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14 ! * [ CHAPTER. XIV ! Å $ © o - ê G G G L » g Z z g à THE DIVISIO OF LABOUR AD MAUFACTURE ¢ } ÿ E L Z z w : à » Š z ¥ { W ¸ i SECTIO 1. TWOFOLD ORIGI OF MAUFACTURE F , À : Z q Ð i @ Ô Z 0 Œ z { Z · Z ¿ ¿ T Å ã C Š ! Å $ © o - ê G G G L » g 6 , ì Ô Z K º m " 2 . ç E E G à ~ Z ( g @ * ì ; Z z g t u â t Š Z g Z : a Z z Z g ~ ¿ Å Ô Ã Æ g } Š z g ~ Ô % z z º m " 2 . ç E E G ì X Z ¤ / u u ~ î g 6 , ¹ Y ñ Â Ã Î Û , œ ~ Æ z Ð Z V g z , œ ~ Å W y ~ ä ð J - ; ƒ Z ì X à ŠZ Z Š z Z 0 + Z i ~ ƒ C ì : ( Z q - » g Ç { ~ Z q - u â t Š Z g Æ i % æG L 4 Z Z Ð Z Š ~ Š º g - V Ð z Z h ' × Š z g z V Å ¦ 1 p X Æ ; ð V ~ Ã ð º m q Z K Š Æ % Z i ð C ì X V w Æ î g 6 , Z Œ __ È ~ Ð z ! V ~ Z q - ÿ ˜ h Z þ Ç h ~ ¹ Ð p Š U g Š º g z V Æ ! Ð k : ë i Ô ˜ h Z Ç h ~ » i z â y ¯ ä z Z á Ô Š g i ~ Ô @ * ! i Ô ¯ ä z Z á Ô y Z Š ñ Ô â ¯ ä z Z á Ô h i Ô ° ¤ / Ô Z z g » g z ) { X @ * ë Ç h ~ i ~ ~ Z n Æ Z y Ó x Š º g z V à Z q - q g ] ~ ¦ Š c * Y @ * ˜ V z { ï 7 ÿ E N » x D X t s ì ā Z q - Ç h ~ Z # J - å 7 ƒ C Q k 6 , » g ~ e 7 ƒ C X p Z ¤ / Ç h - V Å ¼ ® Z Š à z Ü » g Å Y g ƒ  Q y ~ Ð ¼  » g z V Æ ; B ~ ƒ V Ï Ô Z z g ! * ¹ Z k Ð ¬ % Z i ð g ƒ V Ï X a è ë Z Ì J - Š { Z · Z ¿ ¿ Æ 7 Ò ª î G 0 Z W , J - ö z Š ¸ Ô T ~ ñ Z Š W Š ñ V Z z g q z V Å ^ ~ » g ñ Š M ì X p ¢ Z q - Z ë p ~ g z ú ƒ C ì X Š g i ~ Ô

SECTIO 1. TWOFOLD ORIGI OF MA UFACTURE Œ0 À '×m{q-Zzq-ZCÙÐ~Xì*@Y0*YƒµZµZ»VpC×b ZÆ ~i‚~hÇt np g~g Y ïNZvßй ù¨Ãà ²ì*@YƒiÃ%J-£êµZÆ ~wzNÆgZŠtâuq-ZÃV-gºŠeåÆ

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jZ!Y]zjZÙÅg1ÅÂðZzg¯ðLLãCŠ~îg6,3+g Lyons and Nimes XZke~Zq-].h+Vwtì: C1

u~ì;Zk~úgÂVZzg”VÅM®ZŠÃ»x6,Îc*ÂY@*ì1Q7Ýc*c*n{7HY@*XtQ7Åpzg]zZŠ-V~g�ÅZYi]Šîì@*āQyÆ VaucluseÔ IsereÔVarÔDrome

g1ÆQzVÅZ‚ÛZöƒnZzgz{Z7»]ÃXtLÌZq-Ç1~c*Å70$ËÔ@*ëŒV!Å„»ZßwZq-{mzH0*©8ìX|tìāŒVzZð™äzZáÔg1»ŠJ§»ãzZáÔg8-™äzZáÔ**\™äzZáÔZzgWy~»ãzZáñ�ŠƒD÷Ôpz{Zq-„»gÇ{~¦7ƒDÔZzg:z{Zq-ZÐZŠ~â´Æ�ƒD÷ÔÉz{ÓxWiZŠƒD÷X

(A. Blanqui, Cours d'Econ. Industrielle. Recuilli par A. Blaise. Paris,

1838-39, p. 79.)

ät–åZkz‰ÜÐËuJ-WiZŠ'׊zg1-V~ZNƒ`÷X Blanque Z#Кé~__1886 ‚w __ ÿZzgZ#âg¾ät–åZkz‰Ü0*zgßxZy1-V~ß_¶ÔZzgZ[

yZ&+7~ÌZk Krefeld ™ee __ tò6~Ã**»g{™_¶X)a¶ðZ÷á®)~ZŸ†‰ñçqд¹¼CCìX(�Ûi+guZxXþ

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(The Advantages of the East India Trade," London., 1720, p. 71.)

(Th. Hodgskin, "Polular Political Economy," XLLW‚y!'g]»Zg‚wìXóó C3p. 48.)

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(Diodorus Siculus: Bibl. Hist. I. l. c., 74.)

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