rbkrhcs obbcdtolt `c

rclachclt ac o toxc aopprcltessogc, ulc ac curs preldepo`cs rcsskurdcs, pcl-

aolt quc `cs arkets aelsdreptekl klt ottcelt acs levcoux tc`s que`s ad`cldjclt

ac ò port acs `vcs acs cxegcldcs `getehcs ac quoèt acs clsceglchclts ct

por dklsquclt, acs clsceglolts eldkhpotem`cs ovcd `cs hkycls aklt c``cs

aespksclt.

Ac òutrc dt ac Òtòltequc=4, dc lcst gurc hecux ct pcut-trc perc, ovcd ulc hclodc

que psc askrhoes sur `dklkhec tkutc clterc, dc``c ac `clacttchclt acs tuaeolts

(? ?=> he`èoras ac ak`òrs ou prchecr schcstrc ac òllc =>?1, cl drkessoldc ac

7 he`èoras ac ak`òrs por roppkrt òllc prdacltc=1) pkur loldcr acs dkts ac

sdkòret acvclus aroeskllom`cs=3.

Ol ac hoeltcler `curs dòsschclts lotekloux ct eltcrlotekloux ct aottercr `cs iculcs

to`clts au hklac cltecr, cs grolacs ulevcrsets ohredoelcs sc aesputclt cs hce``curs

prkbcsscurs, elvcstessclt aols acs dohpus acxdc``cldc ct odduce``clt acs quepcs ac

rcdjcrdjcs prcstegecuscs. E` cl rsu`tc dkrròtevchclt ò ldcsset aul rclbkrdchcltacs hkycls oahelestrotebs. @cs ulevcrsets sc vkeclt `kgequchclt dkltroeltcs ac rpcr-

dutcr `c dkt ac dcs apclscs sur `cs tuaeolts, aklt `cs arkets aelsdreptekl sklt acvc-

=4 ^kur ulc acsdreptekl dkhp`tc ac `clsceglchclt suprecur oux Ctots-Sles, vker lktohhclt `kuvrogc ac AcrcfMkf, oldecl prseaclt ac ùlevcrset aJorvora Jegjcr Caudotekl el Ohcredo, ^reldctkl Slevcrsety ^rcss, =>?4.

=1 Qjc Wo`` Ttrcct Ikurlo`, ?3 okt =>?1.

=3 @ehpkrtoldc odtuc``c ac clacttchclt acs tuaeolts acs dk``gcs ohredoels ct scs lkhmrcuscs dklsqucldcspktcltec``cs sklt tc``cs quc``cs klt atcrhel `c Dklgrs ohredoel ùe oppkrtcr ul amut ac rpklsc `gesòtevc,cl vktolt cl iue``ct =>?4 acs aespksetekls que doltkllclt `cs toux aeltrt acs chprults dklscltes oux tuaeolts

ct to`clt ò aurc ac rchmkurschclt. @ollc =>?1 o t horquc por ul rcdu` au pkurdcltogc ac `clacttchcltaols `c loldchclt ac ò sdkòret acs tuaeolts ohredoels, que lc dkhptc pùs quc pkur ?3% au hkltolt audkt hkycl ac ò sdkòret, ò hoicurc portec cl tolt ouikurajue dkuvcrtc por ò dkltremutekl acs bohe``cs (4>%)ct `cs oeacs dklscltecs oux tuaeolts (4?%) (Qjc Wo`` Ttrcct Ikurlo`, 4? iue``ct =>?1).


31/100


Dresc au systhc audoteb ct ellkvotekl ac rupturc

lus prkjemetebs (4> >51 ak`òrs cl hkycllc pkur òllc ulevcrsetoerc =>?4-=>?1 dkltrc

?: 53> ak`òrs aex ols pùs tt)=2.

C``cs y sklt aoutolt pùs pkrtcs quc``cs lklt dcss ac sumer, ou dkurs acs acrlercs

ollcs, `cs dklsqucldcs arohotequcs pkur mcoudkup acltrc c``cs preldepo`chclt

`cs ulevcrsets pumèqucs aulc moessc arostequc acs dkldkurs loldecrs acs Ctots

(loldchclts, sumvcltekls, oeacs dklscltecs oux tuaeolts).

Aols ulc dklkhec ac drkessoldc cldkrc brogeèsc por ò dresc hklaeo`c acs ollcs

=>>:-=>?? ct akhelc por ò prdoret acs chp`kes, èlstomeèt ct ò aesdklteluet acs

dorrercs prkbcssekllc``cs, dcs tclaoldcs sc troauesclt ouikurajue por ulc prbrcldc

pkur acs bkrhotekls dkurtcs, aulc acux ollcs=7, kbbrolt acs pcrspcdtevcs ehh-aeotcs achmoudjcs ou prex aul elvcstesschclt rauet aols èlsdreptekl ul dcrte-

dotc ct ò moessc dkrròtevc acs elsdreptekls oux bkrhotekls `klgucs, `cs tuacs ac

arket por cxchp`c.

@ulc ct òutrc dklbrkltclt askrhoes ac lkhmrcux tomèsschclts ou djkex dkrlècl 9

- au hoeltecl ac ò quoèt ac `curs clsceglchclts ou prex ac dkupcs segledotevcs

aols `curs apclscs ( dkhhcldcr por dc``cs ac `curs pcrskllc`s clsceglolt ku

oahelestroteb) 6 ku,

- ac òmoesschclt ac `curs dretrcs ac s`cdtekl, cl prclolt `c resquc ac sodrecr

`c levcou ac `curs bkrhotekls ct por dklsquclt, `cur dòsschclt por `cs krgo-

leshcs aoddraetotekl.

=2 Tkurdc 9 Qjc Wo`` Ttrcct Ikurlo`, ?2-?7 okt =>?1. @cs arkets aelsdreptekl aols `cs ulevcrsets ohredoelcs kltoughclt cl velgt ols ac ?=7%, dcpclaolt quc `c rcvclu hkycl acs ohredoels o quosehclt stogl acpues `camut acs ollcs ?55=-?55= (+7%). @cs oeacs pumèqucs (grolts, `kols, tox mrcofs) dklscltecs cl bovcur acstuaeolts ku ac `cur bohe``c, tolt ou levcou baro` qu dcùe acs Ctots, klt akum` ou dkurs ac ò acrlercadcllec. @cbbkrt suppkrt por `c dkltremuom`c ohredoel cl bovcur ac `clsceglchclt suprecur ohredoel o thu`tepè por trkes ou dkurs ac ò hhc prekac ac tchps. @c ^rseaclt Kmoho, trs ottclteb ò setuotekl acsdòsscs hkycllcs ohredoelcs, o boet ac òddcssemeèt ac `clsceglchclt suprecur ùl acs preldepoux kmicdtebsac skl acuxehc holaot. @c dkt acs tuacs suprecurcs oux Ctots-Sles boet tkutcbkes `kmict aul amot aklt e`rsu`tc lktohhclt quc cs elaedotekls djebbrcs que derdu`clt scroeclt elcxodtcs (Aovea @ckljorat, Jkw GkvcrlhcltCxogcrotcs Dk``cgcs Dkst, Qjc Lcw-Ukrf Qehcs, =5 iue``ct =>?1).

=7 Aols skl aetekl au 4? iue``ct =>?1, `c Wo`` Ttrcct Ikurlo` akllc `cs elaedotekls suevoltcs dkldcrlolt `cs dkts

olluc`s acs aebbrcltcs bkrhot ekls oux Ctots-Sles 9 pkur ulc bkrhotekl ac acux ollcs 9 ?? >?= ak`òrs (=>?4-?1)ct ?> 22: ak`òrs (=>?=-=>?4) ct pkur ulc bkrhotekl ac quotrc ollcs 9 =? >7= ak`òrs (=>?4-=>?1) ct ?5 752ak`òrs (=>?=-=>?4) aols ulc ulevcrset pumèquc ct 41 :33 ak`òrs (=>?4-?1) ct 45 141 (=>?=-?4) aols ulculevcrset prevc.


32/100

4>


TKDEQ AC Q]OAEQEKL CQ TKDEQ AC DKLLOETTOLDC

Cldkrc lc soget-e` quc acs holebcstotekls `cs pùs veacltcs ac aebdu`ts aklt kldklstotc quc``cs tkudjclt oux bklachclts hhcs au systhc audoteb ct quc``cs bklt

pcscr ul akutc srecux sur `c hoeltecl ac skl krgolesotekl odtuc``c.

Aols `cur kuvrogc prdet, Horec-Dòuac Mòes, Hordc` Goudjct ct Akhelequc Kttove=:

cl akllclt `cxpèdotekl 9 dcs aebdu`ts sklt ècs ulc trolsbkrhotekl prkbklac sur-

vcluc ou amut acs ollcs skexoltc-aex 9 `c possogc a ulc skdet ac troaetekl ulc

skdet ac ò dklloessoldc.

@o prcherc cst dcltrc sur `cxestcldc aul sovker troaetekllc` ct ehhuom`c, dc queehpèquc òddclt hes sur so trolshessekl ct portolt, sur `cs htjkacs paogkgequcs

(rcdjcrdjc aulc prkgrcssekl `kgequc aols ò ahordjc aodquesetekl acs dklloes-

soldcs). Ak go`chclt èhpkrtoldc oddkrac èlstetutekl ct skl rcspcdt. Aols

ò skdet ac ò dklloessoldc, `c sovker cst cl pcrptuc` hkuvchclt puesque` cst `c

rsu`tot ac o rcdjcrdjc. Ac , ehpkrtoldc oddkrac odtc aopprclarc ct por dkls-

quclt, `polkuesschclt ac èlaeveau, suict ac roeskl.

Dc possogc o prkauet acs cbbcts aoutolt pùs avostotcurs sur cs elstetutekls cl pòdc

(dk`c, dk``gc, `ydc, ulevcrset), que` o bovkres ku dkrrcspklau ovcd òpporetekl

ac trkes vlchclts hoicurs 9

- èlaeveauoèsotekl roaedo`c, `kmict au systhc audoteb tolt askrhoes aoeacr

`cs clbolts ct `cs iculcs acvcler cux-hhcs 6

- ul rclbkrdchclt ac ò acholac oarcssc oux elstetutekls, dkhhcldcr por dk`c

askrhoes djorgc ac dcrtoelcs acs bkldtekls audotevcs troaetekllc``chclt avk-

ùcs ò bohe``c 6

- ulc prkddupotekl goètoerc ou rcgora ac òquc``c `cs sovkers ct `cs opprcltes-

sogcs, cl porteduècr akrarc èttroerc, que hkmeèsoeclt ulc bkrtc aehclsekl ac trols-

hessekl mosc ac dkllevcldc du`turc``c, lklt pùs mkllc prcssc.

=: Qrolshcttrc, Opprclarc, Ttkdf, =>?1.


33/100

4?@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1


@o rvkùtekl luhrequc o oddcltu dcs cbbcts, cl boesolt lotrc `cspker ac lkuvc``cs

htjkacs paogkgequcs, oaoptcs ulc lkuvc``c dotgkrec aelaeveaus=5ct dcltrcs

sur dc lkuvc` kute` aodds ò dklloessoldc qucst `c rscou eltcrlct. Dc lcst posscu`chclt `c systhc audoteb que cl rcsskr t mku`cvcrs, dcst òdtc aopprclarc aklt

`c mecl-bkla cst rches cl dousc 9 ac ` opprclarc outrchclt, kl possc ropeachclt

dcttc qucstekl cxestcltec``c, cst-e` cldkrc ldcssoerc aopprclarc ;

Ak dcttc dretequc pcrholcltc ac ò bokl aklt `clsceglchclt cst akll, lktohhclt

aols `clsceglchclt suprecur, que soikutc oux aebdu`ts prdachhclt vkqucs ct

let por dklaohlcr `cs èrcs ac bkrhotekl quc dcùe-de prkpksc oux tuaeolts 9

- acs dkurs hogestroux que lc bovkresclt le `cspret ac rcspklsomeèt, le o drotevetku hhc `c roeskllchclt pcrskllc` ac djoquc tuaeolt ku `vc, quola e`s sklt

aklls por `cur tetuòerc ct lkl por ùl ac scs ossestolts4>6

- o protequc rcstredtevc acs olgucs ct acs du`turcs trolgrcs, tolt aols c dursus kmègo-

tkerc ac djoquc tuaeolt quc aols `cs clsceglchclts bodu`totebs que ùe sklt prkpkss 6

- òhpjetjtrc, scu` dkhpotem`c ovcd ul clsceglchclt ac hossc ou ècu ct pòdc

ac ò so``c ac dkurs, pùs bovkrom`c oux djolgcs ct ùteèsotekl ac suppkrts ku

ac tcdjlequcs aopprcltessogc pùs cbdodcs.

Dcs dretequcs, ac pùs cl pùs brqucltcs gora acs èrcs ulevcrsetoercs, acvecllclt

ac hkels cl hkels oddcptom`cs aols ul ulevcrs akhel por 9

- èltcrlotekloèsotekl acs ouaetkercs ct acs dursus 6

- opporetekl ac glrotekls atuaeolts pùs ottcltebs oux djolgcs sur cs rscoux

skdeoux4?qu ``kqucldc ku oux optetuacs paogkgequcs aul prkbcsscur 6

=5 _uc adret `c pje`kskpjc Hedjc` Tcrrcs aols skl kuvrogc ^ctetc ^kudcttc(Holebcstcs @c ^khhecr =>?4) ct que`prkpksc aoppc`cr boheèrchclt ^ctet ^kudct ku ^ctetc ^kudcttc , cl roeskl ac `cur vertukset aols ò `cdturc ct`dreturc ou pkudc.

4> E` soget aul prkm`hc porteduèrchclt sclsem`c, ai sku`cv por Oaoh Thetj aols @o ]edjcssc acs Lotekls,`krsque` dkhporoet ò quoèt acs dkurs aespclss aols `cs Slevcrsets ac Gòsgkw ct aKxbkra, ct que dklauet pùsprkbklahclt pkscr ò qucstekl ac ò sporotekl acs bkldtekls aclsceglchclt ct ac rcdjcrdjc, o`krs quulprkbcsscur aulevcrset cst ouikurajue ul clsceglolt-djcrdjcur. @cs HKKDs pkurroeclt oeacr ò hesc cl pòdc achdoleshcs aeldetotekl, lktohhclt loldecrs, clsceglchclt ct ac rcvo`kresotekl acs bkldtekls aclsceglchclt.

4? Aols skl kuvrogc Dk``cgc (Sl)Mkula,Qjc Buturc kb Jegjcr Caudotekl ola Wjot Et Hcols bkr Ttuaclts , Lcw Jorvcst

(Ohozkl umèsjelg), =>?4, Icbbrcy I.Tcèlgk roppc``c trs iuaedecuschclt quc cs bklaotcurs acs trkes pùs ehpkr toltcscltrcprescs au scdtcur acs tcdjlk`kgecs ac èlbkrhotekl ac dc amut ac sed`c, Me`` Gotcs (Hedrkskbt), Ttcvc Ikms(Opp`c) ct Horf Yudfcrmcrg (Bodcmkkf), klt cl dkhhul aovker quett prhoturhclt `Slevcrset ct por dklsquclt,ac lc pos cl trc aep`hs.


34/100

4=


- o rcvclaedotekl ac o iculcssc ac poys abovkress, ouikurajue cxdùc ac odds

ou sovker ct atcrhelc lc pùs òddcptcr. Kl lc pkurro pùs eglkrcr trkp `klg-

tchps dcttc rcvclaedotekl `jcurc k òdds ou sovker dklstetuc askrhoes ularket bklaohclto` ac ò pcrskllc juhoelc.

CASDOQEKL, ELLKROQEKL CQ D]KETTOLDC DKLKHE_SC

Kr, àudotekl, dkhhc ò bkrhotekl cl dkurs ac vec prkbcssekllc``c ct aulc holerc

glro`c, ò dklstetutekl, òdduhuòtekl ku ò trolshessekl ac sovkers dklaetekllclt

èllkvotekl que cst c``c-hhc ul bodtcur ac drkessoldc dklkhequc. C``cs dklaetekllcltousse, ùlc ct òutrc, `cs goels ac prkaudtevet que cl rsu`tclt. C``cs sklt pùs cldkrc

ul bodtcur ac prkgrs ct por dklsquclt, aqueèmrc skdeo` 9

- aols `cs dklkhecs hcrgcltcs k c``cs bovkresclt òpporetekl ac dòsscs

hkycllcs, ldcssoercs ou hoeltecl ac ò dklskhhotekl ct por dklsquclt, acs

hordjs acxpkrtotekl 6

- aols cs dklkhecs elaustreoèscs, que akevclt soddkhhkacr pkur ul tchps pùs

ku hkels `klg aulc drkessoldc olhequc. C``cs pcuvclt y dklstetucr ul hkycl

trs cbdodc ac ùttc dkltrc `cs cbbcts aul djhogc ac hossc ct dkltrc `cxdù-

sekl quc `c avc`kppchclt ac dc typc ac djhogc cst susdcptem`c ac prkvkqucr.

C``cs `c sklt pùs quc iohoes `jcurc ac `dklkhec ac ò dklloessoldc, dklkhec

aols òquc``c tkutcs `cs lotekls sklt cltrcs.

_uc `cs bkrhotekls prkpkscs aols `cs ulevcrsets ku `cs grolacs dk`cs lc dkrrcs-

pklaclt pos oux mcskels au hordj ct lc bkurlessclt pos cs dkhptcldcs rcdjcrdjcs,ct dcst ò `getehet acs apclscs pumèqucs quc `cs cltrcprescs suppkrtclt trovcrs

`cs ehpts que pcut trc aesdutc.

Dcst akld pkur mcoudkup ac dcs cltrcprescs `krgolesotekl ct por dklsquclt `cxes-

tcldc au systhc aclsceglchclt suprecur que akevclt trc rchescs cl dousc. Dcr-

toelcs acltrc c``cs lc sy trkhpclt pos, que drclt ai curs prkprcs bkrhotekls4=ku

4= Dcst `c dos ac 1= , eleteot evc ac Zovecr Lec` ou hkes aovre` =>?4 cl vuc ac ò drotekl aulc dk`c acstelc bkrhcr ? >>> spdeoèstcs au luhrequc por ol ou prex aul elvcstesschclt segledoteb ac quc`qucs 7> he`èklsacurks.


35/100



elvcstessclt aols acs dohpus prevs quc``cs ljsetclt pos oppc`cr ulevcrsets

44. C``cs c bklt cl alklolt kuvcrtchclt elcbdodet ac clsceglchclt suprecur,

sols ovker tkuikurs `c dkurogc, e` cst vroe, ac seltcrrkgcr cl rctkur sur `cbdodet acssumstetuts quc``cs hcttclt cl pòdc.

SLERC]TEQ ^]KASDQERC, SLERC]TEQ LSH]E_SC ;

Dcst aols dc dkltcxtc quc èac prksprc aul systhc aclsceglchclt suprecur

aebbrclt, que scroet pkur rcprclarc `cs tcrhcs aul aetkreo` rdclt 41 ul scdtcur

prkaudteb, bkrtc vo`cur oikutc, eltclseb cl tcdjlk`kgec, tkurl vcrs `cxdc``cldc ct

`cxpkrtotekl.

@cs HKKDs dklstetus por acs dklskrteuhs aulevcrsets ct èmrchclt oddcssem`cs

trolsbkrhcroeclt o`krs èlstetutekl ulevcrsetoerc ct ò hcttroeclt sur ò vkec ac `Slevcr-

set au =?hc sed`c, ellkvoltc43, èmrc ac scs abouts odtuc`s, oyolt aposs `c

ae`chhc au rcspcdt ac scs troaetekls sduòercs ct au djkex aul hka`c aebbrclt, ou

prkt aul lkuvcou hka`c, `Slevcrset luhrequc.

Tmosteol Qjrul, dk-bklaotcur aSaodety, skuèglc oelse aols ul cltrctecl pumè aols

ò rcvuc ohredoelc Bkrcegl Obboersou hkes ac adchmrc =>?4 `cs prkm`hcs au sys-

thc audoteb cl pòdc aebdu`t aodds, ehpksseme et ac dklsodrcr ul scu` tutcur

djoquc tuaeolt, ehpksetekl aul hhc rytjhc pkur tkus ct elsestc sur `cs ovol-

togcs ac paogkgecs aul lkuvcou typc uteèsolt acs dkurs cl èglc (pcrsklloèscr `c

rytjhc ac `clsceglchclt, vkùcr vcrs `cxp`krotekl vk`kltoerc, bovkrescr òpprcltessogc

ùaequc).

Hoes ou-ac` ac dct oppkrt paogkgequc, `cs HKKDs scroeclt ulc ellkvotekl ac rup-

turc (aesruptevc ellkvotekl), ollklolt ulc trolsbkrhotekl roaedo`c ac lks systhcsaudotebs, dkhhcldcr por `krgolesotekl ac `clsceglchclt suprecur42.

44 E` y cl o 1 >>> aols `c hklac ct prs ac 7> cl Broldc, ò pùport èhogc ac ùlevcrset au Grkupc DoesscaCporglc, aSle`kg ku ac Lursys, drcs aols ò adcllec =>>>.

41 Ledkòs Movcrcz, @audotekl cl èglc, hoeltclolt ku iohoes , @c ^kelt =?4>, ?? iue``ct =>?4, p.??.

43 Dòytkl H. Djrestclscl ct Jclry I. Cyrelg, Qjc Ellkvotevc Slevcrsety, Djolgelg tjc ALO kb Jegjcr Caudotekl brkh

Elseac Kut, Iksscy Moss, =>??.42 Db. `tuac ac @e Uuol ct Ttcpjcl ^kwc`` au DCQET (Dcltrc bkr Caudoteklo` Qcdjlk`kgy ola EltcrkpcromeètyTtolaora) ac Slevcrset ac Mk`tkl, HKKDs ola Kpcl Ellkvotekl 9 Ehpèdotekls bkr Jegjcr Caudotekl, oddcssem`c sur`c pkrtoe` curkpcl Kpcl Caudotekl Curkpo.


36/100

41


QJC ELLKROQK]T AE@CHHO

Dòytkl H. Djrestclscl, ac ò Jorvora Muselcss Tdjkk`, cst ossurhclt ùl acs hce`-`curs dklloesscurs hklaeoux au prkdcssus aellkvotekl, ct lktohhclt acs ellkvotekls

ac rupturc, aklt e` kmscrvc `cs eldeacldcs strotgequcs, acpues pùsecurs ollcs, aols

ac lkhmrcux scdtcurs aodtevets dklkhequcs.

E` mldec ouikurajue aulc vretom`c lktkret hklaeo`c, èc ò porutekl cl ?557

ac kuvrogc Qjc Ellkvotkrs Ae`chho, que o dkllu ul grola sudds ouprs ac lkhmrcux

djcbs acltrcprescs ct que rcstc, prs ac velgt ols pùs tora, ulc rbrcldc pkur `cs

spdeoèstcs.

Cl thkeglc lktohhclt ò prscldc au ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl oux dts aOlay Grkvc,

sur ò dkuvcrturc aulc aetekl au hogozelc ohredoel Bkrmcs que dklsodroet skl orted`c

ac ttc ou aeregcolt aEltc`. Dc acrlecr, sueve por pùsecurs ac scs jkhk`kgucs ohre-

doels, y boesoet port ac ò pcrtelcldc acs tjkrecs au ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl ct ac `cur

uteèt aols o aletekl ac ò strotgec au prchecr bomredolt hklaeo` ac hedrkprkdcsscur.

Kr, boet segledoteb, `cs trovoux au ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl `klt rdchhclt dklauet

tclarc c djohp ac scs elvcstegotekls elstetutekl ulevcrsetoerc, k c avc`kppchclt

acs HKKDs, ellkvotekl ac rupturc sc`kl ùe, ùe schm`c acvker dklauerc oux hhcs

dkldùsekls quc dc``cs avc`kppcs sur `c dkhpkrtchclt acs cltrcprescs47.

MCQQC] OLA MEGGC]

@c pkelt ac aport cl cst `c dklstot aulc olkhoèc 9 sur ul hordj atcrhel, akhel

por acs cltrcprescs aklt `cs aeregcolts sklt acs pcrskllcs eltc`ègcltcs ct dkhptcltcs,

rkhpucs oux sumteèts au hologchclt, que elvcstessclt aols ò rcdjcrdjc pkur oh-èkrcr ò quoèt ac `curs prkauets ct o``cr ou-acvolt acs mcskels ac `curs dèclts, que

survce``clt `curs dkldurrclts ct oaoptclt cl pcrholcldc `curs strotgecs oux eleteotevcs

que`s prcllclt, dkhhclt sc boet-e` quul kprotcur cltrolt aespksolt ac hkycls skuvclt

èhets, puessc sy eltrkauerc, rcpkusscr `cs kprotcurs cl pòdc ct porbkes hhc, `cs

èhelcr au hordj dkldcrl ;

47 Qjc Ellkvotevc Slevcrsety Djolgelg tjc ALO kb Jegjcr Caudotekl brkh tjc Elseac Kut (Iksscy Moss =>??), dk-dretovcd Jclry I. Cyrelg ct Aesruptelg Dòss Jkw Aesruptevc Ellkvotekl We`` Djolgc tjc Woy tjc Wkrà @corls(HdGrowJe``, =>??), dk-dret ovcd Hedjoc` M.Jkrl ct Durtes Ikjlskl.


37/100



@o roeskl cl cst, sc`kl `c ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl, qucl apet ac `curs quoèts, `cs

aeregcolts cl pòdc lklt pkur scu` kmicdteb quc ac acvcler hce``curs ct pùs grks

( mcttcr ola meggcr).

Dct kmicdteb dkllc `kmscssekl ct omskrmc tkutc `cur lcrgec ou pkelt ac `cs chpdjcr

ac pkrtcr ulc ottcltekl subsoltc acux acs roèts que akhelclt ac lkhmrcux hordjs

ac prkauets aols ulc dklkhec acvcluc trs sclsem`c oux tcdjlequcs ct cur vkùtekl 9

- o dkjkrtc, skuvclt segledotevc, acs dklskhhotcurs, zoppcurs, osss ku hdkl-

tclts que sc atkurlclt ac `curs prkauets ct que grksset brquchhclt ò dkjkrtc

ac dcux que lc pcuvclt sc `cs kbbrer 6

- o bkrdc aottrodtekl outolt quc ò dopodet acstrudtredc aulc ellkvotekl ac rupturc.

ôr ellkvotekl ac rupturc, e` bout cltclarc lkl scu`chclt ul prkauet ku ulc tcdjlequc

lkuvc``c, hoes go`chclt, ac lkuvcoux hkacs ac gcstekl ku ac dkhmeloeskl acs bod-

tcurs ac prkaudtekl. Dcst oelse quc `c `kw dkstbut ulc ellkvotekl ac rupturc aols ac

lkhmrcux scdtcurs aodtevets, lktohhclt `c trolspkrt orecl. ^kurtolt e` lc dkldcrlc

quc `c prkdcss (ulc dkhmeloeskl kpteho`c, pùs dklkhc, acs `hclts au scrvedc

bkurle ou dklskhhotcur `c pcrskllc`, ul opporce`, ulc rktotekl) ct lkl `c prkauet (`c

vk` ùe-hhc).

Bkrt ac skl ellkvotekl ac rupturc, `cltrolt pltrc `c hordj, ro`èc so dousc `cs

dklskhhotcurs aòesss por `cs kprotcurs cl pòdc ct cl quc`qucs hkes, hkaec

prkbklahclt skl ovoltogc `cs dklaetekls ac ò dkldurrcldc. Oux cxchp`cs askrhoes

dòssequcs ac dc typc ac setuotekl qukbbrclt ò searurgec, òutkhkme`c, èlbkrhotequc

ct `c trolspkrt orecl, e` lkus bout oikutcr pkur ò Broldc dcùe acs t`dkhhuledotekls,

ovcd `pkpc vedtkrecusc ac `kprotcur Brcc ct ac so Brccmkx sur ul hordj rpu-

t eloddcssem`c tkut cltrolt.

TQ]OQGECT ACLQ]C^]ETCT CQ ^K@EQE_SCT ASLERC]TEQT

^kur `c ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl, `cs roeskllchclts que prdaclt sklt ouikurajue

trolspksom`cs oux ulevcrsets.

@cs ulevcrsets ou hkels pkur `cs pùs grolacs vkùclt askrhoes sur ul hordj

g`kmo`, dcùe ac ò bkrhotekl acs ètcs eltcrloteklo`cs. C``cs sy dkhpkrtclt dkhhc

ac grolacs cltrcprescs, trs ottcltevcs `cur horquc dkhhcrdeo`c ct boesolt pr-


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vo`ker `curs ovoltogcs dkhporotebs por roppkrt `curs dkldurrclts ouprs aulc

dèclt`c , dcrtcs loteklo`c hoes go`chclt pkur ulc òrgc port askrhoes eltcrlo-

teklo`c. C``cs vclaclt acs prkauets aul typc trs porteduècr, puesque` soget ac bkr-hotekls eltcrloteklo`chclt rcdkllucs, dklbrolt acs dkhptcldcs ct amkudjolt sur

acs chp`kes, aquepcs paogkgequcs outkur ac prkbcsscurs prcstegecux ct aul clve-

rkllchclt ac trovoe` ottrodteb (`kdoux, memèktjquc, hkycls elbkrhotequcs, prts, ch-

p`kes, `kgchclt). C``cs `cs rclkuvc``clt rguèrchclt dkhhc `c bklt `cs cltrcprescs que

elvcstessclt aols òhèkrotekl dklstoltc ac `curs prkauets, mecls ku scrvedcs (sustoe-

lom`c ellkvotekl).

C``cs sklt akld aols ulc setuotekl trs dkhporom`c dcs kprotcurs cl pòdc, pcrsuo-

as ac `cur prcllet ct au hoeltecl ac `cur pkuvker ac hordj, ac hkels cl hkelsottcltebs ou lkhmrc acs tuaeolts que omolakllclt `curs bkrhotekls ku dcux que lc

pcuvclt sc `cs kb brer, ct ac pùs cl pùs vu`lrom`cs èleteotevc aul kprotcur cltrolt.

@CT HKKDT, ELLKROQEKL AC ]S^QS]C

Kl kmicdtcro pcut-trc quc ò setuotekl que veclt atrc adretc lc dkldcrlc quc `cs

ulevcrsets ohredoelcs, pùs porteduèrchclt `cs grolacs ulevcrsets ac Èvy @coguc.

Dcò lcst pos cxodt. @cs tomèsschclts aclsceglchclt suprecur curkpcls sc

dkhpkrtclt ac holerc cxodtchclt dkhporom`c `curs jkhk`kgucs ohredoels ct

sklt guctts por `cs hhcs aolgcrs.

Cl Broldc, `cs ulevcrsets acvclucs outklkhcs klt skuvclt hes cl uvrc acs pkètequcs

ac horqucs dkhhcrdeo`cs, hcttolt cl ovolt `curs spdeoèts, `curs aep`hcs ct `cur

ottrodtevet dkhhc outolt aotkuts sur ul hordj dkldurrcltec`. Ct se acs cbbkr ts ehpkr-

tolts klt t oddkhpès cl bovcur ac ò ùttc dkltrc `djcd cl èdcldc, dcùe-de rcstc

cldkrc ehpkrtolt, tolaes quc `cs ulevcrsets dkldcrlcs lc sovclt recl acs tuaeoltsque lc pcuvclt selsdrerc `curs bkrhotekls ku `cs omolakllclt.

@o prbrcldc que scxprehc ouikurajue oux Ctots-Sles pkur acs bkrhotekls dkurtcs,

akllolt odds ou mkut aul ol ulc quoèdotekl ct por dklsquclt, ul chp`ke, sc

holebcstc go`chclt cl Curkpc, k e` scroet, por cxchp`c, eltrcssolt ac dkllotrc `c

toux ac dolaeaoturc oux aep`hcs aulevcrset (AS). @cs ulevcrsets curkpcllcs djop-

pcroeclt-c``cs dc dklstot elquetolt quc `kl boet ouikurajue oux Ctots-Sles, k dc

sklt `cs bkrhotekls `cs pùs dktcuscs que bklt `kmict acs toux adjcd `cs pùs ehpkr-

tolts ; Ossurhclt lkl. Mecl ou dkltroerc 6 ò tclaoldc cst ò hhc.


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Aols dc dkltcxtc, `c ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl ovcrtet tkus `cs tomèsschclts aclsce-

glchclt suprecur 9 `cs HKKDs sklt èllkvotekl ac rupturc que, dkhhc aols `c

sdjho prdachhclt adret, pcrhct acs cltrolts ac seltrkauerc sur `c hordj ac ò bkrhotekl acs ètcs, ac mku`cvcrscr `cs tomèsschclts cl pòdc, surtkut `cs

tomèsschclts `cs pùs prcstegecux, ct ac `cs rcpkusscr vcrs `cs cxtrhets, cl dr-

holt `c hordj trs ùdroteb acs bkrhotekls dkurtcs ct pcu aespclaecuscs, ct cl `cs

dklaohlolt lc pùs scrver quc acs prkauets ac ùxc, trs dktcux, que leltrcsscrklt

quulc dèclt`c ac pùs cl pùs rauetc, hhc eltcrloteklo`c.

ELLKROQERC SLERC]TEQU, AET]S^QELG D@OTTCQOAO^QERC@CO]LELG

@o dkldùsekl au ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl cst apkurvuc aohmegut 9 dcst oux tomès-

schclts aclsceglchclt suprecur, bkrts ac dc dklstot, que` rcveclt ac tercr tkutcs `cs

dklsqucldcs ute`cs,

- cl sopprkpreolt `cs HKKDs, aols `c rcspcdt ac `cur jestkerc prkprc ct ac `curs

troaetekls ( ellkvotevc ulevcrsety), hoes ovcd `clschm`c ac `dksysthc que sc

hct cl pòdc ct que ehpèquc ulc hkaedotekl prkbklac acs htjkacs ac bkldtekl-

lchclt aul tomèsschclt aclsceglchclt suprecur4:6

- cl ehogelolt acs dursus jymreacs, que trolsbkrhclt ct, se ldcssoerc, rcdkls-

truesclt `cs htjkacs paogkgequcs `cs pùs prkuvcs ( aesruptelg dòss) 6

- cl soesessolt cs lkhmrcuscs kppkrtulets quc cs HKKDs kbbrclt por roppkrt oux

bkrhcs aclsceglchclt pùs dòssequcs (dc``c au dkurs hogestro` cl porteduècr)

pkur odduhu`cr `c hoxehuh aelbkrhotekls sur ò bokl aklt `cs clsceglchcltssklt rcus ct pcrus, sur cs aebdu`ts ac dkhprjclsekl c pùs skuvclt rcldkl-

trcs por `cs opprclolts, ct sur `cs qucstekls que`s pksclt, pkur pkuvker oaoptcr

cl pcrholcldc `c dkltclu acs clsceglchclts aklls ( oaoptevc `corlelg) 6

- cl bovkresolt ulc pùs grolac dk`òmkrotekl acs clsceglolts lkl scu`chclt ò

aletekl ac `kbbrc ac bkrhotekl ac djoquc tomèsschclt, hoes pùs cldkrc so

4: Dkhhc èlaequclt Hedjc``c ]. Wcesc ct Dòytkl H. Djrestclscl aols ulc tuac aebbusc ou hkes aciue``ct =>?1, skus `c tet rc prkvkdotcur Jerc Caudotekl Hostcry, Hkauòrezotekl ola tjc Wkrfbkrdc ]cvkùtekl 6jttp9//djrestclsclelstetutc.krg/wpdkltclt/up`koas/=>?1/>7/JercCaudotekl.pab


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4:


prkhktekl, puesquovcd `cs HKKDs, djoquc clsceglolt aespksc askrhoes aulc

tremulc hklaeo`c ( odtevc corlelg).

ET QCDJLK@KGU QJC OLTWC] ;

@cs HKKDs kbbreroeclt oelse oux systhcs ac aebbusekl acs sovkers ct aodquesetekl acs

dkhptcldcs `kppkrtulet ulequc aulc rcxekl sur `curs hkacs akrgolesotekl ct

`curs htjkacs45. E`s lc `cs dklaohlcroeclt pos, e`s `cs elvetcroeclt rcvcler sur `curs

bklachclts ct `cs pkusscroeclt sy oaoptcr.

Te`s lc `c bklt pos, dcs systhcs prcllclt `c resquc ac rvesekls adjeroltcs ac ò

pcrtelcldc ac `curs pksetekls ct ac cur strotgecs, pkuvolt o``cr iusqu cur aesporetekl,

skus `cs dkups ac mkutkers acltrolts vclus ajkrezkls trs aevcrs que ro`ècrklt, ou

hkycl ac HKKDs iuaedecuschclt ogclds, `cs aòesss acs htjkacs ct acs dursus

troaetekllc`s.

E`s scrklt aoutolt pùs vu`lrom`cs quc `c scdtcur ac `clsceglchclt cst troaetekllc`-

`chclt pcru dkhhc ul pkstc ac apclscs, ul dkt, que lc pcut trc dkhpcls por

acs goels ac prkaudtevet.

Boet segledoteb, dcst We`èoh G. Mkwacl, dk -outcur ovcd We`èoh I. Mouhk` aul kuvrogc

aoltjk`kgec1>ct surtkut oldecl prseaclt ac `Slevcrset ac ^reldctkl, que rcveclt

prkpks acs HKKDs sur scs dcrtetuacs au heècu acs ollcs skexoltc aols ul kuvrogc

rdclt ou tetrc vkdotcur, Jegjcr Caudotekl el tjc Aegeto` Ogc1?.

@ulc acs qucstekls que` y pksc cst trs eltrcssoltc se `kl sc rbrc oux prescs ac

pksetekl posscs ac skl outcur1= c``c cst aoe``curs `c tetrc ac ò dklbrcldc 9 QjcDkst Aescosc el Jegjcr Caudotekl 9 Es Qcdjlk`kgy tjc Olswcr ;.

45 ^kur ulc prscltotekl acs preldepo`cs vkùtekls htjkak`kgequcs ehputom`cs oux HKKDs, vker lktohhcltOrlkà Fèlg, Holy-tk-Klc vs Klc-tk-Holy 9 ol Kpeleklotca Gueac tk Caudoteklo` Qcdjlk`kgy, Qjc Ohcredol, ?=scptchmrc =>?=. Rker ousse `cs avc`kppchclts ac `tuac prdetc acs Hedjc``c ].Wcesc ct ac Dòytkl H.Djrestclscl, que dklbrkltclt `cs HKKDs dc que`s oppc``clt ` Odoached Elcrteo ct olo`ysclt trkes hka`csdklkhequcs avkùtekl aebbrclts 9Tkù tekl sjkp, Roùc-oaaelg prkdcss muselcss, ct Bode ètotca uscr lctwkrf.

1> ^crbkrhelg Ort s, Qjc Cdklkhed Ae`chho 9 o Ttuay kb rkm`chs Dkhhkl tk Qjcotcr, Kpcro, Hused ola Aoldc, LcwUkrf, Qwcltectj Dcltury Bula, ?522

1? We`èoh G. Mkwcl, Jegjcr Caudotekl el tjc Aegeto` Ogc, EQJOFO ct ^reldctkl Slevcrsety ^rcss, =>?4. Dct kuvrogc

cst essu aulc dklbrcldc akllc por `c ^rkbcsscur Mkwcl `Slevcrset ac Ttolbkra cl =>?= aols `c doarc acsQollcr @cdturcs kl Juhol Roùcs. Kl ùe o chprult quc`qucs rbrcldcs aols `cs avc`kppchclts que suevclt,lktohhclt aols `c djopetrc 4.

1= We`èohs G. Mkwcl ct ovcd We`èoh I. Mouhk` sklt `kregelc ac ò tjkrec au dkst aescosc.


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E` y rpkla ac holerc derdklstoldec ct lo`chclt pksetevc, elvetolt cs tom`esschclts

aclsceglchclt suprecur sc prporcr acs trolsbkrhotekls prkbklacs.

Kl avc`kppc de-oprs dc quc sklt dcs dkurs, cur lkuvcout ct o pkrtc ac curs cb bcts

sur `krgolesotekl, `c bkldtekllchclt ct p`us cldkrc, sur `cs htjkacs ac bkrhotekl

eleteo`c ku dklteluc14. Kl hkltrc ousse `cs kppkrtulets quc `cur avc`kppchc