Surete de l'Etat BelgiqueVsse Www.gang Stalking Belgique

8/3/2019 Surete de l'Etat BelgiqueVsse Www.gang Stalking Belgique

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XerriX| ekkqag 8252





XerriX| ekkqag 8252





Gix} la ge rexq|cik la }ik xerrix| ekkqag 8226' rxancax la }ik fc}|icxa' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|

kiq} rxina||ec| la xãc|ãxax g–avaxmcma+ Eck}c' ziq} eza aq g–imme}cik cg s e uqaguqa} nic} la

gcxa ga xerrix| ekkqag 8223 la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

Eqoiqxl–fqc' o–ec ga rgec}cx la ziq} rxã}ak|ax ga xerrix| ekkqag 8252 lq }axzcma mczcg la

xak}ac`kanak| hagà+

Ma xerrix| a}| qka kiqzagga imme}cik riqx ga} mc|isak} la ncaqv errxãfaklax ga |xezecg a|ga} nc}}cik} l–qk }axzcma la xak}ac`kanak|+ Riqx ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' cg }–e`c| l–qka hagga

irrix|qkc|ã l–ejjcxnax }e zigik|ã l–iqzax|qxa+ La rgq}' g–ãgehixe|cik lq xerrix| ekkqag lic|

raxna||xa eq }axzcma l‖avenckax a| l–ekegs}ax }ik jikm|cikkanak| eq hiq| l–qka ekkãa' gqc

raxna||ek| ak}qc|a la }a rxioa|ax lek} g–ezakcx+

G–ekkãa 8252 e ã|ã nexuqek|a â rgq} l–qk |c|xa riqx ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+ Ak |ek| uqa Nckc}|xa

la ge Oq}|cma' o–ec rq na}qxax ga} ha}ick} a| ga} ãzigq|cik} la ma }axzcma+

\iq| l–ehixl' ge gic xage|cza eqv nã|fila} la xamqacg la} likkãa} rex ga} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã' zi|ãa rex ge Mfenhxa ga 0 oekzcax 8252 a| rex ga ]ãke| ga 85 oekzcax 8252' e ã|ã rxinqg`qãa rex ga Xic ga < jãzxcax 8252+ Ma||a gic' ak|xãa ak zc`qaqx ga 5ax

}ar|anhxa 8252' nilcjca a| minrgæ|a ge gic ixèkcuqa la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la

}ãmqxc|ã lq =2 kizanhxa 5336+

Ma||a gic li|a lã}ixnec} ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| la kiqzagga} nã|fila} ak zqa la xamqacggcx la}

ckjixne|cik}+ Ma} kiqzagga} nã|fila} liczak| raxna||xa eq }axzcma mczcg la xak}ac`kanak|

la |xezecggax ezam la} nisak} nilaxka} a| la xamiqrax la} ckjixne|cik} ih|akqa} rex la}

nã|fila} rgq} mge}}cuqa}+ Ma||a gic ijjxa ãèganak| eqv mc|isak} ge èxek|ca l–qk melxa gãèg

|xæ} }|xcm| â xa}ram|ax rex ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' ezam qk liqhga mik|xüga la gãègc|ã avaxmã rex

laqv ck}|ekma} cklãraklek|a}' èxek|c}}ek| eck}c ga xa}ram| la} lxic|} jiklenak|eqv+

Ak}qc|a' ga xãenãkeànak| lq hè|cnak| la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }–a}| ãèganak| emfazã ak 8252+

Ma} |xezeqv ik| raxnc} l–ijjxcx qk melxa la |xezecg e`xãehga riqx g–ak}anhga la} nanhxa} lq

rax}ikkag l–qka rex|' a| la èxek|cx qka }ãmqxc|ã rfs}cuqa nevcnega lq hè|cnak| l–eq|xa rex|+

O–ec ãèganak| aq ga rgec}cx l–ckeq`qxax' jck kizanhxa 8252' ga kiqzaeq mak|xa irãxe|cikkag la

ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

Ge zigik|ã l–iqzax|qxa la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }–a}| riqx}qczca ak 8252+ L–qka rex|' qk kinhxa

cnrix|ek| l–ck|axzcap} la }ik Elnckc}|xe|aqx ̀ ãkãxeg ik| ã|ã lcjjq}ãa} lek} ge rxa}}a ke|cikega

a| ck|axke|cikega+ L–eq|xa rex|' ga }axzcma e miggehixã â g–ixèkc}e|cik' ak lãmanhxa 8252'

l–qka oiqxkãa l–ã|qla la}|ckãa eqv riqzicx} gimeqv esek| riqx |fæna ¤ ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|minnakma rex qka eq|ixc|ã gimega jix|a ´+ Akzcxik <22 rax}ikka} zakqa} la} uqe|xa mick} lq

res} ik| rex|cmcrã â ma||a oiqxkãa l–ã|qla uqa o–ec aq g–fikkaqx la re|xikkax+



Gix} la ge rexq|cik la }ik xerrix| ekkqag 8226' rxancax la }ik fc}|icxa' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|

kiq} rxina||ec| la xãc|ãxax g–avaxmcma+ Eck}c' ziq} eza aq g–imme}cik cg s e uqaguqa} nic} la

gcxa ga xerrix| ekkqag 8223 la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

Eqoiqxl–fqc' o–ec ga rgec}cx la ziq} rxã}ak|ax ga xerrix| ekkqag 8252 lq }axzcma mczcg la

xak}ac`kanak| hagà+

Ma xerrix| a}| qka kiqzagga imme}cik riqx ga} mc|isak} la ncaqv errxãfaklax ga |xezecg a|ga} nc}}cik} l–qk }axzcma la xak}ac`kanak|+ Riqx ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' cg }–e`c| l–qka hagga

irrix|qkc|ã l–ejjcxnax }e zigik|ã l–iqzax|qxa+ La rgq}' g–ãgehixe|cik lq xerrix| ekkqag lic|

raxna||xa eq }axzcma l‖avenckax a| l–ekegs}ax }ik jikm|cikkanak| eq hiq| l–qka ekkãa' gqc

raxna||ek| ak}qc|a la }a rxioa|ax lek} g–ezakcx+

G–ekkãa 8252 e ã|ã nexuqek|a â rgq} l–qk |c|xa riqx ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+ Ak |ek| uqa Nckc}|xa

la ge Oq}|cma' o–ec rq na}qxax ga} ha}ick} a| ga} ãzigq|cik} la ma }axzcma+

\iq| l–ehixl' ge gic xage|cza eqv nã|fila} la xamqacg la} likkãa} rex ga} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã' zi|ãa rex ge Mfenhxa ga 0 oekzcax 8252 a| rex ga ]ãke| ga 85 oekzcax 8252' e ã|ã rxinqg`qãa rex ga Xic ga < jãzxcax 8252+ Ma||a gic' ak|xãa ak zc`qaqx ga 5ax

}ar|anhxa 8252' nilcjca a| minrgæ|a ge gic ixèkcuqa la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la

}ãmqxc|ã lq =2 kizanhxa 5336+

Ma||a gic li|a lã}ixnec} ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| la kiqzagga} nã|fila} ak zqa la xamqacggcx la}

ckjixne|cik}+ Ma} kiqzagga} nã|fila} liczak| raxna||xa eq }axzcma mczcg la xak}ac`kanak|

la |xezecggax ezam la} nisak} nilaxka} a| la xamiqrax la} ckjixne|cik} ih|akqa} rex la}

nã|fila} rgq} mge}}cuqa}+ Ma||a gic ijjxa ãèganak| eqv mc|isak} ge èxek|ca l–qk melxa gãèg

|xæ} }|xcm| â xa}ram|ax rex ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' ezam qk liqhga mik|xüga la gãègc|ã avaxmã rex

laqv ck}|ekma} cklãraklek|a}' èxek|c}}ek| eck}c ga xa}ram| la} lxic|} jiklenak|eqv+

Ak}qc|a' ga xãenãkeànak| lq hè|cnak| la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }–a}| ãèganak| emfazã ak 8252+

Ma} |xezeqv ik| raxnc} l–ijjxcx qk melxa la |xezecg e`xãehga riqx g–ak}anhga la} nanhxa} lq

rax}ikkag l–qka rex|' a| la èxek|cx qka }ãmqxc|ã rfs}cuqa nevcnega lq hè|cnak| l–eq|xa rex|+

O–ec ãèganak| aq ga rgec}cx l–ckeq`qxax' jck kizanhxa 8252' ga kiqzaeq mak|xa irãxe|cikkag la

ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

Ge zigik|ã l–iqzax|qxa la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }–a}| riqx}qczca ak 8252+ L–qka rex|' qk kinhxa

cnrix|ek| l–ck|axzcap} la }ik Elnckc}|xe|aqx ̀ ãkãxeg ik| ã|ã lcjjq}ãa} lek} ge rxa}}a ke|cikega

a| ck|axke|cikega+ L–eq|xa rex|' ga }axzcma e miggehixã â g–ixèkc}e|cik' ak lãmanhxa 8252'

l–qka oiqxkãa l–ã|qla la}|ckãa eqv riqzicx} gimeqv esek| riqx |fæna ¤ ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|minnakma rex qka eq|ixc|ã gimega jix|a ´+ Akzcxik <22 rax}ikka} zakqa} la} uqe|xa mick} lq

res} ik| rex|cmcrã â ma||a oiqxkãa l–ã|qla uqa o–ec aq g–fikkaqx la re|xikkax+



Ziq} ka |xiqzaxa lek} ma xerrix| eqmqk }amxa|+ Kãeknick}' ziq} s |xiqzaxa qka zqa |xæ}

lã|ecggãa la} lcjjãxak|a} em|czc|ã} lq }axzcma+ Ziq} s mik}|e|axa ga rxija}}cikkegc}na ezam

gauqag ga} miggehixe|aqx} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| emminrgc}}ak| gaqx} nc}}cik} eq uqi|clcak+

Ge }imcã|ã ãzigqa' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }a lic| læ} gix} l–ekegs}ax ge rix|ãa la kiqzaeqv

rfãkinæka} a| l–ak }qczxa ga} ãzigq|cik}+ M–a}| ak xanrgc}}ek| ma||a nc}}cik rxãzak|cza a|

ak raxna||ek| l–errix|ax qka xãrik}a elãuqe|a eqv lcjjãxak|} rfãkinæka} uqa ge ]ôxa|ã la

g–A|e| e`c| lek} g–ck|ãxï| lq Xiseqna a| la }a} fehc|ek|}+

Akjck' oa }ec}c} ma||a imme}cik riqx xanaxmcax |iq} ga} eàk|} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| riqx ga

|xezecg ajjam|qã ak 8252 a| }iqfec|a â |iq} l–ih|akcx l–eq|xa} }qmmæ} lek} ga jq|qx %

]|ajeek La Mgaxmd

Nckc}|xa la ge Oq}|cma

Oqcgga| 8255



]innecxa 1

Ezek|.rxiri} 0

Mferc|xa C ? Ck|xilqm|cik 55

Nc}}cik} gãèga} 55Rgek }|xe|ã`cuqa 8226.8258 5<Ixèkc`xenna 51

Jimq} 5 ? Qka kiqzagga gic riqx ga} nã|fila} la xamqacg la likkãa} 50

Mferc|xa CC ? Ga xak}ac`kanak| 83

Av|xãnc}na a| |axxixc}na 83

Av|xãnc}na clãigi`cuqa 83Av|xãnc}na xagc`caqv <5\axxixc}na <<

A}rcikkeà a| ck`ãxakma <3

Mxcna ixèkc}ã 12

Rxi|am|cik lq ri|ak|cag ãmikincuqa a| }mcak|cuqa 18

Rxigcjãxe|cik 1<

Ixèkc}e|cik} }am|ecxa} kqc}chga} 13Xage|cik} ck|axke|cikega} :8

Jimq} 8 ? Jimq} }qx g–Ekegs}a 65

Mferc|xa CCC ? Ga} akuqï|a} la }ãmqxc|ã 31 Mferc|xa CZ ? Ge rxi|am|cik 30

Mferc|xa Z ? Nc}}cik} mikãa} â ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| rex iq ak zax|q la ge gic 33

Zãxcme|cik} la }ãmqxc|ã 33

Raxnc} la rix| l–exna} 522Ke|qxegc}e|cik} 522

Jimq} = ? Ge jixne|cik eq }ack la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| 525

Mferc|xa ZC ? Xa}}iqxma} fqnecka} 521

Xamxq|anak|} ak 8223 521

Nisak} ne|ãxcag}' kekmcax} a| ak rax}ikkag 520

Mik|em| 526





Zicmc likm ga xerrix| ekkqag 8252 la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' rxaqza uqa g–ckc|ce|cza ak|enãa ak8223 rex ge rqhgcme|cik lq rxancax xerrix| ekkqag lek} g–fc}|icxa la ki|xa }axzcma' mik}emxãeqv em|czc|ã} la 8226' a}| lã}ixnec} erragãa â lazakcx qka |xelc|cik+

Ga gam|aqx e||ak|cj lãmiqzxcxe lek} ma||a ãlc|cik 8252 cnnekuqehganak| la} }cncgc|qla}ezam ga} laqv rxãmãlak|a} ãlc|cik}+ Mamc a}| rxckmcreganak| lô eq jec| uq–qk }axzcma la

xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã |xezecgga lek} ga gik` |axna a| uqa }a} em|czc|ã} ka }a gcnc|ak|likm re} â qka ekkãa mczcga+

Ge xamfaxmfa raxnekak|a a| ge miggam|a ckma}}ek|a l–ckjixne|cik} uqc liczak| ï|xa xamiqrãa}'ã|qlcãa}' ekegs}ãa} a| minrexãa} ezek| la riqzicx lazakcx la} xak}ac`kanak|} q|cga}'ajjcmema} a| avrgic|ehga}' cnrgcuqa qk |xezecg ak rxijiklaqx' la gik`qa lqxãa a| cnri}a læ}gix} qk msmga a| qk xs|fna la |xezecg rex|cmqgcax}+

Cg mikzcak| ãèganak| la |akcx â g–a}rxc| uq–ak xec}ik la ge ke|qxa }rãmcjcuqa l–qk }axzcma laxak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã' ga} ckjixne|cik} uqc }ik| |xec|ãa} }ik| mge}}cjcãa} a| rxi|ã`ãa}rex la} xæ`ga} ke|cikega} a| ck|axke|cikega}' |agga} uqa ga kaal |i dkip iq ge xæ`ga lq |cax}

}axzcma' uqc gcnc|ak| iq anrïmfak| gaqx lczqgè|cik+

Mage cnrgcuqa læ} gix} uq–cg a}| av|xïnanak| lcjjcmcga' zicxa cnri}}chga' l–eggax |xæ} gick lek}ga lã|ecg la} li}}cax} iq la} ãzækanak|} ckziuqã} a| uqa ga} ckjixne|cik} jiqxkca} lek} gaxerrix| ekkqag }ik| kãma}}ecxanak| kik mge}}cjcãa}+

Kãeknick} ga }axzcma e mik}ak|c la} ajjix|} mik}clãxehga} riqx errxijiklcx ga} }qoa|} |xec|ã}a| ga} ã|esax' lek} ge na}qxa lq ri}}chga' ezam la} ãgãnak|} mikmxa|}+

Oa ziqlxec} eq}}c }rãmceganak| e||cxax g–e||ak|cik }qx qka kiqzaeq|ã lek} ma xerrix| ekkqag'â }ezicx ga} jimq} }qx la} |fæna} rex|cmqgcax}+ G–ãlc|cik 8252 ak minrix|a |xic}? ge gic NXL'

g–ekegs}a a| ga} rex|akexce|} av|axka}' a|' ge jixne|cik+

G–ekkãa 8252 a}| qka ekkãa uqc nexuqaxe qk |iqxkek| lek} g–fc}|icxa la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|'rqc}uq–agga e zq g–ak|xãa ak zc`qaqx ga 5ax }ar|anhxa 8252 la ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 xage|czaeqv nã|fila} la xamqacg la} likkãa} rex ga} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã'mikkqa }iq} g–erragge|cik la gic NXL &iq gic HCN ak kãaxgeklec}#+

Ma||a gic' uqa kiq} e||aklcik} larqc} |xæ} gik`|anr}' li|a' akjck' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| lanã|fila} lc`ka} l–qk }axzcma la xak}ac`kanak| eq 85cæna }cæmga a| kiq} raxna||xe kik}aqganak| la mik}igclax ki|xa ri}c|cik l–ckjixne|cik a| ki|xa ajjcmemc|ã irãxe|cikkagga' nec}ãèganak| la kiq} fc}}ax â ma| ãèxl eq kczaeq l–eq|xa} }axzcma} }cncgecxa} a| l–eck}c

enãgcixax ge miirãxe|cik ck|axke|cikega |iq| ak xakjixàek| g–cklãraklekma a| g–eq|ikinca lq}axzcma+



Ge gic xãegc}a g–avaxmcma av|xïnanak| lcjjcmcga la jecxa ge oq}|a rex| ak|xa g–q|cgc}e|cik lanã|fila} }iqzak| ck|xq}cza} a| ga xa}ram| la ge zca rxczãa a| e zacggã â ã|ehgcx qk ãuqcgchxa ak|xaga} kãma}}c|ã} jiklenak|ega} ak |axna} la }ãmqxc|ã la g–A|e| a| ga} lxic|} jiklenak|eqv laxa}ram| la g–cklczclq+

]c g–errgcme|cik la ma||a gã`c}ge|cik rxã}ak|a likm ckmik|a}|ehganak| qk kiqzag e|iq| riqxga }axzcma' agga ak|xeëka ãèganak| la} xa}rik}ehcgc|ã} emmxqa} lek} ga mfaj la |iq} ga}

nanhxa} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| eck}c uq–qk }qxmxië| la |xezecg |ek| irãxe|cikkag uqa l–ekegs}aiq elnckc}|xe|cj a| la} ckza}|c}}anak|} ak ne|ãxcag' ak jixne|cik} a| rxihehganak| eq}}c akrax}ikkag+ Cg jeqlxe læ} gix} eq}}c ak |akcx minr|a eq kczaeq lq hqlà| eggiqã eq }axzcma+

G–ekkãa 8252 jq| eq}}c qka ekkãa je}|a riqx ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg' rqc}uqaki|xa }axzcma e rxã}clã raklek| ga rxancax a| ga }amikl }ana}|xa laqv `xiqra} lcjjãxak|}xãqkc}}ek| ge rgqrex| la} }axzcma} la }ãmqxc|ã a| la xak}ac`kanak| ck|ãxcaqx} lãjak}cj} lag–Aqxira Immclak|ega a| Mak|xega+

Minna ik raq| ga mik}|e|ax' ga mfenr l–em|czc|ã} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a}| jix| gexà a| ga}lãjc} }ik| kinhxaqv a| oa |cak}' qka jic} la rgq}' â }iqgc`kax g–akèànak| |i|eg la} nanhxa}

lq }axzcma a| â ga} ak xanaxmcax+

Oa ziq} }iqfec|a qka gam|qxa e`xãehga+

]ar|anhxa 8255

Egeck PCKEK\]

Elnckc}|xe|aqx `ãkãxeg





reà 52 Mferc|xa 5



Mferc|xa 5 reà 55

nc}}cik} gaèga}

L–eqmqk} |aklak| â mxicxa uq–qk }axzcma laxak}ac`kanak| k–a}| re} |akq la xa}ram|axge gic a| raq| q}ax la |iq} ga} nisak} riqxrexzakcx â }a} jck}+ Gick la gâ+ Cg avc}|ala} lc}ri}c|cik} gãèga} mikmaxkek| ge

]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' uqc jec| ak iq|xa g–ihoa|l–qk mik|xüga rexganak|ecxa+ Rex ecggaqx}' gaRexganak| raq| jecxa errag â qk ixèka lamik|xüga cklãraklek|? ga Minc|ã raxnekak|la mik|xüga la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|'ãèganak| lãkinnã ‗Minc|ã X„' uqczacgga â ma uqa ki|xa }axzcma xa}ram|a ga}lc}ri}c|cik} gãèga} a| lik| ga }axzcmal–akuqï|a} raq| e`cx minna qka ck}|ekmal–ck}|xqm|cik oqlcmcecxa+

Ga Minc|ã nckc}|ãxcag lq xak}ac`kanak| a|la ge }ãmqxc|ã lãjckc| ga} ̀ xekla} ixcak|e|cik}rigc|cuqa} lq }axzcma+ Ma minc|ã' rxã}clãrex ga Rxancax nckc}|xa' }a minri}a la}nckc}|xa} la ge Oq}|cma' la ge Lãjak}a'la g–Ck|ãxcaqx' la} Ejjecxa} ã|xek`æxa}'la} Jckekma} a| la ge Nihcgc|ã+ L–eq|xa}nckc}|xa} raqzak| s }cãàx gix}uqa la}ne|cæxa} uqc xagæzak| la gaqx minrã|akma}ik| avenckãa}+

Ga Miggæà lq xak}ac`kanak| a| la ge}ãmqxc|ã' lik| jec| rex|ca g–elnckc}|xe|aqx`ãkãxeg la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' a}| mfex`ãla rxãrexax a|' erxæ} lãmc}cik' la na||xa akiaqzxa ga} lcxam|cza} `ãkãxega} jixnqgãa}rex ga Minc|ã nckc}|ãxcag+

Ge gic lq =2 kizanhxa 5336 ixèkcuqa la}}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã

xæ`ga ga jikm|cikkanak| la ge ]ôxa|ã lag–A|e|+ Ga rxã}ak| xerrix| ka xarxakl re} ma|av|a lek} }e zax}cik ck|ã`xega+ Uqaguqa}rxãmc}cik} }–cnri}ak| |iq|ajic} ak ma uqc

mikmaxka ga} nc}}cik} gãèga} lãzigqa} eq}axzcma &ex|cmga 0#+

Ma} nc}}cik} raqzak| ï|xa xãrex|ca} akuqe|xa me|ãìxca}?

5+ ga xak}ac`kanak|'8+ ga} akuqï|a} la }ãmqxc|ã'=+ ge rxi|am|cik la} rax}ikka}'<+ ga} nc}}cik} mikjcãa} â ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|rex iq ak zax|q la ge gic+

ga Xak}ac`kanak\

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a}| a}}ak|cagganak|mfex`ãa la xamfaxmfax' l–ekegs}ax a| la

|xec|ax ga xak}ac`kanak|+ ]iqgc`kik} âma| ãèxl uqa ge ki|cik l–‗ckjixne|cik„k–a}| re} }skiksna la ‗xak}ac`kanak|„+Ga} ckjixne|cik} xamiqrãa} rex lczax}a}}iqxma} lazcakkak| rxi`xa}}czanak| la}xak}ac`kanak|}+ Ix' cg k–a}| re} |iqoiqx}ec}ã la zãxcjcax mfeuqa likkãa eqrxæ}la rgq}caqx} }iqxma}+ Ga }axzcma }–ajjixma|iq|ajic} la miggam|ax qk nevcnqnl–ckjixne|cik} ejck la mxãax qk mik|av|auqc raxna||a la ga} ekegs}ax a| la ga}

|xek}jixnax ak xak}ac`kanak|}+

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| xamqacgga la} ckjixne|cik}}qx ga} em|czc|ã} la rax}ikka} iq la`xiqranak|} uqc nakemak| iq riqxxecak|nakemax ga} zegaqx} a| ga} ck|ãxï|}jiklenak|eqv lq res}+ Ge gic ã|ehgc| qkalc}|ckm|cik ak|xa ga} zegaqx} â rxi|ãàx?

e# ‗Ge }ôxa|ã ck|ãxcaqxa la g–A|e| a| ge

rãxakkc|ã la g–ixlxa lãnimxe|cuqa a|

mik}|c|q|cikkag„

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a}| mfex`ãa la xamqacggcxla} xak}ac`kanak|} }qx ga} em|czc|ã}

5Mferc|xa

CK\XILQM\CIK



reà 58 Mferc|xa 5

uqc raqzak| mik}|c|qax qka nakemariqx ge }ãmqxc|ã la} ck}|c|q|cik}' ga hikjikm|cikkanak| la g–A|e| la lxic| eck}cuqa ga} lxic|} la g–finna a| ga} gchax|ã}jiklenak|ega}+ Ga} em|czc|ã} uqc raqzak|rix|ax e||ack|a â ge }ãmqxc|ã la} rax}ikka}a| la} hcak} }ik| ãèganak| }qczca} lek}

ma melxa+

h# ‗Ge }ôxa|ã av|ãxcaqxa la g–A|e| a| ga}

xage|cik} ck|axke|cikega}„

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a}| xa}rik}ehga lage }eqzaèxla la g–ck|ã`xc|ã lq |axxc|icxake|cikeg' la ge }iqzaxecka|ã a| lag–cklãraklekma la g–A|e|+

Agga lic| rex ecggaqx} zacggax eq hik

lãxiqganak| la} xage|cik} ak|xa ge Hag`cuqaa| l–eq|xa} res}' a| ak|xa ge Hag`cuqa a| ga}ck}|c|q|cik} a| eq|ixc|ã} ck|axke|cikega}+

m# ‗Ga ri|ak|cag ãmikincuqa a| }mcak|cjuqa„

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e riqx nc}}cik la}ak}chcgc}ax g–cklq}|xca hagà a| ga} mak|xa}}mcak|cjcuqa} eqv ãzak|qagga} |ak|e|cza}ã|xek`æxa} la rge`ce| la ki|xa |amfkigi`cala rick|a' geuqagga mik}|c|qa qk e|iq| riqxge Hag`cuqa }qx ga rgek ãmikincuqa+

Ge xãrex|c|cik }qczek|a likka qk nacggaqxeraxàq la} zegaqx} â rxi|ãàx' |iq| akijjxek| qka max|ecka nexà l–ck|axrxã|e|cikuqek| eqv |sra} la nakema â }qxzacggax+M–a}| riqxuqic ge gic ãkqnæxa ma} nakema}a| rxiri}a qka lãjckc|cik riqx mfemqkal–ak|xa agga}?

. a}rcikkeà? ga xamqacg iq ge gczxec}ikl–ckjixne|cik} kik emma}}chga} eq rqhgcma| ga jec| l–ak|xa|akcx la} ck|aggcàkma} lake|qxa â ga} rxãrexax iq â ga} jemcgc|ax4

. |axxixc}na? ga xamiqx} â ge zcigakma âg–akmik|xa la rax}ikka} iq l–ck|ãxï|}ne|ãxcag}' riqx la} ni|cj} clãigi`cuqa}iq rigc|cuqa}' lek} ga hq| l–e||acklxa }a}ihoam|cj} rex ge |axxaqx' g–ck|cncle|cik iq ga}nakema}4

. av|xãnc}na? ga} mikmar|cik} iqga} zc}ãa} xemc}|a}' vãkirfiha}'ekexmfc}|a}' ke|cikegc}|a}' eq|ixc|ecxa} iq|i|egc|ecxa}' uq–agga} }icak| â mexem|æxarigc|cuqa' clãigi`cuqa' mikja}}cikkag iqrfcgi}irfcuqa' mik|xecxa}' ak |fãixcaiq ak rxe|cuqa' eqv rxckmcra} la gelãnimxe|ca iq la} lxic|} la g–finna'eq hik jikm|cikkanak| la} ck}|c|q|cik}lãnimxe|cuqa} iq eqv eq|xa} jiklanak|}la g–A|e| la lxic|4

. rxigcjãxe|cik? ga |xejcm iq ga} |xek}em|cik}xage|cj} eqv ne|ãxceqv' rxilqc|}' hcak}iq dkip.fip riqzek| mik|xchqax â gerxilqm|cik iq eq lãzagirranak| la}s}|æna} l–exnanak| kik mikzak|cikkag}iq |xæ} ezekmã}+ ]ik| ki|ennak| zc}ã}lek} ma melxa ga lãzagirranak| larxi`xenna} l–exnanak| kqmgãecxa'mfcncuqa a| hcigi`cuqa' ga} }s}|æna} la

|xek}nc}}cik uqc }–s xerrix|ak| eck}c uqaga} rax}ikka}' }|xqm|qxa} iq res} uqc s }ik|cnrgcuqã}4

. ixèkc}e|cik }am|ecxa kqc}chga? |iq|`xiqranak| â zime|cik rfcgi}irfcuqa iqxagc`caq}a' iq }a rxã|aklek| |ag' uqc' lek}}ik ixèkc}e|cik iq }e rxe|cuqa' }a gczxaâ la} em|czc|ã} cggãèga} linneàehga}'kqc| eqv cklczclq} iq â ge }imcã|ã iq rix|ae||ack|a â ge lc`kc|ã fqnecka4

. ixèkc}e|cik mxcnckagga? |iq|a e}}imce|cik}|xqm|qxãa la rgq} la laqv rax}ikka}'ã|ehgca lek} ga |anr} ak zqa la minna||xa



Mferc|xa 5 reà 5=

la jeàik mikmax|ãa la} mxcna} a| lãgc|}'riqx ih|akcx' lcxam|anak| iq cklcxam|anak|'la} ezek|eà} re|xcnikceqv' ak q|cgc}ek|g–ck|cncle|cik' ge nakema' ge zcigakma'la} nekŝqzxa} jxeqlqgaq}a} iq gemixxqr|cik iq ak xamiqxek| â la} }|xqm|qxa}minnaxmcega} iq eq|xa} riqx lc}}cnqgax

iq jemcgc|ax ge xãegc}e|cik la} ckjxem|cik}+]ik| zc}ãa} lek} ma melxa ga} jixna} a|}|xqm|qxa} la} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} uqc}a xerrix|ak| ck|xck}æuqanak| eqv em|czc|ã}l–a}rcikkeà' la |axxixc}na' l–av|xãnc}na'la rxigcjãxe|cik' l–ixèkc}e|cik} }am|ecxa}kqc}chga} a| l–ck`ãxakma' iq uqc raqzak|ezicx la} mik}ãuqakma} lã}|ehcgc}ek|a} }qxga rgek rigc|cuqa iq }imci.ãmikincuqa4

. ck`ãxakma? ge |ak|e|cza l–ckjgqakmax la}rxima}}q} lãmc}cikkag} rex la} nisak}cggcmc|a}' |xinraqx} iq mgekla}|ck}+

ga} akUQa\a} La }aMQXc\a

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ajjam|qa la} akuqï|a}la }ãmqxc|ã â ge lanekla la g–Eq|ixc|ãke|cikega la }ãmqxc|ã+ Ge gic lq 55lãmanhxa 5336 xage|cza â ge mge}}cjcme|cika| eqv fehcgc|e|cik}' e||a}|e|cik} a| ezc} la}ãmqxc|ã lã|axncka ga} xæ`ga} errgcmehga} âma} akuqï|a} la }ãmqxc|ã

Ga} akuqï|a} la }ãmqxc|ã raxna||ak|l–e}}qxax qk mik|xüga la} rax}ikka}rfs}cuqa} a| nixega} uqc ik| emmæ} â la}ckjixne|cik} mge}}cjcãa} &mikjclak|cagga} iq}amxæ|a}#+ Ma} akuqï|a} zc}ak| â lã|axnckaxge jcehcgc|ã lq laneklaqx eck}c uqa }ikla`xã la zqgkãxehcgc|ã jema â l–ãzak|qagga}

rxa}}cik} av|ãxcaqxa} a| }–ajjam|qak| lek}ga melxa la lanekla} l–fehcgc|e|cik la}ãmqxc|ã &eq|ixc}e|cik kãma}}ecxa riqx|xec|ax la} ckjixne|cik} ‗mge}}cjcãa} ‗#+

ge RXi\aM\cik La} RaX}ikka}

E ge xauqï|a lq nckc}|xa la g–Ck|ãxcaqx' ge]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| raq| e}}qxax ge rxi|am|cik?

. la} mfaj} l–A|e| ã|xekàx}'

. la} mfaj} la ìqzaxkanak| ã|xekàx}'

. la} nanhxa} la ge jencgga la} mfaj} l–A|e|a| la ìqzaxkanak| ã|xekàx}'

. la} nanhxa} la} ìqzaxkanak|} hagàa| ã|xekàx}'

. la max|ecka} rax}ikkegc|ã} jec}ek| g–ihoa|la nakema}+

Qka }am|cik xagazek| la} }axzcma}av|ãxcaqx} a}| avmgq}czanak| mfex`ãa la gerxi|am|cik la} rax}ikka}+ Lek} g–avaxmcmala gaqx} nc}}cik}' ga} ijjcmcax} la rxi|am|ciklc}ri}ak| la minrã|akma} la rigcma}rãmcjcuqa} a| gcnc|ãa}+ Cg} raqzak| læ}gix} ck|axzakcx gix}uqa ge zca iq g–ck|ã`xc|ãrfs}cuqa la ge rax}ikka â rxi|ãàx a}|nakemãa+ E |c|xa l–avanrga' ma} eàk|}}ik| fehcgc|ã} â ajjam|qax la} mik|xüga}l–clak|c|ã' la} jiqcgga} la }ãmqxc|ã' la}}ec}ca} elnckc}|xe|cza} a| â errgcuqaxla} na}qxa} rxcze|cza} la gchax|ã+ Lek}

max|ecka} mcxmik}|ekma} lãjckca} rex gagã`c}ge|aqx' cg} raqzak| la nïna xamiqxcxâ ge jixma' â la} miklc|cik} }|xcm|anak|lã|axnckãa} rex ge gic+

nc}}cik} MikJcaa} e ge }QXa\aLa g–a\e\ ReX iQ ak ZaX\Q Lage gic

Max|ecka} nc}}cik} raqzak| ãèganak| ï|xa

lãzigqa} â ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| rex la} gic}}rãmcjcuqa}+ Ki|xa }axzcma a}| eck}c mik}qg|ãak ne|cæxa la zãxcjcme|cik} la }ãmqxc|ã&gic lq = nec 8221 nilcjcek| ge gic lq 55



reà 5< Mferc|xa 5

lãmanhxa 5336 xage|cza â ge mge}}cjcme|cik

a| eqv fehcgc|e|cik}' e||a}|e|cik} a| ezc} la

}ãmqxc|ã# a| a}| mfex`ã lq |xec|anak| la}

lanekla} la raxnc} la lã|ak|cik a| la

rix| l–exna} ãnekek| la} rax}ikka} uqc

ka xã}clak| re} ak Hag`cuqa+

Rgek }\Xe\a`cUQa8226.8258

G–ekkãa 8252 }axe nexuqek|a+ Rick|}

l–ix`qa' laqv ãzækanak|} l–cnrix|ekma

xãzãgek| la} xãegc}e|cik} neoaqxa} â g–em|cj

lq rgek }|xe|ã`cuqa 8226.8258?

. g–ak|xãa ak zc`qaqx ga 5ax }ar|anhxa 8252

la ge ¤ lq < jzxx 8252 x|z qv

|fl l xmq l l rx

xzm l x| | l

mqx|´ uqc na| lixãkezek| ge ]ôxa|ã lag–A|e| }qx ga nïna rcal uqa ga} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| ã|xekàx} finigi`qa}4

. qk qzq m|x rx| ckeq.

`qxã rex ga nckc}|xa ]|ajeek La Mgaxmd' ga83 kizanhxa 8252+

Ma} laqv xãegc}e|cik} l–cnrix|ekma

xarxã}ak|ak| g–ehiq|c}}anak| la rgq}caqx}rxioa|} }qh}|ek|cag} .la gik`qa fegacka.

}iq|akq} rex ga} lcxcàek|}' a| nakã} â gaqx|axna rex ga} xa}rik}ehga} la rxioa| ezam

ge miggehixe|cik la gaqx} ãuqcra} a| la}eq|xa} nanhxa} lq rax}ikkag+

E k–ak re} liq|ax' ak xakmik|xek| max|eck}la} ihoam|cj} }|xe|ã`cuqa} jcvã}' magga}.mc

xaoecggcxik| ri}c|czanak|' eq jcg la} ek}' }qxga |xezecg eq uqi|clcak la g–ak}anhga lq



Mferc|xa 5 reà 51

rax}ikkag la ge Z]]A a| la }a} lcxcàek|}riqx }axzcx eq ncaqv }a} nc}}cik}+

Ge ¤ lq < jzxx 8252 x|z qv|fl l xmq l lrx xzm l x| |l mqx|´ a}| ak|xãa ak zc`qaqx ga5ax }ar|anhxa 8252+ Riqx g–ãlcjcme|cikckc|cega la} meremc|ã} cklc}rak}ehga} âg–avãmq|cik la} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a|avmar|cikkagga}' ge Z]]A e likm rximãlã âla giqxl} ckza}|c}}anak|}? emfe| la ne|ãxcaga| ixèkc}e|cik la jixne|cik} a| la }a}}cik}l–ckjixne|cik ak ck|axka+ 8252 e ãèganak|ã|ã mik}emxãa eq lãzagirranak| la geà}|cik la ma} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a|avmar|cikkagga} a| la gaqx} errgcme|cik}'

|eklc} uq–eq kczaeq oqxclcuqa' ga} exxï|ã}xiseqv l–avãmq|cik ik| ã|ã rxc}+

Ga qzq m|x rx|

raxna||xe' uqek| â gqc' la xãriklxa eq ncaqv

eqv |èmfa} akàklxãa} rex ma} kiqzagga}

minrã|akma}' ak na||ek| â lc}ri}c|cik lq

rax}ikkag |amfkigi`ca la rick|a' }egga la

xãqkcik la mxc}a a| zclãimikjãxakma+

Akjck' rexeggæganak| â mage' rexnc ga}

kinhxaqv eq|xa} rxioa|} ak miqx} ckc|cã}

rex ga rgek }|xe|ã`cuqa' mqx|

l hè|| .eq|xa `xi} mfek|cax. e

ãèganak| nikirigc}ã |iq| eq gik` la

g–ekkãa' la} nisak} mik}ãuqak|} eck}c uqa

la kinhxaq}a} miggehixe|cik} |ek| ck|axka}

uq–av|axka}+

nckc}\Xa La ge

OQ}\cMa

Mq l–rrq

iRaXe\cik} ekegS}a}aXZcMa} L–ck\aXa\}

àkaXeQV

Mq cjx|

| Mqm|

LcXaM\cik àkaXega

ELNCKC]\XE\AQX @AKAXEG ELNCKC]\XE\AQX @AKAXEG ELOICK\

iXèkc`Xenna





JIMQ] 5 reà 50

G–ekkãa 8252 e ã|ã mik}emxãa â ge nc}a ak

ŝqzxa la ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 xage|cza eqv

nã|fila} la xamqacg la} likkãa} rex ga}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã'

ki|ennak| rex g–ãgehixe|cik la }a} exxï|ã}

l–avãmq|cik+

Ak ajja|' ge rxiri}c|cik la gic xage|cza eqvnã|fila} la xamqacg la} likkãa} la}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã

lãri}ãa eq ]ãke| ga 52 lãmanhxa 8226 rex

NN Fqì ZEKLAKHAX@FA a| mik}ix|}5'

uqc e jec| g–ihoa| la kinhxaqv lãhe|}

rexganak|ecxa} eq miqx} la g–ekkãa 82238'

e ã|ã elir|ãa lãjckc|czanak| rex ga ]ãke|

ga 85 oekzcax 8252 erxæ} ezicx ã|ã elir|ãa

rex ge Mfenhxa la} xarxã}ak|ek|} ga 0

oekzcax 8252+ Ma |av|a uqc e ã|ã }ekm|cikkãa| rxinqg`qã rex ga Xic ga < jãzxcax 8252 ='

nilcjca a| minrgæ|a gexànak| ge gic lq =2

kizanhxa 5336 ixèkcuqa la} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã+ Ma||a gic a}|

ak|xãa ak zc`qaqx ga 5ax }ar|anhxa 8252+

5+ ge gic LQ < JaZXcaX 8252Xage\cZa eQV na\FiLa} La

XaMQacg La} Likkaa} ReX ga}}aXZcMa} La Xak}ac`kanak\ a\La }aMQXc\a

Rex xerrix| eq |av|a lãri}ã ak 8226'

lcjjãxak|a} nilcjcme|cik} }ik| ck|axzakqa}

eq miqx} la} lãhe|} rexganak|ecxa}+ Ge

gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 mge}}a ga} nã|fila}

la xamqacg la} likkãa} rex ga} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| ak |xic} `xekla} me|ãìxca}?

ixlckecxa}' }rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga}'

a| na| g–emmak| }qx la} rick|} a}}ak|cag}

xage|cj} â ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa la ma} nã|fila}+

5+5+ GA] RXCKMCRA] LA RXIRIX\CIKKEGC\A A\ LA ]QH]CLCEXC\A

Ge gic rxãzic| uq–qka nã|fila la xamqacgla} likkãa} ka raq| ï|xa q|cgc}ãa lek}ga hq| la xãlqcxa iq l–ak|xezax ga} lxic|}a| gchax|ã} cklczclqag} a| uqa |iq|a nc}aak ŝqzxa l–qka nã|fila }rãmcjcuqa iqavmar|cikkagga la xamqacg la} likkãa} lic|xãriklxa eqv rxckmcra} la }qh}clcexc|ã a| larxirix|cikkegc|ã+

5+8+ GE RXI\AM\CIK LA] EZIME\]' NALAMCK] A\ OIQXKEGC]\A]

La} miklc|cik} rgq} avcàek|a} ik| ã|ãerrix|ãa} ak jezaqx la} ezime|}' nãlamck}a| oiqxkegc}|a}+ Eck}c' ge gic ck|axlc|' akrxckmcra' l–ih|akcx' l–ekegs}ax iq l–avrgic|axla} likkãa} rxi|ã`ãa} rex ga }amxa|rxija}}cikkag la} ezime|} a| nãlamck}+ Cgak a}| la nïna â g–ãèxl la} oiqxkegc}|a}

rxija}}cikkag} ak xec}ik la ge rxi|am|cik lq}amxa| la gaqx} }iqxma}+

Ga xamqacg la likkãa} â gaqx ãèxl a}|}iqnc} â la} miklc|cik} }|xcm|a}' â }ezicx?

• lc}ri}ax eq rxãegehga l–cklcma} }ãxcaqv

la gaqx rex|cmcre|cik rax}ikkagga a| em|czaâ ge kec}}ekma iq eq lãzagirranak| lage nakema ri|ak|cagga'

5Qka kiqzagga gic riqx

ga} nã|fila} la xamaqcg la likkãa}

5 Mjx Xerrix| ekkqag la 8226+


= N+H+ 52 nex} 8252+



reà 56 JIMQ] 5

• gix} la ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa la nã|fila}

}rãmcjcuqa} iq avmar|cikkagga}' ckjixnaxga rxã}clak| la g–ixlxa mikmaxkã iqga rxã}clak| la g–E}}imce|cik la} oiqxkegc}|a} rxija}}cikkag}'

• lc}ri}ax la g–ezc} mikjixna rxãegehga

la ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza la}qxzacggekma+

Ak ma uqc mikmaxka ge lãjckc|cik lq ¤}amxa|la} }iqxma}´ la} oiqxkegc}|a}' }c ge gic }axãjæxa â ge gic lq 0 ezxcg 8221 xage|cza â gerxi|am|cik la} }iqxma} oiqxkegc}|cuqa}'cg ka riqzec| ak ï|xa la nïna la gelãjckc|cik lq ¤oiqxkegc}|a´' â }ezicx |iq|arax}ikka uqc mik|xchqa xã`qgcæxanak| a|lcxam|anak| â ge miggam|a' ge xãlem|cik' ge

rxilqm|cik iq ge lcjjq}cik l–ckjixne|cik}'eq rxijc| lq rqhgcm' ga mfenr l–errgcme|cikla ma||a gic ã|ek| av|xïnanak| gexà+ Akajja|' ezam g–ãzigq|cik la} |amfkigi`ca} lag–ckjixne|cik' |iq|a rax}ikka nïna kik. oiqxkegc}|a eq }ak} rxancax lq |axna' uqclcjjq}a la} ckjixne|cik} }qx Ck|axka|' }qxla} hgi`}…' rex avanrga' |inha }iq}ga mfenr l–errgcme|cik la ge gic lq 0 ezxcg

8221+ Agga k–a}| re} riqx eq|ek| qk oiqxkegc}|a rxija}}cikkag uqc lic| xãriklxaâ la} miklc|cik} }|xcm|a} l–e`xãe|cik+

Gix} la} eqlc|cik} ak minnc}}cik lage Oq}|cma lq ]ãke|' cg a}| likm errexq

uq–qka lãjckc|cik |xir gexà la ge ki|cik

la oiqxkegc}|a gcnc|axec| mik}clãxehganak|g–avaxmcma la} minrã|akma} la} }axzcma}la xak}ac`kanak|+ Ga ]ãke| e likma}|cnã uqa }aqg} ga} ¤oiqxkegc}|a}

rxija}}cikkag}´ lazecak| riqzicx hãkãjcmcaxla ma||a rxi|am|cik+ Uq–cg }–e`c}}a la oiqxkegc}|a} hagà} iq ã|xekàx}' gerximãlqxa l–ih|ak|cik lq |c|xa la oiqxkegc}|arxija}}cikkag a}| clak|cuqa+ Cg ã|ec| læ} gix}rgq} rax|ckak| la }a xãjãxax â ge gic lq =2

lãmanhxa 53:= xage|cza â ge xamikkec}}ekmaa| â ge rxi|am|cik lq |c|xa la oiqxkegc}|arxija}}cikkag+

5+=+ GE KI\CIK LA GCAQV RXCZA]

Ga} nã|fila} la xamqacg la likkãa}

rex ga} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la}ãmqxc|ã }ik| mge}}ãa} ak |xic} me|ãìxca}?



JIMQ] 5 reà 53

ixlckecxa}' }rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga}+Lek} ma} |xic} |sra} la nã|fila}}a xa|xiqzak| ga} ih}axze|cik} a| ga}ck}ram|cik} la gcaqv rxczã}+ Læ} gix}' la}rxãmc}cik} ik| ã|ã errix|ãa} uqek| eqv gcaqvrxczã} uqc raqzak| jecxa g–ihoa| la g–qka lama} |xic} me|ãìxca} la nã|fila}' ezam iq

}ek} nisak} |amfkcuqa}+ Qka lc}|ckm|cike eck}c ã|ã irãxãa ak|xa ga} gcaqv rqhgcm}'ga} gcaqv rxczã} emma}}chga} eq rqhgcm a| ga}gcaqv rxczã} kik emma}}chga} eq rqhgcm+

Ga} nã|fila} l–ih}axze|cik a| l–ck}ram|cik'}ek} nisak} |amfkcuqa}' la} gcaqv rqhgcm}a| la} gcaqv rxczã} emma}}chga} eq rqhgcm}ik| la} nã|fila} ixlckecxa}+

Ak nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa}' ge gic rxãzic|?

• g–ih}axze|cik' â g–ecla la nisak}

|amfkcuqa}' lek} la} gcaqv rqhgcm} a|lek} la} gcaqv rxczã} emma}}chga} eqrqhgcm iq

• g–ih}axze|cik &â }ezicx' la g–av|ãxcaqx#' â

g–ecla iq kik la nisak} |amfkcuqa}' lagcaqv rxczã} uqc ka }ik| re} emma}}chga}eq rqhgcm a|

• g–ck}ram|cik' â g–ecla la nisak}|amfkcuqa}' la gcaqv rqhgcm}' la gcaqvrxczã} emma}}chga} eq rqhgcm a| la}ihoa|} jaxnã} }a |xiqzek| lek} ma} gcaqv+

Ak nã|fila} avmar|cikkagga}' ge gicrxãzic|?

• g–ih}axze|cik' â g–ecla iq kik la

nisak} |amfkcuqa}' lek} la} gcaqvrxczã} uqc ka }ik| re} emma}}chga}

eq rqhgcm' lek} la} lincmcga} iq qkalãraklekma rxirxa s akmgi}a l–qklincmcga eq }ak} la} ex|cmga} <03' <62

a| <65 lq Mila rãkeg' iq lek} qk gimegq|cgc}ã â la} jck} rxija}}cikkagga} iqminna xã}clakma rex qk ezime|' qknãlamck iq qk oiqxkegc}|a a|'

• g–ck}ram|cik' â g–ecla iq kik la nisak}

|amfkcuqa}' la gcaqv rxczã} uqc ka }ik|

re} emma}}chga} eq rqhgcm a| la} eq|xa}gcaqv rxãmc|ã}' eck}c uqa la} ihoa|}jaxnã} uqc }–s |xiqzak|+

E rxiri} la g–ih}axze|cik mikmaxkek| qkgcaq rxczã kik emma}}chga eq rqhgcm' ge giciræxa ge lc}|ckm|cik ak|xa g–ih}axze|cik lama gcaq a| g–ih}axze|cik lek} ma gcaq+

G–ex|cmga 56)<' kiqzaeq' la ge gic ixèkcuqamge}}a g–ih}axze|cik l–qk gcaq rxczã kik

emma}}chga eq rqhgcm lek} ga} nã|fila}}rãmcjcuqa}' |eklc} uqa g–ex|cmga 56)55'kiqzaeq' mge}}a g–ih}axze|cik lek} qk gcaqrxczã kik emma}}chga eq rqhgcm rexnc ga}nã|fila} avmar|cikkagga}+

Lek} ga melxa l–qka ih}axze|cik' m–a}| ma uqca}| ih}axzã uqc a}| lã|axnckek| riqx ã|ehgcx gelcjjãxakma a| kik re} ga gcaq ió g–ih}axze|aqx}a }c|qa+ G–ih}axze|cik la rax}ikka}' ihoa|}iq ãzãkanak|} a}|' ak ajja|' â na||xa ak

xage|cik ezam ga gcaq ió cg} }a |xiqzak| iq }alãxiqgak|+

5+<+ GA] NA\FILA] LA XAMQACGLA] LIKKAA]

5+<+5+ Ga} xage|cik} ezam ga} eq|ixc|} oqlcmcecxa}

Ga mikmiqx} ak|xa qka akuqï|a laxak}ac`kanak| a| qka akuqï|a oqlcmcecxa

jec| g–ihoa| la xæ`ga} rex|cmqgcæxa} zc}ek| âka re} rix|ax lãgchãxãnak| rxãoqlcma â qkackjixne|cik iq qka ck}|xqm|cik oqlcmcecxa



reà 82 JIMQ] 5

ak miqx} &ex|+ 5=)8' kiqzaeq' la ge gic

ixèkcuqa#+

Gix} la} lãhe|} rexganak|ecxa}' cg e ã|ã

xerragã neck|a} jic} uqa ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|'

}axzcma la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã'

k–ã|ec| re} qk }axzcma la rigcma+ Ak ajja|'

ga xüga la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| k–a}| re}la mik}|e|ax la} ckjxem|cik}' }a} eàk|}

ka lc}ri}ak| l–ecggaqx} re} la ge uqegc|ã

l–ijjcmcax la rigcma oqlcmcecxa+

Maraklek|' ak zqa la g–errgcme|cik la

g–ex|cmga 83 lq Mila l–ck}|xqm|cik mxcnckagga'

g–ex|cmga 53)5' kiqzaeq' la ge gic ixèkcuqa

xæ`ga ge minnqkcme|cik eqv eq|ixc|ã}

oqlcmcecxa} l–ckjixne|cik} lik| ge ]ôxa|ã la

g–A|e| zcaklxec| â rxaklxa mikkec}}ekma eqmiqx} la ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa l–qka nã|fila

}rãmcjcuqa iq avmar|cikkagga' }qx ge he}a

l–cklcma} }ãxcaqv xage|cj} â ge minnc}}cik

l–qk mxcna iq l–qk lãgc| iq l–qka }q}rcmcik

xec}ikkehga uqa la} jec|} rqkc}}ehga} zik|

ï|xa minnc} iq ik| ã|ã minnc} nec} ka

}ik| re} akmixa mikkq}+

]ec}ca la ma} ãgãnak|} rex ga }axzcmala xak}ac`kanak| mikmaxkã' geminnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza mfex`ãa la ge}qxzacggekma la} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a|avmar|cikkagga} la xamqacg la} likkãa} la}}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã&mc.erxæ}' ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza#

avenckaxe ga} likkãa} xamqacggca}+ ]c aggamik}|e|a g–avc}|akma l–cklcma} }ãxcaqv uqcraqzak| miklqcxa â ge minnc}}cik la |agmxcna iq lãgc|' ga rxã}clak| ak lxa}}axeqk rximæ}.zaxheg kik mge}}cjcã uqc }axe|xek}nc} eq rximqxaqx lq Xic iq eqrximqxaqx jãlãxeg+ Ma rximæ}.zaxheg kikmge}}cjcã ka raq| mik}|c|qax ga ni|cj avmgq}cj'kc ge na}qxa rxãlinckek|a miklqc}ek|â ge miklenke|cik l–qka rax}ikka+ Ga}

ãgãnak|} la ma rximæ}.zaxheg liczak|ï|xa ã|esã} la nekcæxa rxãlinckek|a rexl–eq|xa} ãgãnak|} la rxaqza+

5+<+8+ Ge minnc}}cik l–ckjxem|cik}

Ge gic rxãzic| lixãkezek| uqa lek} ga melxala gaqx nc}}cik' ga} eàk|} mfex`ã} la



JIMQ] 5 reà 85

g–avãmq|cik la} nã|fila} ka raqzak|minna||xa la} ckjxem|cik}+ Qka lãxiè|cika}| |iq|ajic} rxãzqa gix}uq–cg }–e`c|l–ckjxem|cik} eq mila la ge xiq|a minnc}a}lek} g–avãmq|cik l–qka ih}axze|cik iql–eq|xa} ckjxem|cik} rxãzqa} rex ge gic' riqxeq|ek| uqa g–ckjxem|cik }ic| eh}igqnak|

kãma}}ecxa ejck l–e}}qxax g–ajjcmemc|ã la genc}}cik iq ge }ãmqxc|ã la g–eàk| gqc.nïnaiq magga l–eq|xa} rax}ikka} a| uq–agga karix|a re} e||ack|a â g–ck|ã`xc|ã rfs}cuqa larax}ikka}+ Ge gic xæ`ga ak iq|xa ga} me} a|miklc|cik} lek} ga}uqagga} ge minnc}}cikelnckc}|xe|cza la }qxzacggekma lic| likkaxavrxa}}ãnak| a| rxãegehganak| }ikemmixl riqx ge minnc}}cik l–ckjxem|cik}lek} ga melxa la} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a|

avmar|cikkagga}+

5+<+=+ Ga} n|fila} ixlckecxa}? Ge miggehixe|cik ezam ga} eq|ixc|} rqhgcuqa}

Ak ma uqc mikmaxka ga} ckjixne|cik} uqalã|cakkak| ga} }axzcma} rqhgcm}' ge xãjixnala ge gic lq =2 kizanhxa 5336' ki|ennak|magga la g–ex|cmga 5<' k–e re} iqhgcãg–cnrix|ekma la ma xamqacg l–ckjixne|cik+Eq}}c xakl.agga rgq} avcàek|} â g–ãèxl

ki|ennak| la} jikm|cikkecxa} a| la}eàk|} la} }axzcma} rqhgcm}' ak ma minrxc}ga} }axzcma} la rigcma' ga} nisak} l–em|cikla ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+ Ga ]ãke| e ak ajja|a}|cnã uq–cg mikzakec| la xakjixmax gemiggehixe|cik ak|xa ga} elnckc}|xe|cik}rqhgcuqa} a| l–enãgcixax eck}c ga mik|akqla g–ex|cmga 5<+ Cg e ki|ennak| rick|ãga jec| uqa ma} elnckc}|xe|cik} liczak|ï|xa mik}mcak|a} la g–ihgcè|cik uqc gaqx

ckminha' rex a}}akma' la miirãxax ezaml–eq|xa} }axzcma} rqhgcm} a|' ki|ennak|' la|xek}na||xa la} ckjixne|cik} eqv }axzcma}la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã lik| ge

jckegc|ã . uqc a}| l–e}}qxax ge }ãmqxc|ã la g–A|e|hagà a| la }a} mc|isak} . a}| ak|cæxanak|he}ãa }qx ge miggam|a la xak}ac`kanak|}+

Eck}c' â ge xauqï|a l–qk }axzcma laxak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã' a| likm lage ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' ga} eq|ixc|ã} oqlcmcecxa}'

ga} jikm|cikkecxa} a| ga} eàk|} la} }axzcma}rqhgcm}' s minrxc} la} }axzcma} la rigcma'}ik| lã}ixnec} |akq} la minnqkcuqax eq}axzcma la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ãmikmaxkã' lek} ga xa}ram| la ge gic lq =2kizanhxa 5336' }qx ge he}a la} emmixl}ãzak|qagganak| mikmgq} eck}c uqa la}nilegc|ã} lã|axnckãa} rex gaqx} eq|ixc|ã}xa}rik}ehga}' ga} ckjixne|cik} q|cga} âg–avãmq|cik la }a} nc}}cik}+

Ma} eq|ixc|ã} a| }axzcma} ka raqzak|likm rgq} xajq}ax ge minnqkcme|cik la}ckjixne|cik} laneklãa}' }eqj gix}uq–cg}a}|cnak| uqa magga.mc a}| la ke|qxa â rix|axe||ack|a?

• â qka ckjixne|cik iq â qka ck}|xqm|cik

oqlcmcecxa ak miqx} iq

• â ge xãmig|a l–ckjixne|cik} zc}ãa rex

ge gic lq 55 oekzcax 533= xage|cza â gerxãzak|cik la g–q|cgc}e|cik lq }s}|ænajckekmcax eqv jck} la hgekmfcnak|la merc|eqv a| la jckekmanak| lq|axxixc}na' iq

• uq–agga a}| }q}mar|chga la kqcxa â

g–ck|ã`xc|ã rfs}cuqa l–qka rax}ikka+

Ak iq|xa' ga} xec}ik} la ma xajq} ãzak|qagliczak| ï|xa minnqkcuqãa}' rex ãmxc|' eq

laneklaqx lek} ga} mcku oiqx} iqzxehga}la ge lanekla+



reà 88 JIMQ] 5

5+<+<+ Ga} nã|fila} }rãmcjuqa}

a| ga} n|fila} avmar|cikkagga}

Rex xerrix| eq |av|a lãri}ã ak 8226' ga}nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga}.lãoâ mc|ãa} lek} ga Xerrix| ekkqag la8226. ak |ek| uqa |agga} k–ik| re} jec| g–ihoa|

la nilcjcme|cik} }c`kcjcme|cza}' â g–avmar|cikla ma uqc e ã|ã nak|cikkã mc.la}}q}mikmaxkek| ge lc}|ckm|cik irãxãa ak|xa ga}gcaqv rxczã} emma}}chga} iq kik eq rqhgcm+

Ga} nã|fila} }rãmcjuqa}

Ga} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} ka raqzak| ï|xanc}a} ak ŝqzxa uq–erxæ} qka lãmc}cikãmxc|a a| ni|czãa lq lcxcàek| lq }axzcmaa| ki|cjcme|cik la magga.mc â ge minnc}}cik

elnckc}|xe|cza la }qxzacggekma a| ma' ejckla raxna||xa â ge minnc}}cik l–avaxmax}ik mik|xüga raklek| ga lãxiqganak| la genã|fila }rãmcjcuqa+

Qka nã|fila }rãmcjcuqa ka raq| ï|xaakzc}e`ãa uqa }c?

• cg avc}|a la} nakema} }ãxcaq}a}

riqx ge }ôxa|ã ck|ãxcaqxa la g–A|e| a| gerãxakkc|ã la g–ixlxa lãnimxe|cuqa a|

mik}|c|q|cikkag' ge }ôxa|ã av|ãxcaqxa lag–A|e| a| ga} xage|cik} ck|axke|cikega}' gari|ak|cag }mcak|cjcuqa iq ãmikincuqa iq|iq| eq|xa ck|ãxï| jiklenak|eg lq res}'lãjckc rex ga Xic' }qx rxiri}c|cik lqMinc|ã nckc}|ãxcag' a|

• gix}uqa ga} nakema} }ik| gcãa} â qka

em|czc|ã ak xerrix| ezam g–a}rcikkeà' ga|axxixc}na' g–av|xãnc}na' ge rxigcjãxe|cik'

ga} ixèkc}e|cik} }am|ecxa} kqc}chga}' ga}ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} a| g–ck`ãxakma+Ak mik}ãuqakma' eqmqka nã|fila}rãmcjcuqa ka }axe avãmq|ãa kc lek} ga

melxa l–qka akuqï|a la }ãmqxc|ã' kc lek}

ga melxa la} nc}}cik} la rxi|am|cik la}

rax}ikka}' kc riqx l–eq|xa} nc}}cik}

lãzigqa} rex ge gic â ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

Ga} nã|fila} avmar|cikkagga}

Ga} nã|fila} avmar|cikkagga}' ak |ek|uqa |agga}' k–ik| re} }qhc la nilcjcme|cik}

neoaqxa}' â g–avmar|cik la magga uqc mikmaxka

g–ck|xq}cik la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|

lek} ga} }s}|æna} ckjixne|cuqa}+ ]ik|' ak

ajja|' avmgq} la ge nã|fila' ga} }s}|æna}

ckjixne|cuqa} la} eq|ixc|ã} oqlcmcecxa} a|

la} oqxclcm|cik} elnckc}|xe|cza}+ Uqek| â

g–emmæ} eqv }s}|æna} ckjixne|cuqa} la

g–eq|ixc|ã rqhgcuqa' cg ka raq| ezicx gcaq

uq–ezam g–eq|ixc}e|cik rxãegehga la g–eq|ixc|ãmikmaxkãa+

Qka nã|fila avmar|cikkagga ka raq| ï|xa

akzc}e`ãa uqa }c?

• cg avc}|a la} nakema} `xeza} riqx

ge }ôxa|ã ck|ãxcaqxa la g–A|e| a| ge


mik}|c|q|cikkag' ge }ôxa|ã av|ãxcaqxa la

g–A|e| a| ga} xage|cik} ck|axke|cikega} iq

ga ri|ak|cag }mcak|cjcuqa iq ãmikincuqa'a|

• gix}uqa ga} nakema} }ik| gcãa} â qka

em|czc|ã ak xerrix| ezam g–a}rcikkeà' ga

|axxixc}na' ak ma minrxc} ga rxima}}q}

la xelcmegc}e|cik' ge rxigcjãxe|cik' ga}

ixèkc}e|cik} }am|ecxa} kqc}chga}

a| ga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga}+ Ak

mik}ãuqakma' eqmqka nã|fila

avmar|cikkagga ka raq| ï|xa nc}a akŝqzxa gix}uqa ge nakema e |xec| â qka

em|czc|ã ak xerrix| ezam g–av|xãnc}na iq

g–ck`ãxakma+



JIMQ] 5 reà 8=

Ge lãjckc|cik lq ¤rxima}}q} laxelcmegc}e|cik´ a}| c}}qa lq Rgek Xelcmegc}naerrxiqzã rex ga Minc|ã nckc}|ãxcag lqXak}ac`kanak| a| la ge ]ãmqxc|ã+ Gelãjckc|cik ri}|qga qk rxima}}q} ckjgqakàek|qk cklczclq iq qk `xiqra l–cklczclq} la|agga }ix|a uqa ma| cklczclq iq ma `xiqra

l–cklczclq} }ic| nak|eganak| rxãrexã iqlc}ri}ã â minna||xa la} em|a} |axxixc}|a}+Ma rxima}}q} mik}|c|qa ge rfe}a rxãegehgaâ ge minnc}}cik l–qk em|a |axxixc}|a+

Ga mfaj la }axzcma ka raq| eq|ixc}ax qkanã|fila avmar|cikkagga uq–erxæ} ezicxih|akq g–ezc} mikjixna la ge minnc}}cikelnckc}|xe|cza la }qxzacggekma+

E g–ck}|ex la} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa}' ma}nã|fila} avmar|cikkagga} ka raqzak| likmï|xa nc}a} ak iaqzxa kc lek} ga melxa l–qkaakuqï|a la }ãmqxc|ã' kc lek} ga melxa la}nc}}cik} la rxi|am|cik la} rax}ikka}' kcriqx l–eq|xa} nc}}cik} lãzigqa} rex ge gic âge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

5+1+ GA LIQHGA MIK\XIGA

5+1+5+ Ge minnc}}cik

elnckc}|xe|cza la }qxzacggekma

Ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 e mxãã qkaminnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza uqc avaxma qkmik|xüga raxnekak| }qx ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa la}nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga}+Agga raq| cnnãlce|anak| na||xa jck â qkanã|fila }c agga mik}|e|a uqa ga} nakema}uqc ge oq}|cjcak| ik| lc}rexq iq }c ge nã|filaavmar|cikkagga k–a}| rgq} q|cga â ge jckegc|ã

riqx geuqagga agga e ã|ã nc}a ak ŝqzxa+ ]cge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza mik}|e|a qkacggãègc|ã iq a}|cna uqa ga} rxckmcra} la}qh}clcexc|ã iq la rxirix|cikkegc|ã ka }ik|re} xa}ram|ã}' agga }q}rakl ge nã|filaa| ck|axlc| g–q|cgc}e|cik la} likkãa} eck}cxamqacggca}+ Ge minnc}}cik ckjixna ga

Minc|ã raxnekak| X la }e lãmc}cik+

Ma||a minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza a}|minri}ãa la |xic} ne`c}|xe|}+ Agga a}|rxã}clãa rex qk ne`c}|xe| esek| ge uqegc|ãla oqà l–ck}|xqm|cik4 la} laqv eq|xa}ne`c}|xe|}' g–qk lic| ezicx ge uqegc|ã lananhxa lq nckc}|æxa rqhgcm+

Ak ma uqc mikmaxka ga} jxec} lajikm|cikkanak| la ma||a minnc}}cik' maqv.mc }–ck}mxczak| eq hqlà| la} li|e|cik} lq]ãke|' ma uqc e}}qxa }ik cklãraklekma+

Ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 a}| ak|xãa akzc`qaqx ga 5ax }ar|anhxa' nec} ga}nanhxa} la ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|czala }qxzacggekma ik| ã|ã lã}c`kã} rex exxï|ãxiseg lq 85 lãmanhxa 8252<' rex ga}nckc}|xa} mikmaxkã}+ Raklek| qka rãxcila|xek}c|icxa a| lek} g–e||ak|a la g–ck}|egge|cik

la gelc|a minnc}}cik' eqmqka nã|filaavmar|cikkagga k–e ã|ã nc}a ak ŝqzxa rex ge]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a| ga} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa}ik| ã|ã' |anrixecxanak|' ki|cjcãa} eqnckc}|xa la ge Oq}|cma+

Ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza a}| }iq|akqarex qk }amxã|exce| minri}ã la nanhxa}lq rax}ikkag lã|emfã} la} }axzcma} laxak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã+

< N+H+ 8< lãmanhxa 8252+



reà 8< JIMQ] 5

5+1+8+ Ga mik|xüga lq Minc| raxnekak| X

Ga mik|xüga e ri}|axcixc

Ga mik|xüga e ri}|axcixc lq Minc|ãraxnekak| X }qx ge gãègc|ã la} nã|fila}

}rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga} a}| mikjcxnã+Magqc.mc a}| avaxmã }ic| l–ckc|ce|cza' }ic| â gelanekla la ge minnc}}cik la ge rxi|am|cikla ge zca rxczãa' }ic| }qx rgeck|a la |iq|arax}ikka uqc raq| oq}|cjcax l–qk ck|ãxï|rax}ikkag a| gã`c|cna' }ic| mfeuqa jic} uqage minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza e }q}raklqg–q|cgc}e|cik l–qka nã|fila riqx meq}al–cggãègc|ã a| e ck|axlc| g–avrgic|e|cik la}likkãa}' }ic| mfeuqa jic} uqa' gix}uqa ge

minnc}}cik k–e re} likkã l–ezc} lek} galãgec xauqc}' ga nckc}|xa mikmaxkã &Oq}|cmaiq Lãjak}a# e lãmclã la na||xa ak ŝqzxaiq kik qka nã|fila avmar|cikkagga+

]c ga Minc|ã raxnekak| X mik}|e|a uqa gelãmc}cik la na||xa ak iaqzxa qka nã|fila}rãmcjcuqa iq avmar|cikkagga a}| cggãèga' cgak ixlikka ge ma}}e|cik a| g–ck|axlcm|cik lag–avrgic|e|cik la} likkãa} xamqacggca} `xèmaâ ma||a nã|fila eck}c uqa gaqx la}|xqm|cik+

Cg k–s e re} la xamiqx} ri}}chga mik|xa ga}lãmc}cik} lq Minc|ã raxnekak| X' uqc e`c|lek} ga melxa lq mik|xüga la} nã|fila}}rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga}' minnaixèka oqxclcm|cikkag+

G–ezc} ãmxc| la gãègc|ã

Ga Minc|ã raxnekak| X }a zic| ãèganak|e||xchqax qk xüga lek} ga melxa la gerximãlqxa rãkega' gix}uq–qk rximæ}.zaxheg

kik mge}}cjcã zc}ã â g–ex|cmga 53)5' kiqzaeq'la ge gic lq =2 kizanhxa 5336 jc`qxa lek}qk li}}cax oqlcmcecxa+ Ga} ex|cmga} 5=5hc}'563uqe|ax a| 803hc}' ck}ãxã} lek} ga Milal–ck}|xqm|cik mxcnckagga rex ge gic lq < jãzxcax8252' raxna||ak| â ge mfenhxa lq mik}acg' eq|xchqkeg iq eq rxã}clak| la ge miqx l–e}}c}a}

la laneklax qk ezc} ãmxc| }qx ge gãègc|ã lage nã|fila la xamqacg la likkãa}+ Ma||alanekla raq| ï|xa ajjam|qãa }ic| l–ijjcma'}ic| }qx xãuqc}c|cik lq nckc}|æxa rqhgcm' }ic|â ge lanekla lq rxãzakq iq la g–emmq}ã'}agik ga me}' la ge rex|ca mczcga iq la gaqx}ezime|}+

8+ GE NC]A AK IAQZXA LA GE GIC LQ < JAZXCAX 8252

XAGE\CZA EQV NA\FILA] LA XAMQACG LA] LIKKAA] REX GA] ]AXZCMA] LA XAK]AC@KANAK\ A\ LA ]AMQXC\A

8+5+ GA ]AMXA\EXCE\ LA GEMINNC]]CIK ELNCKC]\XE\CZA LA GE ]QXZACGGEKMA

Ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza a}| errqsãarex qk }amxã|exce| minri}ã la nanhxa}lq rax}ikkag lã|emfã} rex ga nckc}|xa la

ge Oq}|cma l–qka rex|' a| ga nckc}|xa la geLãjak}a l–eq|xa rex|+

Ga }|e|q| la} nanhxa} lq rax}ikkag lq}amxã|exce| jec| g–ihoa| la g–exxï|ã xiseg lq8: }ar|anhxa 82521 xage|cj eq }amxã|exce|la ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza la}qxzacggekma la} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa}a| avmar|cikkagga} la xamqacg la likkãa}rex ga} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la}ãmqxc|ã+ Ma| exxï|ã xiseg ka rix|a re}e||ack|a eq }|e|q| elnckc}|xe|cj a| rãmqkcecxa

1 N+H+ 6 im|ihxa 8252+



JIMQ] 5 reà 81

l–ixc`cka lq rax}ikkag lã|emfã &ex|+ <=)5'

1' kiqzaeq la ge gic lq =2 kizanhxa 5336#

8+8+ G–AVAMQ\CIK LA LC]RI]C\CIK] LCZAX]A] LA GE GIC

Qk exxï|ã xiseg lq 58 im|ihxa 8252

:

rix|aavãmq|cik la lczax}a} lc}ri}c|cik} la ge

gic lq =2 kizanhxa 5336 ixèkcuqa la}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã+

Ma| exxï|ã lã|axncka?

• ga} nilegc|ã} l–q|cgc}e|cik rex qk eàk|

l–qk kin uqc ka gqc errex|cak| re}'

riqx la} xec}ik} la }ãmqxc|ã gcãa} â ge

rxi|am|cik la }e rax}ikka a| riqx ga}

ha}ick} ckfãxak|} â g–avaxmcma l–qka

nc}}cik4

• ga} nilegc|ã} ̀ ãkãxega} l–emmæ} &lcxam|

iq kik# eqv hekuqa} la likkãa} la}

}axzcma} rqhgcm} a| la ge |xeàehcgc|ã la

ma} emmæ} uqc }axe mik}axzãa lek} qk

}s}|æna la mik|xüga raklek| lcv ek}+

]qc|a â g–ezc} la ge Minnc}}cik la ge

rxi|am|cik la ge zca rxczãa' g–exxï|ã xiseg

rxãzic| ge lã}c`ke|cik l–qk mik}acggax ak

}ãmqxc|ã la g–ckjixne|cik a| ak rxi|am|cikla ge zca rxczãa' uqc xanrgc|' ak|xa eq|xa}'

ge jikm|cik la rxãri}ã â ge rxi|am|cik

la} likkãa}+ Ma mik}acggax' lã}c`kã

eq }ack lq }axzcma' immqra qka ri}c|cik

cklãraklek|a a| ka lic| xaklxa la}

minr|a} iq jecxa xerrix| uq–eq lcxcàek|

lq }axzcma40

• ga} nilegc|ã} l–q|cgc}e|cik rex qk eàk|

l–qka clak|c|ã iq uqegc|ã jcm|cza lek} gamelxa la ge mxãe|cik iq lq xamiqx} â qkarax}ikka nixega4

• ga} nilegc|ã} la la}|xqm|cik la}

akxa`c}|xanak|}' |xek}mxcr|cik} a|

|xelqm|cik} ãzak|qagga} lek} ga melxala} ãmiq|a} la minnqkcme|cik}4

• ga} |excj} xã|xchqek| ga} rax}ikka}

rfs}cuqa} a| ga} rax}ikka} nixega}uqc errix|ak| gaqx miggehixe|cik â qkanã|fila }rãmcjcuqa iq avmar|cikkagga'ak |akek| minr|a lq miô| xãag la ma||amiggehixe|cik4

• ga} nilegc|ã} a| lãgec} }qczek| ga}uqag}

ga lcxcàek| lq }axzcma mikmaxkã ckjixnage minnc}}cik la }qxzacggekma lag–avãmq|cik la ge nã|fila avmar|cikkagga4

• ga} nilegc|ã} }qczek| ga}uqagga} ga}

gc}|a} la} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} }ik|rix|ãa} }ek} lãgec â ge mikkec}}ekmalq Minc|ã raxnekak| X rex g–eq|ixc|ãminrã|ak|a4

• ga} nilegc|ã} a| lãgec} la mik}axze|cik'

}iq} ga mik|xüga la ge minnc}}cikelnckc}|xe|cza la }qxzacggekma' la}likkãa} xamqacggca}' eq nisak la}nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga}'lek} la} miklc|cik} uqc ka xa}ram|ak|re} ga} lc}ri}c|cik} gãèga} ak zc`qaqx4

: N+H+ 6 kizanhxa 8252+

0 Xanexuqik} uqa ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| lc}ri}a lãoâ l–qk mik}acggax â ge }ãmqxc|ã la} likkãa} lã}c`kã mikjixnãnak|

â g–exxï|ã xiseg lq 86 jãzxcax 8228 xage|cj â ge |xek}nc}}cik l–ckjixne|cik} rex ga} minnqka} â ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' rex

g–ck|axnãlcecxa lq Xa`c}|xa ke|cikeg la} rax}ikka} rfs}cuqa} &N+H+ lq 83 nex} 8228#+



reà 8: JIMQ] 5


likkãa} lik| ga xamqacg e ã|ã lãmgexãcggãèg rex ga Minc|ã raxnekak| X4

• ga} nilegc|ã} la }ec}cka lq Minc|ãraxnekak| X rex ge Minnc}}cik la gerxi|am|cik la ge zca rxczãa+

8+=+ G–AVMQ\CIK LA] LC]RI]C\CIK] GA@EGA] XAGE\CZA] EQV MINNQKCME\CIK] AGAM\XIKCUQA]

Ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 e ck}ãxã ga}ex|cmga} 56)0' 56)6' 56)50 lek} ge gic lq=2 kizanhxa 5336+ Maqv.mc im|xicak| eqv}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ãge ri}}chcgc|ã la rxaklxa mikkec}}ekma lalikkãa} xage|cza} eqv minnqkcme|cik}ãgam|xikcuqa}' }c kãma}}ecxa ak xauqãxek|ge miggehixe|cik la g–irãxe|aqx l–qk xã}aeqla minnqkcme|cik} ãgam|xikcuqa} iq lqjiqxkc}}aqx l–qk }axzcma la minnqkcme|cik}

ãgam|xikcuqa}+

Cg }–e`c| ak g–immqxxakma la xauqãxcx la}likkãa} l–clak|cjcme|cik a| la jem|qxe|cik'

ãzak|qagganak| rex qk emmæ} eqv jcmfcax}

la} mgcak|}4 la} likkãa} l–errag a|

la gimegc}e|cik la} minnqkcme|cik}

ãgam|xikcuqa}4 l–ãmiq|ax' la rxaklxa

mikkec}}ekma a| l–akxa`c}|xax la}minnqkcme|cik} ãgam|xikcuqa} a| la jcvax ge

miggehixe|cik |amfkcuqa â ma| ajja|+

G–ex|cmga == la ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252

minrgæ|a g–ex|cmga 580' 5ax' egckãe 5ax'

8²' la ge gic lq 5= oqck 8221 xage|cza eqv

minnqkcme|cik} ãgam|xikcuqa}+ Cg ak xã}qg|a

uqa ga} irãxe|aqx} a| q|cgc}e|aqx} jckeqvliczak| ï|xa ak na}qxa la riqzicx clak|cjcax

g–q|cgc}e|aqx la nisak} la minnqkcme|cik}ãgam|xikcuqa} a| raxna||xa ga xarãxeà'

ge gimegc}e|cik' g–ãmiq|a' ge rxc}a la

mikkec}}ekma a| g–akxa`c}|xanak| la ma}

minnqkcme|cik} rxczãa} lek} ga} miklc|cik}

jcvãa} rex ge gic lq =2 kizanhxa 5336

ixèkcuqa la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|

a| la }ãmqxc|ã+ Eqv jck} la g–avãmq|cik la

ma||a lc}ri}c|cik' cg ckminha eq Xic' erxæ}

ezc} la ge Minnc}}cik la ge rxi|am|cik la ge

zca rxczãa a| la g–Ck}|c|q| hagà la} }axzcma}ri}|eqv a| la} |ãgãminnqkcme|cik}' la jcvax

ga} na}qxa} |amfkcuqa} a| elnckc}|xe|cza}

ejck la }e|c}jecxa â ma||a ihgcè|cik+



JIMQ] 5 reà 80

Qk exxï|ã xiseg lq 58 im|ihxa 82526

lã|axncka ga} nilegc|ã} la ma||a ihgcè|cikla miggehixe|cik gãèga ak me} lalanekla} mikmaxkek| ga} minnqkcme|cik}ãgam|xikcuqa} rex ga} }axzcma} laxak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã+

Lek} ga melxa la ma||a miggehixe|cik ezam ga}irãxe|aqx} l–qk xã}aeq la minnqkcme|cik}ãgam|xikcuqa} iq ga} jiqxkc}}aqx} l–qk}axzcma la minnqkcme|cik} ãgam|xikcuqa}'cg e ã|ã lãmclã uqa ga} }axzcma} laxak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã rqc}}ak|jecxa errag eqv Maggqga} la miixlcke|cikla ge Oq}|cma ck}|c|qãa} rex ga} irãxe|aqx}l–qk xã}aeq la minnqkcme|cik}ãgam|xikcuqa} iq ga} jiqxkc}}aqx} l–qk

}axzcma la minnqkcme|cik} ãgam|xikcuqa}mikjixnãnak| â g–exxï|ã xiseg lq 3 oekzcax822= lã|axnckek| ga} nilegc|ã} lag–ihgcè|cik la miggehixe|cik gãèga ak me}la lanekla} oqlcmcecxa} mikmaxkek| ga}minnqkcme|cik} ãgam|xikcuqa}+

Uqaguqa} eoiq|} kãma}}ecxa} ik| |iq|ajic}ã|ã errix|ã} ak zqa' l–qka rex|' larxi|ãàx ge Maggqga la miixlcke|cik a| ga}ckjixne|cik} |xec|ãa} a|' l–eq|xa rex|' la

}–e}}qxax la ge jcehcgc|ã la} nanhxa}+ Eck}c'g–exxï|ã xiseg rxa}mxc| uqa ga} nanhxa} lage Maggqga la miixlcke|cik liczak| ï|xa akri}}a}}cik l–qk ezc} la }ãmqxc|ã ri}c|cj'xakiqzagã |iq} ga} mcku ek}' mikjixnãnak|â g–ex|cmga 88uqckuqca} la ge gic lq 55lãmanhxa 5336 xage|cza â ge mge}}cjcme|cika| eqv fehcgc|e|cik}' e||a}|e|cik} a| ezc} la}ãmqxc|ã+

Rex ecggaqx}' ga |av|a rxãzic| uqa ga}

irãxe|aqx} la xã}aeqv la minnqkcme|cik}

ãgam|xikcuqa} a| ga} jiqxkc}}aqx} la }axzcma}la minnqkcme|cik} ãgam|xikcuqa} }ik||akq} la rxaklxa |iq|a} ga} na}qxa} uqc}–cnri}ak| ejck la rxi|ãàx a| la }ãmqxc}axga} ckjixne|cik} |xec|ãa} rex ge Maggqga lamiixlcke|cik+

Akjck' ma| exxï|ã rxãmc}a uqagga} likkãa}l–clak|cjcme|cik liczak| ï|xa minnqkcuqãa}rex ge Maggqga la miixlcke|cik la ge Oq}|cmaâ g–Ck}|c|q| hagà la} }axzcma} ri}|eqv a|la} |ãgãminnqkcme|cik}+ Ma} likkãa} }ik|mgecxanak| ãkqnãxãa} lek} g–exxï|ã gqc.nïna' ejck l–ãzc|ax l–ãzak|qag} rxihgæna}mikmaxkek| ge lc}rikchcgc|ã raxnekak|a la}nanhxa} la} Maggqga} la miixlcke|cik+

Ak ma uqc mikmaxka ge xã|xchq|cik la ma||amiggehixe|cik' g–ex|cmga 56)56' kiqzaeq' la gegic lq =2 kizanhxa 5336 lc}ri}a uqa ga Xicjcva ga} |excj} errgcmehga} â ge miggehixe|cikla rax}ikka} rfs}cuqa} a| nixega} eqvnã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga}'ak |akek| minr|a la} miô|} xãag} gcã} âma||a miggehixe|cik a| ak jikm|cik la geke|qxa la g–ck|axzak|cik+ E ma| ãèxl' g–exxï|ãxiseg rxãzic| uqa ga} irãxe|aqx} la xã}aeqvla minnqkcme|cik} ãgam|xikcuqa} a| ga}

jiqxkc}}aqx} la }axzcma} la minnqkcme|cik}ãgam|xikcuqa} }ik| xã|xchqã} }agik ga} |excj}jc`qxek| ak ekkava la g–exxï|ã xiseg lq 3 oekzcax 822= rxãmc|ã+

G–exxï|ã xiseg lq 58 im|ihxa 8252 ck|xilqc|qka ki|cik kiqzagga' â }ezicx maggala ‗}am|aqx Ck|axka|„+ Qka lc}ri}c|cik|xek}c|icxa }rãmcjcuqa mikmaxkek| ga}am|aqx Ck|axka| }–ezæxa kãma}}ecxa' mexga} nilegc|ã} xage|cza} â g–ihgcè|cik la

miggehixe|cik ak |axna} l–ck|axmar|cik

6 N+H+ 6 kizanhxa 8252+



reà 86 JIMQ] 5

k–ezecak| re} ã|ã jcvãa} rex g–exxï|ã xiseg lq3 oekzcax 822=+ Ge xec}ik ak a}| uq–eqmqkakixna |amfkcuqa }qx g–ck|axmar|cik la}minnqkcme|cik} Ck|axka| k–ezec| ã|ã rxãzqaeq kczaeq aqxirãak oq}uq–egix} a| uqa ga}ri}}chcgc|ã} |amfkcuqa} }a xãzãgecak| akmixa|xir gcnc|ãa} riqx riqzicx ck|axmar|ax la}

minnqkcme|cik} Ck|axka|+ Ge }c|qe|cik elã}ixnec} }ak}chganak| ãzigqã `xèma â qkãgex`c}}anak| la} ri}}chcgc|ã} |amfkcuqa}a| â ge rxinqgè|cik la kixna} |amfkcuqa}aqxirãakka}+



Mferc|xa 8 reà 83

aV\Xãnc}na a\ \aXXiXc}na

aV\Xanc}na cLaigi`cUQa

5+ AK HAG@CUQA

E+ AV\XANA LXIC\A HAG@A

Av|xïna lxic|a ck}|c|q|cikkagga

Ga rfãkinæka l–av|xïna lxic|a ka raq|ï|xa lãjckc la nekcæxa qkcziuqa a| xa`xiqralcjjãxak|a} mikzcm|cik}' rick|} la zqa a|cneà} lq nikla+ Eq}}c hcak }qx ga rgekla g–ck|ak|cik a| la ge meremc|ã uqa }qx magqcla} em|cik} xãegc}ãa}' cg s e la `xekla}lcjjãxakma} ih}axzehga}+ Ma} lcjjãxakma}

ik| â gaqx |iqx qka ckmclakma }qx ga xc}uqauqa raqzak| xarxã}ak|ax qka ixèkc}e|cik'qk xã}aeq iq qk cklczclq hcak lã|axnckã}l–av|xïna lxic|a+

Nec}' neg`xã ma} lcjjãxakma} ak ne|cæxala nakema' kiq} riqzik} ejjcxnax uqa gaxc}uqa uqa xarxã}ak|a g–av|xïna lxic|a akHag`cuqa a}| em|qagganak| nckcna

aV|xaNa LxIc|a

cK]|c|Q|cIKKaGGa

Rex av|xïna lxic|a ck}|c|q|cikkagga' kiq}

ak|aklik} |iq} ga} `xiqra} a| rex|c}

l–av|xïna lxic|a uqc }ik| xarxã}ak|ã} lek}

ki} ixèka} lãnimxe|cuqa}+

Ge Z]]A mik}|e|a uqa ge |fãne|cuqa la

g–¤c}genc}e|cik la ki|xa }imcã|ã´ a}| akmixa

a| |iqoiqx} lek} ga zc}aqx la g–av|xïna lxic|a

ck}|c|q|cikkagga+ Ma||a ekkãa' lq xa}|a' ge

]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| raxàic| qka em|czc|ã emmxqa

eq|iqx la ma |fæna jcva4 kiq} akxa`c}|xik}'

}qx|iq| ak Jgeklxa' la} rxi|a}|e|cik} rgq}

hxqsek|a} a| la} em|czc|ã} rgq} lskencuqa}

lek} ga} maxmga} la g–av|xïna lxic|a

ck}|c|q|cikkagga+

Qka |agga ãzigq|cik }a jec| l–ecggaqx}

xa}}ak|cx lek} ga} res} jxik|egcax}+ Cg

jeq| hcak lcxa uqa ma||a xãem|cik mik|xa

g–¤c}genc}e|cik rigc|cuqa la g–immclak|´ a|

rexjic} rex av|ak}cik mik|xa g–ak}anhga la

ge minnqkeq|ã nq}qgneka k–a}| re} ga

}aqg jec| la g–av|xïna lxic|a ck}|c|q|cikkagga'

nec} uq–agga a}| ãèganak| xage|czanak|

rirqgecxa lek} ga mgek ke|cikeg.rirqgc}|a+

\iq} ga} rex|c} jxekmirfika} l–av|xïna

lxic|a uqc }a }ik| rxã}ak|ã} eqv ãgam|cik}

gã`c}ge|cza} lq 5= oqck 8252' â rex| ¤KE\CIK´

&mj+ ckjxe#' }ik| mik}|c|qã} l–ekmcak} ncgc|ek|}

lq ¤JXIK\ KE\CIKEG´ fc}|ixcuqa+

Ma} lc}}clakma} nqg|crga} minna

¤PEGGIKCA L–EHIXL´' ¤JK$´ iq akmixa

¤JIXMA KE\CIKEGA´ }ik| ga xã}qg|e|

la gq||a} ck|axka} meq}ãa} kik re} rex

la} irri}c|cik} clãigi`cuqa}' nec} rex ge

mikzic|c}a la} nacggaqxa} rgema} }qx ga}

gc}|a} ãgam|ixega}+

Ak ajja|' ge niqzekma lq ¤JXIK\

KE\CIKEG´ k–a}| rgq} em|cza uq–â g–errximfa

la} ãgam|cik}+ G–ck}|ehcgc|ã rigc|cuqa la ge jck

la g–ekkãa a| ga xc}uqa la xa|iqx eqv qxka}

g–e neck|akq ak egax|a+ Erxæ} ge lãjec|a

la oqck' ge }|xe|ã`ca elir|ãa mik}c}|a ak

qka xãmikmcgce|cik a| qk xerrximfanak|

ezam ga niqzanak| clak|c|ecxa ¤KE\CIK´

ak zqa la mxãax qk rüga ke|cikegc}|a+ Ga}

zicv eck}c xe}}anhgãa} riqxxecak| rximqxax

g–qk iq g–eq|xa }cæà lek} g–qka iq g–eq|xa

la} e}}anhgãa}+ Nec} èàik} uqa la

8GA XAK]AC@KANAK\



reà =2 Mferc|xa 8

kiqzagga} lc}}ak}cik} errexeë|xik| gix}uq–cg

jeqlxe mfic}cx ga} meklcle|} riqx immqrax ge

|ï|a la gc}|a+

`xIQraNaK|] cLaK|c|ecxa] a|

QG|xeKe|cIKeGc]|a]

Ge Z]]A mikmak|xa }ik e||ak|cik }qx ga}`xiqra} qg|xeke|cikegc}|a}+ E}}qxãnak|'

ak Jgeklxa' ga ¤ZIIXRI]\´ jec| rex|ca

la} rgq} em|cj} l–ak|xa aqv' hcak uqa

ma} laxkcæxa} ekkãa} cg }ic| }qx qka

rak|a la}maklek|a+ Egix} uq–eq|xajic} ga

¤ZIIXRI]\´ riqzec| minr|ax }qx qk

jcmfcax la nanhxa} em|cj} a| ak|fiq}ce}|a}'

ga `xiqranak| nekuqa la rgq} ak rgq} la

kiqzagga} xa}}iqxma}+

]a} ihoam|cj} la gq||a k–ik| re} mfek`ã

ak 8252+ Ga} em|cik} |xelc|cikkagga}

ek|c.hagà} a| ke|cikegc}|a} jgenekla}

mik}|c|qak| akmixa a| |iqoiqx} ga ̀ xi} la }a}

xãegc}e|cik}+ Ak iq|xa' la} |fæna} minna ge

rigc|cuqa ak ne|cæxa la lxi`qa' la }ãmqxc|ã

a| la nc`xe|cik raqzak| eq}}c minr|ax

}qx }ik }iq|cak+ Eck}c' ga : kizanhxa

8252' ga ¤ZIIXRI]\´ e ixèkc}ã qk

mix|æà â _age|a mik|xa ge kqc}ekma la}

oaqka} eggimf|ika} â rxihgæna}+ Minna

l–fehc|qla' â ma||a imme}cik' â mü|ã la}

nanhxa} lq ¤ZIIXRI]\´' la} ncgc|ek|}

l–eq|xa} `xiqra} qg|xeke|cikegc}|a} ã|ecak|

rxã}ak|}+ Nec} cg ã|ec| jxerrek| uqa ga}

|xiqra} lq ¤ZIIXRI]\´ ã|ecak| ma||a jic}

ak jix|a nckixc|ã+

Ge ¤KCAQP.]IGCLEXC]\C]MF EG\AXKE.

\CAJ´ &K.]E# uqc a}| errexqa ak 8226 lc|

ï|xa g–eg|axke|cza â ma uq–agga erragga ga nc.

gcaq ¤jc`ã´ la ge lxic|a ke|cikegc}|a ak Jgek.

lxa+ Neg`xã uqaguqa} ckc|ce|cza} ak 8252

riqx eq`nak|ax ga kinhxa la }a} }sn.

re|fc}ek|}' ge ¤K.]E´ ka raq| minr|ax uqa

}qx qka zck`|ecka la ncgc|ek|} em|cj}+ Riqx

max|eck} ãzãkanak|}' agga exxcza |iq| la

nïna â nihcgc}ax la uqexek|a â }ar|ek|a

rex|cmcrek|}+ Nec} cg }–e`c| egix} rxckmcrega.nak| la rax}ikka} em|cza} lek} l–eq|xa}

`xiqra} enc} l–av|xïna lxic|a+

G–ck|axlãraklekma la ge ¤K.]E´ a|

l–av|xãnc}|a} la lxic|a rxizakek| l–eq|xa}

maxmga} |xæ} xelcmeqv a}| l–ecggaqx}

}ec}c}}ek|a+ Eck}c' la} jc`qxa} lq ncgcaq

}dckfael kãikec }qx`c}}ak| la nekcæxa

xã`qgcæxa raklek| ga} em|czc|ã} la ge ¤K.

]E´+

Rex ekegi`ca ezam ga} niqzanak|}

ke|cikeqv.xãzigq|cikkecxa} aqxirãak}

&ak|xa eq|xa} ak Eggane`ka a| ak C|egca#'

qk max|eck kinhxa la jixma} eq }ack la

ge ¤K.]E´ ik| |ak|ã la na||xa eq oiqx

qka rge|a.jixna jgenekla+ Riqx ma jecxa'

cg} ik| a}}esã la hè|cx qka }iq}.mqg|qxa

¤oaqka´ miqrgãa â qk em|czc}na clãigi`cuqa

rigc|cuqa+ Ak 8252' ge ¤K.]E´ e ixèkc}ãuqaguqa} mikmax|} nq}cmeqv }iq} jixna

la rxioa|} ió la} `xiqra} l–av|xïna lxic|a

ã|xekàx} }ik| nik|ã} }qx }mæka+

Qk lãzagirranak| ki|ehga lek} ga `cxik

la ge ¤K.]E´' e ã|ã ge jikle|cik l–qk rex|c

rigc|cuqa â ge jck lq nic} l–im|ihxa 8252+ Ga

¤KCAQP LANIMXE\C]MFA REX\CO´ ak

}axec| akmixa eq }|ela anhxsikkecxa' nec}

}agik ge ¤K.]E´' cg lazxec| rxaklxa rex| eqvrximfecka} ãgam|cik} minnqkega} ak 8258+

¤KE\CIK´ a}| ga `xiqra clak|c|ecxa ga rgq}



Mferc|xa 8 reà =5

lãzagirrã la ge Hag`cuqa jxekmirfika+

\iq|ajic}' }ik kiseq lqx ka minr|a re}

rgq} l–qka lcecka la rax}ikka} a| cg ka

nihcgc}a `qæxa rgq} la 82 ncgc|ek|} gix} la

}a} em|czc|ã}+

Ga jiklanak| clãigi`cuqa la ¤KE\CIK´'m–a}| ¤qka |axxa' qk raqrga´+ Cg }a lãjckc| gqc.

nïna minna rirqgc}|a a| xãzigq|cikkecxa

a| lc| }–akèàx lek} ge ¤|xic}cæna zica´

ãmikincuqa uqc xakzica li} â li} ga

merc|egc}na a| g–A|e|.rxizclakma+

]qx ga rgek ck|axke|cikeg' ¤KE\CIK´ lãjakl

ga mikmar| la} ¤A|e|}.Qkc} l–Aqxira´? qka

miggehixe|cik ak|xa ga} A|e|}.ke|cik} lq

zcaqv mik|ckak| ejck la jecxa ga ricl} jemaeqv `xekl} hgim} minna ga} A|e|}.Qkc}

l–Enãxcuqa+ Riqx ma||a xec}ik' ¤KE\CIK´

ak|xa|cak| la} xage|cik} ezam l–eq|xa}

`xiqra} clak|c|ecxa} ak Aqxira+ Ak 8252' cg}

ezecak| la} xage|cik} rxczcgã`cãa} ak Jxekma

a| ak A}re`ka+

¤KE\CIK´ a}| qk niqzanak| lskencuqa

uqc ixèkc}a la} nexmfa} mqg|qxagga}' la}

nekcja}|e|cik} a| jixna }a} melxa}+ Larqc}ga rxck|anr} 8252' cg e rxinq qk kiqzaeq

|sra l–em|cik? ge mikjxik|e|cik ezam

}a} irri}ek|} la èqmfa+ Ma} mik|xa.

nekcja}|e|cik} }a gcnc|ak| riqx g–ck}|ek| â

la} ãmfekà} zaxheqv+

Minna ãziuqã mc.la}}q}' ¤KE\CIK´

e lãmclã la oicklxa }a} jixma} â magga}

lq ¤JXIK\ KE\CIKEG´ ak zqa

l–fsri|fã|cuqa} ãgam|cik}4 â ma |c|xa' laqv

la }a} nanhxa} ik| xaoick| ga hqxaeq

rigc|cuqa jxik|c}|a+

Ge }am|cik peggikka la ¤\AXXA A\

RAQRGA´ jec| rex|ca l–qk niqzanak|

clak|c|ecxa ixc`ckecxa la Jxekma a| xãreklq

lek} lcjjãxak|a} xã`cik} l–Aqxira4 }ik

nila l–em|cik a}| ezek| |iq| mqg|qxag+

Ixèkc}e|xcma la mikjãxakma}.lãhe|}' la

mikmax|}' a| la hiqx}a} la gczxa} }qx|iq|mik}emxã} â ge |xelc|cik a| eq jigdgixa' agga

|ak|a la xana||xa â ge nila ga reèkc}na

rxãmfxã|cak+

¤\AXXA A\ RAQRGA´ rqhgca qk rãxcilcuqa

ehixlek| }a} }qoa|} la rxãlcgam|cik4 ak

xazekmfa' }a} em|czc|ã} }qx ga |axxeck }a jik|

xexa}? â racka qka ak 8252+

Ge rxivcnc|ã clãigi`cuqa la ¤\AXXA A\RAQRGA´ a| ¤KE\CIK´ riq}}a gaqx}

ncgc|ek|} â }–ak|xeclax a| â rex|cmcrax eqv

ãzãkanak|} ixèkc}ã} rex ga} laqv

}|xqm|qxa}+

Eq|xa niqzanak| clak|c|ecxa' ¤HAG@CUQA

A\ MFXA\CAK\Ã´ a}| gqc mexem|ãxc}ã

rex }ik qkc|exc}na a| }ik }iq|cak

eq me|figcmc}na |xelc|cikkegc}|a la ge

¤JXE\AXKC\Ã ]EMAXLI\EGA ]ECK\RCA V´+ Nïna }c ma||a eggcekma raq|

rexeë|xa mik|xa ke|qxa' ¤HAG@CUQA A\

MFXA\CAK\Ã´ }a xa|xiqza eqv mü|ã} la

¤\AXXA A\ RAQRGA´ eqv xãqkcik} la

¤KE\CIK´+

¤HAG@CUQA A\ MFXA\CAK\Ã´ }anhga

|iq|ajic} ezicx eheklikkã ga |axxeck ak

8252+



reà =8 Mferc|xa 8

]DcKfaeL] L–aV|xaNa LxIc|a

Ak 8252' g–em|czc|ã }dckfael l–av|xïna

lxic|a ak Hag`cuqa }a }c|qa riqx eck}c lcxa

qkcuqanak| ak Jgeklxa+ Nec} nïna ak

Jgeklxa' kiq} xanexuqik} eqoiqxl–fqc qka

xã`xa}}cik lq rfãkinæka+

Ga niqzanak| kãikec ¤HGIIL EKL

FIKIQX´ }qc| ak Hag`cuqa qka miqxha

la}maklek|a4 qk lãzagirranak| uqa

kiq} mik}|e|ik} l–ecggaqx} ãèganak| lek}

l–eq|xa} res} l–Aqxira Immclak|ega+

Cg }anhga ak iq|xa uqa ge }iq}.mqg|qxa

}dckfael l–av|xïna lxic|a ezam }a}

nekcæxa} |srcuqa} la }a nekcja}|ax }ic|

lazakqa nick} e||xem|cza riqx qka kiqzagga

`ãkãxe|cik la oaqka} av|xãnc}|a}+ L–eq|xa}

}iq}.mqg|qxa} ¤oaqka}´ rigc|cuqanak|

ixcak|ãa} minna ga niqzanak| la}

¤Ke|cikegc}|a} eq|ikina}´ rexec}}ak| ge

xanrgemax la rgq} ak rgq}+ Ma} mik}|e|e|cik}

kãma}}c|ak| maraklek| qka riqx}qc|a la}

ckza}|cè|cik}+

Ge lcnckq|cik lq kinhxa la mikmax|}}dckfael ak 8223 }–a}| riqx}qczca ak

8252+ Cg s e uqaguqa} ekkãa} cg s ak ezec|

la 52 â 51 rex ek' ak 8252 uqaguqa}.qk}

}aqganak| lek} ki|xa res}+ Ge ]ôxa|ã la

g–A|e| }iqràikka jix|anak| uqa ge riqx}qc|a

oqlcmcecxa la max|eck} ixèkc}e|aqx} la

mikmax|} e cmc rix|ã }a} jxqc|}+ Ga} rxa}|e|cik}

rgq} xercla} la} eq|ixc|ã} rigcmcæxa} ik|

ãèganak| mik|xchqã â uqaguqa raq mfekàx

g–cneà la ge Hag`cuqa ak |ek| uqa rgema

jezixc|a la mikmax|} eqrxæ} la} }dckfael}

ã|xekàx}+

Avem|anak| minna ga} ekkãa} rxãmãlak|a}'

ma} xarxã}ak|e|cik} nq}cmega} }a re}}ak|

}ek} ckmclak|} ki|icxa}+ Ga lãxiqganak|

xage|czanak| megna a| lc}mcrgckã ã|ec| â raq

rxæ} lazakq qka mik}|ek|a ga} ekkãa}

rxãmãlak|a}+ Kiq} zc}ik} ak rxancax gcaq

ma uqc }a rxilqc| ak lafix} la ge }egga lamikmax|+ Nec} â g–ck|ãxcaqx ãèganak| cg a}|

xexa l–e}}c}|ax â la }ãxcaqv ckmclak|}+

Ga} minrix|anak|} a| ga} avrxa}}cik}

xemc}|a} ka }ik| re} ckfehc|qag} â la |ag}

ãzãkanak|}+ Ge xãqkcik la rax}ikka} uqc

|iqoiqx} l–qka nekcæxa rgq} iq nick} jix|a

}ik| jezixehga} â qka clãigi`ca xemc}|a'

ec`qc}a ga }ak|cnak| la minnqkeq|ã a|

miklqc| }iqzak| â elir|ax qka e||c|qlaxemc}|a rxikikmãa+ Mamc a}| akmixa xakjixmã

rex ga àkxa nq}cmeg uqc' lek} ge rgqrex|

la} me}' }|cnqga qka enhcekma zcigak|a

a| rex ga} |av|a} jxãuqannak| |ack|ã} la

lc}mxcncke|cik a| la xemc}na+

G–aV|xaNa LxIc|a a|

G–c]GeNIrfIHca

Eq lãrex|' ga ¤HAG@CQN LAJAKMA

GAE@QA´ ã|ec| qk jixqn errexq }qx

ck|axka| eq lãhq| la 8252 ak xãrik}a

eqv lãmgexe|cik} c}genc}|a} ck|ã`xc}|a} la

¤]FEXCE<HAG@CQN´+ Cg ka }–e`c| re}

l–qk kiqzaeq rfãkinæka? ga jixqn hagà

e rxc} riqx nilæga g–¤AK@GC]F LAJAKMA

GAE@QA´ lq Xiseqna.Qkc+

Mxãã a| rxckmcreganak| ekcnã rex la}

fiigcèk}' ga jixqn a}| ãèganak|

jxãuqak|ã rex la} av|xãnc}|a} la lxic|a ak

rxizakekma la ¤KE\CIK´ iq lq ¤JXIK\

KE\CIKEG´+



Mferc|xa 8 reà ==

Ma uqc jec| ge rex|cmqgexc|ã la ¤HAG@CQN

LAJAKMA GAE@QA´' m–a}| }e zigik|ã la

re}}ax la g–ã|e| la `xiqra zcx|qag â magqc la

`xiqra xãag+ ]c qka rxancæxa xakmik|xa e

hcak aq gcaq eq rxck|anr} la 8252 ió g–ik

e neoixc|ecxanak| zq la} fiigcèk}' |iq|a}

ga} eq|xa} em|cik} ekkikmãa} jqxak| qkjce}mi+

H+ AV\XANA @EQMFA HAG@A

aV|xaNa ̀ eQMfa

cK]|c|Q|cIKKaGGa

Ak 8252' ga niqzanak| l–iqzax|qxa la}

rex|c} l–av|xïna ̀ eqmfa }–a}| riqx}qczc' gick

la g–e||c|qla la ¤}am|exc}na´ uqc' la g–ezaq

nïna la max|eck} xa}rik}ehga}' ezec|

mexem|ãxc}ã gaqx jikm|cikkanak| ek|ãxcaqx+

M–a}| lq nick} ga na}}eà uqa ga} ncgc|ek|}

}a }ik| e||emfã} â jecxa re}}ax' ak evek|

gaqx minnqkcme|cik }qx la} rxiri}c|cik}

rxãmc}a} a| mikmxæ|a}' zc}ek| ga uqi|clcak

cnnãlce| la} àk} a| eq |ik zigik|cax}

rirqgc}|a+ Cg xa}|a uqa g–fãxc|eà fc}|ixcuqa

ræ}a akmixa giqxl4 ga mqg|a lq }amxa| a|

ge nãjcekma â g–ãèxl la g–av|ãxcaqx }ik|

akmixa qka xãegc|ã hcak ekmxãa lek} ga}a}rxc|}+

Kãeknick}' ge kiqzagga }|xe|ã`ca nc}a

ak rgema cg s e uqaguqa} ekkãa} }anhga

xage|czanak| jxqm|qaq}a eq xaèxl la}

xã}qg|e|} akxa`c}|xã} rex g–av|xïna èqmfa

eqv ãgam|cik} gã`c}ge|cza} lq 5= oqck 8252+

Ak ajja|' ak minrexec}ik ezam ga} ãgam|cik}

ke|cikega} la 8220' qk rex|c |ag uqa ga

¤R\H$)RZLE´ e rxe|cuqanak| liqhgã

}ik }mixa' esek| mikzeckmq rgq} la mak|

ncgga ãgam|aqx} la zi|ax riqx }e gc}|a+ Cg a}|

lcjjcmcga la zãxcjcax ma uqa ma||a rxi`xa}}cik

lic| â ge mxc}a ãmikincuqa a| jckekmcæxa+ Ge

|aklekma lazxe likm ï|xa mikjcxnãa gix}

la} rximfecka} ãmfãekma} ãgam|ixega}+ Â

ma }qoa|' ga} ãgam|cik} minnqkega} la 8258

}axik| g–ihoam|cj rxcixc|ecxa la ma} rex|c} uqc

akzc}eàk| gaqx xüga a}}ak|cagganak| eq

kczaeq gimeg+

Eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg' ik raq| mik}|e|ax

uqa m–a}| }qx|iq| ge }igclexc|ã ezam ga

raqrga rega}|ckcak uqc e immqrã g–e||ak|cik

la} ncgc|ek|}+ G–immqre|cik a| ge jaxna|qxa

faxnã|cuqa la ge hekla la @ee rex C}xeäg

e ãèganak| mik|xchqã â g–ãmfeqjjanak| la}

a}rxc|}? la} em|czc}|a} l–av|xïna èqmfa

hagà} ik| rxc} rex| â lczax}a} em|cik} la

}igclexc|ã ke|cikega} a| ck|axke|cikega}' ezamminna rick| mqgnckek| ga xecl nix|ag }qx ge

¤JGI\CGGA LA @E_E´ ga =5 nec 8252+

Ge rxã}akma la uqaguqa} em|czc}|a} hagà}

}qx ga} he|aeqv lq mikzic e xalikkã qka

cnrqg}cik eq niqzanak| lek} ga} nic}

}qczek|}+ \iq|ajic}' kiq} mik}|e|ik} uqa'

â mü|ã la} em|cik} la }igclexc|ã ezam

ga raqrga rega}|ckcak' la rgq} ak rgq}

l–em|cik} la hismi||eà la} rxilqc|}

c}xeãgcak} }ik| ixèkc}ãa}+ Ga lxic| gã`c|cna

la }–irri}ax â ma uqc a}| raxàq minna

qka ckoq}|cma riqxxec| cmc ck|axjãxax ezam ga}

xage|cik} lcrgine|cuqa} la ki|xa res}+ Ak

iq|xa' g–e||ak|cik kãma}}ecxa e ã|ã rxï|ãa

â ge ri}}chga miggq}cik ak|xa g–av|xïna

èqmfa a| ga} ncgcaqv la g–c}genc}na xelcmeg?

ek|c}cikc}na a| ek|c}ãnc|c}na ik| rq lek}

max|eck} me} }axzcx la mcnak| riqx qka |agga

mikzaxàkma+

Ge zãkãxe|cik lik| oiqc}}ak| max|eck}

xã`cna} l–Enãxcuqa ge|cka a| l–eq|xa}



reà =< Mferc|xa 8

rex|ca} lq nikla ezec| lãoâ ã|ã mik}|e|ãa

larqc} rgq}caqx} ekkãa}+ Ma }ik| }qx|iq|

ga} lãzagirranak|} rigc|cuqa} la res}

minna ga Zakaqage' ge Higczca iq Mqhe

uqc ik| ã|ã }qczc} ezam e||ak|cik+ Eqmqk

mfekànak| la |aklekma k–e ã|ã mik}|e|ã

}qx ma rgek+

La nekcæxa jxerrek|a' a| â g–avmar|cik

raq|.ï|xa la ge `xekla nekcja}|e|cik la ge

Mikjãlãxe|cik aqxirãakka la} }sklcme|}

lq 83 }ar|anhxa 8252 ” rgemãa }iq} ga

}c`ka avmgq}cj la g–irri}c|cik eqv rgek}

l–ãrex`ka aqxirãak} ”' ge Rxã}clakma

hagà la g–Qkcik aqxirãakka lqxek| ga

}amikl }ana}|xa 8252 k–e re} ãzacggã qk

`xekl ck|ãxï| la ge rex| la g–av|xïna èqmfack}|c|q|cikkagga lek} ki|xa res}+

NIQZaNaK|] La ]IGcLexc|a

eZaM Ga] rxc]IKKcax]

xaZIGQ|cIKKecxa]

¤G–E]]IMCE\CIK LA] REXAK\] A\ ENC]

LA] RXC]IKKCAX] MINNQKC]\A])

]AMIQX] XIQ@A´ &ERERM)]X# a}|

qk minc|ã la }iq|cak riqx ga} rxc}ikkcax}‗xãzigq|cikkecxa}„ ak Aqxira a| jec| rex|ca lq

¤]AMIQX] XIQ@A CK\AXKE\CIKEG´

&]XC#+ ERERM)]X }iq|cak| ak rxancax

gcaq la} menre`ka} la }igclexc|ã ezam ma

uqa g–e}}imce|cik kinna la} rxc}ikkcax}

¤rigc|cuqa}´ ” m–a}|.â.lcxa la} rxc}ikkcax}

ek|cmerc|egc}|a}' ek|c.cnrãxcegc}|a} a|

ek|cje}mc}|a} ” lek} ga} res} ió ga}lcjjãxak|a} }am|cik} lq ]XC }ik| em|cza}+

Ge jc`qxa la rxiqa la ma||a ixèkc}e|cik

a}| Hax|xekl ]E]]ISA' ekmcak gaelax

lq `xiqranak| |axxixc}|a l–av|xïna

èqmfa ¤MAGGQGA] MINNQKC]\A]

MINHE\\EK\A]´ &MMM#+

Ak 8226' gix} la raxuqc}c|cik} ak C|egca mfa

la} ncgc|ek|} lq `xiqranak| |axxixc}|a la

èqmfa c|egcak ¤REX\C\I MINQKC]\E

RIGC\CMI.NCGC\EXA´ &RMRN#' la} rfi|i}

l–clak|c|ã la uqe|xa nanhxa} l–ERERM)]X

ik| ã|ã xa|xiqzãa}+ Ga 1 oqck la ge nïna

ekkãa' ma} laxkcax} ik| ã|ã exxï|ã} riqx

gaqx} mikkavcik} }qrri}ãa} ezam ga RMRN+

G–akuqï|a â ma }qoa| e ã|ã mgü|qxãa â ge jck la

g–ekkãa 8223 a| lãhq| 8252' ga} miklc|cik}

la ge gchãxe|cik miklc|cikkagga la} uqe|xa

ncgc|ek|} l–ERERM)]X ik| ã|ã gazãa}+ Ge

Mfenhxa lq Mik}acg lic| lã}ixnec} oqàx}–cg s e qka he}a }qjjc}ek|a riqx qk rximæ}

iq kik+ Ak oqck 8223' ga} uqe|ixa ckmqgrã}

lq RMRN ik| ã|ã miklenkã}+ Ga 8< oqck

8252' qk la} ckmqgrã} e ã|ã emuqc||ã ak

errag |eklc} uqa ga} |xaca eq|xa} ih|akecak|

qka gã`æxa lcnckq|cik la gaqx racka+ Lqxek|

ma rximæ} ak errag' rgq}caqx} nanhxa}

l–ERERM)]X ik| jec| ga ziseà ak C|egca

riqx rex|cmcrax eqv em|cik} la }igclexc|ã+

Ak 8252 minna ak 8223' ERERM)]X e

avãmq|ã qk max|eck kinhxa l–em|cik} }iq}

ge jixna la minnqkcuqã}' la rqhgcme|cik}



Mferc|xa 8 reà =1

a| la nekcja}|e|cik} ak jezaqx la

lcjjãxak|} ¤rxc}ikkcax} xãzigq|cikkecxa}´?

@aixà} Chxefcn EHLEGGEF' ga ncgc|ek|

lq `xiqranak| |axxixc}|a ¤JXEM\CIK]

EXNÃA] XAZIGQ\CIKKECXA]

GCHEKEC]A]´ &JEXG# miklenkã ak Jxekma

â ge rxc}ik â raxrã|qc|ã4 ga} nanhxa} lq`xiqranak| |axxixc}|a ¤EM\CIK LCXAM\A´

ãèganak| lã|akq} ak Jxekma4 g–ãmi.

ekexmfc}|a }qc}}a Nexmi MENAKC]MF

a| ga ncgc|ek| la} ¤HGEMD REK\FAX]´

miklenkã â nix|' Nqnce EHQ.OENEG+

La nekcæxa `ãkãxega' ga} ncgc|ek|} la

g–e}}imce|cik }–irri}ak| â ge gã`c}ge|cik

ek|c|axxixc}|a hagà a| aqxirãakka+ ]agik

g–ERERM)]X a| ga ]XC' ma} |av|a} la gic}–ck}mxczak| lek} qka |ak|e|cza `gihega

la xãlqcxa eq }cgakma ga} niqzanak|} la

mik|a}|e|cik rigc|cuqa a| }imcega+

Rcaxxa MEXA\\A' g–eq|xa ekmcak gaelax

la} MMM' uqc e jixnã ak 8220 }ik rxirxa

niqzanak| la }igclexc|ã ¤ MINC\Ã

]IGCLEXC\A . GCHAX\A ´' mik|ckqa

la }–akèàx riqx ga ncgc|ek| gchekec}

la} JEXG a| riqx ga} ncgc|ek|} akmixa

ckmexmãxã} l–¤EM\CIK LCXAM\A´+ Cg }a

xakl xã`qgcæxanak| ak Jxekma lek} ma hq|+

Ge mikzcm|cik |iqoiqx} zczema la}

rxi|eìkc}|a} la} laqv niqzanak|}

uqek| â ge kãma}}c|ã lq minhe| exnã riqx

mikmxã|c}ax ge xãzigq|cik minnqkc}|a' eck}c

uqa gaqx re}}ã |axxixc}|a' oq}|cjcak| ga }qczc

la gaqx} em|czc|ã} rex ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+ Kc

Rcaxxa MEXA\\A kc Hax|xekl ]E]]ISA

k–ik| lãgec}}ã gaqx ri}c|cikkanak|

clãigi`cuqa ek|ãxcaqx â gaqx exxa}|e|cik

ak 5361' minna ga rxiqzak| rgq}caqx}

ak|xa|cak} rexq} lek} ge rxa}}a+ La rgq}' gix}

la gaqx} lãrgemanak|} ck|axke|cikeqv' ma}

ncgc|ek|} ak|xak| ak mik|em| ezam l–eq|xa}

ekmcak} |axxixc}|a} iq }snre|fc}ek|} la

rax}ikka} miklenkãa} xãmannak| &iq

nick} xãmannak|# riqx |axxixc}na+

eKexMfc]Na

Ga} èqmfa} xelcmega} ik|' ak 8252'

mikjcxnã gaqx xa|iqx }qx ga lazek| la ge

}mæka+

Ge }rfæxa ekexmfc}|a' uqc ak mik}|c|qa

ge rex| a}}ak|cagga' }–a}| nihcgc}ãa }qx

lcjjãxak|a} uqa}|cik}+

\iq| l–ehixl' cg }anhga uqa g–ihoam|cjrxcixc|ecxa }ic| |iqoiqx} ge gq||a mik|xa ga}

mak|xa} jaxnã}+ Ak g–a}ræma' cg }–e`c}}ec|

rxckmcreganak| lq ¤580|xc}´' ak mik}|xqm|cik

â ]|aakiddaxaag+ Qka nqg|c|qla l–em|cik}

ik| eck}c zc}ã ga mfek|cax' }iq} ge jixna

la lã`xele|cik} lczax}a}+ Nec} ma }ik|

ãèganak| |iq|a} ga} ak|xarxc}a} rex|cmcrek|

la nekcæxa lcxam|a iq cklcxam|a â ma uqa

ga} em|czc}|a} erraggak| ge ¤nemfcka â

avrqg}ax´ uqc }ik| zc}ãa}' minna magga} uqc

jiqxkc}}ak| la} }axzcma} eqv mak|xa} jaxnã}

a| eqv rxc}ik} &ak|xa|cak' mik}|xqm|cik'

hekuqa' xa}|eqxe|cik' a|m+#+ Nïna ge ]imcã|ã

la} |xek}rix|} ck|axminnqkeqv hxqvaggic}

&]\CH# jec| g–ihoa| la zeklegc}na ak xec}ik

la} mik|xüga} uq–agga ixèkc}a' mik|xüga}

uqc lãhiqmfak| rexjic} }qx g–exxa}|e|cik la

}ek}.rercax}+

Ak}qc|a' cg errexeë| la rgq} ak rgq}

mgecxanak| uqa ga} niqzanak|} ekexmfc}|a}

ka }a mek|ikkak| re} lek} qka |fãne|cuqa



reà =: Mferc|xa 8

qkcuqa+ Ge }a`nak|e|cik la ge mik|a}|e|cik

xelcmega ak }rfæxa} l–em|cik} a}| }ek}

liq|a nick} rxã`kek|a uq–agga ka g–e ã|ã rex

ga re}}ã+ Max|eck} mgczeà} }ik| lazakq}

nick} ka|}' max|ecka} jxik|cæxa} rgq}

rixaq}a}+ La ge nïna nekcæxa uqa la}

ncgc|ek|} la} niqzanak|} la he}a re}}ak|zigik|cax} la g–ãmigi`ca â g–ek|cncgc|exc}na

iq eq lxic| la} ekcneqv' ga} rex|c}ek} la ge

gq||a xelcmega mik|xa ga }s}|æna riqxxik| }a

nekcja}|ax |ek|ü| minna ãmi.av|xãnc}|a}'

|ek|ü| minna irri}ek|} zcigak|} â g–I\EK+

Ga lãziqanak| â qka meq}a a}| la nick}

ak nick} avmgq}cj+

Akjck' ge }c|qe|cik â g–ã|xekàx a}| }qczca

la rxæ} rex ga} ncgc|ek|} a| ga} em|cik}

la }igclexc|ã ezam ga} ekexmfc}|a} `xam}

iq c|egcak} }ik| nikkeca miqxek|a+ Ga}

ãmfekà} a| ga} xakmik|xa} eq kczaeq

aqxirãak }ik| xã`qgcax} a| }ik| eq|ek| la

|ak|e|cza} la miixlikkax ge gq||a eq.lagâ

la} jxik|cæxa}+ M–a}| lq xa}|a eq nïna

àkxa la rxãimmqre|cik uq–ihãc}}ec|

g–akzic la kinhxaqv migc} rcã`ã} larqc}

ge @xæma ak kizanhxa 8252+ Maraklek|'

g–ekexmfc}na hagà ka mikkeë| re} qka|xelc|cik la zcigakma clak|cuqa â magga uqc

}ãzc| ak C|egca iq ak @xæma' nïna }–cg |cak|

â xerragax xã`qgcæxanak| }e }igclexc|ã ezam

ga} ¤menexela}´ la ma} res}+

Uqek| â ge Rxã}clakma hagà la g–Qkcik

aqxirãakka' e}}a lc}mxæ|a' agga k–e re}

likkã gcaq â la `xekla} nekcja}|e|cik} la}

èqmfa} xelcmega} ak Hag`cuqa+ Eqmqk la}

}inna|} ixèkc}ã} â Hxqvagga} iq ecggaqx}

k–e nc} ak ezek| la} }qoa|} }qjjc}ennak|

rix|aqx} riqx nihcgc}ax ak kinhxa ga}

ncgc|ek|} eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg+ Lek} ma}

miklc|cik}' ga rfãkinæka lq hgemd hgim'

uqc ezec| oiqc l–qk max|eck ãmfi nãlce|cuqa

lek} ge jiqgãa lq }inna| la g–I\EK â

]|xe}hiqx` ak 8223' k–e re} ã|ã ih}axzã }qx

ki|xa |axxc|icxa' iq }aqganak| la nekcæxa

nex`ckega+

`xIQra] L–eM|cIK

eK|c.eQ|Ixc|ecxa]

Rgq}caqx} `xiqra} l–em|cik ek|ceq|ixc|ecxa}

rex|eàk| ga} rxãimmqre|cik} la}

`xiqranak|} ekexmfc}|a}+ Minna aqv'

cg} }|c`ne|c}ak| ¤g–Ã|e| xãrxa}}cj´ a| ga

}s}|æna merc|egc}|a+ Minna aqv akmixa'

cg} rxczcgã`cak| qka ixèkc}e|cik kik

fcãxexmfc}ãa jiklãa }qx ga rxckmcra la ge

¤lãnimxe|ca la he}a´+ Neg`xã qka nihcgc|ãcnrix|ek|a la gaqx} nanhxa}' |iqoiqx}

lc}ri}ã} â re}}ax l–qka gq||a â g–eq|xa'

ga} `xiqra} l–em|cik} ek|ceq|ixc|ecxa} }a

}rãmcegc}ak| ak `ãkãxeg lek} qk mfenr

l–em|cik rex|cmqgcax minna g–ek|cncgc|exc}na'

g–ãmigi`ca' ga lxic| la} ekcneqv iq ga }iq|cak

eqv }ek}.rercax}+

Ge `xekla neoixc|ã la ma} niqzanak|}

rxczcgã`cak| g–em|cik lcxam|a kik zcigak|aa| ka xa}}ix|c}}ak| re} â g–av|xãnc}na

clãigi`cuqa+ Kãeknick}' max|eck} cklczclq}

iq `xiqranak|} rxãmikc}ak| g–q}eà la ge

zcigakma riqx jecxa ezekmax gaqx meq}a+

aV\Xãnc}na ekcnegcaX

G–ek laxkcax' kiq} ezik} mik}|e|ã qka

lcnckq|cik }c`kcjcme|cza lq kinhxa

l–ckmclak|} gcã} â g–em|czc}na ekcnegcax+

Ge |aklekma la 8226 a| 8223' qka

eq`nak|e|cik mik|ckqa lq kinhxa



Mferc|xa 8 reà =0

l–em|cik}' k–e likm re} ã|ã mikjcxnãa+ Ga}

xec}ik} }iq}.oemak|a} la ma||a ckzax}cik la

|aklekma ka }ik| re} ãzclak|a} eq rxancax

ehixl+

Â mü|ã la} jec|} lq 56 eiô| 8252' qka gchãxe|cik

la zc}ik} lek} ge minnqka jgenekla la

Eeg|ax' a| la g–em|cik la xamikkec}}ekma la

laqv em|czc}|a} ã|xekàx} nakãa ga 51 eiô|

8252 lek} qk ãgazeà zic}ck' eqmqk eq|xa

jec| ka }–a}| rxã}ak|ã uqc rqc}}a ï|xa mge}}ã

lek} ge me|ãìxca la ¤g–em|czc}na cggã`c|cna´+

Lqxek| ge rxancæxa nic|cã la g–ekkãa 8223'

eq mik|xecxa' |xic} em|cik} cggãèga} ezecak|

akmixa ã|ã mik}|e|ãa}+

Ga `xiqranak| ga rgq} zc}chga em|cj }qx ga

|axxeck lq lxic| la} ekcneqv ã|ec| akmixa ak

8252 ge ¤MIEGC\CIK EK\C ZCZC]AM\CIK´

&MEZ# iq ¤EK\CLCAXRXIAZAK

MIEGC\CA´ &ELM#' qka }mc}}cik hagì.

kãaxgeklec}a la ¤XA]RAM\ ZIIX

LCAXAK´+ Ki|xa ekegs}a la MEZ.ELM

a}| xa}|ãa ckzexcehga lek} ge lqxãa? cg

}–e`c| l–qk `xiqra la rax}ikka} e}}a

xa}|xack| nec} |xæ} ni|czã' uqc ixèkc}a

mik|ckqagganak| la} em|cik} lek} ga

xa}ram| eh}igq la ge gãègc|ã &}|ekl} ckji'

mfexczexc' renrfga|}' }c|a ck|axka| a| eq|xa}

rxa}|e|cik} nãlce|cuqa}#+ G–ekkãa laxkcæxa'

}e mchga rxckmcrega ã|ec| g–ak}anhga la}

ck}|c|q|cik} la xamfaxmfa la} qkczax}c|ã}

hagà} uqc q|cgc}ak| la} ekcneqv riqx gaqx}

avrãxcnak|e|cik} }mcak|cjcuqa}+

Cg ka jeq| maraklek| re} jecxa eh}|xem|cik lq

jec| uqa max|ecka} rax}ikka} uqc ixèkc}ak|

xã`qgcæxanak| la} em|cik} }iq} ge hekkcæxa

la MEZ.ELM ik| lãoâ aq ejjecxa â ge oq}|cma

riqx la} lãgc|} minnc} lek} ga melxa la

gaqx em|czc}na+ Ma} em|cik} mikmaxkak|

ãèganak|' ak|xa eq|xa}' la} gchãxe|cik}

la zc}ik}' nec} ik| |iqoiqx} aq gcaq }qx ga

|axxc|icxa kãaxgeklec} &ga} xa}rik}ehga}

ezecak| ãèganak| ge ke|cikegc|ã

kãaxgeklec}a#+ Erxæ} miqr' ELM ezec| rxc}

}a} lc}|ekma} ezam ma} em|czc}|a}+

M–a}| gâ ge xec}ik rxckmcrega riqx geuqagga

qka ixèkc}e|cik minna ELM a}| akmixa

}qczca rex ki|xa }axzcma? cg s e â g–ck|ãxcaqx

la ma||a }ix|a l–em|czc}na ¤}ck`ga c}}qa´

qk xc}uqa raxnekak| l–ckjcg|xe|cik rex la}

av|xãnc}|a}+ Ge rxe|cuqa g–e lãoâ rxiqzã â

la kinhxaq}a} xarxc}a}+

ek\cncgc\eXc}na

Minna mfeuqa ekkãa' g–e+}+h+g+

¤ZXALA]EM\CA´ e ixèkc}ã qka em|cik

¤hin}ri||ck`´+ Cg }–e`c| la lãkikmax ge

rxã}akma }qrri}ãa l–exna} kqmgãecxa} ak

Hag`cuqa rex qka em|cik la ne}}a' cggãèga

nec} kik zcigak|a' lazek| ga uqex|cax ̀ ãkãxeg

la g–I\EK iq lazek| qka he}a ncgc|ecxa

hagà+ Ak ezxcg 8252' ga} ncgc|ek|} ezecak|

ekkikmã gaqx zigik|ã la rãkã|xax }qx gehe}a la Dgacka Hxiàg' ma uqc e miklqc|

â g–exxa}|e|cik la rgq}caqx} mak|ecka} la

ncgc|ek|}+ Lek} ga} nic} rxãmãlak|}' max|eck}

em|czc}|a} ezecak| nqg|crgcã ga} ck|xq}cik} a|

|ak|e|cza} l–ck|xq}cik }qx ge he}a' ri}ek|

l–ãzclak|} rxihgæna} la }ãmqxc|ã+

ãMi.aV\Xãnc}na

Ak ne|cæxa l–ãmigi`ca' g–ãmfam la ge

mikjãxakma MIR 51 la Mirakfe`qa a|

g–eh}akma la rxc}a ak mfexà la ge uqa}|cik



reà =6 Mferc|xa 8

mgcne|cuqa eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg k–ik| re}

aq la mik}ãuqakma} mikmxæ|a} ki|ehga}

lq rick| la zqa la g–em|czc}na xelcmeg+ Ga}

`xiqra} ek|ceq|ixc|ecxa} ik| max|a} nik|xã

qk ck|ãxï| |xæ} mgecx riqx ge uqa}|cik' nec}

mage ka }–a}| re} |xelqc| rex g–ãnaxàkma

la `xiqranak|} |ag} uq–qk ¤AEX\FGCHAXE\CIK JXIK\´ minna ik g–ih}axza

fix} la ki} jxik|cæxa}+ Ge zc`cgekma }axe

kãeknick} la nc}a lek} ga} ekkãa} â

zakcx+

}iQ\cak XeLcMeg eQV }ek}.ReRcaX}

Lek} ga linecka lq }iq|cak eqv }ek}.

rercax} ãèganak|' }aqga qka nckixc|ã la

`xiqranak|} jxekmfc}}ak| ga re} la ge gq||azcigak|a+ Nec}' minna kiq} g–ezik} zq ak

ehixlek| g–ekexmfc}na' l–eq|xa} lãjaklak|

qka errximfa hcak rgq} xelcmega+

G–ixèkc}e|cik rex ga xã}aeq lq ¤KI

HIXLAX MENR´ cggq}|xa ma rxiri}+ ]c ge

rgqrex| la} ncgc|ek|} rxã}ak|} }qx rgema }–ak

}ik| |akq} â qka e||c|qla remcjc}|a' uqaguqa}.

qk} ik| rxijc|ã la ma xe}}anhganak| riqx

nakax la} irãxe|cik} la zeklegc}na aklcjjãxak|} aklxic|} la Hxqvagga}+

La nekcæxa `ãkãxega' ga} `xiqra} l–em|cik

ek|ceq|ixc|ecxa} }ik| |xezax}ã} rex qka

gc`ka la jxem|qxa ak|xa rex|c}ek} la g–em|cik

lcxam|a kik zcigak|a' gãèga iq cggãèga' a|

lãjak}aqx} la ge mikjxik|e|cik zcigak|a

ezam ga} eq|ixc|ã}+

Ga xc}uqa riqx g–ezakcx }axec| la zicx ga}

xek`} la ma} laxkcax} kiqxxc} rex ga} lãàq}

la g–errximfa remcjc}|a uqc mik}|e|axecak|' â

|ix| iq â xec}ik' ge }|e`ke|cik la gaqx meq}a+

8+ E G–A\XEK@AX? GA NIKLA \QXMI.DQXLA

Ak 8252' ge \qxuqca e mikkq qk max|eck

kinhxa l–ãzigq|cik} |ek| }qx ga rgek ck|ãxcaqx

uqa }qx ga rgek la }a} xage|cik} av|ãxcaqxa}+

E+ GA @IQZAXKANAK\ A\ G–AGC\A ]AMQGCAXA

Larqc} 8228' qka |ak}cik avc}|a ak|xa ga

ìqzaxkanak| c}}q lq rex|c mik}axze|aqx.

c}genc}|a lq Rxancax nckc}|xa Xamar \esscr

AXLI@EK' ¤ELEGA\ ZA DEGDCKNE

REX\C]C´ &EDR#' a| g–a}|ehgc}fnak| }ãmqgcax

rexnc gauqag }a xekàk| |xelc|cikkagganak|

ga} ck}|c|q|cik} |agga} uqa g–exnãa' ge oq}|cma

a| ge feq|a elnckc}|xe|cik+ Ma} laxkcæxa}}q}ram|ak| g–EDR l–ezicx ãgehixã qk

¤eàkle memfã´ ak zqa la rximãlax' â

|axna' â g–c}genc}e|cik la ge Xãrqhgcuqa la

\qxuqca+ Eq jcg la} ekkãa}' ik e rq ih}axzax

qk `gc}}anak| mik}|ek| la g–ãuqcgchxa la}

jixma} ak oaq eq lã|xcnak| la ma||a ãgc|a

|xelc|cikkagga geéuqa+ Ga rgq} xanexuqehga

lek} ma rxima}}q} a}| ge lcnckq|cik

lq riqzicx la g–exnãa uqc' larqc} lakinhxaq}a} ekkãa}' lã|akec| qka `xekla

ckjgqakma lek} ge zca rigc|cuqa a| }imcega

ak \qxuqca+ Ga ìqzaxkanak| mfaxmfa

eck}c â }–cnri}ax |iqoiqx} lezek|eà ak

emmak|qek| }ik ckjgqakma }qx ga} rxima}}q}

rigc|cuqa} a| }imceqv zc}ek| ki|ennak| ga}

ncgc|ecxa}+ Ma||a miqx}a â ge lincke|cik }–a}|

ak nïna |anr} ã|aklqa eqv |xchqkeqv lq

res} lazek| ga}uqag} qk `xekl kinhxa

la ncgc|ecxa} a| ncgc|ecxa} ak xa|xec|a }ik|

emmq}ã} l–ezicx jinak|ã qk minrgi| ak zqa

la xakzax}ax ga riqzicx ak rgema+



Mferc|xa 8 reà =3

Ma||a ejjecxa gec}}a â rak}ax uqa g–exnãa'

lek} ge }imcã|ã' k–e oenec} mikkq qka

cneà eq}}c kãè|cza+

Ga 58 }ar|anhxa 8252' rxãmc}ãnak| =2 ek}

erxæ} ga miqr l–A|e| ncgc|ecxa la 5362' g–EDR

xanrix|a ge zcm|icxa gix} l–qk xãjãxaklqn

}qx ge xãzc}cik la ge Mik}|c|q|cik uqc læ} gix}

jxe`cgc}a akmixa lezek|eà ge ri}c|cik la}

ncgc|ecxa}+ Ma |xcinrfa mik}qg|e|cj likka

eq ìqzaxkanak| qk kiqzag ãgek riqx

ak|xarxaklxa ga} xãjixna} uqc ehiq|cxik|

zxec}anhgehganak| â ge riqx}qc|a la}

xa}rik}ehga} la ma||a zaggãc|ã la miqr

l–A|e|+

H+ G–QKCIK AQXIRAAKKA

Hcak uqa rgq}caqx} ih}axze|aqx} mik}clæxak|

uqa ga xamqg la g–ckjgqakma la g–exnãa |qxuqa

a}| qk ihoam|cj }|xe|ã`cuqa la g–EDR lek}

}ik rxima}}q} l–c}genc}e|cik la ge \qxuqca'

ma rfãkinæka a}| ak nïna |anr}

raxàq minna qka lãnexmfa kãma}}ecxa

riqx ir|cnc}ax ga} mfekma} la ge \qxuqca

l–ck|ã`xax â |axna g–Qkcik aqxirãakka+

G–fã}c|e|cik la g–QA a| ge xã}c}|ekma errqsãal–qk max|eck kinhxa l–A|e|} nanhxa} zc}.

â.zc} l–qka |agga ck|ã`xe|cik ik| jckc rex

ãniq}}ax g–ak|fiq}ce}na aqxirãak ckc|ceg

|qxm+ Ga ìqzaxkanak| |qxm |cak| |iqoiqx}

a| akmixa jaxnanak| qk lc}miqx} }agik

gauqag g–elfã}cik la ge \qxuqca xãrikl â

qk ihoam|cj }|xe|ã`cuqa' nec} g–ezekmanak|

zãxc|ehga la} kãìmce|cik} a}| maraklek|

|xæ} gak|+ Jck oqck 8252' }iq} ge rxã}clakma

a}re`kiga' g–QA e iqzax| qk 5=æna

mferc|xa |fãne|cuqa lek} ma} riqxrexgax}

l–elfã}cik+ Lqxek| ge rxã}clakma hagà

la g–QA' lqxek| ga laqvcæna }ana}|xa' qk

5<æna mferc|xa k–e rq ï|xa ehixlã+

M+ AKOAQV ]\XE\A@CUQA]

Ge meklcle|qxa raq ak|fiq}ce}|a la ge

\qxuqca riqx elfãxax â g–Qkcik aqxirãakka

}anhga ï|xa ga }snr|üna l–qk rfãkinæka

rgq} rxijikl' â }ezicx qk res} uqc rxakl la

rgq} ak rgq} }a} lc}|ekma} rex xerrix| â }a}

eggcã} |xelc|cikkag} |ag} g–Aqxira' ga} A|e|}.

Qkc} a| C}xeäg' a| uqc xa}}axxa }a} gcak} ezam

ga} res} zic}ck}+ Ma||a }|xe|ã`ca' uqc e}rcxa

eq ¤axi rxihgan} pc|f kac`fhiqx}´' e riqx

hq| la ri}ax ga} he}a} l–qka }qrxãne|ca

xã`cikega la ge \qxuqca eq Nisak.Ixcak|+

Ak iq|xa' ga ìqzaxkanak| k–fã}c|a re}â ak|xa|akcx la hikka} xage|cik} ezam

la} res} nc} eq hek la ge minnqkeq|ã

ck|axke|cikega minna g–Cxek iq ge ]sxca+

Ma||a e||c|qla cklãraklek|a jec| }iqxmcggax

la kinhxaqv eggcã} |xelc|cikkag}+ Avri}ãa

â ge mxc|cuqa' ge \qxuqca errexeë| minna qk

rex|akecxa zax}e|cga' zicxa }q}ram|+

L+ XAGE\CIK] EZAM C]XEAG

Ge kiqzagga rigc|cuqa ck|axke|cikega lqìqzaxkanak| |qxm k–e oenec} ã|ã eq}}c

}ãzæxa uqa lek} }a} xage|cik} ezam C}xeäg+

Lek} qk re}}ã xãmak|' ga ìqzaxkanak|

la Xamar \esscr AXLI@EK e mxc|cuqã' â

rgq}caqx} xarxc}a}' ga} em|cik} l–C}xeäg â

g–ãèxl la ge rirqge|cik rega}|ckcakka+ Jck

nec 8252' ga} xage|cik} ak|xa ga} laqv res}

ik| e||ack| gaqx kczaeq ga rgq} he}' gix}uqa

ga mikzic fqnekc|ecxa ¤@E_E JXAALIN

JGI\CGGE´' ejjxã|ã lek} ga hq| la na||xa

jck eq hgimq} la ge hekla la @ee' e ã|ã

rxc} l–e}}eq| rex ge nexcka c}xeãgcakka+



reà <2 Mferc|xa 8

Ma||a ck|axzak|cik e ak|xeëkã ge nix| la kaqj

nanhxa} la g–ãuqcreà fqnekc|ecxa &fqc|

\qxm} a| qk Enãxcmeck l–ixc`cka |qxuqa#+ Ge

mik|xizax}a `ãkãxãa rex ma| ãzãkanak| e

mik}clãxehganak| aklinne`ã ga} xage|cik}

hcge|ãxega} ak|xa laqv res} uqc' cg s e raq

la |anr} akmixa' ak|xa|akecak| qka }igclaeggcekma ncgc|ecxa+

A+ G–¤IQZAX\QXA LANIMXE\CUQA´

Ak 8223 }–a}| enixmã qk lãàg lek} ga}

xage|cik} ak|xa ge Xãrqhgcuqa la \qxuqca a|

}e rirqge|cik dqxla+ Ga ìqzaxkanak| e

rximgenã qk ak}anhga la na}qxa} zc}ek| â

emmixlax lezek|eà la gchax|ã} mqg|qxagga}

a| la ri}}chcgc|ã} ãmikincuqa} eqv Dqxla}+Ma||a ckc|ce|cza' erragãa ckc|ceganak|

¤g–ckc|ce|cza dqxla´' eqxec| lô xerclanak|

}–ã|aklxa eq}}c eqv eq|xa} nckixc|ã} lq

res} a| ï|xa xaher|c}ãa la jeàik rgq}

`ãkãxcuqa ¤Iqzax|qxa lãnimxe|cuqa´+

E ge }qc|a la lczax} ãzækanak|}' ma

rxima}}q} lazec| |iq|ajic} }a xa|xiqzax'

jck 8223' lek} qka cnre}}a+ Ak nec 8252'

ga ¤REX\CSE DEXDAXAK DQXLC]\EK´

&RDD# e ekkikmã ge jck la }ik ma}}a.ga.jaqqkcge|ãxeg+ Qka kiqzagga rãxcila }ek`gek|a

}–ak a}| }qczca a| g–ckc|ce|cza la recv }–a}|

xa|xiqzãa minrxinc}a+

\iq|ajic}' ga 5= eiô| 8252' ga RDD lãmxã|ec|

qk kiqzaeq ma}}a.ga.jaq lek} g–e||ak|a la

ge |akqa la} ãgam|cik} rexganak|ecxa} la oqck

8255+ G–ixèkc}e|cik e lãmgexã eck}c ziqgicx

gec}}ax qka mfekma eqv kãìmce|cik}+

Cg }anhga uq–â g–c}}qa lq xãjãxaklqn lq 58

}ar|anhxa 8252 uqc' neg`xã ga hismi|| la}

xã`cik} â jix|a nckixc|ã dqxla' }–a}| }iglã

rex qk }qmmæ} riqx ga ìqzaxkanak|' magqc.

mc zaqcgga eqoiqxl–fqc likkax qka kiqzagga

cnrqg}cik â }ik rxioa| l– ¤Iqzax|qxa

lãnimxe|cuqa´+

J+ EM\CIK RIGCMCAXA AK HAG@CUQA

Ga < nex} 8252' eq |axna l–qka akuqï|a la

gik`qa fegacka }qx ga} }|xqm|qxa} a| em|czc|ã}

lq RDD ak Hag`cuqa' qka irãxe|cik rigcmcæxa

la `xekla akzax`qxa }–a}| lãxiqgãa' eq

miqx} la geuqagga rgq}caqx} e}}imce|cik} a|

lincmcga} rxczã} ik| ã|ã raxuqc}c|cikkã} a|

rgq}caqx} rax}ikka} exxï|ãa}+ Ma||a em|cik

zc}ec|' ak|xa eq|xa}' la} cklczclq} }q}ram|ã}

l–ï|xa cnrgcuqã} lek} ga xamxq|anak| la

minhe||ek|} eq rxijc| la ge hxekmfa exnãalq RDD' ga} }|xqm|qxa} jckekmcæxa} la

g–ixèkc}e|cik a| la} nanhxa} lcxcàek|}+

Ge |ãgãzc}cik dqxla ¤XIO \Z´' irãxek|

larqc} Laklaxgaaqp' a| ge xelci ¤LAK@A

NA_IRI\ENSE´ ik| ãèganak| ã|ã

raxuqc}c|cikkãa}+ G–ck}|xqm|cik oqlcmcecxa a}|

|iqoiqx} ak miqx} a| lazxec| }a mgü|qxax lek}

ga miqxek| la g–ekkãa 8255+

=+ E G–A\XEK@AX? G–ENAXCUQA GE\CKA

G–ekkãa 8252 e mikjcxnã g–cnrix|ekma

mxic}}ek|a la g–Enãxcuqa ge|cka }qx ge

}mæka niklcega+ Ak ajja|' rgq}caqx} res}

ge|cki.enãxcmeck} |ag} uqa ga Hxã}cg a|

g–Exàk|cka }–ejjcxnak| la rgq} ak rgq}

minna la} rqc}}ekma} ãmikincuqa}

a| lcrgine|cuqa} â ka re} rxaklxa â ge

gã`æxa' lek} ge xã`cik nec} ãèganak|

eq.lagâ la magga.mc+ E mik|xexci' l–eq|xa}

ãzãkanak|} rgq} rxãimmqrek|} ik| cggq}|xã



Mferc|xa 8 reà <5

ge xage|cza cnrqc}}ekma la max|eck} A|e|}

ge|cki.enãxcmeck} jema â la} ixèkc}e|cik}

mxcnckagga} av|xïnanak| zcigak|a}' eck}c

uqa g–ckuqcã|ek|a zige|cgc|ã la ge rigc|cuqa

ck|axka lek} l–eq|xa} res} la ge xã`cik+

Rex mik}ãuqak|' nïna }c g–Enãxcuqa

ge|cka k–e ma||a ekkãa akmixa re} ã|ã ge

}iqxma la nakema} }ãxcaq}a} mik|xa ge

}ôxa|ã ck|ãxcaqxa la g–A|e| a| ge rãxakkc|ã la

g–ixlxa lãnimxe|cuqa a| mik}|c|q|cikkag la

ge Hag`cuqa' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }a lic| la

xa}|ax â g–ãmiq|a la} rxihgãne|cuqa} ge|cki.

enãxcmecka} lek} ge na}qxa ió magga}.mc

ka }ik| re} }ek} mik}ãuqakma} }qx ki|xa

|axxc|icxa+

Lqxek| g–ekkãa 8252' m–a}| â kiqzaeq ge

rxã}akma ak Hag`cuqa la ncgc|ek|} l–av|xïna

èqmfa l–ixc`cka ge|cki.enãxcmecka . lik|

max|eck} }snre|fc}ek|} l–ixèkc}e|cik}

mik}clãxãa} minna |axxixc}|a} rex g–Qkcik

aqxirãakka . a| ga} gcak} uqa ma} ncgc|ek|}

ak|xa|cakkak| ezam ga} `xiqranak|}

l–av|xïna èqmfa hagà} uqc ik| ã|ã qk

}qoa| la rxãimmqre|cik riqx ki|xa }axzcma+

aV\Xanc}na Xagc`caQV

5+ C]GEN CK]\C\Q\CIKKAG

\iq| minna ga} ekkãa} rxãmãlak|a}'

8252 e ã|ã nexuqãa rex g–ck`ãxakma la

rqc}}ekma} ã|xek`æxa} a| la `xiqranak|}

xelcmeqv c}gencuqa} lek} g–c}gen

ck}|c|q|cikkag+ Ga jikm|cikkanak| la

g–¤AVAMQ\CJ LA] NQ]QGNEK] LA

HAG@CUQA´ e ki|ennak| ã|ã ge mchga la

ma} em|czc|ã} l–ck`ãxakma+ Ki|xa }axzcma e

xaklq minr|a la ma||a rxihgãne|cuqa la

nekcæxa mik|ckqa eq nckc}|xa la ge Oq}|cma+

Lczax} em|aqx} eq }ack la g–c}gen

ck}|c|q|cikkag' s minrxc} uqaguqa}

rqc}}ekma} ã|xek`æxa} a| max|eck} ncgcaqv

xelcmeqv' ik| }qczc ezam `xekla e||ak|cik

ga} lãhe|} a| xãjgavcik} ak|enã} eq

}qoa| la} nilegc|ã} la xakiqzagganak|

la g–ixèka lq mqg|a c}gencuqa+ Eq miqx}

la g–ekkãa 8252' uqaguqa} em|aqx} ik|

e}rcxã â qk xakiqzagganak| uqc mikjãxaxec|

eqv ni}uqãa} a| eqv jãlãxe|cik} la

ni}uqãa} qka ri}c|cik lã|axnckek|a'

egix} uqa l–eq|xa} emmixlecak| lezek|eà

l–cnrix|ekma â g–ixèkc}e|cik l–ãgam|cik}

`ãkãxega} lek} ge minnqkeq|ã c}gencuqa+Eqmqk mik}ak}q} k–e rq ï|xa lãè`ã ak

8252+ La} rqc}}ekma} ã|xek`æxa} a| qk

`xiqranak| |qxm xelcmeg }a }ik| ck`ãxã}

lek} ga} }|xqm|qxa} la g–c}gen ck}|c|q|cikkag

riqx |ak|ax l–cnri}ax gaqx} zqa}+

Ak ma uqc mikmaxka g–ezakcx' cg a}| raxnc}

l–ejjcxnax uq–qka |agga ck`ãxakma' }q}mar|chga

l–ckjgqakmax lek} qka gexà na}qxa' zicxa

la mik|xexcax' ga jikm|cikkanak| la g–ixèka

lq mqg|a c}gencuqa' ka raxlxe max|eckanak|

re} ak ck|ak}c|ã+ Cg a}| â ki|ax uqa ge

lãmc}cik jckega mikmaxkek| ga} nilegc|ã} la

xakiqzagganak| raq| ezicx qk cnrem| neoaqx

}qx g–ãzigq|cik jq|qxa lek} ki|xa res} |ek|

la g–c}gen ck}|c|q|cikkag uqa la g–c}gen lek}

}ik ak}anhga+

8+ AV\XANC]NA C]GENCUQA

Minna ga} ekkãa} rxãmãlak|a}'

g–av|xãnc}na c}gencuqa e jec| g–ihoa| l–qka

e||ak|cik |iq|a rex|cmqgcæxa la ki|xa



reà <8 Mferc|xa 8

}axzcma ak 8252+ Ga} lãzagirranak|}

}qx ga |axxeck ik| oq}|cjcã qka }qxzacggekma

mik|ckqa a| errxijiklca a| ik| jec| g–ihoa|

l–qka jxãuqak|a mixxa}riklekma ezam la}

rex|akecxa} av|axka}+

Ga} |aklekma} errexqa} ma} laxkcæxa}

ekkãa} }a }ik| neck|akqa} ak 8252+ Ga

lãzagirranak| lq }egejc}na e mik}|c|qã qk

ãgãnak| nexuqek| â ma| ãèxl+ Ga }egejc}na

a}| qk miqxek| c}gencuqa xãem|cikkecxa

uqc ak|akl e}}qoa||cx ge zca cklczclqagga a|

}imcega rex g–cnri}c|cik la xæ`ga} }|xcm|a}+ Cg

}–irri}a â g–ixlxa oqxclcuqa lãnimxe|cuqa'

eq }s}|æna oqxclcuqa immclak|eg a| â

g–ck|ã`xe|cik la} nq}qgnek} lek} ge }imcã|ã

immclak|ega+ Rxã}ak| rex|iq| lek} ga nikla'

cg a}| ãèganak| cnrgek|ã ak Hag`cuqa+ Ge

lczax}c|ã uqc mexem|ãxc}a ga }egejc}na }qx ga

rgek a|fkcuqa ka }a xa|xiqza lek} eqmqk

eq|xa miqxek| av|xãnc}|a c}gencuqa+ Lek}

ki|xa res}' ga} ncgcaqv }egejc|a} minr|ak|

rex avanrga lek} gaqx xek`} la} Exeha}'

la} Haxhæxa}' la} Hagà} mikzax|c} eck}c

uqa l–eq|xa} Aqxirãak}' la} Ge|cki.

Enãxcmeck}' Ejxcmeck}' Hi}kceuqa}' \qxm}

a| \mfã|mfæka}+ Ak 8252' la} clãigi`qa}}egejc|a} c|ckãxek|} ixc`ckecxa} l–Aqxira'

la} A|e|}.Qkc} l–Enãxcuqa' l–Ejxcuqa lq

Kixl' lq Nisak.Ixcak| a| la g–Av|xïna.

Ixcak| }a }ik| xaklq} lek} ki|xa res}

riqx }–elxa}}ax â qk rqhgcm zexcã minri}ã

la }snre|fc}ek|} |ek| oaqka} uqa la rgq}

è`ã}+

Ak 8252' m–a}| }qx|iq| g–ãnaxàkma la

¤]FEXCE<HAG@CQN´ uqc e e||cxã g–e||ak|cik

la ge }imcã|ã' ki|ennak| ak xec}ik la}

em|cik} rqhgcuqa} a| jix|anak| rxizime|xcma}

lq `xiqranak|+ Ge rxirak}cik la

¤]FEXCE<HAG@CQN´ â }–ejjcxnax la

nekcæxa ncgc|ek|a }a lãnexuqa lek} ga}

ncgcaqv }egejc|a} rex }ik mexem|æxa rqxanak|

a| }cnrganak| e|srcuqa+ Ak uqaguqa} nic}'

¤]FEXCE<HAG@CQN´ e xãq}}c â }a fc}}ax

eq xek` lq `xiqranak| }egejc|a ga rgq}

avrxa}}cj rxã}ak| }qx |axxc|icxa hagà' q}ek|l–Ck|axka| a| l–em|czc|ã} la rxireèkla

riqx rxija}}ax rqhgcuqanak| }a} clãa}'

k–fã}c|ek| re} â ck|cnclax ga} fã|ãxiliva}

a| â rax|qxhax g–ixlxa rqhgcm+ Ki|ik} â ma|

ãèxl uqa ga }c|a Ck|axka| lq `xiqranak| }a

gczxa â la ge rxireèkla `xe|qc|a ak jezaqx

l–clãigi`qa} |axxixc}|a} ck|axke|cikeqv |ag}

uqa Ehq Nqfennel EG NEULC]]C iq

akmixa Ekpex EG EPGEDC' xamfaxmfã }qx

ga rgek ck|axke|cikeg+ Lek} ma mik|av|a' ga}mik}ãuqakma} ak |axna} la xelcmegc}e|cik

raqzak| }–ezãxax ri|ak|cagganak|

lã}e}|xaq}a}+

L–eq|xa rex|' g–clãigi`ca lc|a \edjcx e

è`kã ak cnrix|ekma eq }ack la ge }mæka

av|xãnc}|a c}gencuqa hagà ak 8252+ Ma||a

clãigi`ca rxüka g–avminnqkcme|cik la}

nq}qgnek} lc}}clak|}+ Cg }–e`c| gâ l–qk

ãgãnak| ckuqcã|ek| minr|a |akq lq jec|uqa g–e}}e}}cke| la} fãxã|cuqa} mik}|c|qa

qk rxckmcra emmar|ehga riqx ga} rex|c}ek}

la g–clãigi`ca \edjcx+ Rgq} `ãkãxeganak|'

ma} laxkcax} mik}clæxak| ga xamiqx} â ge

zcigakma minna qk nisak gã`c|cna a|

irrix|qk lek} max|ecka} mcxmik}|ekma}+

Ga} ncgcaqv \edjcx minr|ecak| g–ek re}}ã

uqaguqa} lcecka} la nanhxa} la lczax}a}

ixc`cka} a|fkcuqa} ezam' â gaqx em|cj' la}

em|czc|ã} la rxireèkla' la} jixne|cik}

xagc`caq}a} a| la} enhc|cik} }qx ga rgek la

g–ixèkc}e|cik+ Cg} mik}|c|qak| qk miqxek|



Mferc|xa 8 reà <=

uqc' hcak uqa xage|czanak| nex`ckeg a| c}igã'

|akl â rxaklxa la g–enrgaqx }qx ge }mæka

av|xãnc}|a c}gencuqa hagà+ Gaqx clãigi`ca

av|xãnc}|a a| ncgc|ek|a jec| jqcx ga} nq}qgnek}

uqc ka ge rex|eàk| re}+ G–avc}|akma la

xã}aeqv \edjcx ckjixnag} iq lezek|eà

jixnag} }–a}| cnri}ãa â g–ãzclakma ak8252+ Ga mikmar| la \edjcx }–a}| nqã eq

|axna la ma} laxkcæxa} ekkãa} ak qk

zimehga inkcrxã}ak| lek} ga lc}miqx} la}

av|xãnc}|a} nq}qgnek}+ Ga} av|xãnc}|a}

uqc ka mikjæxak| re} qka rgema mak|xega â

ma mikmar| ak |ek| uqa |ag }–ak rxãimmqrak|

ãèganak|+ Cg e la nïna jec| }ik errexc|cik

lek} ga} lãhe|} clãigi`cuqa}' ió cg a}| mc|ã

minna qk ãgãnak| rãoixe|cj+

G–ek re}}ã' ga} ncgcaqv av|xãnc}|a}

c}gencuqa} ik| }qczc ezam e||ak|cik ga

lãhe| rigc|cuqa }qx g–ck|axlcm|cik lq rix| la}

lczax}a} jixna} la zicga ck|ã`xeg &hqxuqe'

kcuqeh#+ ]qx ga rgek ke|cikeg' ga} ncgcaqv

av|xãnc}|a} ik| jec| rxaqza l–qka xage|cza

kaq|xegc|ã lek} gaqx} xãem|cik}' â g–avmar|cik

la max|eck} }egejc|a} uqc ik| ncgc|ã mik|xa

qka ri}}chga ck|axlcm|cik lq zicga ck|ã`xeg'

uq–cg} ik| lãmgexã ka re} ziqgicx xa}ram|axlek} g–ãzak|qegc|ã la }e nc}a ak iaqzxa+

Max|eck} }egejc|a} ik| lc| akzc}eàx qka

nc`xe|cik zax} qk res} c}gencuqa ak me}

l–ck|axlcm|cik ajjam|cza+ Ak xec}ik la ma

lãhe| rigc|cuqa' ga Hag`cuqa e' }qx ga rgek

ck|axke|cikeg' e||cxã g–e||ak|cik la uqaguqa}

ãgãnak|} av|xãnc}|a} c}gencuqa} uqc ik|

rxijãxã la} nakema} `ãkãxega} mik|xa

ki|xa res}+ Kinhxa la ncgcaqv nq}qgnek}

rex|eàecak| ak ajja| ge mikzcm|cik uqa

g–ck|axlcm|cik la ge hqxuqe mik}|c|qec| qka

na}qxa lãoâ ak zc`qaqx a| uqc |xelqc}ec| læ}

gix} ak rex|ca ge rigc|cuqa immclak|ega la

|iq|a ãzclakma fi}|cga â g–c}gen+


ge xelcmegc}e|cik lek} ga} ck}|c|q|cik}

rãkc|ak|cecxa} hagà} k–e re} ri}ã la

rxihgæna neoaqx ak 8252' â g–avmar|cik

la uqaguqa} me} lezek|eà gcã} â la}

cklczclq}+ Ki|xa }axzcma e ã|ehgc qka

mikmax|e|cik }|xqm|qxagga ezam ge lcxam|cik

`ãkãxega la} A|ehgc}}anak|} rãkc|ak|cecxa}

a| l–eq|xa} rex|akecxa} mikmaxkek| ma||a

rxihgãne|cuqa+ Cg e rex|cmcrã â la} xãjgavcik}

}qx ga }qoa| eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg+

G–av|xãnc}na c}gencuqa ka raxlxe re}

ak cnrix|ekma â g–ezakcx+ Rex ecggaqx}' ga}

enhc|cik} uqa kiqxxc}}ak| ga} av|xãnc}|a}

nq}qgnek} avaxmaxik| qka ckjgqakma

kãè|cza }qx g–ck|ã`xe|cik la} nq}qgnek}

lek} ge }imcã|ã immclak|ega+ Cg k–a}|

re} â avmgqxa uqa max|eck} av|xãnc}|a}

nq}qgnek} }a nik|xak| â g–ezakcx

iqzax|anak| jezixehga} â ge zcigakma' â

geuqagga cg} k–fã}c|axik| re} â xamiqxcx+ Cg

a}| mgecx uqa ga} lãzagirranak|} lek} ga}

ncgcaqv av|xãnc}|a} la ki|xa res} ka lazxik|l–ecggaqx} re} ï|xa zq} minna lã|emfã} la

maqv la} eq|xa} res} aqxirãak}+

=+ GA] HEGDEK] IMMCLAK\EQV

MIK\AV\A

Ak oqcgga| 8252' ge Miqx ck|axke|cikega

la Oq}|cma e mikmgq uqa ge lãmgexe|cik

l–cklãraklekma lq Di}izi ka zcigec| re} ga

lxic| ck|axke|cikeg+ Ma| ezc} k–e maraklek|

re} ak|xeëkã la }qxakmfæxa la ge rex|ca

}axha+ ]c ga} e}rcxe|cik} aqxirãakka} la



reà << Mferc|xa 8

ma} laqv A|e|} oiqak| ãzclannak| qk xüga

cnrix|ek|' cg }anhga likm uqa ma }ic| ga

rxe`ne|c}na uqc rxãzega la rex| a| l–eq|xa+

La} rxi`xæ} ik| ã|ã xãegc}ã} ak 8252 lek}

ga} xage|cik} ak|xa ga oaqka A|e| di}izex a|

ge ]axhca+ Nec} ge }c|qe|cik a}| gick l–ï|xa

kixnegc}ãa a| ga} rick|} la jxcm|cik} }ik|

kinhxaqv+ Ak iq|xa' ga mxcna ixèkc}ã a|

ge mixxqr|cik xæ`kak| akmixa ak neë|xa eq

Di}izi a| rxæ} la }a} jxik|cæxa}+

Ga} gaelax} rigc|cuqa} }axha} a| di}izex}

eq riqzicx rexzcakkak| oq}uq–â rxã}ak| â

rxãzakcx |iq|a a}megela+ Ga} |ak}cik} }ik|

kãeknick} |iqoiqx} rxã}ak|a} a| mfeuqa

rxizime|cik iq ckmclak| raq| ak|xeëkax qkalekàxaq}a a}megela+ Minna ge Hag`cuqa

ehxc|a qka cnrix|ek|a minnqkeq|ã

eghekirfika' ki|xa }axzcma |ak|a la }qczxa

eq ncaqv ma} ãzigq|cik}+

G–avanr|cik la zc}e â g–ak|xãa lek} g–Qkcik

aqxirãakka lãmclãa ak lãmanhxa 8223

ak jezaqx la} xa}}ix|c}}ek|} }axha}'

nik|ãkã`xck} a| nemãlikcak} e ak|xeëkã

ak 8252 qka kiqzagga ze`qa l–cnnc`xe|cikzax} ga} res} la g–Qkcik ió ga} lce}rixe}

eghekirfika} }ik| cnrix|ek|a}' ki|ennak|

ge Hag`cuqa+ Ge }c|qe|cik riqxxec| ijjxcx la

kiqzagga} irrix|qkc|ã} â la} xã}aeqv

nejcaqv iq la} `xiqranak|} av|xãnc}|a}+

AV\XANC]NA C]GENCUQA LEK]GA] HEGDEK] IMMCLAK\EQV

Ak ne|cæxa l–c}genc}na xelcmeg lek} ga}

Hegdek} immclak|eqv' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|

rix|a qka e||ak|cik rxcixc|ecxa â ge rxã}akma

ãzak|qagga }qx ga |axxc|icxa hagà l–c}genc}|a}

xelcmeqv ixc`ckecxa} la ma||a xã`cik' a| rgq}

rex|cmqgcæxanak| la Hi}kca.Faxãìzcka+

Mikmaxkek| g–ekkãa 8252' }c`kegik}

g–irãxe|cik nakãa ga 8 jãzxcax â @ixkoe

Neime rex ga} eq|ixc|ã} hi}kceuqa}+ Ma||a

irãxe|cik e miklqc| â g–exxa}|e|cik la

Kq}xa| CNENIZCM' gaelax ckjixnag la ge

niqzekma |edjcxc ak Hi}kca.Faxãìzcka'

a| jq| lãmclãa ak xãrik}a â g–ck}iqnc}}cik

la} fehc|ek|} lq zcggeà â ge mik}|c|q|cik a|

eqv gic} hi}kceuqa}+

\aXXiXc}na

5+ \akLekMa} ak 8252G–e||c|qla l–¤EG.UEÉLE´ zc}.â.zc} la

g–Aqxira a| la} ck|ãxï|} aqxirãak} k–e

re} jikmcæxanak| mfek`ã ak 8252+ Ge

kãhqgaq}a |axxixc}|a e mik|ckqã la rgekcjcax

la} em|cik} akzax} ga} res} aqxirãak}

clak|cjcã} minna akkanc} la g–C}gen'

uq–cg} }icak| rxã}ak|} lek} ga} ika} la

mikjgc| exnã iq uq–cg} ¤ck}qg|ak|´ g–c}gen'

ak ck|axlc}ek| ga rix| zicga ck|ã`xeg &hqxuqe'

kcuqeh# iq ak eq|ixc}ek| ga} mexcme|qxa}

la Nefina|+ Kiq} zisik} ak ma||a

nakema qka ckzc|e|cik' a| qka gã`c|cne|cik'

riqx ga} ixèkc}e|cik} ejjcgcãa} la rex

ga nikla â ¤EG.UEÉLE´' â rxaklxa ga}

res} aqxirãak}' a| likm ge Hag`cuqa' riqx

mchga la gaqx} em|czc|ã} la xamxq|anak|'

jckekmanak|' akgæzanak|' e||ak|e|'+++

Ma} ckjixne|cik} ik| ã|ã gexànak|

minnak|ãa} rex ge rxa}}a ck|axke|cikega a|

rex ki} rex|akecxa} ã|xekàx}' a| kiq} ik|

xaklq} akmixa rgq} zc`cgek|}+



Mferc|xa 8 reà <1

Ki|xa }axzcma }–a}| ck|ãxa}}ã |iq|

rex|cmqgcæxanak| ak 8252 â ge rxã}akma la

Hagà}' la kec}}ekma iq l–elir|cik' ak

ika redc}|eki.ej`feka+ L–qka rex|' rexma

uqa ma} cklczclq} mik}|c|qecak| qka nakema

riqx g–exnãa hagà rxã}ak|a }qx rgema'

}qx|iq| larqc} uqa la} }igle|} ezecak| ã|ãlãrgisã} la Dehiqg zax} Dqklq' lek}

ga kixl lq res}' a| la} J5: akzisã} â

Deklefex' lek} ga }ql+ L–eq|xa rex|' rexma

uq–cg} mik}|c|qecak| qka nakema mik|xa ga}

ck|ãxï|} la ki|xa res} }qx }ik rxirxa }ig+

Riqx rxaqza' g–ck|axzcap' nakãa rex qka

ãuqcra la |ãgãzc}cik ak oekzcax 8252 eq

Redc}|ek' l–qk cklczclq }a rxã}ak|ek| }iq}

ga kin l–Elaghax| KEED\@AHIXAK a|

ejjcxnek| zakcx la Hag`cuqa+

Minna lãoâ nak|cikkã â g–imme}cik lq

xerrix| ekkqag la 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã la

g–A|e| }–a}| agga.nïna e}}c`kã g–ihoam|cj

l–ih|akcx qka nacggaqxa errxãfak}cik la}

niqzanak|} ak|xa ga |axxc|icxa hagà a| ge

ika jxik|egcæxa redc}|eki.ej`feka+ Ma||a

ekkãa' qk ajjix| rex|cmqgcax e ã|ã emminrgc

ejck la mex|i`xerfcax ma} lãrgemanak|}+

@xèma â qka ã|xic|a miggehixe|cik ezam la}

}axzcma} ã|xekàx} uqc }ik| em|cj} }qx ga

|axxeck' kiq} ezik} lãoâ rq minnakmax âxãqkcx la} ckjixne|cik} }qx ga} rax}ikka}

ã|ehgca} ak Hag`cuqa uqc }a xaklak| &iq

xa|iqxkak|# zax} ge ika jxik|egcæxa ejck

l–ãzak|qagganak| rxaklxa rex| â la}

menr} l–ak|xeëkanak|+ L–qk eq|xa mü|ã'

la} rax}ikka} uqc }iqfec|ecak| ziseàx

larqc} ma} xã`cik} ak lcxam|cik la g–Aqxira

immclak|ega ik| eq}}c ã|ã xanexuqãa}+

\iq|a} ka riqx}qczecak| ãzclannak| re}

la} ihoam|cj} kãè|cj}' |iq|ajic} ma li}}caxkãma}}c|a qka e||ak|cik max|ecka la ki|xa

}axzcma+ Ak ma uqc mikmaxka ga} rax}ikka}

ixc`ckecxa} la g–E}ca lq ]ql &a}}ak|cagganak|

ga} Redc}|ekec}#' ki|xa }axzcma k–e rq

mik}|e|ax la nakema mikmxæ|a cnnckak|a

}qx ga |axxc|icxa hagà eq miqx} la g–ekkãa

ãmiqgãa+ \iq|ajic} ge zc`cgekma lik| kiq}

jec}ik} rxaqza xa}|a ke|qxagganak| gick

l–ï|xa }qraxjgqa+ Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|

mik|ckqaxe â }qczxa' eq|ek| uqa ri}}chga'ma} lãrgemanak|} ejck la riqzicx lãoiqax

ga rgq} xerclanak| ri}}chga qka ãzak|qagga

nakema+

]c ge ika redc}|eki.ej`feka' rgq} uqa

g–Cxed' ezec| |iqoiqx} ge mi|a ak 8252 eqrxæ}

la ge neoixc|ã la} zigik|ecxa} eq ocfel'

max|eck} l–ak|xa aqv ik| minnakmã â |xemax

gaqx zica zax} ga Sãnak' ge ]inegca iq ga

Meqme}a+

Ga |xchqkeg mixxam|cikkag la Hxqvagga} e

rxikikmã' ga 52 nec 8252' }ik oqànak| â







reà <6 Mferc|xa 8

|iqoiqx} ckmexmãxã gâ.he}' }–a}| zq xa|cxax

ga 56 kizanhxa 8252 }e ke|cikegc|ã hagà

rex ge miqx l–errag l–Ekzax} riqx ezicx

¤`xezanak| nekuqã eqv ihgcè|cik} l–qk

mc|isak hagà´+

Cg }–e`c| lq }amikl Hagà â raxlxa }e

ke|cikegc|ã riqx ma||a xec}ik larqc} ge

laqvcæna `qaxxa niklcega+ Ga rxãmãlak|'

\exad NEEXIQJC' xalazakq \qkc}cak ak

oekzcax 8223' ezec| gqc eq}}c ã|ã miklenkã'

â rgq}caqx} xarxc}a}' ak Hag`cuqa' riqx

|axxixc}na+

1+ ga MeQMe}a

Minrexãa eqv ekkãa} ek|ãxcaqxa}' ge}c|qe|cik }ãmqxc|ecxa lek} ge Meqme}a

ka }–a}| re} enãgcixãa ak 8252+ M–a}|

}qx|iq| lek} ga Meqme}a lq Kixl uqa ge

lã|ãxcixe|cik e ã|ã ih}axzãa+

Ga mikjgc| ak|xa ge @ãix`ca a| ge Xq}}ca eq

}qoa| la g–I}}ã|ca lq Kixl a| la g–Ehdfeca

e raxlqxã eq miqx} la g–ekkãa 8252+

La} ixèkc}e|cik} xarxã}ak|e|cza} la}

minnqkeq|ã} xq}}irfika a| `ãix`cakkaak Hag`cuqa ik| mik|ckqã â ixèkc}ax la}

nekcja}|e|cik} la }iq|cak a| la rxi|a}|e|cik

lazek| ga} xarxã}ak|e|cik} lcrgine|cuqa}

la} res} mikmaxkã} eck}c uqa lazek| ga}

ck}|c|q|cik} ck|axke|cikega} cnrgek|ãa} }qx

ki|xa |axxc|icxa+

Ga} |ak}cik} lek} ga Meqme}a lq Kixl

}ik| xa}|ãa} zcza} ak 8252+ Hcak uqa ga}

eq|ixc|ã} xq}}a} ecak| ijjcmcagganak| nc}

jck ak ezxcg 8223 eqv irãxe|cik} mik|xa.

|axxixc}|a} ak \mfã|mfãkca' g–ck}|ehcgc|ã

a| g–ck}ãmqxc|ã ik| mik|ckqã â }ãzcx lek}

ma||a ak|c|ã jãlãxãa+ Ga mikjgc| exnã }–a}|

rxire`ã eqv xãrqhgcuqa} jãlãxãa} zic}cka}

lq Le`fa}|ek a| l–Ckìqmfca+ La} em|cik}

la `qãxcgge a| la} e||ak|e|} |axxixc}|a} ik|

|xæ} jxãuqannak| gcaq lek} ga} xãrqhgcuqa}

nãxclcikega} la ge Jãlãxe|cik la Xq}}ca+

Ga} minhe||ek|} peffehc|a} la g– ¤ANCXE\

LQ MEQME]A´ gq||ak| riqx ge mxãe|cik

l–qk A|e| c}gencuqa lek} ga Meqme}a lq

Kixl+ Ge |em|cuqa uq–cg} anrgicak| â ma|

ajja| mik}c}|a â minna||xa la} e||ak|e|}

a| â nakax la} irãxe|cik} la `qãxcgge

mik|xa ga} xarxã}ak|ek|} lq riqzicx gimeg

uqc hãkãjcmcak| lq }iq|cak la} eq|ixc|ã}

mak|xega} xq}}a}+ Nec} la} mchga} }c|qãa}

lek} ga xa}|a la ge Xq}}ca ik| eq}}c jec|

g–ihoa| l–e||ak|e|} raxrã|xã} rex g–Ancxe|+ Ga

83 nex} 8252' laqv e||ak|e|} }qcmcla ik|

eck}c ã|ã raxrã|xã} lek} ga nã|xi la Ni}miq

meq}ek| ge nix| la =0 rax}ikka} }agik

ga} eq|ixc|ã} xq}}a}+ Eq |i|eg' rgq} l–qka

mak|ecka la rax}ikka} ik| ã|ã hga}}ãa}

rex ga} laqv avrgi}cik}+ Ga} e||ak|e|} ik|

ã|ã xazaklcuqã} læ} ga =5 nex} 8252 rex

Lidq QNEXIZ' gaelax la g–¤ANCXE\ LQ

MEQME]A´+

Ga} mikjgc|} uqc }ãzc}}ak| lek} ga Meqme}a

lq Kixl ik| rex ecggaqx} la} xãraxmq}}cik}

ak Aqxira a| ak Hag`cuqa+ Cg a}| eck}c

errexq uqa ga }qrrix| gi`c}|cuqa a| jckekmcax

la} xahagga} ã|ec| ixèkc}ã }qx ga |axxc|icxa

aqxirãak+ G–Aqxira a}| rxihehganak|

eq}}c qk gcaq la xamxq|anak| riqx ga ocfel+

La} exxa}|e|cik} ik| l–ecggaqx} aq gcaq ga 8=

kizanhxa 8252 â Ekzax} lek} ga melxa

l–qka akuqï|a }qx ga |axxixc}na+ Qka rex|ca

la} rax}ikka} exxï|ãa} a}| }iqràikkãa

l–ezicx ã|ã em|cza lek} ga }iq|cak gi`c}|cuqa



Mferc|xa 8 reà <3

la `xiqra} exnã} lek} ga Meqme}a lq

Kixl+

Ga |axxc|icxa aqxirãak e gqc eq}}c ã|ã ga

|fãè|xa l–qk em|a |axxixc}|a+ Gix} LIQDEAZ'

\mfãmfæka ke|qxegc}ã hagà xã}clek| â

Gcæà' e rxiziuqã qka avrgi}cik lek} qk

fü|ag la Mirakfe`qa ga 52 }ar|anhxa

8252+ Magqc.mc |ak|ec| zxec}anhgehganak|

l–e}}anhgax qk ak`ck avrgi}cj lek} ga

hq| la minna||xa qk e||ak|e| â ge le|a

}snhigcuqa lq 55 }ar|anhxa+ Ga oiqxkeg

lekic} ¤OSGGEKL] RI]\AK´' mikkq riqx

ge rqhgcme|cik la} mexcme|qxa} la Nefina|'

ã|ec| rxihehganak| ge mchga zc}ãa+

a}Rcikkeà a\ ckàXakMa

5+ JaLaXe\cik La XQ}}ca

]qx ga rgek ck|axke|cikeg' g–ekkãa 8252 e

ã|ã nexuqãa rex qka lcnckq|cik }ak}chga

la} |ak}cik} uqc ezecak| lãmiqgã lq

mikjgc| `ãix`cak l–eiô| 8226 a| la}

lc}mixla} ècæxa} la 8223+ Cg a}| â

kiqzaeq uqa}|cik l–qk xerrximfanak| uqc

}–avrxcna ki|ennak| rex ga ¤ xa}a|´ la}xage|cik} enãxcmeki.xq}}a}+ Agga }a |xelqc|

eq}}c rex ge rex|cmcre|cik lq rxã}clak|

xq}}a Lnc|xc NALZALAZ eq }inna| la

g–I\EK la Gc}hikka ak kizanhxa 8252'

}e zc}c|a ijjcmcagga lãhq| lãmanhxa ak

Hag`cuqa a| eqrxæ} la} ck}|c|q|cik}

aqxirãakka} a| rex ga xakiqzagganak| la ge

meklcle|qxa xq}}a eqrxæ} la g–Ixèkc}e|cik

niklcega lq minnaxma &INM#+

Ma xerrximfanak| rigc|cuqa k–anrïmfa

maraklek| re} ge riqx}qc|a l–em|czc|ã}

ijjak}cza} rex ga} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| xq}}a}+ Minna ak

e||a}|ak| lcjjãxak|a} ejjecxa} lãzicgãa}

lek} g–em|qegc|ã ck|axke|cikega ak 8252

&ki|ennak| g–exxa}|e|cik ak oqck 8252 la

lcv ijjcmcax} la xak}ac`kanak| cggãèqv

xq}}a} eqv A|e|}.Qkc}#' ge nakema gcãa

â g–a}rcikkeà a| g–ck`ãxakma a}| hcak

xãagga+ Ak 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e'

agga eq}}c' rq mik}|e|ax la} em|czc|ã} la

xak}ac`kanak| nakãa} rex la }axzcma}

la xak}ac`kanak| xq}}a} ak Hag`cuqa uqc

ka }anhgak| re} xajgã|ax ge |aklekma eq

xerrximfanak| rigc|cuqa ih}axzãa }qx ga

rgek |xek}e|gek|cuqa+ E mü|ã la ge rigc|cuqa

la lãjak}a e|gek|cuqa' ga} mak|xa} l–ck|ãxï|

la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| xq}}a}

}a }c|qak| ki|ennak| eq kczaeq la ge

rigc|cuqa ãmikincuqa aqxirãakka a| la ge

minnqkeq|ã xq}}irfika ak Hag`cuqa+

Ak |ek| uqa res} fü|a la} ck}|c|q|cik}

aqxirãakka}' lq uqex|cax ̀ ãkãxeg la g–I\EK

a| l–eq|xa} ixèkc}e|cik} ck|axke|cikega}' ge

Hag`cuqa a}| |xelc|cikkagganak| g–ihoa| l–qka

e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa+ Ak ne|cæxa la mik|xa.



reà 12 Mferc|xa 8

a}rcikkeà' qka miirãxe|cik ajjcmema ezam

ga} }axzcma} minrã|ak|} la ma} ck}|c|q|cik}'

a| rex av|ak}cik ezam maqv la} res}

nanhxa}' a}| rex mik}ãuqak| a}}ak|cagga+

Ak iq|xa' larqc} uqaguqa} ekkãa} ge

Z]]A rix|a qka e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa âg–ck|ak}cjcme|cik la ge }ak}chcgc}e|cik la

max|eck} `xiqra} mchga} mikmaxkek| ga}

xc}uqa} gcã} â g–a}rcikkeà+ Ma |xezecg a}|

nakã ak ã|xic|a miggehixe|cik ezam ga}

Ejjecxa} ã|xek`æxa} a| ge Lãjak}a+ Ak 8252'

ma||a lãnexmfa e rex avanrga enakã

ki|xa }axzcma â }a rakmfax }qx g–cnrem| la

ge rxã}clakma hagà lq Mik}acg la g–Qkcik

aqxirãakka ak ge ne|cæxa+

8+ ga} HegDek} iMMcLak\eQV

Mikmaxkek| g–ck`ãxakma ixc`ckecxa la}

Hegdek} immclak|eqv' g–em|czc|ã la lczax}

`xiqra} la rxa}}cik }axha} ” lik| max|eck}

nanhxa} }ik| ri|ak|cagganak| gcã} eqv

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| la ]axhca ” e

rgq} rex|cmqgcæxanak| jec| g–ihoa| la ki|xa

e||ak|cik ak 8252+

=+ enaXcUQa ge\cka

La} eggãè|cik} la }qxzacggekma}

cggãèga} a| la lcjjene|cik la ge rex| lq

¤LAREX\ENAK\I ELNCKC]\XE\CZI

LA ]A@QXCLEL´ &LE]# . }axzcma la

xak}ac`kanak| miginhcak . â g–akmik|xa

l–ck}|c|q|cik} a| l–IK@ rxã}ak|a} }qx ga }ig

hagà kiq} }ik| rexzakqa}+ Qka akuqï|a

a}| |iqoiqx} ak miqx} â g–faqxa em|qagga+

MXcna iXèkc}a

Ge minrã|akma la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ak

ne|cæxa la gq||a mik|xa ga} ixèkc}e|cik}

mxcnckagga} a}| ck}mxc|a lek} ge gic ixèkcuqa

la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la

}ãmqxc|ã lq =2 kizanhxa 5336+ ]agik ga}|axna} la ge gic' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e ge

|èmfa la xamqacggcx la} xak}ac`kanak|} }qx

ga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} }a xerrix|ek|

eqv eq|xa} nakema} &|axxixc}na' ck`ãxakma'

rxigcjãxe|cik' a|m+# iq riqzek| ezicx la}

mik}ãuqakma} lã}|ehcgc}ek|a} }qx ga} rgek}

rigc|cuqa iq }imci.ãmikincuqa ki|ennak|

&ex|+ 6' 5²' j#+

Rex ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga}' ge gic ak|akl

¤|iq|a e}}imce|cik }|xqm|qxãa la rgq} la

laqv rax}ikka}' ã|ehgca lek} ga |anr} ak

zqa la minna||xa la jeàik mikmax|ãa la}

mxcna} a| lãgc|}' riqx ih|akcx' lcxam|anak| iq

cklcxam|anak|' la} ezek|eà} re|xcnikceqv'

ak q|cgc}ek| g–ck|cncle|cik' ge nakema' ge

zcigakma' la} nekŝqzxa} jxeqlqgaq}a}

iq ge mixxqr|cik' iq ak xamiqxek| â la}

}|xqm|qxa} minnaxmcega} iq eq|xa} riqx

lc}}cnqgax iq jemcgc|ax ge xãegc}e|cik la}ckjxem|cik}´+

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }–e||emfa læ} gix}'

ak ne|cæxa la mxcnckegc|ã ixèkc}ãa' â

xamfaxmfax |iq| xak}ac`kanak| raxna||ek|

la rxãzakcx la} rfãkinæka} |ag} uqa

ga |xejcm iq ge |xec|a la} ï|xa} fqneck}'

g–cnnc`xe|cik cggãèga' ga |xejcm iq g–q|cgc}e|cik

la jeqv limqnak|}' ge mixxqr|cik' ga

hgekmfcnak| l–exàk|' ga |xejcm l–exna}'

la lxi`qa}' la lcenek|}… Ma} li}}cax}

}ik| |xec|ã} rex ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| læ} ga

ninak| ió qk gcak e rq ï|xa ã|ehgc ak|xa ma



Mferc|xa 8 reà 15

|sra la mxcnckegc|ã a| ga} mxc|æxa} lãjckc}}ek|

ga mfenr la ki|xa em|cik ak ne|cæxa

l–ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga}' m–a}|.â.lcxa ak

|ek| uqa minri}ek|a e||emfãa eq }qczc la}

nakema} gãèga}+

Kãeknick}' lek} ge rxe|cuqa' jixma a}| la

mik}|e|ax uqa ga} li}}cax} |xec|ã} rex ge

]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ak ne|cæxa la mxcnckegc|ã

ixèkc}ãa }ik| }iqzak| mixxãgã} eq Rgek

l–Em|cik la ]eqzaèxla lq Ri|ak|cag

Amikincuqa a| ]mcak|cjcuqa a|' rgq}

rxãmc}ãnak|' â g–ckjcg|xe|cik lek} g–ãmikinca

gãèga la jikl} l–ixc`cka mxcnckagga+ Lek}

ma melxa' qk gcak mgecx a}| ã|ehgc ak|xa ga}

em|czc|ã} l–ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} a| ga}

irãxe|cik} l–ck`ãxakma a| l–a}rcikkeànakãa} rex la} rqc}}ekma} ã|xek`æxa}+

Rgq} rxãmc}ãnak|' ki|xa }axzcma e emmixlã

qka e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa eqv }am|aqx}

la g–ãkax`ca iq la} ne|cæxa} rxancæxa}

uqc mik}|c|qak| ãèganak| la} akoaqv

rigc|cuqa} cnrix|ek|}+ Ak ajja|' ga} akuqï|a}

ajjam|qãa} rex ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a| ga}

kinhxaqv mik|em|} ezam ga} rex|akecxa} la

ki|xa }axzcma ik| raxnc} la lãnik|xax uqaga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} mik}clæxak|

|iqoiqx} ma} }am|aqx} l–em|czc|ã} minna

ã|ek| |xæ} e||xem|cj}+ Ga nexmfã la}

rxilqc|} rã|xigcax}' rex avanrga' jemcgc|a

ga hgekmfcnak| la }inna} l–exàk|

cnrix|ek|a}' ak rex|cmqgcax `xèma â ge

jgenhãa }c`kcjcme|cza la} rxcv+ Cg raxna|

eq}}c |iq|a} }ix|a} la jxeqla}' |agga} uqa

ga} mexxiq}ag} \ZE iq ge jxeqla jc}mega+ Akiq|xa' g–q|cgc}e|cik mxic}}ek|a la g–ãkax`ca ak

|ek| uq–ck}|xqnak| la riqzicx }qx ga rgek

la ge rigc|cuqa ck|axke|cikega eq`nak|a

}ak}chganak| ga} em|czc|ã} l–a}rcikkeà a|

l–ck`ãxakma+ Cg ze la }ic' lek} ma mik|av|a'

uqa g–errximfa la jikm|cikkecxa} iq

xa}rik}ehga} rigc|cuqa} a}| qka lãnexmfa

}iqzak| cklc}rak}ehga â ge rxãrexe|cik

l–ckjxem|cik} ãmikincuqa}+

L–eq|xa} }am|aqx} ãmikincuqa} }ik|

ãèganak| |xæ} zqgkãxehga}? g–cnnihcgcax'

ge mik}|xqm|cik' ga nexmfã lq gqva

iq akmixa ga nexmfã lcenek|ecxa &ga

hgekmfcnak| l–exàk| uqa raxna| ga |xejcm

la lcenek|}' lcjjcmcganak| lã|am|ehga'

lanaqxa av|xïnanak| ck|ãxa}}ek|

riqx ga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga}#+

Rãxcilcuqanak|' ga }rix| }–ezæxa' gqc eq}}c'

qka mchga }ãlqc}ek|a riqx la} mxcnckag}uqc ak|aklak| s ckza}|cx la jix|a} }inna}

l–exàk| â g–ixc`cka rexjic} liq|aq}a+ Ga}



reà 18 Mferc|xa 8

ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} k–fã}c|ak| re} â

ga mik}clãxax minna qk iq|cg raxna||ek| la

hgekmfcx â ge jic} exàk| a| xãrq|e|cik+

Ki|xa }axzcma miggehixa hcak ak|aklq ezam

ga} lcjjãxak|a} ck}|ekma} elnckc}|xe|cza}

minrã|ak|a} lq res} nec} eq}}c ezam ga}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| esek| ge gq||a

mik|xa ga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} lek}

gaqx} e||xchq|cik} gãèga}+ Kiq} ezik} rex

ecggaqx} xãriklq ri}c|czanak| eqv lanekla}

l–e}}c}|ekma |amfkcuqa ãnekek| lq Rexuqa|

jãlãxeg a| rex|cmcrik} eqv |xezeqv la ge

‗Maggqga la miixlcke|cik ck|axlãrex|anak|ega

la gq||a mik|xa ge |xec|a a| ga |xejcm la} ï|xa}

fqneck}„+ Akjck' kiq} ak|xa|akik} qka

xage|cik ã|xic|a ezam ge Maggqga la \xec|anak|la} Ckjixne|cik} Jckekmcæxa} &M\CJ# ejck la

rxãzakcx |iq|a nekŝqzxa la hgekmfcnak| iq

la jckekmanak| la |axxixc}na+

RXi}RaM\cZa}

Ma} laxkcæxa} ekkãa}' kiq} ezik} rq

ih}axzax la kiqzagga} |aklekma} lek} ga}

nila} la jikm|cikkanak| la} ixèkc}e|cik}

mxcnckagga}' uqc lazxecak| akmixa }alãzagirrax lek} ga jq|qx+ Ak ajja|' â g–cneà

la} }imcã|ã} minnaxmcega} |xelc|cikkagga}'

ga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} ã|qlcak| ga

nexmfã' megmqgak| ga} xc}uqa} ak jikm|cik la}

hãkãjcma}' ckza}|c}}ak| lek} la} |amfkcuqa}

|iqoiqx} rgq} raxjixnek|a} a|' jckeganak|' }a

}rãmcegc}ak| lek} qk linecka lãjckc+ Eck}c'

ga} ixèkc}e|cik} elir|ak| la nick} ak nick}

qka }|xqm|qxa fcãxexmfcuqa mge}}cuqa riqx

jecxa rgema â la} minhckec}ik} rgq} jgqcla}'

rgq} }iqrga}' rgq} eler|ehga}+ Ak iq|xa'

agga} lazxecak| ezicx lezek|eà xamiqx} â

la} avrax|} av|axka}' la} ¤jemcgc|e|aqx}´?

mik}acggax} jckekmcax}' avrax|} minr|ehga}'

ezime|}' hekuqcax}' ki|ecxa}' jikm|cikkecxa}'

`ãxek|} la }imcã|ã}' xa}rik}ehga} rigc|cuqa}'

a|m+ uqc' hcak uqa ka jec}ek| re} lcxam|anak|

rex|ca la g–ixèkc}e|cik' gqc ijjxak| gaqx}

}axzcma}+

L–eq|xa rex|' ga} ha}ick} la gcuqclc|ã}

mik}ãmq|cj} â ge mxc}a jckekmcæxa la 8226 ijjxak|

ga} miklc|cik} clãega} eq lãzagirranak|

la nekŝqzxa} la hgekmfcnak| l–exàk|+

La} }am|aqx} |ag} uqa ga |xec|anak| la}

lãmfa|} a| ga} ãkax`ca} xakiqzagehga}' rex

avanrga' mik}|c|qak| la} nexmfã} ak rgacka

avrek}cik+ Cg ka jec| likm eqmqk liq|a uqa

ga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} |ak|axik|' agga}eq}}c' la rxijc|ax la ma} kiqzaeqv lãhiqmfã}

ãmikincuqa} ejck l–ckza}|cx gãèganak| ga}

rxijc|} |cxã} la gaqx} em|czc|ã} cggcmc|a}+

RXi\aM\cik LQ Ri\ak\cagaMikincUQa a\}Mcak\cJcUQa

Larqc} 5336' ge rxi|am|cik lq ri|ak|cag

ãmikincuqa a| }mcak|cjcuqa &RA]# jec| rex|cala ge nc}}cik la xak}ac`kanak| lãzigqa â ge

Z]]A+ Ezek| ge gic ixèkcuqa la} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã lq =2 kizanhxa

5336' ga RA] k–ã|ec| re} avrgcmc|anak|

nak|cikkã minna qk ck|ãxï| jiklenak|eg ”

iq|xa ge }ãmqxc|ã ck|ãxcaqxa a| av|ãxcaqxa lq

res} ” uqa lazec| rxi|ãàx ge Z]]A+ Gix}

la ge rqhgcme|cik la ge gic' ga RA] ã|ec| â ma

rick| xãmak| uq–cg k–ak avc}|ec| re} akmixa la

lãjckc|cik+ Ma k–a}| uq–ak 8220 uqa ga Minc|ã

nckc}|ãxcag lq xak}ac`kanak| a| la ge }ãmqxc|ã

e errxiqzã qka lãjckc|cik a| qk rgek l–em|cik



Mferc|xa 8 reà 1=

riqx ge rxi|am|cik lq RA] rex ge Z]]A+

Ak 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã e riqx}qczc rgq} ezek| ga}

rxcixc|ã} riqx ge rxi|am|cik lq RA] uqc ik| ã|ã

lãjckca} ak 8220 rex ga Minc|ã nckc}|ãxcag?

5+ lãzagirranak| l–qk xã}aeq

l–ckjixne|cik}4

8+ a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa4

=+ ckjcg|xe|cik la merc|eqv l–ixc`cka

mxcnckagga lek} g–ãmikinca xã`qgcæxa4

<+ }ak}chcgc}e|cik mchgãa+

]qx ga rgek la ge miggam|a l–ckjixne|cik}'

g–e||ak|cik lq }axzcma e rxckmcreganak| rix|ã

}qx g–a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa+ Mage ã|ek|' cg

xa}|a lcjjcmcga la }a jecxa qka xarxã}ak|e|cikrxãmc}a la ma rfãkinæka ak Hag`cuqa+

Ma||a }c|qe|cik ka rxãzeq| max|eckanak| re}

qkcuqanak| ak Hag`cuqa+ E g–ã|xekàx eq}}c'

cg lanaqxa negec}ã l–ãzegqax ezam xãegc}na

ga kczaeq la ge nakema+ \iq|a qka }ãxca la

xec}ik} raqzak| ï|xa ãziuqãa}+

Rxancæxanak|' haeqmiqr l–ak|xarxc}a} ka

}ik| re} agga}.nïna} mik}mcak|a} l–ezicx ã|ã

zcm|cna} l–a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa+ Ak ajja|'

ga} eq|aqx} |ak|ak| la lc}}cnqgax eq ncaqv

gaqx} |xema} a| g–ak|xarxc}a ka }–eraxmazxe

}iqzak| hcak rgq} |exl uqa }e ri}c|cik

mikmqxxak|cagga }–a}| }qhc|anak| lã|ãxcixãa}ek} xec}ik errexak|a+ Qk laqvcæna jem|aqx

avrgcme|cj a}| uqa ga} ak|xarxc}a}' uqc }ik|

riqx|ek| hcak eq miqxek| la me} l–a}rcikkeà'

}ik| xã|cmak|a} â ga minnqkcuqax iq nïna â

ck|xilqcxa qka rgeck|a+ Mamc rex mxeck|a la ge

xãem|cik la} em|cikkecxa} iq eq|xa} esek|}.

lxic|+ Ak minrexec}ik ezam g–a}rcikkeà

rigc|cuqa iq ncgc|ecxa' rgq} mge}}cuqa}' ga }qczc

la g–a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa a}| eq}}c rgq}

exlq â na||xa ak ŝqzxa+ Ezam g–a}rcikkeàrigc|cuqa a| ncgc|ecxa' ga} mak|xa} l–ck|ãxï|

la} minneklc|ecxa} eck}c uqa }a} jckegc|ã}

ri|ak|cagga} }ik| rgq} jemcganak| clak|cjcehga}+

Ma uqc k–anrïmfa uqa ga mik|xa.a}rcikkeà

mge}}cuqa xa}|a qka èàqxa+



reà 1< Mferc|xa 8

]qx ga |axxeck ãmikincuqa' kiq} }inna}

ãèganak| mikjxik|ã} â qk res}eà |xæ}

fã|ãxi`æka a| e|inc}ã+ Lek} qk res}

la |ecgga xage|czanak| nila}|a minna ge

Hag`cuqa' ik xamak}a |iq| la nïna la}

mak|ecka} la ncggcax} l–ak|xarxc}a} em|cza}+

Cg ze la }ic uqa |iq|a} ma} ak|c|ã} ka }ik|re} g–ihoa| l–a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa' nec}

gaqx ̀ xekl kinhxa minrgavcjca max|eckanak|

g–clak|cjcme|cik la} }imcã|ã} uqc riqxxecak|

ãzak|qagganak| ï|xa mchgãa}+ La rgq}' ga}

minneklc|ecxa} a| ga} }rfæxa} l–ck|ãxï|

ni|aqx} la g–ck|aggcàkma ãmikincuqa }ik|

|xæ} lcjjãxakmcã} a| nqg|crga}+ \iq| mage ka

jemcgc|a re} g–clak|cjcme|cik la} rax}ikka}

a| la} ak|c|ã} uqc riqxxecak| jixnax qka

nakema a| cg a}| |iq| eq|ek| lcjjcmcga la }ajixàx qka clãa eq }qoa| la gaqx} jckegc|ã}

ri|ak|cagga}+

Ak 8252' ga }qczc â g–ãèxl la g–a}rcikkeà

kik ã|e|cuqa e ã|ã xakjixmã4 cg }–e`c| rex

avanrga la} jcxna} la xak}ac`kanak|

rxczãa}+ Eq}}c gik`|anr} uqa

ga} jcxna} la xak}ac`kanak|

rxczãa} iræxak| lek} ga

melxa lãjckc rex ge gic' cg ze la}ic uq–cg ka }–e`c| re} l–qka

nakema+ La rgq}' minna

mik}ãuqakma l–qka |aklekma

kãa eqv A|e|}.Qkc}' ge

rxcze|c}e|cik la} jikm|cik} la

}ãmqxc|ã a| la xak}ac`kanak|'

qka avrax|c}a a| qka

mikkec}}ekma' uqc eqrexezek|

ã|ecak| xã}axzãa} eqv

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|

ke|cikeqv' }ik| xa|inhãa}

lek} ga linecka rxczã+

Rex ecggaqx}' ik raq| }a ri}ax ge uqa}|cik

la }ezicx }c ga} av.anrgisã} la}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| ke|cikeqv ik|

ajjam|czanak| miqrã |iq} ga} rik|} ezam

gaqx ekmcak anrgisaqx+ Ga }qczc la} jcxna}

la xak}ac`kanak| rxczãa} a}| likm jimegc}ã

}qx qk eraxàq la gaqx} em|czc|ã} a| }qxg–clak|cjcme|cik l–qka ãzak|qagga nakema+ Ak

8255' ga }qczc la g–a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa

kik ã|e|cuqa }axe errxijiklc+ E rex|cx

la 8255' qka rgq} `xekla e||ak|cik }axe

ãèganak| rix|ãa eq }qczc la g–a}rcikkeà

ãmikincuqa rex la} }axzcma} la }ãmqxc|ã

ke|cikeqv+

RXigcJaXe\cik

5+ ck\XiLQM\cik

Ge gq||a mik|xa ge lc}}ãncke|cik l–exna} la

la}|xqm|cik ne}}cza a}| g–ejjecxa la |iq|a

ge minnqkeq|ã ck|axke|cikega+ E ma |c|xa'





reà 1: Mferc|xa 8

ak zqa l–anrïmfax' ak miggehixe|cik ezam

ga} eq|xa} ck}|ekma} hagà} minrã|ak|a}'

ga |xek}jax| larqc} iq zce ge Hag`cuqa la

ne|ãxceqv iq la |amfkigi`ca} riqzek|

}axzcx â ge jehxcme|cik l–exna} la la}|xqm|cik

ne}}cza &ELN# iq la gaqx} zam|aqx}+

Ki|xa }axzcma ã|qlca ãèganak| ezam

qka e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa ga} zc}c|a} la

xa}}ix|c}}ek|} la res} â xc}uqa} ak

xage|cik ezam la} em|czc|ã} emelãncuqa}'

}mcak|cjcuqa} iq minnaxmcega} lek} la}

linecka} }q}mar|chga} la mik|xchqax

lcxam|anak| iq cklcxam|anak| eq

lãzagirranak| l–ELN+

8+8+ eM|cZc|a] aK 8252

Ak 8252' la ge nïna jeàik uqa ga} ekkãa}

rxãmãlak|a}' ki|xa }axzcma' ak }e uqegc|ã

la xarxã}ak|ek| lq nckc}|xa la ge Oq}|cma'

e }cã`ã ak |ek| uqa nanhxa eq }ack la ge

Minnc}}cik l–ezc} riqx ge kik.rxigcjãxe|cik

la} exna} kqmgãecxa} &MEKREK#+

La kiqzagga} }ekm|cik} ck|axke|cikega}

&xã}igq|cik 5383 lq Mik}acg la ]ãmqxc|ã la}

Ke|cik} Qkca}# a| aqxirãakka} &xæ`ganak|

3:5)8252# }a }ik| ehe||qa} }qx g–Cxek ak

xec}ik la }ik ckjgavchcgc|ã }qx ga li}}cax

kqmgãecxa+ Lek} ga mik|av|a la Rxã}clakma

hagà la g–Qkcik aqxirãakka' ge ]ôxa|ã

la g–A|e| e oiqã }ik xüga la }iq|cak eqv

eq|ixc|ã} hagà}' ki|ennak| lek} ga melxa

la ge miixlcke|cik ck|axlãrex|anak|ega

mikmaxkek| ge rxãrexe|cik lq xæ`ganak|

aqxirãak 3:5)8252+

]qc|a â ma} kiqzagga} }ekm|cik}' ge ]ôxa|ã

la g–A|e| e mik|xchqã â ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa

lq mik|xüga xakjixmã }qx ga} em|czc|ã}

&minnaxmcega}' jckekmcæxa}' |xek}rix|'

miggehixe|cik }mcak|cjcuqa…# }q}mar|chga} la

mik|xchqax eq rxi`xenna kqmgãecxa cxekcak'

â }ik rxi`xenna hegc}|cuqa' nec} eq}}c â

}a} rxi`xenna} ncgc|ecxa} ak `ãkãxeg+

Ge }imcã|ã ¤C]GENCM XARQHGCM IJ CXEK

]FCRRCK@ GCKA]´ &CXC]G# a| }a} jcgcega}

jik| g–ihoa| la }ekm|cik}+ Ak xage|cik ezam

ma||a lã}c`ke|cik }qx ge gc}|a la} ak|c|ã}

}ekm|cikkãa}' ge nc}a â lc}ri}c|cik la

jikl} iq la xa}}iqxma} ãmikincuqa} ak

jezaqx la ma} }imcã|ã} a}| rxi}mxc|a+

Mage cggq}|xa g–cnrix|ekma `xeklc}}ek|a la}

e}ram|} jckekmcax} la} }ekm|cik} |iqmfek|eq àg la} jikl} a| la} xa}}iqxma}

ãmikincuqa} la lcjjãxak|a} ak|c|ã} ak rgq}

la} na}qxa} |iqmfek| la |xæ} kinhxaq}a}

hekuqa} cxekcakka} a| la gaqx} jcgcega} â

g–ã|xekàx+

Lek} qka rax}ram|cza rgq} gexà' ma||a

}c|qe|cik rex|cmqgcæxa k–a}| re} }ek} ri}ax

la rxihgæna} â ge riqx}qc|a la} irãxe|cik}

minnaxmcega} gã`c|cna}+

Ga} }ekm|cik} lãmclãa} rex g–QA mik|xa ga

}am|aqx la g–cklq}|xca cxekcakka lq rã|xiga

a| lq è zc}ak| â anrïmfax lcjjãxak|}

ixèkc}na} l–A|e| iq lãraklek| la}

¤@EXLCAK] LA GE XAZIGQ\CIK

C]GENCUQA´ &CX@M# â }a rximqxax la}

xa}}iqxma} jckekmcæxa} cnrix|ek|a}+ Ik

}iqràikka uqa ma} xa}}iqxma} rqc}}ak|

mik|xchqax lcxam|anak| eq rxi`xenna

kqmgãecxa a| eqv em|czc|ã} ncgc|ecxa} lq

xã`cna+





reà 16 Mferc|xa 8

ï|xa akmelxãa |xæ} }ãxcaq}anak| ak xec}ik

la} xc}uqa} ck|xck}æuqa} la rxigcjãxe|cik

ri}ã} rex ma} rigc|cuqa} ãkax`ã|cuqa}' ak

rex|cmqgcax lek} la} xã`cik} lq nikla ak

rxica â la} rxihgæna} la }|ehcgc|ã+

Lek} ma mik|av|a' ga} miirãxe|cik}

nc}a} ak rgema ak|xa res} immclak|eqv

a| la} rqc}}ekma} ãnaxàk|a} gekmak|

qka kiqzagga xãjgavcik }qx ga lazakcx la}

xã`cna} la mik|xüga la ge rxigcjãxe|cik+

Lek} }ik |xezecg uqi|clcak' ge ]ôxa|ã la

g–A|e| lic| |akcx minr|a la ma mik|av|a

ck|axke|cikeg ak ãzigq|cik rqc}uqa ga}

xã`cna} ck|axke|cikeqv la kik.rxigcjãxe|cik

}a |xiqzak| la rgq} ak rgq} }qoa|} â

avmar|cik}' ni|czãa} rex la} xec}ik}

ãmikincuqa} &av+ emmixl kqmgãecxa

enãxcmeki.cklcak#+

Ak ajja|' ge mifã}cik a| g–ajjcmemc|ã la ma}

xã`cna} xc}uqak|' â gik` |axna' l–ï|xa

jxe`cgc}ãa} rex ga} miirãxe|cik} rexeggæga}

nakãa} rex max|eck} la gaqx} nanhxa}

ezam la} kik.nanhxa}+

Ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa lq xæ`ganak| aqxirãak<86)8223 }–errgcuqek| ki|ennak| eqv

nexmfeklc}a} ak |xek}c| ezec| lãhq|ã ak

8223 a| }–a}| riqx}qczca ak 8252+ Cg }–e`c|

l–qk iq|cg uqc raxna||xe l–ck|axzakcx lek} ga

res} la |xek}c| ejck l–ãzc|ax la} avrix|e|cik}

}q}ram|a}+ Maraklek|' â g–ezakcx' cg jeqlxe

}–e||aklxa â qk emmxic}}anak| la mik|xüga}

minrgava} eq kczaeq elnckc}|xe|cj a|

kãma}}c|ek| qka ck|axzak|cik xercla la ki|xa

}axzcma lek} ge lcjjq}cik la xak}ac`kanak|}'

zicxa qka miixlcke|cik ezam la} rex|akecxa}

ã|xekàx}+

Ga mik|xüga a| ga} |xek}jax|} lc|} la

|amfkigi`ca} ck|ek`chga} &C\\# mik}|c|qak|

qka rxãimmqre|cik mxic}}ek|a+ Ma rxihgæna

xarxã}ak|a qk akoaq la rgq} ak rgq} mxqmceg

lek} ge gq||a mik|xa ge rxigcjãxe|cik la}

ELN+ Ma} C\\ rix|ak| rxckmcreganak| }qx

la} jqc|a} la }ezicx uqa la} ã|qlcek|} iq}|e`cecxa} ak rxizakekma la res} }ak}chga}

raqzak| emuqãxcx eq lãrex| l–qkczax}c|ã}'

mak|xa} la xamfaxmfa}' gehixe|icxa}

iq ak|xarxc}a} la feq|a |amfkigi`ca â

g–ã|xekàx' a| likm ãèganak| ak Hag`cuqa+

Ma} |xek}jax|} la |amfkigi`ca} ck|ek`chga}

}–ezæxak| lcjjcmcga} â mik|xügax ak xec}ik lq

rxckmcra ̀ ãkãxeg la gchax|ã lq minnaxma' la

g–ck|axke|cikegc}e|cik mxic}}ek|a lq nexmfãmikmqxxak|cag la g–ak}ac`kanak| }qrãxcaqx'

la ge gchax|ã emelãncuqa eck}c uqa la ge

`xekla jemcgc|ã l–q|cgc}e|cik la} na}}eàxca}

a| eq|xa} }qrrix|} ãgam|xikcuqa}' uqc

mik}|c|qak| eq|ek| l–ih}|emga} â qk mik|xüga

ajjcmema+

Cg k–avc}|a â ma oiqx eqmqk lc}ri}c|cj

}qrxeke|cikeg riqx ga mik|xüga la}

|xek}jax|} la mikkec}}ekma+ Kãeknick}'ge minnqkeq|ã lq xak}ac`kanak|' ak

rex|akexce| ezam ga} eq|xa} elnckc}|xe|cik}

minrã|ak|a}' rgema xã`qgcæxanak| ma||a

rxihgãne|cuqa eq mak|xa la }a} xãjgavcik}'

a}rãxek| eck}c rexzakcx â na||xa eq rick|

la} nãmekc}na} la mik|xüga} eler|ã} â

ma} C\\+

Ma||a |aklekma }axe ck|ã`xãa lek} ga rgek

la }ak}chcgc}e|cik }qx ge rxigcjãxe|cik uqa ge]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| na| eq rick|+



Mferc|xa 8 reà 13

iXèkc}e\cik} }aM\ecXa}kQc}cHga}

5+ MeLXa gaèg

M–a}| â ge xauqï|a lq nckc}|xa la ge Oq}|cma

uqa ge ]ôxa|ã la g–Ã|e| |xec|a larqc} 533=

lq rxihgæna la} ‖}am|a}–+ Ge gic ixèkcuqa

lq =2 kizanhxa 5336 e ijjcmcegc}ã ma||a

nc}}cik a| lãjckc ‖g–ixèkc}e|cik }am|ecxa

kqc}chga– minna ¤|iq| `xiqranak| â

zime|cik rfcgi}irfcuqa iq xagc`caq}a' iq }a

rxã|aklek| |ag' uqc' lek} }ik ixèkc}e|cik

iq }e rxe|cuqa' }a gczxa â la} em|czc|ã}

cggãèga} linneàehga}' kqc| eqv cklczclq}

iq â ge }imcã|ã iq rix|a e||ack|a â ge lc`kc|ãfqnecka´+

Ma||a lãjckc|cik mik|cak| |xic} miklc|cik}?

cg lic| }–e`cx l–qk `xiqranak| â zime|cik

rfcgi}irfcuqa iq xagc`caq}a rxã}ak|ek|

qk mexem|æxa kqc}chga+ Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–Ã|e|

errxãmca ma||a laxkcæxa miklc|cik eq xaèxl

l–qk max|eck kinhxa la mxc|æxa} c}}q} lq

xerrix| l–akuqï|a rexganak|ecxa }qx ga}

}am|a}?

• nekcrqge|cik nak|ega )

lã}|ehcgc}e|cik r}smfigi`cuqa4

• avcàkma} jckekmcæxa}

lc}rxirix|cikkãa}4

• xqr|qxa ak|xa g–elar|a a| }ik ncgcaq

l–ixc`cka4

• avrgic|e|cik la g–elar|a eq rxijc| lq

niqzanak| iq la }a} `qcla}4

• rxini|cik iq xamiqx} â la}

|fãxerca} iq â la} rxe|cuqa}}q}mar|chga} la rix|ax e||ack|a âg–ck|ã`xc|ã rfs}cuqa la g–elar|a4

• anhxcèlanak| la} akjek|} a| gaqx

}ix| eq }ack lq niqzanak|4

• xc}uqa l–ckjcg|xe|cik la} ck}|c|q|cik}

rigc|cuqa} a| ãmikincuqa} la ge}imcã|ã4

• lc}miqx} ek|c.}imceg+

Ma} mxc|æxa} ka }ik| re} mqnqge|cj}+ Gaqx

gc}|a k–a}| re} avfeq}|cza+ Ga mexem|æxa

kqc}chga l–qka ixèkc}e|cik }am|ecxa raq|

eq}}c ï|xa avenckã }qx ge he}a la} rxckmcra}



reà :2 Mferc|xa 8

mik|akq} lek} ge Mik}|c|q|cik' ga} gic}' ga}

lãmxa|} a| ixlikkekma} a| ga} mikzak|cik}

ck|axke|cikega} la }eqzaèxla la} lxic|} la

g–finna uqa ge Hag`cuqa e xe|cjcãa}+

8+ RXa}akMa ak Hag`cUQa

Ge Hag`cuqa minr|a la kinhxaqv

niqzanak|} â zime|cik rfcgi}irfcuqa iq

xagc`caq}a &iq uqc }a rxã|aklak| |ag}#+ ]aqga

qka ra|c|a nckixc|ã l–ak|xa aqv xãrikl â ge

lãjckc|cik gãèga rxãmc|ãa a| jec| g–ihoa| l–qk

}qczc+ Qka e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa a}| emmixlãa

eqv em|czc|ã} la ma} ixèkc}e|cik}' lik| ge

kimczc|ã a}| ãzegqãa la nekcæxa mik}|ek|a

aq ãèxl â ge xãegc|ã lq |axxeck+ Ga kinhxa

la `xiqranak|} }qczc} k–a}| kc gcnc|ã' kclãjckc|cj+

Ge neoixc|ã la} ixèkc}e|cik} em|cza}

ak Hag`cuqa lc}ri}a la xencjcme|cik}

ck|axke|cikega}+ Agga} avc}|ak| rexjic}

}iq} jixna l–E]HG4 cg raq| eq}}c }–e`cx la

nqg|cke|cikega} xarxã}ak|ãa} ak Hag`cuqa'

ak Aqxira a| ecggaqx} lek} ga nikla+

8+5+ NIQZaNaK|]r]SMfeKeGS|cUQa]

Ma} niqzanak|} lãzagirrak| lczax}a}

|amfkcuqa} la}|ckãa} â ãgcnckax ga} |xeqne}

uqa ge mik}mcakma eqxec| }qhc}+ G–¤Ã@GC]A

LA ]MCAK\IGI@CA´ ak mik}|c|qa qk

avanrga+ Ga 8= oekzcax 8252' g–e}}imce|cik

xagc`caq}a ¤Ã@GC]A] LA ]MCAK\IGI@CA

RIQX G–AQXIRA´ &MFQXMFA] IJ

]MCAK\IGI@S JIX AQXIRA# e iqzax|

}ik mak|xa l–irãxe|cik â Hxqvagga}+ Cg e

riqx ihoa| la rxe|cuqax' rxireàx a| lcjjq}ax

ge xagc`cik la ge ]mcak|igi`ca ak Hag`cuqa

a| la }axzcx la mak|xa aqxirãak riqx ga}

ã`gc}a} la ]mcak|igi`ca+ La kinhxaqv

ãzãkanak|} s }ik| ixèkc}ã}? mikmax|}

la mfexc|ã' xãqkcik} l–ckjixne|cik' jï|a}

la nexceà iq l–ekkczax}ecxa… G–E]HG

¤MAK\XA L–CKJIXNE\CIK ]QX GE

LCEKÃ\CUQA A\ GE ]MCAK\IGI@CA´&MCL]# a}| ã|ehgca â ge nïna elxa}}a+

Jiklãa ga 1 oekzcax 8252' agga e riqx ihoa|

g–ixèkc}e|cik la |iq|a em|czc|ã la}|ckãa â

xakjixmax' rxã}ak|ax a| lcjjq}ax ge xagc`cik

la ge ]mcak|igi`ca' |agga uqa G+ Xik

FQHHEXL g–e lãzagirrãa+ Â ma||a jck' ga

MCL] rexmiqx| ge Hag`cuqa ezam qka |ak|a

l–avri}c|cik a| rex|cmcra â la} jicxa} iq

â la} }egik}+ Ãneke|cik} la g–¤Ã@GC]A

LA ]MCAK\IGI@CA´' ga} ¤NCKC]\XA]ZIGIK\ECXA]´ &ZIGQK\AAX NCKC].

\AX]#' ¤KEXMIKIK´' g–e}}imce|cik

¤LA] OAQKA] RIQX GA] LXIC\] LA

G–FINNA CK\AXKE\CIKEG´ &SIQ\F

JIX FQNEK XC@F\] CK\AXKE\CIKEG#

a| ge ¤MINNC]]CIK LA] MC\ISAK]

RIQX GA] LXIC\] LA G–FINNA´

&MC\C_AK] MINNC]]CIK IK FQNEK

XC@F\]# }ik| em|cj} lek} ga melxa la gaqx}

nc}}cik} xa}ram|cza}? ŝqzxa} fqnekc|ecxa}'rxãzak|cik mik|xa ge lxi`qa' rxini|cik

la} lxic|} la g–finna a| lãkikmce|cik

la} e||ack|a} eqv gchax|ã} jiklenak|ega}

minnc}a} ak ncgcaq r}smfce|xcuqa+

8+8+ NIQZaNaK|] IxcaK|eGc]|a]

Ma} niqzanak|} }a he}ak| }qx la}

rfcgi}irfca} iq la} xagc`cik} ixcak|ega}'

|agga} uqa ga hiqllfc}na iq g–fckliqc}na+

Qk avanrga ak a}| ¤]EFEOE SI@E´'

uqc ixèkc}a â la kinhxaqv aklxic|} ak

Hag`cuqa la} }a}}cik} la siè he}ãa} }qx



Mferc|xa 8 reà :5

ga} ak}ac`kanak|} la }e `qcla }rcxc|qagga'

]FXC NE\EOC+ ¤]EFEOE SI@E´ e ck|ak|ã

qka em|cik ak oq}|cma mik|xa ga Mak|xa

l–ckjixne|cik a| l–ezc} }qx ga} ixèkc}e|cik}

}am|ecxa} kqc}chga} &MCEI]K# ak }qc|a l–qk

ezc} kãè|cj+ Ga MCEI]K e ã|ã miklenkã

ak 822: ak xãjãxã a| ak 8226 uqek| eq jikl+Cg e jixnã qk errag mik|xa ma||a lãmc}cik4 ge

rximãlqxa xa}|a raklek|a lazek| ge miqx la

Hxqvagga}+ Qk eq|xa avanrga la niqzanak|

ixcak|egc}|a a}| ge ¤NÃLC\E\CIK

\XEK]MAKLEK\EGA´' uqc rxiri}a lek}

}ik mak|xa la Hxqvagga} qk rxi`xenna ak

}ar| ã|era} he}ã }qx ga} ak}ac`kanak|} la

}ik jikle|aqx' NEFEXC]FC Nefa}f Si`c+

8+=+ NIQZaNaK|] aZeKàGcUQa]

Ga} niqzanak|} ãzek`ãgcuqa} ik| riqx

melxa la xãjãxakma &rxa}uqa# avmgq}cj ge

Hchga+ Cg} }a xãmgenak| riqx ge rgqrex| la

ge |xelc|cik rxi|a}|ek|a+ Cg} rxakkak| jixna

eq|iqx la re}|aqx} mfexc}ne|cuqa}+ Ã`gc}a

rak|amü|c}|a hxã}cgcakka lcxc`ãa rex Alcx

NEMALI' g–¤Ã@GC]A QKCZAX]AGGA LQ

XISEQNA LA LCAQ´ &C@XAOE QKCZAX]EG

LI XACKI LA LAQ]# mãgæhxa la} ijjcma}

â Ekzax}' @ekl a| Hxqvagga}+ Qk eq|xa

niqzanak| ãzek`ãgcuqa a}| g–¤Ã@GC]A LA

G–QKCJCME\CIK´ &NIIK#' uqc ixèkc}a

la} em|czc|ã} }iq} ga kin la ¤QKCZAX]EG

RAEMA JALAXE\CIK´ &JÃLÃXE\CIK

RIQX GE RECV QKCZAX]AGGA#+ Ik raq|

eq}}c mc|ax ga} ¤\ÃNICK] LA OÃFIZEF´'

uqc ik| |akq gaqx mik`xæ} ekkqag â @ekl'

ak rxã}akma la 1+222 nanhxa}' â ge jck

lq nic} la oqcgga| 8252+ Akjck' ga} ã`gc}a}

ejxcmecka}' |agga} uqa ge ¤JIKLE\CIK

[email protected]]FI´' mikkec}}ak| qk }qmmæ}

`xeklc}}ek|+

8+<+ NIQZaNaK|] `Qaxc]]aQx]

Ma} niqzanak|} rxiri}ak| la} nã|fila}

la ̀ qãxc}ik kik xamikkqa} rex ge nãlamcka

mikzak|cikkagga+ M–a}| eck}c uqa l–erxæ}

ga ¤MAXMGA LA] ENC] LA HXQKI

@XÚKCK@´' ge jixma lczcka ” iq miqxek|

lczck ” }axec| â ge he}a la |iq|a zca a|

riqxxec| |iq| `qãxcx+

8+1+ NIQZaNaK|]

¤QJIGI`cUQa]´

Ma} niqzanak|} jiklak| gaqx} mxisekma}

}qx g–avc}|akma l–av|xe|axxa}|xa}+ Ga

¤NIQZANAK\ XEÄGCAK´ raq| ï|xa mge}}ã

lek} ma||a me|ãìxca+ Mgeqla ZIXCGFIK ”

egce} XEÄG ” a| }a} lc}mcrga} mxicak| lek}ga xa|iqx la} Ãgifcn+ Ga ¤NIQZANAK\

XEÄGCAK´ ncgc|a ezam jixma riqx ge

gchax|ã la xagc`cik+ Ak im|ihxa 8252' cg e

akzisã qka lãgãè|cik â qka mikjãxakma

uqa g–Ixèkc}e|cik riqx ge }ãmqxc|ã a| ge

miirãxe|cik ak Aqxira &I]MA# ixèkc}ec| â

Zex}izca â ma }qoa|+ Ma||a ekkãa' cg e eq}}c

nekcja}|ã lazek| la} ã`gc}a} me|figcuqa}

la Gcæà a| la Hxqvagga}' ezam riqx }gièk

‖Kik eqv rxï|xa} rãlirfcga}–+

8+: NIQZaNaK|] ) rfaKINaKa]

e Ge KIMcZc|a KIK aKMIxa

La|axNcKaa

Cg }–e`c| la niqzanak|} iq la rfãkinæka}

ãnaxàk|} lik| g–ekegs}a ka nik|xa re}

akmixa }–cg} xãriklak| iq kik â ge lãjckc|cik

gãèga la g–ixèkc}e|cik }am|ecxa a| eqv

mxc|æxa} la kimczc|ã+ Ga} niqzanak|} uqc

}a lãzagirrak| â g–imme}cik la g–errximfa

lq 85 lãmanhxa 8258 ak mik}|c|qak| qk

avanrga+ Ck|axrxã|ek| ga megaklxcax msmgcuqa



reà :8 Mferc|xa 8

la} Nese}' cg} mxicak| uqa ma||a le|a

nexuqaxe ge jck la} |anr}+

=+ Xiga La ge }QXa\a La g–a\e\

Ga xüga uqa oiqa ge ]ôxa|ã la g–Ã|e| a}|

}qx|iq| l–ixlxa rxãzak|cj? agga ckjixna ga}eq|ixc|ã} minrã|ak|a} la} xc}uqa} uqa

ga} rxe|cuqa} la} ixèkc}e|cik} }am|ecxa}

kqc}chga} xarxã}ak|ak| riqx ge }imcã|ã+

Qka ckjxem|cik mik}|e|ãa a}| lãkikmãa ak

zax|q la g–ex|cmga 83 lq Mila l–ck}|xqm|cik

mxcnckagga+ Cg errex|cak| egix} eqv eq|ixc|ã}

oqlcmcecxa} l–s likkax ge }qc|a uq–agga} oqàk|

irrix|qka+ Akjck' ak }e uqegc|ã la nanhxa

a| la }amxã|ecxa la ge Maggqga elnckc}|xe|cza

la miixlcke|cik la ge gq||a mik|xa ga}ixèkc}e|cik} }am|ecxa} kqc}chga} ' ki|xa

}axzcma errix|a }e mik|xchq|cik â g–ãmfekà

l–ckjixne|cik} ak|xa} ga} lczax}a} ck}|ekma}

xarxã}ak|ãa} eq hqxaeq a| eqv xãqkcik}

rgãkcæxa} +

ga} Xage\cik}ck\aXke\cikega}

e+ RXiMFa.iXcak\ a\ eJXcUQaLQ kiXL

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }a lic| la }qczxa ga} res}

lik| ga} ãzigq|cik} ck|axka} riqxxecak| ezicx

la} mik}ãuqakma} lcxam|a} iq cklcxam|a}

riqx ge Hag`cuqa+ Ge ika ¤Ncllga Ae}|

” Kix|f Ejxcme´ &NAKE# k–ãmferra re} â

ma||a mik}|e|e|cik+ Max|eck} res} la ma||a

xã`cik }axik| }qczc} la nekcæxa rxcixc|ecxa

rexma uqa' minna riqx ga Nexim' qka

minnqkeq|ã l–ixc`cka cnrix|ek|a zc| lek}

ki|xa res}' iq rexma uqa' minna ga Rximfa.

Ixcak|' qka em|qegc|ã }ak}chga raq| ezicx la}

mik}ãuqakma} ak Hag`cuqa+

Kiq} ezik} xa|akq} |xic} avanrga}

cggq}|xe|cj} la ki|xa rxiri}? ge rxihgãne|cuqa

lq ]efexe immclak|eg' ga \xchqkeg }rãmceg

riqx ga Gchek a| ge ¤@E_E JXAALINJGI\CGGE´ uqc }ik| |xic} }qoa|} uqc' rexnc

l–eq|xa}' ik| xa|akq ki|xa e||ak|cik ak 8252+

Cg }–e`c|' minna â mfeuqa jic}' riqx

ki|xa }axzcma a| lek} ga} gcnc|a} la ki}

minrã|akma} la xana||xa lek} gaqx

mik|av|a ck|axke|cikeg la} ãzãkanak|} uqa

kiq} mik}|e|ik} }qx ki|xa |axxc|icxa ejck l–ak

minrxaklxa ga} akoaqv a| ga} ãzak|qagga}

mik}ãuqakma} riqx ge Hag`cuqa+

5+ ga }eFeXe iMMcLak\eg

Ga ]efexe immclak|eg a}| qk |axxc|icxa hixlã

rex ga Nexim' g–Eg`ãxca a| ge Neqxc|ekca'

lik| ga }|e|q| k–a}| re} xã`gã+ Erxæ} ge



Mferc|xa 8 reà :=

lãmigikc}e|cik la ge xã`cik rex g–A}re`ka

ak 5301' qk mikjgc| }qx ge uqa}|cik lq

]efexe immclak|eg a}| errexq+ L–qka

rex|' ga Nexim a| ge Neqxc|ekca xãmgenak|

egix} ma |axxc|icxa minna jec}ek| rex|ca

ck|ã`xek|a la gaqx res} a|' l–eq|xa rex|' ga

¤JXIK\ RIGC]EXCI´ iq ¤RIGC]EXCI´'niqzanak| }efxeiqc' zaq| ak jecxa qk A|e|

cklãraklek|+ Ga ¤JXIK\ RIGC]EXCI´

a}| }iq|akq rex g–Eg`ãxca zic}cka lek}

}a} e}rcxe|cik} cklãraklek|c}|a}+ Ge

Neqxc|ekca' }qc|a â la} rxihgæna} ck|axka}'

}a xa|cxa xerclanak| la ma||a ejjecxa nec} qk

mikjgc| exnã ak|xa ga Nexim a| ga ¤JXIK\

RIGC]EXCI´ mik|ckqa oq}uq–â ge }c`ke|qxa

l–qk emmixl la recv &]a||ganak| Rgek# ak

5335+

Ma| emmixl cnrgcuqec| ki|ennak| qk ma}}a.

ga.jaq ak|xa ga} rex|ca} a| g–ixèkc}e|cik

l–qk xãjãxaklqn }qx g–ezakcx la ge xã`cik'

èxek|c} rex ge rxã}akma l–qka jixma

l–ck|axri}c|cik la g–IKQ &ge ¤NCKQX]I´#+

Ma xãjãxaklqn k–e rq ï|xa ixèkc}ã' ga}

lcjjãxak|} rxi|eìkc}|a} k–esek| rq }a

na||xa l–emmixl }qx }ik mik|akq a| }qx ga}

ãgam|aqx} â rxaklxa ak minr|a+ Larqc}5335' lcjjãxak|} xiqkl} la kãìmce|cik}

ik| aq gcaq nec} k–ik|' oq}uq–â rxã}ak|'

lãhiqmfã }qx xcak la mikmxa|+

Ga melxa lq mikjgc| e lãre}}ã ga ]efexe

immclak|eg+ Larqc} ga ma}}a.ga.jaq' ga}

lcjjãxak|a} rex|ca} }a gczxak| â qk zãxc|ehga

¤minhe|´ riqx ckjgqakmax ga} irckcik}

rqhgcuqa} ak Aqxira a| lek} ga xa}|a lq

nikla+ Mage }a |xelqc| rex la} |ak|e|cza}'

|ek| lq ¤JXIK\ RIGC]EXCI´ a| la

g–Eg`ãxca' uqa la} eq|ixc|ã} neximecka}'

riqx ckjgqakmax â gaqx ezek|eà ge ri}c|cik

lek} ma li}}cax l–qk res} iq l–qka

ck}|c|q|cik ck|axke|cikega' minna g–QA iq

g–IKQ+ G–qk la} ihoam|cj} lq ¤JXIK\

RIGC]EXCI´ ã|ek| la jecxa xamikkeë|xa

ga ]efexe minna A|e| cklãraklek| rex ga

rgq} la res} ri}}chga}' ga Nexim a}}esek|'

uqek| â gqc' la ga jecxa xamikkeë|xa minnajec}ek| rex|ca ck|ã`xek|a la }ik |axxc|icxa+

Ejck la mikzeckmxa ga} A|e|} a| ga}

ck}|c|q|cik} ck|axke|cikega}' mfeuqa rex|ca

q|cgc}a la} nã|fila} }cncgecxa}+

La} ixèkc}e|cik} rxi.neximecka}

|iq| minna la} e}}imce|cik} rxi.

¤JXIK\ RIGC]EXCI´ ixèkc}ak| la}

nekcja}|e|cik} â Hxqvagga} &minna lek}

l–eq|xa} zcgga} aqxirãakka} cnrix|ek|a}#

ejck l–e||cxax g–e||ak|cik }qx gaqx} zc}cik} la

ma||a rxihgãne|cuqa+ Cg exxcza uqa max|eck}

}–a}}esak| â la} |ak|e|cza} riqx |xiqhgax

ga} nekcja}|e|cik} la ge rex|ca elzax}a+ Ma

uqc raq| ri}ax la} rxihgæna} ak |axna}

l–ixlxa rqhgcm+ Ga} lcjjãxak|a} rex|ca}

ck|ãxa}}ãa} }–em|czak| eq}}c |xæ} jix|anak|

lek} la} em|czc|ã} la gihhsck` akzax} ga}

ck}|ekma} lãoâ mc|ãa}+ La} menre`ka}

la }ak}chcgc}e|cik }ik| nakãa} zce la}

ixèka} la rxa}}a rex|ceqv a| zce Ck|axka|+

Rex ma hcec}' qk na}}eà ió ge zc}cik

rex|cagga la mfemqk rxakl ga re} }qx qka

zãxc|ã rgq} minrgava a}| lcjjq}ã+ E mü|ã la

ma |xezecg gãèg l–ckjgqakma' la} em|czc|ã}' uqc

raqzak| ï|xa e}}cncgãa} â la g–ck`ãxakma'

}ik| mik}|e|ãa}+

Ga ]efexe immclak|eg e mikkq ak 8252 la}

ninak|} mxc|cuqa} la}uqag} e lãmiqgã ak

Hag`cuqa qk xaèck la zc`qaqx la} em|czc|ã}

eq|iqx la ma li}}cax+ Mc|ik}' rex avanrga'





Mferc|xa 8 reà :1

mfcc|a} ¤FA_HIGGEF´' ¤ENEG´ a| ga

rex|c eiqkc}|a &mfxã|cak# lq ¤MIQXEK\

RE\XCI\CUQA GCHXA´' ga rex|c ¤HEE\F´'

ga ¤REX\C KE\CIKEG ]IMCEG ]SXCAK´ a|

ga ¤NEXELE´ &NIQZANAK\ NEXIKC\A

RXI]SXCAK#+

Ma} |ak}cik} ik| rxckmcreganak| riqx

ihoa|}?

• ge uqa}|cik la} ¤jeqv |ãnick}´

esek| nakã â g–exxa}|e|cik' gelã|ak|cik rqc} jckeganak| â gegchãxe|cik la uqe|xa ̀ ãkãxeqv gchekec}lcxcàek| ga} }axzcma} la }ãmqxc|ã

Gchekec} â g–ãriuqa la g–e}}e}}cke|la Xejcm FEXCXC4

• ge gã`c|cnc|ã nïna lq \xchqkeg

}rãmceg xanc}a ak meq}a læ} }emxãe|cik rex ga} ¤JIXMA] LQ 6NEX]´4

• g–em|a l–emmq}e|cik lq \]G riqzek|

cnrgcuqax ga ¤FA_HIGGEF´+

Ga rex|c mfcc|a gchekec} ¤FA_HIGGEF´ eck}c

uqa ma} eggcã} lq ¤6 NEX]´ ka zaqgak|

re} ak|aklxa rexgax l–qka emmq}e|cik la

nanhxa} lq ¤FA_HIGGEF´ rex ga \]G

a| xãjq|ak| |iq|a cnrgcme|cik la nanhxa}

lq `xiqranak| lek} g–e}}e}}cke| la Xejcm

FEXCXC+ Ma} jixma} rigc|cuqa} nakeàecak|

la uqc||ax ga ìqzaxkanak| ak me}

l–cnrgcme|cik lq ¤FA_HIGGEF´ iq la }a}

nanhxa} a| rex ma jec| la jecxa ãmge|ax ga

jxe`cga ãuqcgchxa gchekec}+

G–akoaq a}| likm qka ri}}chga lã}|ehcgc}e|cik

lq ìqzaxkanak| gchekec} nec} eq}}c qka

ck}|ehcgc|ã rigc|cuqa a| }ãmqxc|ecxa eq Rximfa.

Ixcak| ió ga Gchek oiqa qk xüga rex|cmqgcax+

\iq|a} ga} |aklekma} la} miqxek|}

rigc|cuqa} a| xagc`caqv rxã}ak|} eq Gchek

}ik| xarxã}ak|ãa} lek} ga} minnqkeq|ã}

la ge lce}rixe gchekec}a zczek| ak Hag`cuqa+

Cg }–e`c| riqx ki|xa }axzcma l–ih}axzax ga}xãem|cik} a| ga} ck|axem|cik} eq }ack la ge

minnqkeq|ã l–ixc`cka gchekec}a rxã}ak|a

}qx ki|xa }ig a| rgq} rex|cmqgcæxanak| eq

}ack la ge minnqkeq|ã gchekec}a mfcc|a'

rgq} rxãmc}ãnak| rexnc ga} elncxe|aqx} iq

ga} }qrrix|ax} la} clãa} lãjaklqa} rex ga

¤FA_HIGGEF´ &rxckmcreg rex|c mfcc|a eq

Gchek#+

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a}| ãèganak| e||ak|czaâ g–em|cik ak Hag`cuqa la ge Xãrqhgcuqa

exeha la ]sxca+ Ga rqc}}ek| zic}ck }sxcak

a}| max|eckanak| |xæ} ck|ãxa}}ã rex ga}

lãzagirranak|} lq \]G zq }a} xerrix|}

rex|cmqgcax} ezam ga Gchek+ Ak 8221' ge

]sxca jq| lcxam|anak| emmq}ãa l–ï|xa

cnrgcuqãa lek} ge nix| la Xejcm FEXCXC

a| lq| }a xa|cxax lq Gchek }iq} ge rxa}}cik

ck|axke|cikega erxæ} rgq} la 82 ek} la

rxã}akma+ Ge Xãrqhgcuqa exeha }sxcakka

ri}}ãlek| qka enhe}}ela â Hxqvagga}

a| }aqganak| qk mik}qge| eqv Res}.He}'

cg a}| rxihehga uq–agga }qcza' â rex|cx la ge

Hag`cuqa' ga} lãzagirranak|} lq \xchqkeg

}rãmceg riqx ga Gchek la Ge Fesa+

Jck 8252' g–em|a l–emmq}e|cik neck|a} jic}

ekkikmã eq}}c }iqzak| xarix|ã k–e riqx

g–faqxa re} ã|ã rqhgcã rex ga \xchqkeg }rãmceg

riqx ga Gchek+ Ga} mik}ãuqakma} la ma|

em|a l–emmq}e|cik &cnrgcuqek| rxihehganak|

la} nanhxa} lq ¤FA_HIGGEF´#



reà :: Mferc|xa 8

}anhgak| miklqcxa â qk zãxc|ehga lcganna4

}ic| ge lãmiqzax|a la ge zãxc|ã mikmaxkek|

ga} naqx|xcax} la g–ekmcak Rxancax nckc}|xa

Xejcm FEXCXC' ræxa la g–em|qag Rxancax

nckc}|xa ]eel FEXCXC' }ic| ge }|ehcgc|ã

rigc|cuqa a| }ãmqxc|ecxa eq Gchek+

=+ ge ¤è_e JXaaLin Jgi\cgge´

Ga =5 nec 8252' g–ck|axzak|cik ncgc|ecxa

c}xeãgcakka mik|xa ge ¤@E_E JXAALIN

JGI\CGGE´' qk mikzic la he|aeqv ezam

la} |ikka} la mexèc}ik a| rgq} la :22

em|czc}|a} &lik| mcku Hagà}# â hixl' zakek|

la ge \qxuqca a| jec}ek| xiq|a zax} ge hekla

la @ee' e rxiziuqã lek} ki|xa res}

haeqmiqr la xãem|cik}+ Lek} ga} oiqx}uqc ik| }qczc g–ck|axzak|cik c}xeãgcakka' qka

}ãxca la nekcja}|e|cik} a| l–em|cik} la

rxi|a}|e|cik ik| ã|ã ixèkc}ãa} lek} ki|xa

res}' ãnekek| l–cklczclq} a| l–e}}imce|cik}

ezam qk exxcæxa.jikl clãigi`cuqa a| la}

ni|cze|cik} |xæ} lczaxàk|}+ Xerragik}

uqa g–ixèkc}e|cik av|xãnc}|a ¤FENE]´

e nikirigc}ã' læ} 8220' ga riqzicx lek}

ge hekla la @ee' erxæ} ezicx ãzckmã

zciganak| ga niqzanak| xczeg' ga ¤JE\EF´'

lq riqzicx+

E rxancæxa zqa' ga }qczc la |agga} em|cik}

}a }c|qa ak lafix} la ge }rfæxa la

minrã|akma a| l–ck|ãxï| la ge ]ôxa|ã la

g–A|e|+ G–ixèkc}e|cik la nekcja}|e|cik}

riqx rxi|a}|ax mik|xa qk ãzãkanak| iq

riqx rximgenax qk rick| la zqa rigc|cuqa

rxirxa jec| rex|ca la ge gchax|ã la rak}ax

a| la} emuqc} lãnimxe|cuqa} l–qk A|e| la

lxic|+ Mage k–akgæza xcak eq jec| uqa mfeuqa

ckmclak| lek} ga mik|av|a lq mikjgc| c}xeãgi.

rega}|ckcak e||cxa g–e||ak|cik la niqzanak|}

av|xãnc}|a} la lcjjãxak|} |sra}' uqc

a}}esak| }iqzak|' zce qka }|xe|ã`ca

l–ak|xc}na' l–q|cgc}ax ga} em|cik} la `xiqra}

a| l–ixèkc}e|cik} eqv xazaklcme|cik}

gã`c|cna} minna zãfcmqga riqx qka lcjjq}cik

rgq} gexà la gaqx} rxirxa} rick|} la zqa+

Eq kczaeq hagà' mage raq| ï|xa qk zam|aqx

la xaèck la |ak}cik} ck|axminnqkeq|ecxa}

iq ck|axmikja}}cikkagga}' mage raq| eq}}c

miklqcxa â qka }|c`ne|c}e|cik la ge

minnqkeq|ã oqcza+ Eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg'

mage raq| enakax â qk }iq|cak rgq} cnrix|ek|

riqx la} ixèkc}e|cik} rega}|ckcakka}

av|xãnc}|a}' minna ga ¤FENE]´+

Ge neoixc|ã la} em|cik} la rxi|a}|e|cik

mik|xa g–ck|axzak|cik ncgc|ecxa c}xeãgcakka

e ã|ã ck}rcxãa rex la} ixèkc}e|cik}

l–av|xïna èqmfa+ Ge }mæka l–av|xïna

èqmfa ak|xa|cak| |xelc|cikkagganak| la

hik} mik|em|} ezam la} ãgãnak|} rigc|c}ã}

la ge &xage|czanak| ra|c|a# minnqkeq|ã

rega}|ckcakka ak Hag`cuqa a| xãq}}c| â ga}

nihcgc}ax riqx gaqx} em|cik} eq|iqx la ge

uqa}|cik rega}|ckcakka+

Ak nïna |anr}' ik e rq mik}|e|ax uqa

g–ckmclak| e xãzacggã la nekcæxa re}}e`æxa

g–e||ak|cik la g–av|xïna lxic|a ak Hag`cuqa'

uqc e a}}esã la rxijc|ax la g–enhcekma

ek|c.c}xeãgcakka uqc e |anrixecxanak|

}qczc ga xecl mik|xa ge ¤@E_E JXAALIN

JGI\CGGE´+ Kikih}|ek|' cg s e qka

|aklekma lek} ga} ncgcaqv l–av|xïna lxic|a

&ak |iq| me} rqhgcuqanak|# â nilãxax gaqx

lc}miqx} ek|c}ãnc|a' ge minnqkeq|ã oqcza

ã|ek| eq}}c mik}clãxãa minna qka zcm|cna

la ma||a ¤c}genc}e|cik´ uqa g–av|xïna lxic|a



Mferc|xa 8 reà :0

ak|akl minhe||xa' â g–avanrga lq mge}}cuqa

lc}miqx} ek|c.c}gencuqa la max|eck}

rigc|cmcak} la ge lxic|a rirqgc}|a ak Aqxira+

Eq}}c' ga} ãzãkanak|} eq|iqx la ge ¤@E_E

JXAALIN JGI\CGGE´ k–ik| re} gec}}ã

cnre}}chga} ga} minnqkeq|ã} exeha} a|

nq}qgneka} la ki|xa res} uqc kiqxxc}}ak|

|xelc|cikkagganak| qka `xekla }snre|fca

riqx ge uqa}|cik rega}|ckcakka+

]c`kegik} }qx|iq| ge xãem|cik l–qka jxekà

la ge minnqkeq|ã |qxuqa riqx la} xec}ik}

ãzclak|a+ Ak ajja|' ga} kaqj rax}ikka} |qãa}

gix} la g–irãxe|cik ncgc|ecxa ã|ecak| |iq|a}

la ke|cikegc|ã |qxuqa+ G–IK@ c}genc}|a

|qxuqa ¤CK\AXKE\CIKEGA FQNEKC\EXA

FCGJ]IX@EKC]E\CIK´ &CFF# e l–ecggaqx}

ã|ã ga ni|aqx la g–ixèkc}e|cik lq mikzic+

Ga} gcak} ã|xic|} ak|xa CFF a| la} rex|c}

c}gencuqa} |qxm} xelcmeqv avrgcuqak|

riqxuqic ma }ik| ki|ennak| la}

ixèkc}e|cik} c}genc}|a} xelcmega} |qxuqa}

uqc ik| rxc} g–ckc|ce|cza l–ixèkc}ax la}

nekcja}|e|cik} lek} ma melxa' egix} uqa ga}

|xelc|cikkagga} ixèkc}e|cik} ke|cikegc}|a}.

dãnegc}|a} }ik| xa}|ãa} â g–ãmex|+

Ga xa}|a la ge niqzekma xelcmega c}genc}|a

ka }–a}| re} jec| rex|cmqgcæxanak| xanexuqax+

Lek} max|ecka} ni}uqãa}' la} errag} â

ge }igclexc|ã ezam ga} zcm|cna} a| ga raqrga

rega}|ckcak ik| ã|ã jec| nec} ga} jclæga}

k–ã|ecak| re} ckmc|ã} â eggax nekcja}|ax+

G–cnrix|ek|a e||ak|cik uq–e ak|xeëkãa ge

¤@E_E JXAALIN JGI\CGGE´ gec}}a

}qrri}ax uqa ma k–a}| re} ge laxkcæxa jic}

uq–qk |ag mikzic zax} ma||a ika la mikjgc|

a}| ixèkc}ã+ Cg k–a}| re} avmgq uqa max|ecka}

ixèkc}e|cik} lã|iqxkak| ma} ckc|ce|cza}

a| gaqx} mik}ãuqakma} riqx gaqx} rxirxa}

eàkle} av|xãnc}|a}+

H+ eJXcUQa }QH}eFeXcakka

Ak 8252' g–Ejxcuqa kicxa a}| xa}|ãa qk mak|xa

l–ck|ãxï| cnrix|ek| la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ezam

qka e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa riqx g–Ejxcuqa la}

@xekl} Gem} &Xãrqhgcuqa lãnimxe|cuqa lq

Mikì' Xpekle a| Hqxqklc#+ Minr|a |akq

la} gcak} fc}|ixcuqa} ak|xa ma||a xã`cik a|

ge Hag`cuqa' qk max|eck kinhxa la Hagà}

s xã}clak| a| la xage|czanak| `xekla}

minnqkeq|ã} mikìgec}a' xpeklec}a a|

hqxqklec}a }ik| rxã}ak|a} ak Hag`cuqa+

Ak xec}ik la} xãraxmq}}cik} cnrix|ek|a}

uq–agga raq| ezicx |ek| }qx ge minnqkeq|ã

hagà }qx rgema a|)iq }qx ga} minnqkeq|ã}

eggimf|ika} ak Hag`cuqa uqa }qx ga} xage|cik}

lcrgine|cuqa} la ki|xa res}' g–ãzigq|cik la

ge }c|qe|cik lek} ma} res} jec| g–ihoa| l–qk

}qczc e||ak|cj la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

8252 e maraklek| zq }–ãgex`cx ga mfenr

l–em|cik la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }qx gamik|ckak| ejxcmeck+

L–qka rex|' lcjjãxak|} res} la g–Ejxcuqa

la g–Iqa}| &@qckãa iq Mü|a l–Czicxa rex

avanrga# ik| ixèkc}ã ma||a ekkãa la}

ãgam|cik} xage|czanak| niqzanak|ãa} uqc

ka }ik| re} xa}|ãa} }ek} mik}ãuqakma}

}qx ge lce}rixe+ Qk }qczc la ge }c|qe|cik a|

la} mik}ãuqakma} }qx ga} minnqkeq|ã}

ak Hag`cuqa e likm ã|ã ajjam|qã+

L–eq|xa rex|' eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg' qka

eq`nak|e|cik la ge nakema |axxixc}|a



reà :6 Mferc|xa 8

ãnekek| la xa}}ix|c}}ek|} a}|.ejxcmeck}

&rxckmcreganak| ]inegcak}# e ã|ã mik}|e|ãa+

Ga} xc}uqa} la xelcmegc}e|cik c}gencuqa la

ma} minnqkeq|ã} ik| likm ã|ã ã|qlcã}

ezam e||ak|cik+

5+ XaRQHgcUQa LaniMXe\cUQaLQ Mikì &XLM#

Lcjjãxak|} ãgãnak|} ik| nexuqã g–ekkãa

mikìgec}a la ge Z]]A? ga} ja}|czc|ã} la

g–Cklãraklekma ga =2 oqck 8252 eq}}c hcak

â Dck}fe}e ezam ge zc}c|a lq Xic Eghax|

CC uq–ak Hag`cuqa' ga} rxãrexe|cik} lq

rximæ} Oaek.Rcaxxa HANHE â ge Miqx

rãkega ck|axke|cikega &MRC#' ge rxãrexe|cik

la} ãgam|cik} rxãzqa} ak 8255' ge nix| laJgixchax| MFAHASE a| l–Exnekl \QK@QGQ

ak XLM ezam ge rgãcela la xãem|cik} uqa

mage e ak|xeëkã ak Hag`cuqa' +++

5+5+ Lce]rIxe

5+5+5+ Xelcmegc}na

Ge |ak}cik lek} ge lce}rixe mikìgec}a

” neoixc|ecxanak| irri}ãa eq Rxã}clak|

Oi}arf DEHCGE ” a}| nik|ãa eq jcg la} nic}+

Ge nix| â Dck}fe}e la laqv irri}ek|}

mikìgec} zczek| ge rgqrex| lq |anr} ak

Hag`cuqa e xaklq ge minnqkeq|ã mikìgec}a

la ge lce}rixe av|xïnanak| kaxzaq}a &ak

Hag`cuqa likm nec} ãèganak| ak Jxekma'

eq Xiseqna.Qkc' …#+

G–e}}e}}cke| rex ge Rigcma mikìgec}a lq

ncgc|ek| la} lxic|} la g–finna Jgixchax|

MFAHASE ak ezxcg 8252 e ak|xeëkã

rgq}caqx} nekcja}|e|cik} l–irri}ek|}

mikìgec} rgq} cnrix|ek|a} uqa l–fehc|qla+

Ge nix| l–Exnekl \QK@QGQ ak im|ihxa

8252 ” erxæ} ezicx ã|ã exxï|ã rex ge @exla

rxã}clak|cagga la Oi}arf DEHCGE riqx ezicx

oa|ã la} rcaxxa} }qx }e zic|qxa ” e akmixa

akzakcnã g–enhcekma+ Ak im|ihxa' laqv

nekcja}|e|cik} ik| mikkq qka nihcgc}e|cik

|xæ} cnrix|ek|a &â qk kczaeq mikìgec}# a|ik| ã|ã rex|cmqgcæxanak| zcigak|a}+

Ge rxã}akma la kinhxaqv Mikìgec}

la g–ã|xekàx e ã|ã xanexuqãa â ma}

nekcja}|e|cik}+ La} Mikìgec} la Jxekma'

]qc}}a iq lq Xiseqna.Qkc ik| ak ajja| jec|

ga lãrgemanak| a| ik| ã|ã rexnc ga} rgq}

xelcmeqv+ Ga} Ek`gec} la ge ¤LCE]RIXE

MIK@IGEC]A QKC\AL DCK@LIN´

&LMQD# ki|ennak| ik| ã|ã rexnc ga} rgq}zcigak|} a| riq}}ecak| ga} Mikìgec} la

Hag`cuqa â rgq} la xelcmegc}na+

Ma| akmiqxeànak| â ge zcigakma la ge

rex| la} ‖Hxc|ekkcuqa}– ka }–a}| re} jec|

avmgq}czanak| gix} la} nekcja}|e|cik}

l–im|ihxa 8252+ Larqc} gix}' maqv.mc

zcakkak| xã`qgcæxanak| }qx ki|xa |axxc|icxa

a| mik|ckqak| â ckmc|ax eq xelcmegc}na+ La}

nakema} ræ}ak| læ} gix} ak raxnekakma}qx |iq| Mikìgec} mik}clãxã rex ma}

xelcmeqv minna rximfa lq xã`cna la

Oi}arf DEHCGE+

Rax}ram|cza}

Cg mikzcak| la xa}|ax |xæ} e||ak|cj }qx ma

}qoa| lek} ga} rximfeck} nic}+ Qka em|cik

mik|xa qk rximfa lq xã`cna ak Hag`cuqa

k–a}| re} cnri}}chga a| riqxxec| ezicx

la} mik}ãuqakma} riqx ki} xage|cik}

lcrgine|cuqa} ezam ge Xãrqhgcuqa

lãnimxe|cuqa lq Mikì+



Mferc|xa 8 reà :3

5+5+8+ Oaek.Rcaxxa HANHE

Erxæ} la nqg|crga} xarix|} lq} eqv lczax}a}

rximãlqxa} akè`ãa} rex ga} lcjjãxak|a}

rex|ca}' ga rximæ} la Oaek.Rcaxxa HANHE e

minnakmã â ge Miqx Rãkega Ck|axke|cikega

ak kizanhxa 8252+ Ga rxã}clak| lq

¤NIQZANAK\ LA GCHAXE\CIK LQ

MIK@I´ &NGM# }anhga mik|ckqax ”

minna larqc} ga lãhq| la }e lã|ak|cik ” â

ziqgicx xa}ram|ax ge rximãlqxa+

Ga rximæ} k–akàklxa re} la xaniq}

rex|cmqgcax} lek} ge lce}rixe+ Qk eq|imex e

hcak ã|ã giqã â g–qka iq g–eq|xa xarxc}a rex

ga} rex|c}ek} la Oaek.Rcaxxa HANHE riqx

}a xaklxa eq rximæ} â Ge Fesa' nec} mage

k–e `qæxa akàklxã la rxihgæna}+ Ki|xa

}axzcma }qc| ge ri}c|cik la ge lce}rixe rex

xerrix| â ma rximæ} a| minnqkcuqa â ma

rxiri} ezam }ik finigi`qa kãaxgeklec}+

5+5+=+ Mckuqek|akecxa la g–Cklã.

raklekma lq Mikì

Ge rãxcila eq|iqx lq =2 oqck &oiqx la ge jï|a

ke|cikega mikìgec}a# a}| |xelc|cikkagganak|

qka la} rãxcila} ga} rgq} ‖e`c|ãa}– la

ge lce}rixe mikìgec}a uqc s nekcja}|a

xã`qgcæxanak| }ik irri}c|cik eq xã`cna lq

Rxã}clak| Oi}arf DEHCGE+ Ge Z]]A a}|

likm |iqoiqx} |xæ} e||ak|cza eqv ãzækanak|}

}a lãxiqgek| eq|iqx la ma||a le|a a| ma

l–eq|ek| rgq} ma||a ekkãa zq ga} xaniq}

meq}ã} rex ge nix| la Jgixchax| MFAHASE

ak ezxcg 8252+

Ga} lczax} ãzækanak|} &ja}|czc|ã}'

avri}c|cik}' mikjãxakma} a| eq|xa}

nekcja}|e|cik}# }a }ik| lãxiqgã}

xage|czanak| lek} ga megna a| }ek}

rxihgæna} rex|cmqgcax}+ Xanexuqik} oq}|a'

riqx ge rxancæxa jic}' la} e||euqa} zaxhega}

lcxam|a} mik|xa ga Xic Eghax| CC ak xec}ik la

}e rex|cmcre|cik eqv ja}|czc|ã} â Dck}fe}e

eqv mü|ã} la Oi}arf DEHCGE+

5+5+<+ Rekejxcmekc}na

Ge rxã}akma la lcjjãxak|} ra|c|}

niqzanak|} rekejxcmeck} e ã|ã

mik}|e|ãa ak Hag`cuqa+ Qk l–ak|xa aqv e

rex|cmqgcæxanak| e||cxã ki|xa e||ak|cik ak

xec}ik lq kin la jencgga la }ik lcxcàek|?

GQNQNHE+

Ak ajja|' gix} la} nekcja}|e|cik} â Hxqvagga}

}qczek| ge nix| la Jgixchax| MFAHASE'

ki|xa }axzcma e mik}|e|ã g–exxczãa l–qk

kiqzaeq `xiqranak| . ezam qk lc}miqx}

|xæ} e`xa}}cj . }qx ge }mæka la g–irri}c|cik

mikìgec}a+ Cg }–e`c| lq ¤JXIK\ KE\CIKEG

DIK@IGEC]´ &JKD# lcxc`ã rex ga kazaq la

Re|xcma GQNQNHE' Xcmfexl GQNQNHE+

Ma niqzanak| ek|c.cnrãxcegc}|a a| ek|c.

hgekm }a lãjckc| minna ¤ke|cikegc}|a

mikìgec} rekejxcmeck´+ Cg rxüka ge

¤gchãxe|cik´ la g–Ejxcuqa a| }–irri}a eqv

lcxcàek|} ejxcmeck} em|qag} emmq}ã} l–ï|xa

â ge hi||a la} Immclak|eqv+ Ma||a gchãxe|cik

lic| }a jecxa ã|era rex ã|era' res} rex res}+

Riqx e||acklxa }ik ihoam|cj' Xcmfexl

GQNQNHE |ak|a la lãzagirrax }a} mik|em|}

ezam la} ̀ xiqranak|} l–irri}c|cik l–eq|xa}

res} ejxcmeck} rxã}ak|} ak Hag`cuqa+ Cg

riqxxec| ãèganak| ezicx la} gcak} zax}

la} niqzanak|} rekejxcmeck} rxã}ak|} ak

Jxekma' Xiseqna.Qkc a|)iq A|e|}.Qkc}+







reà 08 Mferc|xa 8

g–¤EXNAA RE\XCI\CUQA XPEKLEC]A´

&ERX# }ik| |inhã} ak lc}`xèma a|' ezam

laqv eq|xa} rax}ikka} uqc immqrecak| la}

rgema} cnrix|ek|a} lek} ge }imcã|ã' ik| jqc

ga Xpekle riqx avaxmax qka irri}c|cik la

g–ã|xekàx+

8+=+ Ga] ̀ aKIMcLecxa]

Ak 8252' ge xamfaxmfa raxnekak|a la}

`ãkimclecxa} rex ga} eq|ixc|ã} xpeklec}a} e

mik|ckqã+ Ga} rxancax} mchgã} }ik| maqv }a

|xiqzek| lek} ge me|ãìxca 5 &rxãrexe|cik'

jckekmanak| a| avãmq|cik lq ̀ ãkimcla# ezam

ak |ï|a Jãgcmcak DEHQ@E+ Ki|xa }axzcma e

maraklek| xanexuqã uqa ma||a ¤gc}|a´ ã|ec|

q|cgc}ãa rex ga xã`cna la Dcègc riqx xã`gax

}a} minr|a} ezam ga} irri}ek|}+

8+<+ Ga xerrIx| La] Ke|cIK].

QKca]

Ga Xpekle e ã|ã nc} ak ezek| kãè|czanak|

lek} ga xerrix| la} Ke|cik}.Qkca} rexq ga

5ax im|ihxa 8252 a| lek} gauqag g–exnãa

xpeklec}a e ã|ã emmq}ãa la zcige|cik la}

lxic|} la g–finna a| la `ãkimcla â g–A}| lq

Mikì ak|xa 5333 a| 822=+ Reqg DE@ENAk–e re} lq |iq| errxãmcã a| }–s a}| irri}ã la

|iq|a} }a} jixma}+ Ga xerrix| a}| maraklek|

exxczã lek} ga} neck} la g–irri}c|cik uqc

g–q|cgc}a riqx emmq}ax ga Rxã}clak| xpeklec}

¤l–e}}e}}ck´' ¤l–Fc|gax la g–Ejxcuqa´' …

8+1+ Zc]c|a] aK HaG`cUQa

Qk max|eck kinhxa la rax}ikkegc|ã}

lq xã`cna xpeklec} }ik| zakqa} ak

Hag`cuqa ak 8252+ Ma} zc}c|a} ezecak|

}iqzak| minna ihoam|cj la mikzeckmxa ga}

irri}ek|}' }qx|iq| Fq|q}' la xa|iqxkax eq

Xpekle+ Ga rick| mqgnckek| la ma |sra la

zc}c|a }–a}| lãxiqgã ga} : a| 0 lãmanhxa gix}

la ge zakqa lq Rxã}clak| Reqg DE@ENA ak

Hag`cuqa riqx ga} Oiqxkãa} aqxirãakka} la

Lãzagirranak| eqvuqagga} cg k–e jckeganak|

re} rex|cmcrã+ Cg e rex mik|xa hcak xakmik|xã

â ma ninak| ge lce}rixe xpeklec}a+

8+:+ eNHe]]eLa LQ xPeKLe e

HxQVaGGa]

G–enhe}}ela xpeklec}a â Hxqvagga} e

ã|ã |xæ} em|cza+ Ga hq| ã|ec| ki|ennak|

la xãjixnax ga} }|xqm|qxa} la ge lce}rixe

xpeklec}a la Hag`cuqa riqx s nãgekàx

Fq|q} a| \q|}c}+ Riqx mage' la} `xiqra} la

|xezecg ik| ã|ã jiklã} lek} lcjjãxak|a} zcgga}

}iq} ge lcxam|cik la g–enhe}}elaqx nïna+

Ki|xa }axzcma e maraklek| rq xanexuqax

uqa uqe}cnak| qkcuqanak| la} \q|}c}

ã|ecak| ck|ãxa}}ã} a| uqa raq la Fq|q}

rex|cmcrecak|+

G–enhe}}ela xpeklec}a e ãèganak|

ixèkc}ã qk menr C\IXAXI â Gaqzak

ió la} oaqka} xpeklec} ik| rq jecxa

mikkec}}ekma ezam gaqx mqg|qxa a| gaqx

gek`qa l–ixc`cka+

=+ HQXQkLc

=+5+ aGaM|cIK]

Riqx ga Hqxqklc' g–ekkãa 8252 e ãèganak|

ã|ã }iq} ga }c`ka la} ãgam|cik} ̀ ãkãxega}+ Qk

hcgek la ge rãxcila lcxc`ãa rex ga ¤MIK]ACG

KE\CIKEG RIQX GE LAJAK]A LA GE

LANIMXE\CA ” JIXMA] RIQX GE

LAJAK]A LA GE LANIMXE\CA´ &MKLL.

JLL# a| lq Rxã}clak| Rcaxxa KDQXQK_C_E



Mferc|xa 8 reà 0=

e ã|ã jec|+ Fixnc} uqaguqa} na}qxa}

rirqgecxa} minna g–ak}ac`kanak| rxcnecxa

`xe|qc| riqx mfeuqa akjek| a| g–ecla nãlcmega

`xe|qc|a riqx ga} næxa} a| gaqx} akjek|}' ge

hegekma xa}|a kãè|cza+ Ga Hqxqklc xa}|a

qk res} mixxinrq ió ge reqzxa|ã xæ`ka4 ge

}c|qe|cik ãmikincuqa xa}|a me|e}|xirfcuqaneg`xã qk }iq|cak av|ãxcaqx cnrix|ek| a| ga}

}|e|c}|cuqa} }qx ge mxcnckegc|ã e||ac`kak| la}

}inna|}+ Ga ìqzaxkanak| k–e ijjax| uqa

raq l–irri}c|cik â mage a| ezam qka exnãa

a| la} }axzcma} la rigcma jikm|cikkek|

xage|czanak| neg' la} mfekànak|} xercla}

ka }ik| re} â e||aklxa+

Ga} rxãrexe|cik} la} ãgam|cik} }a }ik|

lãxiqgãa} la nekcæxa e`c|ãa a| erxæ} ga}ãgam|cik} minnqkega} la nec 8252' cg e ã|ã

xerclanak| mgecx uq–qka kiqzagga rãxcila

l–ck}|ehcgc|ã minnakàec| riqx ga res}+

Ga MKLL.JLL e è`kã gexànak| a| ga}

rex|c} l–irri}c|cik ik| xaoa|ã ga} xã}qg|e|}+

Cg} ik| jixnã qk jxik|' ¤EGGCEKMA LA]

LANIMXE\A] RIQX GA MFEK@ANAK\

EQ HQXQKLC´ &ELM.CDCHCXC# a| ik| xa|cxã

gaqx} meklcle|} la} eq|xa} ãgam|cik}+ Cg k–s

e re} aq l–avrgi}cik la zcigakma iq lane}}emxa}' nec}' rex mik|xa' la} irri}ek|}

ik| ã|ã nakemã}' exxï|ã} a| |qã}+ Ge

}c|qe|cik e ãèganak| ã|ã |xæ} lqxa riqx ga}

nãlce} a| ga} IK@+ Haeqmiqr ik| l–ecggaqx}

uqc||ã ga res}+ \iq| mage }–a}| lãxiqgã

}iq} g–ŝcg lq }axzcma la xak}ac`kanak|

hqxqklec}' ga ¤]AXZCMA KE\CIKEG LA

XAK]AC@KANAK\´ &]KX#+

=+8+ KIQZaGGa xaHaGGcIK 9

Ga} ãgam|cik} uqc ik| }qczc &riqx ga Rxã}clak|'

ga Rexganak|' ga ]ãke| a| ga} Miggcka}# ik|

likkã ga nïna xã}qg|e|? ga MKLL.JLL

mik}axza ga riqzicx' immqra ge Rxã}clakma

a| e qka neoixc|ã â |iq} ga} kczaeqv la

riqzicx+ Kiq} riqzik} læ} gix} rexgax

l–qk ¤A|e|.rex|c´+ Qk â qk' ga} lcxcàek|}

la} rex|c} l–irri}c|cik ik| uqc||ã ga res}'

Eè|fik XPE]E lq ¤JXIK\ KE\CIKEGLA GCHAXE\CIK´ &JKG# ak |ï|a+

Cg s e la} cklcme|cik} uqa ma laxkcax }ic| ak

|xeck la jixnax qka kiqzagga xãhaggcik â g–A}|

lq Mikì ezam la} ãgãnak|} la} ¤JIXMA]

LANIMXE\CUQA] LA GCHAXE\CIK

LQ XPEKLE´ &JLGX#' la} irri}ek|}

\q|}c} ixc`ckecxa} lq Xpekle a| l–ekmcak}

nanhxa} lq ¤MIK]ACG KE\CIKEG RIQX

GE LAJAK]A LQ RAQRGA´ &MKLR#+ Cg s

eqxec| hcak mikmxæ|anak| la} |ak|e|cza}

riqx ã|ehgcx ma||a xãhaggcik' nec} agga }axec|

mikjxik|ãa â la} rxihgæna} rxe|cuqa}

minna ga jckekmanak|' g–exnanak|' ga

xezc|ecgganak| la} |xiqra}' …

=+=+ rcaxxa KDQxQK_c_e

Rcaxxa KDQXQK_C_E e jckeganak| ã|ã

xããgq rxã}clak| a| e xerclanak| lãmgexã

ziqgicx miggehixax ezam g–irri}c|cik ak lãrc|lq jec| uq–agga ka }cæà re} eq Rexganak|+

G–irri}c|cik k–e re} zxecnak| }qczc ma||a

rxiri}c|cik a| ga res} }–akgc}a la rgq} ak

rgq}+

=+<+ eNc]IN

Ga Hqxqklc rex|cmcra â ge nc}}cik la}

Ke|cik}.Qkca} ENC]IN a| e â ma |c|xa

akzisã la} |xiqra} ak ]inegca+ Mage e

miklqc| â la} ekkikma} la xarxã}ecgga} la

¤EG ]FEHEEH´ a|' erxæ} ga} e||ak|e|} â

Denrege' ga Hqxqklc a}| |xæ} rxãimmqrã a|



reà 0< Mferc|xa 8

mxeck| ãèganak| la} e||ak|e|} â Hqoqnhqxe+

Mage k–a}| re} cxxãegc}|a a| læ} gix} mage e

ã|ã a| xa}|a |iqoiqx} }qczc la rxæ} rex ki|xa

}axzcma+

<+ eJXcUQa La g–iQa}\

<+5+ rcxe|axca

Ki|xa }axzcma e jiqxkc qka mik|xchq|cik q|cga

eq lãkiqanak| la g–e||euqa la rcxe|a}

mik|xa ga he|aeq ENAXC@I ZA]RQMMC'

rxirxcã|ã la ge }imcã|ã hagà ¤OEK LA

KQG @XIQR´+ Lek} ga linecka la ge

rcxe|axca |iqoiqx}' ge Z]]A e errix|ã }e

mikkec}}ekma riqx ge na||xa â ge lc}ri}c|cik

lq nikla nexc|cna hagà+

<+8+ `QcKaa

<+8+5+ Agam|cik} rxã}clak|cagga}

Ga 80 oqck 8252' ge Xãrqhgcuqa la @qckãa

ixèkc}ec| ga rxancax |iqx la} rxancæxa}

ãgam|cik} rxã}clak|cagga} gchxa} a| rgqxegc}|a}

la }ik fc}|icxa+ Zck`|.uqe|xa meklcle|}'xarxã}ak|e|cj} la g–ak}anhga lq res}eà

rigc|cuqa' }imceg iq a|fkcuqa lq res}

hxc`qecak| ge ne`c}|xe|qxa }qrxïna+

Ma} ãgam|cik} lazecak| ï|xa g–ehiq|c}}anak|

l–qka gik`qa rãxcila la |xek}c|cik uqc ezec|

}qmmãlã â ge nix| lq @ãkãxeg.Rxã}clak|

Gek}eke MIK\A }qxzakqa ga 8= lãmanhxa

8226 a| â ge rxc}a lq riqzicx rex ge oqk|a

ncgc|ecxa lq ¤MIK]ACG KE\CIKEG RIQX GE

LANIMXE\CA A\ GA LAZAGIRRANAK\´

&MKLL# lcxc`ãa rex ga merc|ecka Niq}}e

LELC] MENEXE+

Ge à}|cik lq riqzicx rex Niq}}e LELC]

MENEXE ezec| ã|ã nexuqãa rex ge

xãrxa}}cik zcigak|a la} nekcja}|e|cik} lq

8< }ar|anhxa 8223 uqc ezec| meq}ã ge nix|

la rgq} la 512 rax}ikka}+

Ma| ãzækanak| ezec| emmak|qã ga} |ak}cik}

ck|axka} eq }ack lq MKLL uqc rxiziuqæxak|

ge |ak|e|cza l–e}}e}}cke| la Niq}}e LELC]

MENEXE a| }ik ãzcm|cik lq riqzicx eq rxijc|

lq @ãkãxeg ]ãdiqhe DIKE\A' kqnãxi =

la ge oqk|a' ga = lãmanhxa 8223+

Lqxek| ma||a rãxcila la |xek}c|cik' ge

}imcã|ã mczcga `qckãakka }–a}| gazãa riqx

xãmgenax qk emmæ} eq zi|a lãnimxe|cuqa

a| qka rex|cmcre|cik ãuqc|ehga eq riqzicx+

Xãqkc} }iq} ga niqzanak| la} ¤JIXMA]

ZCZA]´' ga} rxckmcreqv rex|c} a| gaelax}

rigc|cuqa} eck}c uqa }sklcmeqv ik| jixmã ga

MKLL â rex|eàx ga riqzicx a| â emmar|ax ge

kincke|cik l–qk ̀ iqzaxkanak| la |xek}c|cik

lik| ga Rxancax nckc}|xa ã|ec| Oaek Nexca

LIXA' qk gaelax la g–a|fkca jixa}|cæxa

nckixc|ecxa+

Ge lcnak}cik a|fkcuqa e ak ajja|

xerclanak| xajec| }qxjema lek} ga lãhe| riqx

g–emmæ} eq riqzicx }qrxïna nikirigc}ã

larqc} g–cklãraklekma rex ga} Negckdã}

a| ]iq}}iq}+ Ga} Raqfg}' uqc mik}|c|qak|

rxæ} la <1! la ge rirqge|cik }ik| ak ajja|

}iq}.xarxã}ak|ã} |ek| lek} g–exnãa uqa

g–elnckc}|xe|cik+ Cg} a}|cnecak| ezicx akjck

lxic| eq riqzicx+

Ga} xã}qg|e|} lq rxancax |iqx likkæxak|

riqx zeckuqaqx ezam <=! la} zi|a} Maggiq

Legcak LCEGGI' meklcle| la g–¤QKCIK LA]

JIXMA] LANIMXE\CUQA] LA @QCKAA´



Mferc|xa 8 reà 01

&QJL@# &rex|c â neoixc|ã Raqfg# }qczc

l–Egrfe MIKLA lq ¤XE]]ANHGANAK\

LQ RAQRGA LA @QCKAA´ &XR@# &rex|c â

neoixc|ã Negckdã# ezam 56 !+ Ma} xã}qg|e|}

rxiziuqæxak| qk zãxc|ehga }ãc}na rigc|cuqa

lek} ge kinakdge|qxe Negckdã uqc riqx ge

rxancæxa jic} ã|ec| }q}mar|chga la raxlxa gariqzicx+

Ixèkc}ek| ga xarix| mik|ckq la g–ixèkc}e|cik

lq }amikl |iqx la} rxã}clak|cagga}'

g–ak}anhga la} jixma} rigc|cuqa}'

ncgc|ecxa} a| elnckc}|xe|cza} Negckdã} ik|

rxi`xa}}czanak| xãq}}c â nilcjcax g–irckcik

rqhgcuqa ak gaqx jezaqx e}}qxek| eck}c ge

zcm|icxa la gaqx meklcle|? Egrfe MIKLA+

<+8+8+ Ak Hag`cuqa

Ga} xa}}ix|c}}ek|} `qckãak} xã}clek|

em|qagganak| ak Hag`cuqa raqzak| ï|xa

a}|cnã} ak|xa 1+222 a| 6+222 rax}ikka}'

a}|cne|cik xaklqa rex|cmqgcæxanak| lcjjcmcga

lq jec| uq–qk kinhxa cnrix|ek| la @qckãak}

}ik|' }ic| ak }ãoiqx cggãèg lek} ki|xa res}'

}ic| ke|qxegc}ã} Hagà}+

Ge minri}c|cik a|fkcuqa la ge rirqge|cik

`qckãakka ak Hag`cuqa ka mixxa}rikl

re} â }e xãrex|c|cik ke|cikega? ga} Raqfg}

xarxã}ak|ak| qka |xæ} jix|a neoixc|ã la ge

lce}rixe' ga} eq|xa} a|fkca}' ki|ennak| ga}

Neklck`qa}' ã|ek| }iq}.xarxã}ak|ã}+

Ge rirqge|cik `qckãakka ak Hag`cuqa

a}| la laqv rxijcg} }imci.ãmikincuqa}

lcjjãxak|}+ Agga a}| minri}ãa' l–qka rex|'

la rax}ikka} raq uqegcjcãa} }iqzak|

ak }|e|q| rxãmecxa' xãmannak| exxczãa}

}qx ga |axxc|icxa ke|cikeg a|' l–eq|xa rex|'

l–ck|aggam|qag}' `ãkãxeganak| hcke|cikeqv'

avaxàek| rxckmcreganak| la} rxija}}cik}

gchãxega}+

Rexnc ma} ck|aggam|qag}' la jix|a}

rax}ikkegc|ã} enhc|cikkak| ge lcxam|cik

la gaqx minnqkeq|ã ak Hag`cuqa riqx

ak ih|akcx la} xa|inhãa} rigc|cuqa}

ak @qckãa+ Ga} rxckmcreqv rex|c} a|

niqzanak|} rigc|cuqa} `qckãak} ik| likm

qka xarxã}ak|e|cik ak Hag`cuqa a| eqrxæ}

la g–Qkcik aqxirãakka+

Mfeuqa ãzækanak| nexuqek| ak @qckãa

e aq }e xãraxmq}}cik ak Hag`cuqa' ió ge

xelcmegc}e|cik a|fkcuqa }–a}| jix|anak|

emmak|qãa eq }ack la ge minnqkeq|ã

ehiq|c}}ek| â qk oa| la mimd|ecg nigi|iz }qx

ge jeàela la g–enhe}}ela la @qckãa ak

Hag`cuqa eq gaklaneck la ge rxinqgè|cik

la} xã}qg|e|} lq }amikl |iqx+

Rxakek| la rgq} ak rgq} qk mexem|æxa

a|fkcuqa' ga} rex|c}ek} rigc|cuqa} la

Hag`cuqa }a jãlæxak| em|qagganak| eq kczaeq

aqxirãak &ezam riqx he}a Hxqvagga}# riqx

riqx}qczxa gaqx em|cik rigc|cuqa uqc }axe

rxckmcreganak| mak|xãa }qx g–ixèkc}e|cik

la} ãgam|cik} gã`c}ge|cza} ak @qckãa ak

8255+

Ki|xa }axzcma }qc| læ} gix} g–ãzigq|cik lq

riqzicx ak @qckãa riqx ak ãzegqax ga}

mik}ãuqakma} ak |axna} la xc}uqa la

nekcja}|e|cik zcigak|a iq la xelcmegc}e|cik

la ge minnqkeq|ã `qckãakka ak Hag`cuqa+

1+ eJXcUQa La g–a}\

Ak 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e }qczc la





Mferc|xa 8 reà 00

5+8+ MeMfaxNcxa

Lek} ma melxa' ki|xa zc`cgekma }a rix|a

ãèganak| }qx max|eck} ¤`xiqra} la

rxa}}cik´ redc}|ekec}+ Ak |iq| rxancax gcaq'

cg jeq| ãziuqax ga ¤DE]FNCX MAK\XA

AQ´ uqc' ijjcmcagganak|' a}| qk mak|xa

cklãraklek| ŝqzxek| riqx lãjaklxa ga}

lxic|} la} fehc|ek|} lq Memfancxa' qk

|axxc|icxa uqc mik}|c|qa |iqoiqx} em|qagganak|

ge rinna la lc}mixla ak|xa ga Redc}|ek'

g–Ckla a|' lek} qka nicklxa na}qxa' ge

Mfcka+ Mikmxæ|anak|' cg avc}|a la gcak}

|xæ} ã|xic|} ak|xa ma ¤DE]FNCX MAK\AX

AQ´ a| ga} eq|ixc|ã} redc}|ekec}a}' ak ma

minrxc} ga} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|

ke|cikeqv+ Cmc' ãèganak|' ki|xa }axzcma }anik|xa zc`cgek| ejck uqa ga} gcnc|a} nakek| â

g–ck`ãxakma ka }icak| re} e||ack|a}+

5+=+ cKLa

Ma||a ekkãa' kiq} ezik} xanexuqã qka

xã}qxàkma zc}chga la ge uqa}|cik }cdfa+ Ga}

]cdf} lc}ri}ak| l–qka lce}rixe cnrix|ek|a

lek} ki|xa res}' mikmak|xãa a}}ak|cagganak|

lek} ga} rxizckma} ixcak|ega}+ Nïna }–cg

}–e`c| neoixc|ecxanak| l–qka minnqkeq|ã|xæ} |xekuqcgga' ik xa|xiqza |iq|ajic}'

larqc} la} ekkãa}' }qx ki|xa |axxc|icxa la}

xarxã}ak|ek|} la} niqzanak|} ncgc|ek|}

}ãrexe|c}|a} }cdf}' ga}uqag} xazaklcuqak|

qka re|xca cklãraklek|a riqx ga} ]cdf} }qx

qk |axxc|icxa }c|qã lek} ga Kixl.Iqa}| la

g–Ckla &Dfegc}|ek#+ Ak 8252' kiq} ezik} rq

mik}|e|ax uqa ma} `xiqra}' rexnc ga}uqag}

}a |xiqzak| ak rxancax gcaq ga ¤HEHHEX

DFEG]E CK\AXKE\CIKEG´ &HD# a|

ga ¤DFEGC]\EK _CKLEHEL JIXMA´

&D_J#' ik| ck|ak}cjcã gaqx} em|czc|ã} la

xamxq|anak| a|' rxckmcreganak|' la miggam|a

la jikl} ak Aqxira+ La} xarxã}ak|ek|}

la ma} ixèkc}e|cik} }ik| eq}}c rxã}ak|}

lek} ki|xa res} a| qka ck|ak}cjcme|cik

la gaqx} mik|em|} ezam gaqx} mik`ãkæxa}

lincmcgcã} lek} la} res} jxik|egcax} e

rq ï|xa mik}|e|ãa+ La} }axzcma} ¤jxæxa}ík| ãèganak| xã`qgcæxanak| e||cxã ki|xa

e||ak|cik }qx ma||a }ck`qgcæxa xã}qxàkma la

}ix|a uq–qka miggehixe|cik ck|axke|cikega e

lãoâ ã|ã nc}a }qx rcal ejck la gq||ax mik|xa

ma||a rxihgãne|cuqa+

Ma ncgc|ek|c}na }cdf k–a}| re} }aqganak|

lekàxaqv lek} }ik res} l–ixc`cka' ak

g–immqxxakma g–Ckla' nec} raq| ãèganak|

ezicx la} xãraxmq}}cik} }qx ki|xa |axxc|icxaminna ak |ãnic`ka g–e||ak|e| mik|xa laqv

]cdf} uqc }–a}| lãxiqgã â Zcakka ak nec la

g–ek laxkcax+ Ak xage|cik ezam ma| e||ak|e|'

la} cklczclq} ik| ã|ã exxï|ã} ma||a ekkãa ak

Eggane`ka' ma uqc lãnik|xa â kiqzaeq ga}

meremc|ã} la mcxmqgax rex lagâ ga} jxik|cæxa}

lik| jik| rxaqza ma} av|xãnc}|a}+ Nïna }c

ma||a em|cik k–ã|ec| zc}chganak| re} |iqxkãa

mik|xa la} ck|ãxï|} immclak|eqv' ga jec| uqa

magga.mc }a }ic| lãxiqgãa }qx ga }ig aqxirãake mik|xchqã â }ak}chcgc}ax ga} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| immclak|eqv akzax} ge

xã}qxàkma lq }cdfc}na ncgc|ek|+

5+<+ ]xc GeKDe

Jckeganak|' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }iqfec|a

ãèganak| xazakcx }qx ga} \eniqg}

errex|akek| eqv ¤GCHAXE\CIK \C@AX]

IJ \ENCG AAGEN´ &G\\A#+ G–ekkãa

rxãmãlak|a' g–exnãa lq ]xc.Gekde e

ckjgc`ãa qka lãjec|a lãjckc|cza â ma} G\\A'

uqc e jckeganak| ak|xeëkã ge ma}}e|cik la}



reà 06 Mferc|xa 8

minhe|} ncgc|ecxa} }qx g–ëga+ Raklek| maqv.

mc' ga gaelax fc}|ixcuqa la} G\\A' Zagqrcggec

RXEHFEDEXEK' e raxlq ge zca+ Larqc} gix}'

lcjjãxak|a} jxem|cik}' eggek| la ge niqzekma

rqxanak| rigc|cuqa oq}uq–eq ncgc|ek|c}na

xcìqxaqv' |ak|ak| la rxaklxa ga mik|xüga

la ge lce}rixe+ Ik e nïna rq mik}|e|ax gejixne|cik l–qk ̀ iqzaxkanak| ak avcg' gauqag

k–a}| maraklek| re} xamikkq rex g–ak}anhga

la ge minnqkeq|ã |eniqga+ Cg avc}|a likm

rgq}caqx} niqzanak|} ncgc|ek|} em|cj} eq

}ack la ge lce}rixe ck}|eggãa ak Aqxira

&ak Hag`cuqa ãèganak|# lik| g–clãigi`ca

ckmgcka ak jezaqx la ge gq||a exnãa &nïna

}c em|qagganak|' cg} k–ik| kc ga} nisak}' kc

ga} jikl} kãma}}ecxa} â magga.mc#+ Uqaguqa}.

qk} la ma} `xiqra} }ik| lãoâ em|cj} akixèkc}ek| la} xe}}anhganak|} a| la}

nekcja}|e|cik} iq ak a}}esek| la miggam|ax

la g–exàk| eq }ack la gaqx minnqkeq|ã+

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }–a}| likkãa minna

nc}}cik la }qczxa e||ak|czanak| g–ãzigq|cik

la ma li}}cax oq}uq–â ma uq–qka xã}qxàkma

la} G\\A &iq l–qka ixèkc}e|cik }cncgecxa

lãkinnãa lcjjãxannak|# rqc}}a ï|xa

|i|eganak| avmgqa+ ]qx ma||a rxihgãne|cuqa'

qka miirãxe|cik ak|xa lcjjãxak|} }axzcma}aqxirãak} e ãèganak| ã|ã ãxc`ãa+

8+ ge XaRQHgcUQa RiRQgecXa LaMFcka

8+5+ ]c|Qe|cIK cK|axKa a|

MIK|aV|a cK|axKe|cIKeG

Ge Xãrqhgcuqa rirqgecxa la Mfcka riqx}qc|

}ik lãzagirranak| ãmikincuqa neg`xã ga

xegak|c}}anak| la ge mxic}}ekma niklcega

a| mik|ckqa â }–ejjcxnax minna rex|akecxa

ckmik|iqxkehga }qx ge }mæka ck|axke|cikega+

Nïna }c ge Mfcka mikkeë| |iqoiqx} qka

mxic}}ekma ãmikincuqa lskencuqa ak

minrexec}ik la} lcjjcmqg|ã} xakmik|xãa}

rex ga} ãmikinca} immclak|ega}' agga

xa}|a mikjxik|ãa â la} lãjc} ck|axka}

&ckãègc|ã} ãmikincuqa}' rxihgæna}

akzcxikkanak|eqv' mixxqr|cik' |ak}cik}a|fkcuqa} eq \cha| a| eq Vckocek`' …#+

Ga ¤REX\C MINNQKC]\A´ mfckic} a}|

ak|xã lek} qka rfe}a lãgcme|a gcãa â

ge rxãrexe|cik la ge |xek}c|cik zax} qka

kiqzagga `ãkãxe|cik la lcxcàek|} rxãzqa

riqx 8258+ Rãdck e mik|ckqã â na||xa ak

ŝqzxa }e rqc}}ekma jckekmcæxa }qx ga rgek

ck|axke|cikeg ak emmixlek| ki|ennak|

l–cnrix|ek|} rxï|} rxãjãxak|cag} â lakinhxaqv res}' s minrxc} ak Aqxira+

Lek} ga melxa la gaqx }|xe|ã`ca l–avrek}cik

ck|axke|cikega' ga} ak|xarxc}a} mfckic}a} ik|

emuqc} la} minre`kca} ã|xek`æxa} rex|iq|

lek} ga nikla+

]iqmcaq}a la }ik cneà ck|axke|cikega'

ge Mfcka riqx}qc| ga lãzagirranak| la

}ik }ij| ripax &Avri}c|cik qkczax}agga

la ]fek`fec' av|ak}cik lq xã}aeq la}

Ck}|c|q|} Mikjqmcq}' ckza}|c}}anak|} lek}

ga} nãlce} ak gek`qa} ã|xek`æxa}' …#+

Ga} xage|cik} }cki.enãxcmecka}' uqc

lã|axnckak| jix|anak| ge rigc|cuqa ã|xek`æxa

la Rãdck' ik| mikkq uqaguqa} |ak}cik} ak

8252+ Ge uqa}|cik la ge }iq}.ãzegqe|cik la

ge nikkeca mfckic}a' ga} zak|a} l–exna}

enãxcmecka} â \ecpek a| ge rxihgãne|cuqa

la ge rãkck}qga mixãakka }ik| uqaguqa}

rick|} la jxcm|cik uqc mexem|ãxc}ak| ga}

xage|cik} ak|xa ge Mfcka a| ga} A|e|}.Qkc}+

G–ejjcxne|cik la ge rqc}}ekma mfckic}a a|



Mferc|xa 8 reà 03

qk lc}miqx} rgq} jaxna lek} ga melxa la

max|ecka} uqa}|cik}' minna magga la ge nax

la Mfcka lq ]ql' ckuqcæ|ak| ga} A|e|} uqc }a

|xiqzak| lek} ga zic}ckeà la ge Mfcka+

Rgq} ri}c|czanak|' 8252 e zq ge }c`ke|qxa

l–qk emmixl fc}|ixcuqa la miirãxe|cik

ãmikincuqa ezam \ecpek' mik|xchqek| eck}c

â ge lã|ak|a ak|xa ga} laqv xcza} lq lã|xic|

la Jixni}a+

8+8+ Ge MfcKa a| Ge HaG`cUQa

La kinhxaqv ãzãkanak|} ik| ãnecggã ga}

xage|cik} ak|xa ge Xãrqhgcuqa rirqgecxa la

Mfcka a| ge Hag`cuqa? ga ja}|czeg Aqxiregce

Mfcka' g–Avri}c|cik qkczax}agga la ]fek`fec'

ga }inna| ¤E]CE AQXIRA NAA\CK@´&E]AN# a| ga }inna| Qkcik aqxirãakka.

Mfcka â Hxqvagga}+ Ki|xa }axzcma e rex

avanrga miggehixã eq hik lãxiqganak| la

ge zc}c|a lq Rxckma Rfcgcrra â g–Avri}c|cik

qkczax}agga la ]fek`fec ak oqck 8252+

Ga ìqzaxkanak| mfckic} xa}|a

rex|cmqgcæxanak| }ak}chga eqv em|czc|ã} â

g–ã|xekàx la maqv uqa Rãdck e lã}c`kã

minna ¤ga} mcku ric}ik}´' m–a}|.â.lcxaga} cklãraklek|c}|a} |chã|eck}' iqéìqx}

a| |eépekec}' ga} elar|a} lq niqzanak|

¤JEGQK @IK@´ a| ga} xarxã}ak|ek|} la}

niqzanak|} lãnimxe|cuqa}?

. g–e||xchq|cik lq Rxcv Kihag la geRecv eq lc}}clak| mfckic} GCQ Vceihie eck}c jix|anak| cxxc|ã ga} eq|ixc|ã}mfckic}a}4

. ge rxihgãne|cuqa iqéìqxa xa}|arxcixc|ecxa riqx ga xã`cna mfckic}minna ga nik|xa g–ck|ãxï| uqa

}q}mc|ak| ga} lãrgemanak|} â g–Qkcik

aqxirãakka la Nelena Xahcse

DELAAX' rxã}clak|a lq ¤PIXGL

QS@FQX MIK@XA]]´4

. ga }iq|cak lik| hãkãjcmca ga Legeé.Gene la ge rex| la ge minnqkeq|ã

ck|axke|cikega a| la ge }imcã|ã mczcga

nãmik|ak|a ga ìqzaxkanak| la

Rãdck+

Lek} ga melxa la }a} minrã|akma}

&ck`ãxakma' a}rcikkeà' …#' ge ]ôxa|ã

la g–A|e| }qc| læ} gix} ezam e||ak|cik ma}

lcjjãxak|a} rxihgãne|cuqa}+



reà 62 Mferc|xa 8



JIMQ] 8 reà 65

ga MSMga LQ Xak}ac`kanak\

Ge ki|cik la msmga lq xak}ac`kanak|

xakzica â ge nã|fila la |xezecg }rãmcjcuqala} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|+ Gix} la

ma rxima}}q}' ga} }axzcma} irãxe|cikkag}xamqacggak| la} ‗ckjixne|cik}„ hxq|a} uqc

}axik| mikzax|ca} rex ga} }axzcma} l–ekegs}aak rxilqc| jckeg . ga} ‗xak}ac`kanak|}„. â g–ck|ak|cik la} eq|ixc|ã} hagà} a|

l–finigi`qa} ã|xekàx}+

Ma msmga }–errexak|a â qka }qc|a la

niqzanak|} mcxmqgecxa} mik|ckq}+

\iq|ajic}' ga msmga lq xak}ac`kanak|minnakma â g–av|ãxcaqx lq }axzcma' a| rgq}

rxãmc}ãnak| lek} ga melxa la} ixcak|e|cik}a| ck|axxiè|cik} rigc|cuqa}+ Uqag} }ik| ga}

ha}ick} ak ne|cæxa la xak}ac`kanak|} 9

Uqa }iqfec|a a| uqa xamfaxmfa ga mgcak| 9 Cg

}–e`c| la} ‗ck|aggcàkma xauqcxanak|}„' lik|ga} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| ik| ha}ickriqx ixèkc}ax gaqx |xezecg la nekcæxaelãuqe|a+ L–ió g–cnrix|ekma lq Miggæà lq

Xak}ac`kanak| a| la ge ]ãmqxc|ã eck}c uqalq Minc|ã nckc}|ãxcag lq xak}ac`kanak| a|la ge }ãmqxc|ã' laqv ixèka} xage|czanak|xãmak|}+

Ak |axna} l–ckrq|' ge Z]]A lc}ri}aa}}ak|cagganak| la uqe|xa nisak} riqxxamqacggcx la} ckjixne|cik}?

. Ga} em|czc|ã} la }a} rxirxa} }am|cik}irãxe|cikkagga}' uqc xamfaxmfak| la}

ckjixne|cik} }qx ga |axxeck+ Cg a}| â ki|axuqa 62 â 32 ! la ma} ckjixne|cik}rxizcakkak| eqoiqxl–fqc la }iqxma}fqnecka} iq ‗ckjixne|aqx}„+ Ma||a

8Jimq} }qx g–Ekegs}a

}m|i

ir ãx|i

Ri|uq

Rim *

oq|m

eln|x|i

}xzm

ã|x`x

}xzm

ã|x`x

}iqxm iqzx|

eln|x|i

}m|i

irãx|i

Mim|

l–jixn|iL||x

\x|n| ?

cjixn|i lz|

x`n|

ekegS}a

5+ g–ekegS}a ak Xak}ac`kanak\ ak 8252





JIMQ] 8 reà 6=

ma} ckjixne|cik} a| ga} xamiqraxik| ezam

l–eq|xa} likkãa} lc}rikchga}+ Qka jic} ga

|xezecg la }sk|fæ}a a| l–ãzegqe|cik |axnckã'

cg} riqxxik| rxaklxa lcjjãxak|a} ckc|ce|cza}?

. lãmclax uqa ga} ckjixne|cik} ka }ik|

re} }qjjc}ennak| minrgæ|a} iq

}qjjc}ennak| nôxa} riqx ï|xa avrgic|ãa}â g–av|ãxcaqx4

. xãriklxa eqv uqa}|cik} l–finigi`qa}

ã|xekàx} a|)iq gaqx ri}ax la} uqa}|cik}

ejck la lczax}cjcax a| la minrgã|ax

max|ecka} ckjixne|cik}4

. mfexàx ga} }am|cik} irãxe|cikkagga}' eq

nisak la mikmax|e|cik} iq l–eri}|cgga}'

la riqx}qczxa a| l–errxijiklcxga} ckza}|cè|cik}' la xãavenckax

ga} ckjixne|cik} riqx lãmagax la}

mik|xelcm|cik}' l–errximfax l–eq|xa}

}iqxma}' a|m+

Eq |axna la ma} lãnexmfa}' ga} ekegs}|a}

ak|enaxik| ga |xezecg l–ekegs}a rxirxanak|

lc| ak zqa la g–ãgehixe|cik lq rxilqc| jckeg?

ga} ‗xak}ac`kanak|}„+ Maqv.mc }axik|

ak}qc|a nc} â ge lc}ri}c|cik la} q|cgc}e|aqx}?

ga} eq|ixc|ã} rigc|cuqa}' elnckc}|xe|cza} a|

oqlcmcecxa} hagà}+

Ga |xezecg la xak}ac`kanak| zc}a læ} gix}

qka liqhga mgcak|æga?

. g–Ekegs}a' ga rxancax la}|cke|ecxa lq |xezecg

xãegc}ã rex ga} }am|cik} irãxe|cikkagga}'

ãèganak| lãkinnãa} ‗}axzcma}

av|ãxcaqx}„' a| rex ga} mixxa}riklek|}4

. ga} q}eàx} av|axka}' eqvuqag} }ik|

la}|ckã} ga} rxilqc|} c}}q} la g–Ekegs}a+

8+ ReX\akeXce\} * iQZaX\QXa

Ma rxioa|' uqc e zãxc|ehganak| zq ga oiqx ak

8221' }–ck}mxc| lek} qka gc`ka }|xe|ã`cuqa

lq }axzcma zc}ek| â ncaqv jecxa mikkeë|xa ge

]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| &Z]]A# |ek| â qk gexà rqhgcmuq–eqv mqxcaqv' l–qka rex|' a| â lãzagirrax

qka mqg|qxa a| qka xãjgavcik emelãncuqa}

}qx ga |fæna lq xak}ac`kanak|' l–eq|xa

rex|+

Ma||a nc}}cik }a xa|xiqza læ} gix} lek} ga

rxijcg la |èmfa} lq Lcxam|aqx la g–Ekegs}a+

Ga rxã}ak| mferc|xa lxa}}a qk rxancax

ckzak|ecxa la} xãegc}e|cik} la 8221 â 8252

ckmgq}+



reà 6< JIMQ] 8

aVRi}c\cik}

5+ ‗QKLAXMIZAX ” 501 EK] LA GE ]ôXA\ã LA G–A\E\„

Lek} ga melxa la} minnãnixe|cik} lq501æna ekkczax}ecxa la ge Hag`cuqa uqc

ik| aq gcaq ak 8221 }iq} ge miixlcke|cikla ge Mfekmaggaxca lq Rxancax Nckc}|xa' geZ]]A e lãmclã l–ckeq`qxax qka avri}c|ciklãkinnãa ‗Qklaxmizax ” 501 ek} la ge]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|„+

Ge ‗]ôxa|ã rqhgcuqa„ e ak ajja| ã|ã jiklãarex ga ìqzaxkanak| rxizc}icxa ga 5:im|ihxa 56=2' cnnãlce|anak| erxæ}g–cklãraklekma lq res}+

Minr|a |akq lq }qmmæ} xakmik|xã' ma||aavri}c|cik' rxãzqa ckc|ceganak| lq 5axkizanhxa 8221 eq =5 oekzcax 822:' e ã|ãrxigik`ãa oq}uq–eq 86 jãzxcax 822:+

Agga ak|aklec| ezek| |iq| raxna||xa â|iq| qk mfemqk l–emuqãxcx qka max|eckamikkec}}ekma a| minrxãfak}cik la} |èmfa}mikjcãa} â qk }axzcma la xak}ac`kanak|a| la }ãmqxc|ã mczcg lek} qka }imcã|ãlãnimxe|cuqa+

Laqv ckc|ce|cza} ik| ã|ã rxc}a} ak nexàla g–avri}c|cik ejck la riqzicx ãzegqax ma}mikkec}}ekma a| minrxãfak}cik+ Gix} lqlãzagirranak| lq mikmar| la g–avri}c|cik'la} ã|qlcek|} l–qka ãmiga }qrãxcaqxa ik|ck|axxi`ã la} re}}ek|} la `xekla} ex|æxa}minnaxàek|a} la ki} zcgga}+ Ga} uqa}|cik}zc}ecak| rxckmcreganak| â a}|cnax geminrxãfak}cik uq–ezecak| ma} rax}ikka}la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|? }e }c`kcjcme|cik'

}a} nc}}cik}' a|m+ Ga} xãrik}a} jqxak|rexjic} }qxrxakek|a}+ Cg e ã|ã rximãlã âqka }amikla ãzegqe|cik â ge }ix|ca lag–avri}c|cik' ió ga} zc}c|aqx} ik| xaàq qk

uqa}|cikkecxa â xanrgcx+

G–avenak la ma} xãem|cik} e jec| g–ihoa| l–qk

nãnicxa la }|eà xaklq rex qk ekegs}|a?

. Avri Qklaxmizax ” 501 oeex Zacgc`facl

zek la ]|ee|+ Aak dxc|c}mfa ha}rxadck`+Hxqvagga}' 822:' 6= r+

G–avri}c|cik ka }–elxa}}ec| re} }aqganak|

eq rqhgcm ak `ãkãxeg+ Agga mchgec| ãèganak|

ga} finna} rigc|cuqa}' lcrgine|a}'qkczax}c|ecxa}' ãmiga} a| e}}imce|cik}'

}axzcma} finigi`qa} â g–ã|xekàx' a|m+

8+ ‗\IR ]AMXA\„

Ma||a avri}c|cik }–a}| |akqa la oqck 8220â }ar|anhxa 8226 eq mak|xa ãlqme|cj

‗\amfkirigc}„ â Negcka}+ Ma mak|xa e

riqx zime|cik la jencgcexc}ax ga `xeklrqhgcm &rxckmcreganak| ga} oaqka} a| ga

rax}ikkag ak}ac`kek|# ezam ga} }mcakma}

a| |amfkigi`ca} nilaxka} a| gaqx}errgcme|cik}+

Ge Z]]A e mik|xchqã â ma||a avri}c|cik rex

ge nc}a â lc}ri}c|cik l–ihoa|} la }e miggam|cik

fc}|ixcuqa cggq}|xek| ge mikjxik|e|cik la ge

Hag`cuqa â g–a}rcikkeà+Uqe|xa li}}cax} ãlqme|cj} ik| rex

ecggaqx} ã|ã ãgehixã} â la}|cke|cik la

g–ak}ac`kanak| }amiklecxa ckjãxcaqx &zicxxqhxcuqa ‗Rqhgcme|cik}„ mc.erxæ}#+

Ma||a avri}c|cik e uqc||ã Negcka} riqx

Mirakfe`qa ió agga jq| emma}}chga qka

ekkãa lqxek|' riqx ak}qc|a }a |akcx âZex}izca raklek| qk ek+ Lek} ma} laqv

zcgga}' la} ihoa|} rxï|ã} rex ki} }axzcma}finigi`qa} lekic} a| rigikec} }ik| zakq}

xanrgemax ga ne|ãxcag nc} â lc}ri}c|cik rex

ge Z]]A+







JIMQ] 8 reà 60

qkczax}c|ecxa} }a }ik| e||agã}' mfemqk }agikgaqx rxirxa rax}ram|cza' â ge xãlem|cik lama||a ŝqzxa+

:+ XERRIX\ LQ MIGGIUQA‗KIQZAGGA] NAKEMA]„

Ga miggiuqa la lãmanhxa 822< e }axzc la âge he}a eq gczxa?

. RA\AXNEKK' ]cnik4 MGEA]' Pcggs&al+#4 La ckgcmf|ckàklcak}|ak ck Hag`cäak la kcaqpa halxac`ckàk+ Ga} }axzcma}la xak}ac`kanak|} ak Hag`cuqa a| ga}kiqzagga} nakema}+ Hxqvagga}' 8221' 51:r+

0+ HXIMFQXA] MIGGIUQA

‗ELNCKC]\XE\CIK] GIMEGA]„

Ma miggiuqa' â g–imme}cik lquqag ge Z]]Aak|aklec| ncaqv }a jecxa mikkeë|xa la}eq|ixc|ã} gimega}' e ã|ã }qczc la ge rexq|cikl–qka hximfqxa â ge xãegc}e|cik la geuqaggaik| miggehixã ga} }axzcma} l–ekegs}a a| ga}axzcma oqxclcuqa la ge Z]]A?

. ‗Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|„+ Hxqvagga}' 8252' =1r+

. ‗La Zacgc`facl zek la ]|ee|„+ Hxq}}ag'8252' =1 r+

Ma| iqzxeà lãmxc| ga} lczax} nc}}cik} a|nila} la jikm|cikkanak| la ge Z]]A eck}cuqa ga} lcjjãxak|} linecka} l–avrax|c}a lq}axzcma' |ek| }qx ga rgek lq mik|akq uq–â

g–ecla l–avanrga} rxe|cuqa}+ Cg avri}a rexecggaqx} ga} cnrgcme|cik} oqxclcuqa} |ek|riqx ge Z]]A uqa riqx ga} elnckc}|xe|cik}gimega}+

\FckD \ekD}

Cg k–avc}|a â ma oiqx eqmqka akuqï|a}mcak|cjcuqa errxijiklca }qx ga |xezecg laxak}ac`kanak|+ Eq}}c ge Z]]A e.|.agga rxc}la} ckc|ce|cza} uqc rxã}ak|ak| qka cklãkcehgazegaqx eoiq|ãa }qx ga rgek lq mik|akq+

G–avc}|akma l–qk ra|c| `xiqra la rax}ikka}'minri}ã la} ekegs}|a} lcxcàek|} la geZ]]A a| lq ]@X] eck}c uqa la uqaguqa}nanhxa} lq Minc|ã raxnekak| X' mik}|c|qarex ecggaqx} qk ezek|eà }qrrgãnak|ecxa kikkã`gcàehga uqc xã}qg|a la ma||a ak|xarxc}a+Agga e}}qxa qka nacggaqxa minrxãfak}cika| ck|axem|cik ak|xa ga} lczax} rex|akecxa}

hagà}+

5+ @JJ &@GIHEG JQ\QXA] JIXQN#

Ma ‗|fckd ekl li |ekd„ }|xe|ã`cuqa jiklãak 8221 jec| ijjcma la minnqkeq|ãlq xak}ac`kanak| nqg|cke|cikega a|nqg|clc}mcrgckecxa+ Cg xãqkc| la} }axzcma} laxak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã &lcxcàek|}la g–Ekegs}a# a| la} avrax|} kik

ìqzaxkanak|eqv+ ]a} nanhxa}' akè`ã}â g–ãmfagga }|xe|ã`cuqa lek} qk lcegi`qakik mge}}cjcã' ak|aklak| lãzagirrax qkanacggaqxa minrxãfak}cik la} nakema}



reà 66 JIMQ] 8

|xek}ke|cikega} a| avenckak| ga} nisak}

la ga} ek|cmcrax+

Ga @JJ xe}}anhga rgq} la 5+222

rex|cmcrek|} c}}q} la 12 res} l–Enãxcuqa

lq Kixl' l–Aqxira' la} Mexeéha}' l–E}ca

lq ]ql.A}| a| l–Imãekca+ Ga} xa}rik}ehga}

la} }axzcma} l–ekegs}a s xakmik|xak| la}lcrgine|a} a| qkczax}c|ecxa}' miggehixak|

â la} |fckd |ekd}' a|m+ Ga} E}}anhgãa}

`ãkãxega} lq @JJ' uqc }a |cakkak| |iq} ga} 8

â = ek}' }ik| ixèkc}ãa} eq|iqx l–qk |fæna

mak|xeg+

Lczax}a} MIC &Minnqkc|ca} ij Ck|axa}|#

avc}|ak| rex ecggaqx}' uqc xe}}anhgak| qk

kinhxa gcnc|ã l–avrax|} lek} la} linecka}

la mikkec}}ekma }rãmcjcuqa}+ Ge Z]]A

rxakl qka rex| em|cza â laqv MIC+

. Mic Xlm|

Ge Z]]A e ixèkc}ã' ak miggehixe|cik

ezam ga ]@X]' qka xãqkcik la ge ‗MIC

Xelcmegc}e|cik„ uqc e aq gcaq â Hxqvagga} lq

< eq : im|ihxa 822:+

Ge xãqkcik la ma||a MIC e |xiqzã }ik

avrxa}}cik lek} ge rqhgcme|cik?

. ‗Xelcmegc}e|cik' Zcigakma ekl |fa Ripax ij

Ka|pixd}+ Ge Xelcmegc}e|cik' ge zcigakma a|

ga riqzicx la} xã}aeqv+„ I||epe' }l' 583 r+

. Mic Ric &Mq|s j c|x| .

Rxm|m j c|m#

Ma||a MIC a}| rex avmaggakma ge rgq}

cnrix|ek|a lq @JJ+ Ga jikm|cikkanak|

la ma||a minnqkeq|ã e jec| g–ihoa| l–qka

ãzegqe|cik gix} la g–e}}anhgãa `ãkãxega lq@JJ la }ar|anhxa 8252+ Ge MIC RIC }–a}|

}qxmge}}ãa' |ek| }qx ga rgek la }e kãma}}c|ã

uqa lq mik|akq la }ik |xezecg+

Mamc raq| }–avrgcuqax rex ga jec| uqa ge MIC

RIC a}| g–qkcuqa ixèkc}e|cik ck|axke|cikega}|xqm|qxãa uqc eq|ixc}a ga} xa}rik}ehga} la

g–Ekegs}a la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|la }a xakmik|xax lek} qka enhcekma gchxala mik|xeck|a} a| gaqx raxna||a la lãhe||xa'

ezam la} qkczax}c|ecxa} a| }qx qka he}a|fãne|cuqa' la rxihgæna}' rxiri}c|cik} a|

nacggaqxa} rxe|cuqa} ak ne|cæxa l–ekegs}alq xak}ac`kanak|+

Ga Lcxam|aqx la g–Ekegs}a iq g–Eloick| eqLcxam|aqx la g–Ekegs}a la ge Z]]A e lãoâ

ã|ã }iggcmc|ã â rgq}caqx} xarxc}a} gix} laxãqkcik} la ge MIC RIC ejck l–ck|axzakcx ak|ek| uq–ixe|aqx' rxã}clak| la `xiqra} la

|xezecg a|)iq xerrix|aqx la maqv.mc+

Ge Z]]A e ixèkc}ã qka MIC RIC â Ekzax}â geuqagga agga â xãq}}c â e}}imcax la}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| la rgq} ra|c|aakzax`qxa &la ge Heg|cuqa' la} Hegdek}immclak|eqv a| l–Aqxira mak|xega#+ Qk

max|eck kinhxa la }axzcma} cnrix|ek|}}ik| rex ecggaqx} zakq} rxaklxa ga riqg}+

Ge Z]]A e ãèganak| ih|akq la} }axzcma}la }ãmqxc|ã la g–QA a| la g–I\EK uq–cg}rex|cmcrak| â ma| ãzãkanak|+

Ge Z]]A a}| }iggcmc|ãa riqx na||xa }qx rcal

qka ‗MIC RIC Ekzax} CC„+

Ge MIC RIC rxã}ak|a ak iq|xa g–ezek|eà lana||xa ga} nanhxa} la ge Z]]A ak mik|em|ezam qk xã}aeq l–qkczax}c|ecxa} lc`ka}

l–ck|ãxï| lek} qka ir|cuqa la jixne|cik âg–ekegs}a lq xak}ac`kanak| lek} ga melxa

la} jixne|cik} max|cjcme|cza}+



JIMQ] 8 reà 63

8+ @AXAX &@XIQRA AQXIRãAK LA XAMFAXMFA AK ã\FCUQA A\ XAK]AC@KANAK\#

Kinhxa la `xiqra} la xãjgavcik }qx ga|fæna lq |xezecg la xak}ac`kanak| a| lag–ekegs}a lq xak}ac`kanak| ak rex|cmqgcax

ik| ã|ã nc} }qx rcal lek} ga} res} ek`gi.}evik} a| }meklckeza}+ Jema â ma mik}|e|'ge kãma}}c|ã }–a}| læ} gix} cnri}ãa la mxãaxqk raklek| ‗ge|ck„ â ma} ckc|ce|cza}+

M–a}| eck}c uq–qk `xiqra la xãjgavcik e zq ga oiqx eq }ack la g–Amiga ncgc|ecxa la Rexc}+ Cgxe}}anhga la} xarxã}ak|ek|} &nanhxa} lage lcxam|cik# la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|jxekàec}' la} qkczax}c|ecxa} a| la} |fckd|ekd}+ Ga Minc|ã raxnekak| X' ga ]@X]'

ge Z]]A' g–Amiga Xisega Ncgc|ecxa eck}cuqa la} qkczax}c|ecxa} minr|ak| rexnc ga}rex|cmcrek|} riqx ge Hag`cuqa+

Lek} g–ck|axzegga' qk rxioa| rgqxcekkqag e ã|ãjckegc}ã ezam }qmmæ}' â }ezicx ge xãlem|cikl–qk gczxa }qx g–ã|fcuqa a| g–ekegs}a lqxak}ac`kanak|' rexq eq lãhq| la g–ekkãa8255?

. RCMFAZCK' \fcaxxs &al+#4 A|fcuqa a|

Xak}ac`kanak|+ Ge lcjjcmcga mifehc|e|cik lqhcak a| la ge kãma}}c|ã+ Rexc}' 8255' 5<5 r+

=+ HC]M &HAG@CEK CK\AGGC@AKMA ]\QLCA] MAK\XA#

G–avc}|akma l–qk ixèka la xãjgavcik rxirxaâ ge Hag`cuqa' xa`xiqrek| la} rex|cmcrek|}c}}q} lq nikla emelãncuqa a| la gerxe|cuqa' jec}ec| akmixa lãjeq| lek} ga

res}eà la ki|xa res}+ Ak im|ihxa 8252'ge Z]]A' ga ]@X]' ga Minc|ã X a| g–AX]&Amiga lq Xak}ac`kanak| a| la ge ]ãmqxc|ã#ik| ã|ã ckzc|ã} â g–Qkczax}c|ã la @ekl+

Qk `xiqra la rxija}}aqx} la mxcnckigi`cac}}q} la} rxckmcrega} qkczax}c|ã}hagà} ak|akl mxãax qka rge|ajixna lamikmax|e|cik }|xqm|qxãa ezam ga nikla lqxak}ac`kanak|' riqzicx }a mikmax|ax lanekcæxa xã`qgcæxa a| ixèkc}ax qk |xezecgl–ã|qla eck}c uqa la} miggiuqa}+

Ge ri}}chcgc|ã la lc}ri}ax l–qk hqlà|a| l–qk }amxã|exce| mik}|c|qa qk ãgãnak|cnrix|ek| â ma| ãèxl+

Ga} rxancæxa} em|czc|ã} ik| ã|ãrxi`xennãa} riqx 8255+

\FckD \ekD} eQVUQag}ReX\cMcRa ge Z}}a La nekcaXaRe}}cZa

Ga} |xezeqv lq @JJ a| la ge MIC RIC eck}cuqa ga} mik|em|} kiqã} â ma||a imme}cikik| raxnc} l–ã|ehgcx la} xage|cik} ezam la}|fckd |ekd} emelãncuqa} lek} la} rex|ca}lq nikla ió ge Z]]A k–a}| re} ri}c|cikkãala nekcæxa clãega ak |axna} l–ckjixne|cik}+Kiq} riqzik} jecxa errag â ma} ck}|c|q|} laxamfaxmfa &rex g–ak|xanc}a la} mik|em|}avc}|ek|} ezam gaqx} rxã}clak| a|)iqlcxam|aqx}# ejck l–ih|akcx la} ckjixne|cik}ihoam|czãa}+

]ik| rxckmcreganak| mikmaxkãa} lek} mamelxa la} ixèkc}e|cik} }c|qãa} ak E}ca lq]ql.A}|+

RXi`Xenna} \agaZc}a}

Ge Z]]A e ã|ã la rgq} ak rgq} }iggcmc|ãaejck l–errix|ax }e mik|xchq|cik â ge

xãegc}e|cik l–ãnc}}cik} |ãgãzc}ãa} lcjjq}ãa}rex lcjjãxak|a} mfeëka} hagà}+ Ga}limqnak|ecxa} }qczek|} ik| eck}c zq ga oiqx'xãegc}ã} â mfeuqa jic} }qx ge he}a l–qka





JIMQ] 8 reà 35

}–iræxa ak miggehixe|cik ezam ga} ã|qlcek|}

a| gaqx} rxini|aqx} xa}ram|cj}+ Qk hxcajck`

`ãkãxeg mikmaxkek| ge Z]]A a| ga |xezecg

la xak}ac`kanak| a}| egix} rxiri}ã eqv

ã|qlcek|}+ Cg} }ik| ak}qc|a akmelxã} rex la}

ekegs}|a} }rãmcegc}ã} lek} ga |fæna la gaqx

|xezecg la jck l–ã|qla}+

G–ã|xekàx a}| ãèganak| laneklaqx

l–qk |ag }qczc+ Eck}c' qk ã|qlcek| e

hãkãjcmcã la mik}acg} lek} ga melxa la

}ik ã|qla fc}|ixcuqa }qx ga} xã}aeqv la

xak}ac`kanak|} gix} la ge ]amikla @qaxxa

niklcega+ Ge Z]]A ka }–a}| re} mik|ak|ãa

la gqc jiqxkcx la} ckjixne|cik}+ Agga }–a}|

ãèganak| mfex`ãa la ga na||xa ak mik|em|

ezam ga ‗Nq}ãa ke|cikeg la ge xã}c}|ekma„

l–Eklaxgamf| a| ga ‗Nãnixceg ke|cikeg laHxaaklikd„+

Ma| ã|qlcek| e eck}c rq xãegc}ax qk nãnicxa

la uqegc|ã?

. JGSKK' Lekcag4 \fa ]ramceg Iraxe|cik}

Avamq|cza ekl Pex|cna ]ehi|eà+ @xiqra

@ ekl Mexemeg.Kige e} Hag`cek Me}a

]|qlca}+ Qkczax}c|s ij Lqhgck+ \xckc|s

Miggaà+ Larex|nak| ij Fc}|ixs' 8226+

=+ ga} MFcJJXa} La g–ekegS}aak 8252

ki\a} L–ekegS}a ak 8252

Ki|a} eqv eq|ixc|ã} rigc|cuqa}'elnckc}|xe|cza} a| oqlcmcecxa}hagà}

5<86

Ki|a} eqv }axzcma} laxak}ac`kanak| ã|xekàx} 8838

\I\EG @AKAXEG =082

<+ LanekLa} Lake\QXegc}e\cik a\ Lake\cikegc\a ak 8252

Ga} lanekla} la ke|qxegc}e|cik a| lake|cikegc|ã rexzcakkak| â ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|zce |xic} mekeqv?

• ge minnc}}cik la} Ke|qxegc}e|cik} la ge

Mfenhxa4

• ga} Rexuqa|} la} rximqxaqx} lq Xic &}agik

ga lincmcga la} laneklaqx}#4

• ga ]RJ Ck|ãxcaqx &laneklaqx} lincmcgcã}

â g–ã|xekàx#+

Erxæ} qk mik|xüga mak|xegc}ã la g–clak|c|ã' ga}

lanekla} riqx ga}uqagga} ga} rax}ikka}}ik| ckmikkqa} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }ik|xakzisãa} ezam ge nak|cik elãuqe|a &zicxMferc|xa Z la ma xerrix| ekkqag#+

Ga} lanekla} riqx ga}uqagga} ga}rax}ikka} }ik| mikkqa} la ge ]ôxa|ãla g–A|e| }ik| |xek}nc}a} eqv }axzcma}l–Ekegs}a+ Gâ' ga }axzcma l–Ekegs}aminrã|ak| . ge rgqrex| lq |anr} }qczek|ge xã`cik l–ixc`cka ” xãlcà qk eraxàq la}

em|czc|ã} lq laneklaqx mikmaxkã+ Ma}em|czc|ã} liczak| |iqoiqx} ezicx qk gcakezam qka iq rgq}caqx} nc}}cik} gãèga}la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+ Ma} eraxàq} }ik|akzisã} eqv eq|ixc|ã} &minnc}}cik la}Ke|qxegc}e|cik} la ge Mfenhxa a| ak}qc|aeq}}c eq Rexuqa| lq rximqxaqx lq Xic uqca}| mfex`ã la ge }qc|a lq |xec|anak|#+

Cg a}| cnrix|ek| la }ezicx ma uqc }qc|+ Qka

clãa axxikãa xazcak| |xæ} }iqzak|? ge ]ôxa|ãla g–A|e| gczxaxec| qk ezc} riqx ga} lanekla}la ke|qxegc}e|cik a| la ke|cikegc|ã+ Magea}| jeqv+ Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ka jec| uqa



reà 38 JIMQ] 8

minnqkcuqax la} xak}ac`kanak|}' minnal–eq|xa} ck}|ekma} &rex avanrga g–Ijjcma la}A|xekàx}' ge Rigcma jãlãxega' ga Rexuqa|' gaXa`c}|xa ke|cikeg'…#+ Ma }ik| ga} eq|ixc|ã}â g–ixc`cka la ge lanekla uqc' }qx ge he}ala g–ak}anhga la} ckjixne|cik} xaàqa}'liczak| rxaklxa qka lãmc}cik mikmaxkek|

ga} lanekla}+

&zicx |ehgaeq reà 3=#

1+ }\e\Q\ La} }aXZcMa}ck\aXcaQX}

Qk }|e|q| }rãmcjcuqa e ã|ã mxãã riqxga} ]axzcma} av|ãxcaqx} la ge Z]]A+Kixneganak|' qka nïna ãzigq|cik

lazec| }qczxa riqx ga} ]axzcma} ck|ãxcaqx}&g–Ekegs}a' ga ]axzcma Oqxclcuqa a| ga}]axzcma} @ãkãxeqv#+ Ma rax}ikkag eem|qagganak| ga }|e|q| l–eàk| la g–A|e|'rgq}caqx} rxihgæna} }a ri}ak| maraklek|+

Gâ ió' riqx ga} ekegs}|a} la ge Z]]A'la} rxijcg} a| la} xæ`ganak|} la }ãgam|cik}rãmcjcuqa} ik| ã|ã rxilqc|}' xcak k–e ã|ãrxc} ak minr|a mikmaxkek| g–ãzigq|cik la gemexxcæxa+ Ak minrexec}ik ezam ga} eq|xa}

elnckc}|xe|cik}' cg s e rxirix|cikkagganak|rgq} l–eàk|} la kczaeq E em|cj} eq }ack lag–Ekegs}a+ Zq ma kinhxa' eqmqka ãzigq|cikla mexxcæxa }qx ga rgek fcãxexmfcuqa karaq| gaqx ï|xa rxiri}ãa+ Qka mexxcæxal–avrax|c}a &he}ãa }qx g–avrãxcakma' la}jixne|cik} }rãmcjcuqa} a| qka mikkec}}ekma}rãmcegc}ãa# lazxe zicx ga oiqx+ Rex ecggaqx}'la} jixne|cik} }rãmcjcuqa} riqx ga|xezecg ak xak}ac`kanak| a| g–ekegs}a ak

xak}ac`kanak| lazxik| ï|xa rxãzqa} }qx gargek la ge jixne|cik lek} ge melxa la ge ¤xãjixna Miraxkcm ´ riqx ga rax}ikkag lag–Elnckc}|xe|cik+

Ga} rxijcg} a| xæ`ganak|} la }ãgam|cikrxãmc|ã} ik| ak}qc|a ã|ã q|cgc}ã} minna}iqxma l–ck}rcxe|cik riqx ga xamxq|anak|l–ekegs}|a} eqrxæ} lq }axzcma ncgc|ecxa]@X] a| eqrxæ} la g–IMEN' maraklek|lek} ga} laqv me} ma} jikm|cik} ik| ã|ãmge}}ãa} rgq} feq| lek} ga} ãmfagga}

hexãncuqa} &xa}ram|czanak| E8 a| E=' egix}uq–agga} }ik| xa}|ãa} ak E5 â ge Z]]A#+ Qkniqzanak| la xe||xereà lic| likm }arxilqcxa+

Qka rxancæxa ã|era e ã|ã jxekmfca rex gerxã}ak|e|cik la} jikm|cik} l–ekegs}|a}eqrxæ} lq Minc|ã jãlãxeg la riklãxe|cik'ma uqc e raxnc} uqa ma} jikm|cik} &ezam la}ãzigq|cik} a| la} minrã|akma} }rãmcjcuqa}#}icak| riklãxãa} lek} ga} ãmfagga}hexãncuqa} E5' E8 a| E=' raxna||ek| qkarxini|cik ck|axka+ Ma||a ã|era e ãèganak|ã|ã jxekmfca riqx ga} ]axzcma} @ãkãxeqv+Ga} oqxc}|a} ka }ik| rex mik|xa re} akmixaemmar|ã} ak |ek| uqa jikm|cik }rãmcjcuqa eq}ack lq |xezecg la xak}ac`kanak|+

Larqc} rgq}caqx} ekkãa}' cg avc}|a qk@xiqra la |xezecg ncv|a }qx g–Ekegs}a'minri}ã la xarxã}ak|ek|} lq Minc|ã

raxnekak| X' la ge Z]]A a| lq ]@X]' uqc|xezecgga eq lãzagirranak| la g–ekegs}a akxak}ac`kanak|' â ge jixne|cik la he}a a|mik|ckqãa+ Qk rxancax hcgek e ã|ã xãegc}ãeq miqx} l–qka oiqxkãa l–ã|qla ezam geMinnc}}cik la }qczc lq ]ãke|+ Riqx uqaga} ã|era} }qczek|a} rqc}}ak| }a xãegc}ax' cgjeqlxe l–ehixl lc}ri}ax l–qk ̀ iqzaxkanak|+



JIMQ] 8 reà 3=

ReS} L–iXc`ckaaQXiRa La g–iQa}\?

C|egca 1<

Res}.He} 5<

Eggane`ka 58

Jxekma 58

@xæma 1

Xiseqna.Qkc 1

A}re`ka 1

Rix|qèg 1

]qc}}a 8

Jckgekla 5

Gqvanhiqx` 5

]qæla 5

HegDek} iMMcLak\eQV?

Di}izi 8<

Eghekca 5:

]axhca 3Hi}kca.Faxãìzcka 0

Mxie|ca 5

Nik|ãkã`xi 5

Nemãlicka 55

aQXiRa La g–a}\?

Jãlãxe|cik la Xq}}ca 885

Qdxecka =<

Hcãgixq}}ca 8:

Xiqnekca 51

Rigi`ka 5<

Hqgèxca 58

Fik`xca :

Niglezca 1

]gizeuqca =

A}|ikca 5

e}ca nckaQXa *

}QL LQ MeQMe}a?

\qxuqca $ Dqxla} \qxm} <=1

Exnãkca 5:

@ãix`ca 5=

Eaxheéloek <eJXcUQa LQ kiXL?

Nexim 183

Eg`ãxca 31

A`sr|a 58

Gchsa <

Neqxc|ekca :

]iqlek 1

\qkc}ca 8<

RXiMFa.iXcak\?

]sxca =0

C}xeäg :

Oixlekca 52

Gchek 81

Rega}|cka 52

Rãkck}Qga eXeHa?

Ancxe|} Exeha} Qkc} 5

Dipac| 5

Sãnak :

niSak.iXcak\?

Cxed 13

Cxek 6<Ej`fekc}|ek 80

eJXcUQa kicXa?

Kc`ãxce 6

Menaxiqk 3

Xãrqhgcuqa lãnimxe|cuqa lq

Mikì 581

Ekìge 1

Hqxqklc 56

Minixa} 5

Lochiq|c 8

A|fcirca 8

@feke 8

@qckãa :

@qckãa Hc}}eq 5

Mü|a l–Czicxa 0

Mer.Zax| 8

Dãkse 5

Gchãxce 5

Neleè}mex 5

Kcàx 8

Iqèkle 8Xpekle 0=

]ãkãèg <

]caxxe Gaika 5

]inegca 5=

\iì 1

e}ca Mak\Xega?

Deedf}|ek 52

Dcx`fcc}|ek <

Iqhãdc}|ek =

}iQ}.Mik\ckak\ ckLcak?

Ckla 8=

Hek`gela}f 1

Kãreg 3

Redc}|ek 3=

]xc Gekde 5<

aV\Xïna.iXcak\?

Oerik 8

Xãrqhgcuqa rirqgecxa la

Mfcka =1

Mixãa lq Kixl =

e}ca LQ }QL.a}\?Rfcgcrrcka} 8

Negec}ca 5

enãXcUQa LQ kiXL?

A|e|}.Qkc} l–Enãxcuqa 55

Mekele 8

enãXcUQa ge\cka?

Navcuqa 1

Kcmexe`qe 8

Mi}|e Xcme 5

Mqhe <

Feé|c 8

Xãrqhgcuqa linckcmecka 1

Zãkãqãge 5

Miginhca 55

Auqe|aqx <

Rãxiq =

Higczca 5

]qxcken 8

Hxã}cg 3

Rexe`qes 8

Mfcgc 1iMãekca?

Eq}|xegca 8

\I\EG @AKAXEG? 8<30



reà 3< Mferc|xa =





reà 3: Mferc|xa <



Mferc|xa < reà 30

E ge xauqï|a lq nckc}|xa la g–Ck|ãxcaqx' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e}}qxa ge rxi|am|cik?



. la} nanhxa} la ge jencgga la} mfaj} l–A|e| a| la ìqzaxkanak| ã|xekàx}'

. la} nanhxa} la} ìqzaxkanak|} hagà a| ã|xekàx}'

. la max|ecka} rax}ikkegc|ã} jec}ek| g–ihoa| la nakema}+

Ge rxi|am|cik la} rax}ikka} a}| e}}qxãa rex qka }am|cik la} }axzcma} irãxe|cikkag}+ Lek}g–avaxmcma la ge nc}}cik la rxi|am|cik' ga} ijjcmcax} la rxi|am|cik lc}ri}ak| la minrã|akma}la rigcma elnckc}|xe|cza }rãmcjcuqa} a| gcnc|ãa}+ Cg} raqzak| eck}c ck|axzakcx gix}uqa ge zca iqg–ck|ã`xc|ã rfs}cuqa l–qka rax}ikka uqc lic| ï|xa rxi|ã`ãa a}| nakemãa+ E |c|xa l–avanrga' ma}eàk|} }ik| fehcgc|ã} â ajjam|qax la} mik|xüga} l–clak|c|ã iq la} jiqcgga} la }ãmqxc|ã' â rximãlaxâ la} }ec}ca} elnckc}|xe|cza} iq akmixa â rxaklxa la} na}qxa} rxcze|cza} la gchax|ã+

n khx l vmq| 8252

Mfaj} l–A|e| <8

Rxancax} nckc}|xa} <8

Nckc}|xa} la} Ejjecxa} ã|xek`æxa} :

Eq|xa} &nanhxa} la ìqzaxkanak|} iql–ck}|c|q|cik}' enhe}}elaqx}' ZCR}' a|m+#

:

\i\eg 58:

n khx l–fqx rx| 8252

ZCR &mfaj} l–A|e| a| nckc}|xa}'xarxã}ak|ek|} l–ck}|c|q|cik}' a|m+#

5303<

Nc}}cik} raxnekak|a}&enhe}}elaqx}' a|m+#

0=:52

\i\eg 32<2<

<GE RXI\AM\CIK LA] RAX]IKKA]



reà 36 Mferc|xa 1





reà 522 Mferc|xa 1

ZaXcJcMe\cik} aJJaM\Qaa}Lek} ga MeLXa La gega`c}ge\cik }QX ga} eXna}

Ak zax|q la ge kiqzagga gic }qx ga} exna} lq6 oqck 822:' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| lc}ri}a' rexlãgãè|cik lq nckc}|xa la ge Oq}|cma' l–qka

minrã|akma ak ne|cæxa la lãgczxekma laraxnc} la lã|ak|cik a| la rix| l–exna}la}|ckã} eqv rax}ikka} k–esek| re} laxã}clakma ak Hag`cuqa+ Lek} ma melxa'ki|xa }axzcma e e||xchqã?

• : raxnc} la lã|ak|cik l–exna} &nilæga <#'

• 8+8<2 raxnc} la rix| l–exna} |anrixecxa}

&èxla} lq mixr} la} ZCR ak zc}c|a#+

E ge lanekla lq }axzcma jãlãxeg la} Exna}'ki|xa }axzcma e ajjam|qã 8: zãxcjcme|cik}la }imcã|ã} lek} ga melxa la ge gic lq 81nex} 822=' uqc nilcjca ge gic lq 1 eiô| 5335xage|cza â g–cnrix|e|cik' â g–avrix|e|cik' eq|xek}c| a| â ge gq||a mik|xa ga |xejcm l–exna}'la nqkc|cik} a| la ne|ãxcag lazek| }axzcx}rãmceganak| â qk q}eà ncgc|ecxa iq laneck|cak la g–ixlxa' a| la ge |amfkigi`ca sejjãxak|a+

ke\QXegc}e\cik}

Ge gic lq 5ax nex} 8222 &nilcjcek| ga Milala ge ke|cikegc|ã lq 86 oqck 536<# lc}ri}auqa ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| lic| ï|xa mik}qg|ãa'eq nïna |c|xa uqa g–Ijjcma la} ã|xekàx}'ga} rexuqa|} a| ga me}cax oqlcmcecxa' }qx ga}lanekla} la ke|qxegc}e|cik a| l–emuqc}c|cikla ke|cikegc|ã+ Lek} ma melxa' ki|xa }axzcmae ajjam|qã' ak 8252' <2+865 zãxcjcme|cik}

riqx ge Mfenhxa la} xarxã}ak|ek|} a| ga}80 rexuqa|} lq res}+



JIMQ] = reà 525

Ak 8252' ga }axzcma la jixne|cik e riqx}qczcge nc}a ak ŝqzxa la} em|cik} la jixne|cikuqa ge nc}a ak rxe|cuqa rxi`xa}}cza lag–exxï|ã nckc}|ãxcag lq < nec 8220 xauqcax|+

G–ekkãa 8252 e gexànak| ã|ã nexuqãarex g–ak|xãa ak }axzcma la :: ck}ram|aqx}

riqx ga}uqag} laqv cnrix|ek|a} }a}}cik}la jixne|cik ik| ã|ã ixèkc}ãa}+ Eq miqx}la ma||a jixne|cik la he}a' qka ckc|ce|cik âqka zck`|ecka la ne|cæxa} a| la lc}mcrgcka}}rãmcjcuqa} eqv nc}}cik} la ge Z]]A nïgek|jixne|cik |fãixcuqa a| jixne|cik rxe|cuqaa}| e}}qxãa+ Mixiggecxanak|' la} |a}|} lazegcle|cik la} mikkec}}ekma} kiqzagganak|emuqc}a} rex ga} }|e`cecxa} riqx mfemqkala} ne|cæxa} a| lc}mcrgcka} ak}ac`kãa} ik|

ã|ã ixèkc}ã}+

E mü|ã la g–ixèkc}e|cik la} }|eà} l–ak|xãaak }axzcma la} kiqzaeqv ck}ram|aqx}' ga}axzcma la jixne|cik e ã|ã enakã' riqxg–ekkãa 8252' â |xec|ax rxæ} la =22 lanekla}la jixne|cik ãnekek| lq rax}ikkag a|xage|cza} â rgq} la 552 ne|cæxa} lcjjãxak|a}+Rexnc ma} lanekla}' ga} lcjjãxak|} |sra}la jixne|cik' |ag} uqa rxãzq} rex g–exxï|ãnckc}|ãxcag lq < nec 8220 ik| ã|ã em|czã}

rex ga} eàk|} a| 35! la ma} lanekla}ik| ã|ã' erxæ} ekegs}a' mikjcxnãa} minnaã|ek| ak gcak lcxam| ezam ga nã|cax avaxmã' a|likm' kãma}}ecxa} iq q|cga} â g–avaxmcma la}jikm|cik} la g–eàk|+

Eq lagâ la g–ekegs}a a| la ge à}|cikla} lanekla} la jixne|cik' ga }axzcmae ãèganak| riqx nc}}cik la `ãxax gejixne|cik gcãa â ge rxini|cik+ Ak 8252'

cg e xãegc}ã ga} e|agcax} la jixne|cik gcã} âge rxini|cik la} ck}ram|aqx}' mik}|xqc| a|xãegc}ã ge jixne|cik gcãa â ge rxini|cik la}minnc}}ecxa}' eck}c uqa ga |a}| la ri|ak|cag

evã }qx ge nc}a ak rax}ram|cza rex ga}minnc}}ecxa} la ge rgq}.zegqa errix|ãa rexma||a jixne|cik+

Ga }axzcma la jixne|cik' m–a}| ãèganak|qka maggqga la ¤ jixne|cik irãxe|cikkagga´' ió la} avrax|} ak ge ne|cæxa ik| riqx

nc}}cik la jixnax ki|xa rax}ikkag lek}lcjjãxak|} linecka} |ag} uqa? ga |cx' geneë|xc}a la ge zcigakma }ek} exna} â jaq a|g–errqc â ge }qxzacggekma a| â ge rxi|am|cik&miklqc|a eq|inihcga#+

G–ixèkc}e|cik a| ge xãegc}e|cik la}jixne|cik} xã}clak|cagga} |agga} uqa ga ¤Lskencm Raxjixnekma \xeckck` ´ a| ga} ¤|aen.hqcglck` ´ }ik| ãèganak| `ãxãa} rexma||a nïna maggqga irãxe|cikkagga+

e+ ga} `XekL} MFek\caX}La ge JiXne\cik a\ LQLaZagiRRanak\

ge Rigc\cUQa La JiXne\cik a\ga Rgek La JiXne\cik

Larqc} }ik ck}|eqxe|cik ak nex} 8220'ga }axzcma la jixne|cik e xãriklq l–qkanekcæxa xãem|cza a| rikm|qagga eqv ha}ick}cnnãlce|} la jixne|cik gcã} â g–exxczãa la}kiqzaeqv eàk|} &85= larqc} 8220#' eqvavcàkma} la rxini|cik lek} ge mexxcæxa'eck}c uq–eqv lanekla} cklczclqagga}a| miggam|cza} uq–agga} }icak| la ke|qxahexãncuqa iq jikm|cikkagga+

Ma||a errximfa xãem|cza ze lã}ixnec}}a nqax ak qka à}|cik rxãzc}cikkagga a|

rgekcjcãa la} em|cik} la jixne|cik+ Riqx majecxa' ga }axzcma la jixne|cik e enixmã eqmiqx} la g–ekkãa 8252 qk zcxeà zax} qkaerrximfa rgq} rxija}}cikkagga a| ck|ã`xãa

=Ge jixne|cik eq }ack la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|



reà 528 JIMQ] =

la ge jixne|cik uqc }a |xelqcxe' â |axna' lek}ge jckegc}e|cik l–qka rigc|cuqa la jixne|cik a|ge xãegc}e|cik lq rgek la jixne|cik+

Ge rigc|cuqa la jixne|cik' ak rex|ca lãoâlãjckca lek} g–exxï|ã nckc}|ãxcag lq < nec8220' lã|axnckaxe ga} gc`ka} lcxam|xcma} la

ge jixne|cik lq rax}ikkag eq xaèxl la}ha}ick} }rãmcjcuqa} la g–ixèkc}e|cik eck}cuqa ga} nisak} uqc s }axik| eggiqã} a| ga}nilegc|ã} la xãegc}e|cik+

Ga rgek la jixne|cik' }qx ge he}a lag–clak|cjcme|cik la} ha}ick} la jixne|cik'raxna||xe l–ã|ehgcx ge rgekcjcme|cik la}jixne|cik}+ G–e|iq| rxckmcreg lq rgek lajixne|cik a}| la likkax qka nacggaqxazc}chcgc|ã la} jixne|cik} â na||xa ak ŝqzxa'likm la ncaqv ga} rgekcjcax' ga} rxi`xennaxa| ga} hql`ã|ax+

Ga} rxancæxa} he}a} la ma| enhc|caqvrxioa| ik| ã|ã ri}ãa} ma||a ekkãa 8252'ki|ennak| zce ge xãegc}e|cik lq mele}|xala} ha}ick} la jixne|cik' a| }a zaxxik|mik}igclãa} a| lãzagirrãa} eq miqx} lag–ekkãa 8255+

ga \Xek}JaX\ LaMikkec}}ekMa}

Ga |xek}jax| la mikkec}}ekma} a}| qk la}eva} a}}ak|cag} la ge rigc|cuqa la jixne|cikâ nakax+ Cg }–e`c|' l–qka rex|' l–qk nisakl–clak|cjcax a| la gimegc}ax ga} mikkec}}ekma}mxc|cuqa} lq }axzcma' a|' l–eq|xa rex|' lazegixc}ax ga} emuqc} rxija}}cikkag} a| gemxãe|cik la }ezicx eq }ack la ma nïna

}axzcma+

G–ekkãa 8252 e ã|ã nexuqãa rex gagekmanak| la ma rxioa|+ Qka rxancæxa

rfe}a e ã|ã la }ak}chcgc}ax g–ak}anhgalq rax}ikkag eqv akoaqv lq |xek}jax|la mikkec}}ekma}' nec} ãèganak| laga} ckzc|ax â }s}|ãne|c}ax g–q|cgc}e|cik lqlimqnak| la |xek}jax| la mikkec}}ekma}erxæ} mfeuqa jixne|cik }qczca+

Ga }axzcma la jixne|cik e ãèganak|minnakmã â lcjjq}ax eqrxæ} la g–ak}anhgalq rax}ikkag qk iq|cg la |xek}jax| lamikkec}}ekma ak|xa ga ¤ }akcix ´ &g–ãna||aqxla} mikkec}}ekma}# a| ga ¤ oqkcix ´ &gaxamazaqx la mikkec}}ekma}#+ Ma| iq|cg'lãkinnã ga ¤ dc| la }qxzca ´ ezec| riqxenhc|cik' eq.lagâ la ge }ak}chcgc}e|cik'l–ixèkc}ax qk rxima}}q} la |xek}jax| zceqka nã|filigi`ca emma}}chga â |iq}+

G–exxï|ã nckc}|ãxcag lq 5< oqck 8252 a}| zakqxakjixmax ge zegixc}e|cik lq |xek}jax| lamikkec}}ekma} ak raxna||ek| ge xã|xchq|cikla} faqxa} la jixne|cik lc}rak}ãa} rex la}jixne|aqx} ck|axka} a| av|axka} â ge Z]]A+Lek} ma melxa' qka }s}|ãne|c}e|cik la}linecka} l–avrax|c}a a| qk xamak}anak|la} jixne|aqx} ck|axzakek| }qx qka he}azigik|ecxa }ik| xãegc}ã} zce qk erragck|axka+ Ck jcka' maqv.mc }axik| iq|cggã} }qx

ga rgek rãleì`cuqa a| nã|filigi`cuqa ejckl–ir|cnegc}ax ga rxima}}q} la |xek}jax|+

H+ RaX}RaM\cZa}

Eq |axna la g–ekkãa 8252 a| erxæ} = ekkãa}la nc}a ak rxe|cuqa la} avcàkma} lag–exxï|ã nckc}|ãxcag }qx ge jixne|cik lq < nec8220' cg errexeë| a}}ak|cag' riqx ga }axzcmala jixne|cik' l–ãzegqax }a} nila} la

jikm|cikkanak| a| la nakax qka xãjgavcik}qx ga} em|cik} lãoâ ak|xarxc}a} rex xerrix|eqv ihoam|cj} }|xe|ã`cuqa} riqx}qczc} rex ga}axzcma+



JIMQ] = reà 52=

Ma||a xãjgavcik zc}a ak|xa eq|xa} â

enãgcixax a| â mgexcjcax ak jikm|cik la}

nisak} lc}rikchga} ga} rximãlqxa} la

|xec|anak| la} li}}cax} a| ga} rxima}}q}

la jixne|cik ezam g–ak}anhga la} em|aqx}

mikmaxkã} &rex avanrga? ga} mxc|æxa} la

max|cjcme|cik la} jixne|cik} hexãncuqa}'

ge rxija}}cikkegc}e|cik la} jixne|aqx}

ck|axka}' ge rxi}ram|cik la} irãxe|aqx}

av|axka} la jixne|cik' ga |ehgaeq la hixl la

rcgi|eà lq }axzcma' …#+ La ma||a xãjgavcik

ãnekaxik| max|eck} enãkeànak|} uqc

zc}axik| â ir|cnegc}ax g–ak}anhga lq

jikm|cikkanak| lq }axzcma eck}c uqa la }a}

em|aqx} lek} ge xage|cik uqc ga} gca ezam ga}

q|cgc}e|aqx} lq }axzcma+

Ga }axzcma la jixne|cik e zime|cik la}–elxa}}ax â g–ak}anhga la} }axzcma} la ge

]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+ E g–faqxa em|qagga' ga }|e|q|

la ge Z]]A a| }ik gcak lcxam| ezam ga ]RJ

Oq}|cma riqx ge rex|ca lq rax}ikkag la}

}axzcma} ck|ãxcaqx} xaklak| lcjjcmcga ge rgacka

avãmq|cik la} nc}}cik} la jixne|cik uqc gqc

}ik| mikjcãa}+ G–eq|ikinca la à}|cik la ge

Z]]A raxna||xec| la xanrgcx ma||a zime|cik+

Neg`xã qka exmfc|am|qxa re} |iqoiqx}

eoq}|ãa â ki} ha}ick}' ga }axzcma e |iq| la

nïna rq ã|ehgcx ak 8252 la} }skax`ca}

ak|xa ga} }axzcma} av|ãxcaqx} a| ga} }axzcma}

l–ekegs}a }qx lczax} rxioa|}+

Ga} rik|} l–qka miggehixe|cik ik| ãèganak|

ã|ã oa|ã} rex ge lã}c`ke|cik l–qk eàk| la

mik|em|+



reà 52< Mferc|xa :



Mferc|xa : reà 521

XaMXQ\anak\} ak 8252

Ak 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e rximãlã â

68 xamxq|anak|}+ Rexnc ma} rax}ikka}'

5: ik| xaoick| ga} }axzcma} ck|ãxcaqx} a| ::

ik| ck|ã`xã ga} }axzcma} av|ãxcaqx}' la}

ck}ram|aqx} &kczaeq H#+

Riqx ga} }axzcma} ck|ãxcaqx}' ge xãrex|c|cik

la} xamxq|anak|} rex kczaeq a| rex }ava

a}| ge }qczek|a?

J F \i\eg

kzq e = 6 55

kzq H 5 8 =

kzq M 2 8 8

kzq L 2 2 2

\i\eg < 58 5:

Riqx ga} }axzcma} av|ãxcaqx}' ge

xãrex|c|cik la} xamxq|anak|} rex kczaeq a|

rex }ava a}| ge }qczek|a?

J F \i\eg

kzq H 8= <= ::

Ki|ik} ãèganak| uqa =8 eàk|}' |ek| la}

}axzcma} ck|ãxcaqx} uq–av|ãxcaqx}' ik| uqc||ã

lãjckc|czanak| ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

niSak} ne\aXcag} a\JckekMcaX}

niSak} ne\ãXcag}

Xaenakeànak\ LQ kiX\Fè\a c

Ga rxioa| la xãkize|cik a| l–enãgcixe|cik lag–ckjxe}|xqm|qxa lq hè|cnak| lq }axzcma' lik|cg ã|ec| lãoâ uqa}|cik lek} ga} xerrix|} 8226a| 8223' e lãhq|ã ga 5ax }ar|anhxa 8223 a|}–a}| |axnckã ga 51 kizanhxa 8252+

Ge xãkize|cik la} ã|eà} e mik}c}|ãrxckmcreganak| ak? ga rgemanak| l–qk

kiqzaeq xazï|anak| lq }ig' la} |xezeqvla rack|qxa' qka xalc}|xchq|cik lag–a}rema' g–ck}|egge|cik la kiqzaeqv mèhga}ckjixne|cuqa}' g–ck}|egge|cik la ra|c|a}mqc}cka} â mfeuqa ã|eà' g–ck}|egge|cik l–qkamqc}cka rxija}}cikkagga' ge nilaxkc}e|cikla} }egga} la xãqkcik}+

Ga xa.la.mfeq}}ãa e ã|ã ak|cæxanak|}ãmqxc}ã a| qk kiqzaeq |sra la mik|xügal–emmæ} e ã|ã ck}|eggã+

MinnekLa} a\ ck\aXZak\cik}\aMFkcUQa}

Ejck l–e}}qxax ga jikm|cikkanak| la}lczax}a} }am|cik} lek} qk akzcxikkanak|la |xezecg kixneg' 620 li}}cax} ik| ã|ãck|xilqc|} riqx la} minnekla} la ne|ãxcag}lczax}' la hcak} la mik}inne|cik' la hcak}l–ckza}|c}}anak| a| la }axzcma}+ Rex ecggaqx}'

ga kinhxa la lanekla} l–ck|axzak|cik}|amfkcuqa} }–ãgæza â uqaguqa 8:<+

:XA]]IQXMA] FQNECKA]

A\ NE\AXCAGGA]



reà 52: Mferc|xa :



Mferc|xa : reà 520

niSak} JckekMcaX}

Ak 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e lc}ri}ã la}mxãlc|} }qczek|}?

. mxãlc|} la rax}ikkag? =<+065+222 ₧

. mxãlc|} la jikm|cikkanak|? 6+<:5+222 ₧

XãQkcik}

XaQkcik} ck\aXke\cikega}

Ki|xa }axzcma e ixèkc}ã' ak |ek| uq–fü|a'lczax}a} xakmik|xa} ck|axke|cikega}+ Lek}ma melxa' ki|xa }axzcma e emmqacggc 5<<lãgãè|cik}+

Zc}c\aQX}

L–eq|xa rex|' ki|xa }axzcma e emmqacggc 5:1lãgãè|cik} ã|xek`æxa} &15: rax}ikka}#zakqa} ak Hag`cuqa riqx la} xec}ik}rxija}}cikkagga}+

nc}}cik} e g–a\XekàX

Ga} eàk|} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }a }ik|la nïna xaklq} â g–ã|xekàx lek} gamelxa la gaqx} nc}}cik} a| l–ihgcè|cik}ck|axke|cikega}+ Ak 8252' =1< nanhxa} laki|xa }axzcma ik| ã|ã akzisã} â g–ã|xekàxlek} ga melxa la 512 nc}}cik}+







Alc|aqx xa}rik}ehga ? E+ PCKEK\]

Hiqgazexl lq Xic Eghax| CC' :

H ” 5222 Hxqvagga}

Lãrü| gãèg ? L)8255)0315)JX)35=

Rfi|i} ? ]VM+fq

Z]]A



]innecxa 1

Ezek|.rxiri} 0

Mferc|xa C ? Ck|xilqm|cik 55

Nc}}cik} gãèga} 55Rgek }|xe|ã`cuqa 8226.8258 5<Ixèkc`xenna 51

Jimq} 5 ? Qka kiqzagga gic riqx ga} nã|fila} la xamqacg la likkãa} 50

Mferc|xa CC ? Ga xak}ac`kanak| 83

Av|xãnc}na a| |axxixc}na 83

Av|xãnc}na clãigi`cuqa 83Av|xãnc}na xagc`caqv <5\axxixc}na <<

A}rcikkeà a| ck`ãxakma <3

Mxcna ixèkc}ã 12

Rxi|am|cik lq ri|ak|cag ãmikincuqa a| }mcak|cuqa 18

Rxigcjãxe|cik 1<

Ixèkc}e|cik} }am|ecxa} kqc}chga} 13Xage|cik} ck|axke|cikega} :8

Jimq} 8 ? Jimq} }qx g–Ekegs}a 65

Mferc|xa CCC ? Ga} akuqï|a} la }ãmqxc|ã 31 Mferc|xa CZ ? Ge rxi|am|cik 30

Mferc|xa Z ? Nc}}cik} mikãa} â ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| rex iq ak zax|q la ge gic 33

Zãxcme|cik} la }ãmqxc|ã 33

Raxnc} la rix| l–exna} 522Ke|qxegc}e|cik} 522

Jimq} = ? Ge jixne|cik eq }ack la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| 525

Mferc|xa ZC ? Xa}}iqxma} fqnecka} 521

Xamxq|anak|} ak 8223 521

Nisak} ne|ãxcag}' kekmcax} a| ak rax}ikkag 520

Mik|em| 526



Zicmc likm ga xerrix| ekkqag 8252 la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' rxaqza uqa g–ckc|ce|cza ak|enãa ak8223 rex ge rqhgcme|cik lq rxancax xerrix| ekkqag lek} g–fc}|icxa la ki|xa }axzcma' mik}emxãeqv em|czc|ã} la 8226' a}| lã}ixnec} erragãa â lazakcx qka |xelc|cik+

Ga gam|aqx e||ak|cj lãmiqzxcxe lek} ma||a ãlc|cik 8252 cnnekuqehganak| la} }cncgc|qla}ezam ga} laqv rxãmãlak|a} ãlc|cik}+ Mamc a}| rxckmcreganak| lô eq jec| uq–qk }axzcma la

xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã |xezecgga lek} ga gik` |axna a| uqa }a} em|czc|ã} ka }a gcnc|ak|likm re} â qka ekkãa mczcga+

Ge xamfaxmfa raxnekak|a a| ge miggam|a ckma}}ek|a l–ckjixne|cik} uqc liczak| ï|xa xamiqrãa}'ã|qlcãa}' ekegs}ãa} a| minrexãa} ezek| la riqzicx lazakcx la} xak}ac`kanak|} q|cga}'ajjcmema} a| avrgic|ehga}' cnrgcuqa qk |xezecg ak rxijiklaqx' la gik`qa lqxãa a| cnri}a læ}gix} qk msmga a| qk xs|fna la |xezecg rex|cmqgcax}+

Cg mikzcak| ãèganak| la |akcx â g–a}rxc| uq–ak xec}ik la ge ke|qxa }rãmcjcuqa l–qk }axzcma laxak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã' ga} ckjixne|cik} uqc }ik| |xec|ãa} }ik| mge}}cjcãa} a| rxi|ã`ãa}rex la} xæ`ga} ke|cikega} a| ck|axke|cikega}' |agga} uqa ga kaal |i dkip iq ge xæ`ga lq |cax}

}axzcma' uqc gcnc|ak| iq anrïmfak| gaqx lczqgè|cik+

Mage cnrgcuqa læ} gix} uq–cg a}| av|xïnanak| lcjjcmcga' zicxa cnri}}chga' l–eggax |xæ} gick lek}ga lã|ecg la} li}}cax} iq la} ãzækanak|} ckziuqã} a| uqa ga} ckjixne|cik} jiqxkca} lek} gaxerrix| ekkqag }ik| kãma}}ecxanak| kik mge}}cjcãa}+

Kãeknick} ga }axzcma e mik}ak|c la} ajjix|} mik}clãxehga} riqx errxijiklcx ga} }qoa|} |xec|ã}a| ga} ã|esax' lek} ge na}qxa lq ri}}chga' ezam la} ãgãnak|} mikmxa|}+

Oa ziqlxec} eq}}c }rãmceganak| e||cxax g–e||ak|cik }qx qka kiqzaeq|ã lek} ma xerrix| ekkqag'â }ezicx ga} jimq} }qx la} |fæna} rex|cmqgcax}+ G–ãlc|cik 8252 ak minrix|a |xic}? ge gic NXL'

g–ekegs}a a| ga} rex|akexce|} av|axka}' a|' ge jixne|cik+

G–ekkãa 8252 a}| qka ekkãa uqc nexuqaxe qk |iqxkek| lek} g–fc}|icxa la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|'rqc}uq–agga e zq g–ak|xãa ak zc`qaqx ga 5ax }ar|anhxa 8252 la ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 xage|czaeqv nã|fila} la xamqacg la} likkãa} rex ga} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã'mikkqa }iq} g–erragge|cik la gic NXL &iq gic HCN ak kãaxgeklec}#+

Ma||a gic' uqa kiq} e||aklcik} larqc} |xæ} gik`|anr}' li|a' akjck' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| lanã|fila} lc`ka} l–qk }axzcma la xak}ac`kanak| eq 85cæna }cæmga a| kiq} raxna||xe kik}aqganak| la mik}igclax ki|xa ri}c|cik l–ckjixne|cik a| ki|xa ajjcmemc|ã irãxe|cikkagga' nec}ãèganak| la kiq} fc}}ax â ma| ãèxl eq kczaeq l–eq|xa} }axzcma} }cncgecxa} a| l–eck}c

enãgcixax ge miirãxe|cik ck|axke|cikega |iq| ak xakjixàek| g–cklãraklekma a| g–eq|ikinca lq}axzcma+



Ge gic xãegc}a g–avaxmcma av|xïnanak| lcjjcmcga la jecxa ge oq}|a rex| ak|xa g–q|cgc}e|cik lanã|fila} }iqzak| ck|xq}cza} a| ga xa}ram| la ge zca rxczãa a| e zacggã â ã|ehgcx qk ãuqcgchxa ak|xaga} kãma}}c|ã} jiklenak|ega} ak |axna} la }ãmqxc|ã la g–A|e| a| ga} lxic|} jiklenak|eqv laxa}ram| la g–cklczclq+

]c g–errgcme|cik la ma||a gã`c}ge|cik rxã}ak|a likm ckmik|a}|ehganak| qk kiqzag e|iq| riqxga }axzcma' agga ak|xeëka ãèganak| la} xa}rik}ehcgc|ã} emmxqa} lek} ga mfaj la |iq} ga}

nanhxa} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| eck}c uq–qk }qxmxië| la |xezecg |ek| irãxe|cikkag uqa l–ekegs}aiq elnckc}|xe|cj a| la} ckza}|c}}anak|} ak ne|ãxcag' ak jixne|cik} a| rxihehganak| eq}}c akrax}ikkag+ Cg jeqlxe læ} gix} eq}}c ak |akcx minr|a eq kczaeq lq hqlà| eggiqã eq }axzcma+

G–ekkãa 8252 jq| eq}}c qka ekkãa je}|a riqx ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg' rqc}uqaki|xa }axzcma e rxã}clã raklek| ga rxancax a| ga }amikl }ana}|xa laqv `xiqra} lcjjãxak|}xãqkc}}ek| ge rgqrex| la} }axzcma} la }ãmqxc|ã a| la xak}ac`kanak| ck|ãxcaqx} lãjak}cj} lag–Aqxira Immclak|ega a| Mak|xega+

Minna ik raq| ga mik}|e|ax' ga mfenr l–em|czc|ã} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a}| jix| gexà a| ga}lãjc} }ik| kinhxaqv a| oa |cak}' qka jic} la rgq}' â }iqgc`kax g–akèànak| |i|eg la} nanhxa}

lq }axzcma a| â ga} ak xanaxmcax+

Oa ziq} }iqfec|a qka gam|qxa e`xãehga+

]ar|anhxa 8255

Egeck PCKEK\]

Elnckc}|xe|aqx `ãkãxeg



Mferc|xa 5 reà 55

nc}}cik} gaèga}

L–eqmqk} |aklak| â mxicxa uq–qk }axzcma laxak}ac`kanak| k–a}| re} |akq la xa}ram|axge gic a| raq| q}ax la |iq} ga} nisak} riqxrexzakcx â }a} jck}+ Gick la gâ+ Cg avc}|ala} lc}ri}c|cik} gãèga} mikmaxkek| ge

]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' uqc jec| ak iq|xa g–ihoa|l–qk mik|xüga rexganak|ecxa+ Rex ecggaqx}' gaRexganak| raq| jecxa errag â qk ixèka lamik|xüga cklãraklek|? ga Minc|ã raxnekak|la mik|xüga la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|'ãèganak| lãkinnã ‗Minc|ã X„' uqczacgga â ma uqa ki|xa }axzcma xa}ram|a ga}lc}ri}c|cik} gãèga} a| lik| ga }axzcmal–akuqï|a} raq| e`cx minna qka ck}|ekmal–ck}|xqm|cik oqlcmcecxa+

Ga Minc|ã nckc}|ãxcag lq xak}ac`kanak| a|la ge }ãmqxc|ã lãjckc| ga} ̀ xekla} ixcak|e|cik}rigc|cuqa} lq }axzcma+ Ma minc|ã' rxã}clãrex ga Rxancax nckc}|xa' }a minri}a la}nckc}|xa} la ge Oq}|cma' la ge Lãjak}a'la g–Ck|ãxcaqx' la} Ejjecxa} ã|xek`æxa}'la} Jckekma} a| la ge Nihcgc|ã+ L–eq|xa}nckc}|xa} raqzak| s }cãàx gix}uqa la}ne|cæxa} uqc xagæzak| la gaqx minrã|akma}ik| avenckãa}+

Ga Miggæà lq xak}ac`kanak| a| la ge}ãmqxc|ã' lik| jec| rex|ca g–elnckc}|xe|aqx`ãkãxeg la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' a}| mfex`ãla rxãrexax a|' erxæ} lãmc}cik' la na||xa akiaqzxa ga} lcxam|cza} `ãkãxega} jixnqgãa}rex ga Minc|ã nckc}|ãxcag+

Ge gic lq =2 kizanhxa 5336 ixèkcuqa la}}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã

xæ`ga ga jikm|cikkanak| la ge ]ôxa|ã lag–A|e|+ Ga rxã}ak| xerrix| ka xarxakl re} ma|av|a lek} }e zax}cik ck|ã`xega+ Uqaguqa}rxãmc}cik} }–cnri}ak| |iq|ajic} ak ma uqc

mikmaxka ga} nc}}cik} gãèga} lãzigqa} eq}axzcma &ex|cmga 0#+

Ma} nc}}cik} raqzak| ï|xa xãrex|ca} akuqe|xa me|ãìxca}?

5+ ga xak}ac`kanak|'8+ ga} akuqï|a} la }ãmqxc|ã'=+ ge rxi|am|cik la} rax}ikka}'<+ ga} nc}}cik} mikjcãa} â ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|rex iq ak zax|q la ge gic+

ga Xak}ac`kanak\

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a}| a}}ak|cagganak|mfex`ãa la xamfaxmfax' l–ekegs}ax a| la

|xec|ax ga xak}ac`kanak|+ ]iqgc`kik} âma| ãèxl uqa ge ki|cik l–‗ckjixne|cik„k–a}| re} }skiksna la ‗xak}ac`kanak|„+Ga} ckjixne|cik} xamiqrãa} rex lczax}a}}iqxma} lazcakkak| rxi`xa}}czanak| la}xak}ac`kanak|}+ Ix' cg k–a}| re} |iqoiqx}ec}ã la zãxcjcax mfeuqa likkãa eqrxæ}la rgq}caqx} }iqxma}+ Ga }axzcma }–ajjixma|iq|ajic} la miggam|ax qk nevcnqnl–ckjixne|cik} ejck la mxãax qk mik|av|auqc raxna||a la ga} ekegs}ax a| la ga}

|xek}jixnax ak xak}ac`kanak|}+

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| xamqacgga la} ckjixne|cik}}qx ga} em|czc|ã} la rax}ikka} iq la`xiqranak|} uqc nakemak| iq riqxxecak|nakemax ga} zegaqx} a| ga} ck|ãxï|}jiklenak|eqv lq res}+ Ge gic ã|ehgc| qkalc}|ckm|cik ak|xa ga} zegaqx} â rxi|ãàx?

e# ‗Ge }ôxa|ã ck|ãxcaqxa la g–A|e| a| ge


mik}|c|q|cikkag„

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a}| mfex`ãa la xamqacggcxla} xak}ac`kanak|} }qx ga} em|czc|ã}

5Mferc|xa

CK\XILQM\CIK



reà 58 Mferc|xa 5

uqc raqzak| mik}|c|qax qka nakemariqx ge }ãmqxc|ã la} ck}|c|q|cik}' ga hikjikm|cikkanak| la g–A|e| la lxic| eck}cuqa ga} lxic|} la g–finna a| ga} gchax|ã}jiklenak|ega}+ Ga} em|czc|ã} uqc raqzak|rix|ax e||ack|a â ge }ãmqxc|ã la} rax}ikka}a| la} hcak} }ik| ãèganak| }qczca} lek}

ma melxa+

h# ‗Ge }ôxa|ã av|ãxcaqxa la g–A|e| a| ga}

xage|cik} ck|axke|cikega}„

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a}| xa}rik}ehga lage }eqzaèxla la g–ck|ã`xc|ã lq |axxc|icxake|cikeg' la ge }iqzaxecka|ã a| lag–cklãraklekma la g–A|e|+

Agga lic| rex ecggaqx} zacggax eq hik

lãxiqganak| la} xage|cik} ak|xa ge Hag`cuqaa| l–eq|xa} res}' a| ak|xa ge Hag`cuqa a| ga}ck}|c|q|cik} a| eq|ixc|ã} ck|axke|cikega}+

m# ‗Ga ri|ak|cag ãmikincuqa a| }mcak|cjuqa„

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e riqx nc}}cik la}ak}chcgc}ax g–cklq}|xca hagà a| ga} mak|xa}}mcak|cjcuqa} eqv ãzak|qagga} |ak|e|cza}ã|xek`æxa} la rge`ce| la ki|xa |amfkigi`cala rick|a' geuqagga mik}|c|qa qk e|iq| riqxge Hag`cuqa }qx ga rgek ãmikincuqa+

Ge xãrex|c|cik }qczek|a likka qk nacggaqxeraxàq la} zegaqx} â rxi|ãàx' |iq| akijjxek| qka max|ecka nexà l–ck|axrxã|e|cikuqek| eqv |sra} la nakema â }qxzacggax+M–a}| riqxuqic ge gic ãkqnæxa ma} nakema}a| rxiri}a qka lãjckc|cik riqx mfemqkal–ak|xa agga}?

. a}rcikkeà? ga xamqacg iq ge gczxec}ikl–ckjixne|cik} kik emma}}chga} eq rqhgcma| ga jec| l–ak|xa|akcx la} ck|aggcàkma} lake|qxa â ga} rxãrexax iq â ga} jemcgc|ax4

. |axxixc}na? ga xamiqx} â ge zcigakma âg–akmik|xa la rax}ikka} iq l–ck|ãxï|}ne|ãxcag}' riqx la} ni|cj} clãigi`cuqa}iq rigc|cuqa}' lek} ga hq| l–e||acklxa }a}ihoam|cj} rex ge |axxaqx' g–ck|cncle|cik iq ga}nakema}4

. av|xãnc}na? ga} mikmar|cik} iqga} zc}ãa} xemc}|a}' vãkirfiha}'ekexmfc}|a}' ke|cikegc}|a}' eq|ixc|ecxa} iq|i|egc|ecxa}' uq–agga} }icak| â mexem|æxarigc|cuqa' clãigi`cuqa' mikja}}cikkag iqrfcgi}irfcuqa' mik|xecxa}' ak |fãixcaiq ak rxe|cuqa' eqv rxckmcra} la gelãnimxe|ca iq la} lxic|} la g–finna'eq hik jikm|cikkanak| la} ck}|c|q|cik}lãnimxe|cuqa} iq eqv eq|xa} jiklanak|}la g–A|e| la lxic|4

. rxigcjãxe|cik? ga |xejcm iq ga} |xek}em|cik}xage|cj} eqv ne|ãxceqv' rxilqc|}' hcak}iq dkip.fip riqzek| mik|xchqax â gerxilqm|cik iq eq lãzagirranak| la}s}|æna} l–exnanak| kik mikzak|cikkag}iq |xæ} ezekmã}+ ]ik| ki|ennak| zc}ã}lek} ma melxa ga lãzagirranak| larxi`xenna} l–exnanak| kqmgãecxa'mfcncuqa a| hcigi`cuqa' ga} }s}|æna} la

|xek}nc}}cik uqc }–s xerrix|ak| eck}c uqaga} rax}ikka}' }|xqm|qxa} iq res} uqc s }ik|cnrgcuqã}4

. ixèkc}e|cik }am|ecxa kqc}chga? |iq|`xiqranak| â zime|cik rfcgi}irfcuqa iqxagc`caq}a' iq }a rxã|aklek| |ag' uqc' lek}}ik ixèkc}e|cik iq }e rxe|cuqa' }a gczxaâ la} em|czc|ã} cggãèga} linneàehga}'kqc| eqv cklczclq} iq â ge }imcã|ã iq rix|ae||ack|a â ge lc`kc|ã fqnecka4

. ixèkc}e|cik mxcnckagga? |iq|a e}}imce|cik}|xqm|qxãa la rgq} la laqv rax}ikka}'ã|ehgca lek} ga |anr} ak zqa la minna||xa



Mferc|xa 5 reà 5=

la jeàik mikmax|ãa la} mxcna} a| lãgc|}'riqx ih|akcx' lcxam|anak| iq cklcxam|anak|'la} ezek|eà} re|xcnikceqv' ak q|cgc}ek|g–ck|cncle|cik' ge nakema' ge zcigakma'la} nekŝqzxa} jxeqlqgaq}a} iq gemixxqr|cik iq ak xamiqxek| â la} }|xqm|qxa}minnaxmcega} iq eq|xa} riqx lc}}cnqgax

iq jemcgc|ax ge xãegc}e|cik la} ckjxem|cik}+]ik| zc}ãa} lek} ma melxa ga} jixna} a|}|xqm|qxa} la} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} uqc}a xerrix|ak| ck|xck}æuqanak| eqv em|czc|ã}l–a}rcikkeà' la |axxixc}na' l–av|xãnc}na'la rxigcjãxe|cik' l–ixèkc}e|cik} }am|ecxa}kqc}chga} a| l–ck`ãxakma' iq uqc raqzak|ezicx la} mik}ãuqakma} lã}|ehcgc}ek|a} }qxga rgek rigc|cuqa iq }imci.ãmikincuqa4

. ck`ãxakma? ge |ak|e|cza l–ckjgqakmax la}rxima}}q} lãmc}cikkag} rex la} nisak}cggcmc|a}' |xinraqx} iq mgekla}|ck}+

ga} akUQa\a} La }aMQXc\a

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ajjam|qa la} akuqï|a}la }ãmqxc|ã â ge lanekla la g–Eq|ixc|ãke|cikega la }ãmqxc|ã+ Ge gic lq 55lãmanhxa 5336 xage|cza â ge mge}}cjcme|cika| eqv fehcgc|e|cik}' e||a}|e|cik} a| ezc} la}ãmqxc|ã lã|axncka ga} xæ`ga} errgcmehga} âma} akuqï|a} la }ãmqxc|ã

Ga} akuqï|a} la }ãmqxc|ã raxna||ak|l–e}}qxax qk mik|xüga la} rax}ikka}rfs}cuqa} a| nixega} uqc ik| emmæ} â la}ckjixne|cik} mge}}cjcãa} &mikjclak|cagga} iq}amxæ|a}#+ Ma} akuqï|a} zc}ak| â lã|axnckaxge jcehcgc|ã lq laneklaqx eck}c uqa }ikla`xã la zqgkãxehcgc|ã jema â l–ãzak|qagga}

rxa}}cik} av|ãxcaqxa} a| }–ajjam|qak| lek}ga melxa la lanekla} l–fehcgc|e|cik la}ãmqxc|ã &eq|ixc}e|cik kãma}}ecxa riqx|xec|ax la} ckjixne|cik} ‗mge}}cjcãa} ‗#+

ge RXi\aM\cik La} RaX}ikka}

E ge xauqï|a lq nckc}|xa la g–Ck|ãxcaqx' ge]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| raq| e}}qxax ge rxi|am|cik?



. la} nanhxa} la ge jencgga la} mfaj} l–A|e|a| la ìqzaxkanak| ã|xekàx}'

. la} nanhxa} la} ìqzaxkanak|} hagàa| ã|xekàx}'

. la max|ecka} rax}ikkegc|ã} jec}ek| g–ihoa|la nakema}+

Qka }am|cik xagazek| la} }axzcma}av|ãxcaqx} a}| avmgq}czanak| mfex`ãa la gerxi|am|cik la} rax}ikka}+ Lek} g–avaxmcmala gaqx} nc}}cik}' ga} ijjcmcax} la rxi|am|ciklc}ri}ak| la minrã|akma} la rigcma}rãmcjcuqa} a| gcnc|ãa}+ Cg} raqzak| læ}gix} ck|axzakcx gix}uqa ge zca iq g–ck|ã`xc|ãrfs}cuqa la ge rax}ikka â rxi|ãàx a}|nakemãa+ E |c|xa l–avanrga' ma} eàk|}}ik| fehcgc|ã} â ajjam|qax la} mik|xüga}l–clak|c|ã' la} jiqcgga} la }ãmqxc|ã' la}}ec}ca} elnckc}|xe|cza} a| â errgcuqaxla} na}qxa} rxcze|cza} la gchax|ã+ Lek}

max|ecka} mcxmik}|ekma} lãjckca} rex gagã`c}ge|aqx' cg} raqzak| la nïna xamiqxcxâ ge jixma' â la} miklc|cik} }|xcm|anak|lã|axnckãa} rex ge gic+

nc}}cik} MikJcaa} e ge }QXa\aLa g–a\e\ ReX iQ ak ZaX\Q Lage gic

Max|ecka} nc}}cik} raqzak| ãèganak| ï|xa

lãzigqa} â ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| rex la} gic}}rãmcjcuqa}+ Ki|xa }axzcma a}| eck}c mik}qg|ãak ne|cæxa la zãxcjcme|cik} la }ãmqxc|ã&gic lq = nec 8221 nilcjcek| ge gic lq 55





Mferc|xa 5 reà 51

rax}ikkag la ge Z]]A a| la }a} lcxcàek|}riqx }axzcx eq ncaqv }a} nc}}cik}+

Ge ¤ lq < jzxx 8252 x|z qv|fl l xmq l lrx xzm l x| |l mqx|´ a}| ak|xãa ak zc`qaqx ga5ax }ar|anhxa 8252+ Riqx g–ãlcjcme|cikckc|cega la} meremc|ã} cklc}rak}ehga} âg–avãmq|cik la} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a|avmar|cikkagga}' ge Z]]A e likm rximãlã âla giqxl} ckza}|c}}anak|}? emfe| la ne|ãxcaga| ixèkc}e|cik la jixne|cik} a| la }a}}cik}l–ckjixne|cik ak ck|axka+ 8252 e ãèganak|ã|ã mik}emxãa eq lãzagirranak| la geà}|cik la ma} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a|avmar|cikkagga} a| la gaqx} errgcme|cik}'

|eklc} uq–eq kczaeq oqxclcuqa' ga} exxï|ã}xiseqv l–avãmq|cik ik| ã|ã rxc}+

Ga qzq m|x rx|

raxna||xe' uqek| â gqc' la xãriklxa eq ncaqv

eqv |èmfa} akàklxãa} rex ma} kiqzagga}

minrã|akma}' ak na||ek| â lc}ri}c|cik lq

rax}ikkag |amfkigi`ca la rick|a' }egga la

xãqkcik la mxc}a a| zclãimikjãxakma+

Akjck' rexeggæganak| â mage' rexnc ga}

kinhxaqv eq|xa} rxioa|} ak miqx} ckc|cã}

rex ga rgek }|xe|ã`cuqa' mqx|

l hè|| .eq|xa `xi} mfek|cax. e

ãèganak| nikirigc}ã |iq| eq gik` la

g–ekkãa' la} nisak} mik}ãuqak|} eck}c uqa

la kinhxaq}a} miggehixe|cik} |ek| ck|axka}

uq–av|axka}+

nckc}\Xa La ge

OQ}\cMa

Mq l–rrq

iRaXe\cik} ekegS}a}aXZcMa} L–ck\aXa\}

àkaXeQV

Mq cjx|

| Mqm|

LcXaM\cik àkaXega

ELNCKC]\XE\AQX @AKAXEG ELNCKC]\XE\AQX @AKAXEG ELOICK\

iXèkc`Xenna



JIMQ] 5 reà 50

G–ekkãa 8252 e ã|ã mik}emxãa â ge nc}a ak

ŝqzxa la ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 xage|cza eqv

nã|fila} la xamqacg la} likkãa} rex ga}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã'

ki|ennak| rex g–ãgehixe|cik la }a} exxï|ã}

l–avãmq|cik+

Ak ajja|' ge rxiri}c|cik la gic xage|cza eqvnã|fila} la xamqacg la} likkãa} la}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã

lãri}ãa eq ]ãke| ga 52 lãmanhxa 8226 rex

NN Fqì ZEKLAKHAX@FA a| mik}ix|}5'

uqc e jec| g–ihoa| la kinhxaqv lãhe|}

rexganak|ecxa} eq miqx} la g–ekkãa 82238'

e ã|ã elir|ãa lãjckc|czanak| rex ga ]ãke|

ga 85 oekzcax 8252 erxæ} ezicx ã|ã elir|ãa

rex ge Mfenhxa la} xarxã}ak|ek|} ga 0

oekzcax 8252+ Ma |av|a uqc e ã|ã }ekm|cikkãa| rxinqg`qã rex ga Xic ga < jãzxcax 8252 ='

nilcjca a| minrgæ|a gexànak| ge gic lq =2

kizanhxa 5336 ixèkcuqa la} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã+ Ma||a gic a}|

ak|xãa ak zc`qaqx ga 5ax }ar|anhxa 8252+

5+ ge gic LQ < JaZXcaX 8252Xage\cZa eQV na\FiLa} La

XaMQacg La} Likkaa} ReX ga}}aXZcMa} La Xak}ac`kanak\ a\La }aMQXc\a

Rex xerrix| eq |av|a lãri}ã ak 8226'

lcjjãxak|a} nilcjcme|cik} }ik| ck|axzakqa}

eq miqx} la} lãhe|} rexganak|ecxa}+ Ge

gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 mge}}a ga} nã|fila}

la xamqacg la} likkãa} rex ga} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| ak |xic} `xekla} me|ãìxca}?

ixlckecxa}' }rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga}'

a| na| g–emmak| }qx la} rick|} a}}ak|cag}

xage|cj} â ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa la ma} nã|fila}+

5+5+ GA] RXCKMCRA] LA RXIRIX\CIKKEGC\A A\ LA ]QH]CLCEXC\A

Ge gic rxãzic| uq–qka nã|fila la xamqacgla} likkãa} ka raq| ï|xa q|cgc}ãa lek}ga hq| la xãlqcxa iq l–ak|xezax ga} lxic|}a| gchax|ã} cklczclqag} a| uqa |iq|a nc}aak ŝqzxa l–qka nã|fila }rãmcjcuqa iqavmar|cikkagga la xamqacg la} likkãa} lic|xãriklxa eqv rxckmcra} la }qh}clcexc|ã a| larxirix|cikkegc|ã+

5+8+ GE RXI\AM\CIK LA] EZIME\]' NALAMCK] A\ OIQXKEGC]\A]

La} miklc|cik} rgq} avcàek|a} ik| ã|ãerrix|ãa} ak jezaqx la} ezime|}' nãlamck}a| oiqxkegc}|a}+ Eck}c' ge gic ck|axlc|' akrxckmcra' l–ih|akcx' l–ekegs}ax iq l–avrgic|axla} likkãa} rxi|ã`ãa} rex ga }amxa|rxija}}cikkag la} ezime|} a| nãlamck}+ Cgak a}| la nïna â g–ãèxl la} oiqxkegc}|a}

rxija}}cikkag} ak xec}ik la ge rxi|am|cik lq}amxa| la gaqx} }iqxma}+

Ga xamqacg la likkãa} â gaqx ãèxl a}|}iqnc} â la} miklc|cik} }|xcm|a}' â }ezicx?

• lc}ri}ax eq rxãegehga l–cklcma} }ãxcaqv

la gaqx rex|cmcre|cik rax}ikkagga a| em|czaâ ge kec}}ekma iq eq lãzagirranak| lage nakema ri|ak|cagga'

5Qka kiqzagga gic riqx

ga} nã|fila} la xamaqcg la likkãa}



= N+H+ 52 nex} 8252+



reà 56 JIMQ] 5

• gix} la ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa la nã|fila}

}rãmcjcuqa} iq avmar|cikkagga}' ckjixnaxga rxã}clak| la g–ixlxa mikmaxkã iqga rxã}clak| la g–E}}imce|cik la} oiqxkegc}|a} rxija}}cikkag}'

• lc}ri}ax la g–ezc} mikjixna rxãegehga

la ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza la}qxzacggekma+

Ak ma uqc mikmaxka ge lãjckc|cik lq ¤}amxa|la} }iqxma}´ la} oiqxkegc}|a}' }c ge gic }axãjæxa â ge gic lq 0 ezxcg 8221 xage|cza â gerxi|am|cik la} }iqxma} oiqxkegc}|cuqa}'cg ka riqzec| ak ï|xa la nïna la gelãjckc|cik lq ¤oiqxkegc}|a´' â }ezicx |iq|arax}ikka uqc mik|xchqa xã`qgcæxanak| a|lcxam|anak| â ge miggam|a' ge xãlem|cik' ge

rxilqm|cik iq ge lcjjq}cik l–ckjixne|cik}'eq rxijc| lq rqhgcm' ga mfenr l–errgcme|cikla ma||a gic ã|ek| av|xïnanak| gexà+ Akajja|' ezam g–ãzigq|cik la} |amfkigi`ca} lag–ckjixne|cik' |iq|a rax}ikka nïna kik. oiqxkegc}|a eq }ak} rxancax lq |axna' uqclcjjq}a la} ckjixne|cik} }qx Ck|axka|' }qxla} hgi`}…' rex avanrga' |inha }iq}ga mfenr l–errgcme|cik la ge gic lq 0 ezxcg

8221+ Agga k–a}| re} riqx eq|ek| qk oiqxkegc}|a rxija}}cikkag uqc lic| xãriklxaâ la} miklc|cik} }|xcm|a} l–e`xãe|cik+

Gix} la} eqlc|cik} ak minnc}}cik lage Oq}|cma lq ]ãke|' cg a}| likm errexq

uq–qka lãjckc|cik |xir gexà la ge ki|cik

la oiqxkegc}|a gcnc|axec| mik}clãxehganak|g–avaxmcma la} minrã|akma} la} }axzcma}la xak}ac`kanak|+ Ga ]ãke| e likma}|cnã uqa }aqg} ga} ¤oiqxkegc}|a}

rxija}}cikkag}´ lazecak| riqzicx hãkãjcmcaxla ma||a rxi|am|cik+ Uq–cg }–e`c}}a la oiqxkegc}|a} hagà} iq ã|xekàx}' gerximãlqxa l–ih|ak|cik lq |c|xa la oiqxkegc}|arxija}}cikkag a}| clak|cuqa+ Cg ã|ec| læ} gix}rgq} rax|ckak| la }a xãjãxax â ge gic lq =2

lãmanhxa 53:= xage|cza â ge xamikkec}}ekmaa| â ge rxi|am|cik lq |c|xa la oiqxkegc}|arxija}}cikkag+

5+=+ GE KI\CIK LA GCAQV RXCZA]

Ga} nã|fila} la xamqacg la likkãa}

rex ga} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la}ãmqxc|ã }ik| mge}}ãa} ak |xic} me|ãìxca}?



JIMQ] 5 reà 53

ixlckecxa}' }rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga}+Lek} ma} |xic} |sra} la nã|fila}}a xa|xiqzak| ga} ih}axze|cik} a| ga}ck}ram|cik} la gcaqv rxczã}+ Læ} gix}' la}rxãmc}cik} ik| ã|ã errix|ãa} uqek| eqv gcaqvrxczã} uqc raqzak| jecxa g–ihoa| la g–qka lama} |xic} me|ãìxca} la nã|fila}' ezam iq

}ek} nisak} |amfkcuqa}+ Qka lc}|ckm|cike eck}c ã|ã irãxãa ak|xa ga} gcaqv rqhgcm}'ga} gcaqv rxczã} emma}}chga} eq rqhgcm a| ga}gcaqv rxczã} kik emma}}chga} eq rqhgcm+

Ga} nã|fila} l–ih}axze|cik a| l–ck}ram|cik'}ek} nisak} |amfkcuqa}' la} gcaqv rqhgcm}a| la} gcaqv rxczã} emma}}chga} eq rqhgcm}ik| la} nã|fila} ixlckecxa}+

Ak nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa}' ge gic rxãzic|?

• g–ih}axze|cik' â g–ecla la nisak}

|amfkcuqa}' lek} la} gcaqv rqhgcm} a|lek} la} gcaqv rxczã} emma}}chga} eqrqhgcm iq

• g–ih}axze|cik &â }ezicx' la g–av|ãxcaqx#' â

g–ecla iq kik la nisak} |amfkcuqa}' lagcaqv rxczã} uqc ka }ik| re} emma}}chga}eq rqhgcm a|

• g–ck}ram|cik' â g–ecla la nisak}|amfkcuqa}' la gcaqv rqhgcm}' la gcaqvrxczã} emma}}chga} eq rqhgcm a| la}ihoa|} jaxnã} }a |xiqzek| lek} ma} gcaqv+

Ak nã|fila} avmar|cikkagga}' ge gicrxãzic|?

• g–ih}axze|cik' â g–ecla iq kik la

nisak} |amfkcuqa}' lek} la} gcaqvrxczã} uqc ka }ik| re} emma}}chga}

eq rqhgcm' lek} la} lincmcga} iq qkalãraklekma rxirxa s akmgi}a l–qklincmcga eq }ak} la} ex|cmga} <03' <62

a| <65 lq Mila rãkeg' iq lek} qk gimegq|cgc}ã â la} jck} rxija}}cikkagga} iqminna xã}clakma rex qk ezime|' qknãlamck iq qk oiqxkegc}|a a|'

• g–ck}ram|cik' â g–ecla iq kik la nisak}

|amfkcuqa}' la gcaqv rxczã} uqc ka }ik|

re} emma}}chga} eq rqhgcm a| la} eq|xa}gcaqv rxãmc|ã}' eck}c uqa la} ihoa|}jaxnã} uqc }–s |xiqzak|+

E rxiri} la g–ih}axze|cik mikmaxkek| qkgcaq rxczã kik emma}}chga eq rqhgcm' ge giciræxa ge lc}|ckm|cik ak|xa g–ih}axze|cik lama gcaq a| g–ih}axze|cik lek} ma gcaq+

G–ex|cmga 56)<' kiqzaeq' la ge gic ixèkcuqamge}}a g–ih}axze|cik l–qk gcaq rxczã kik

emma}}chga eq rqhgcm lek} ga} nã|fila}}rãmcjcuqa}' |eklc} uqa g–ex|cmga 56)55'kiqzaeq' mge}}a g–ih}axze|cik lek} qk gcaqrxczã kik emma}}chga eq rqhgcm rexnc ga}nã|fila} avmar|cikkagga}+

Lek} ga melxa l–qka ih}axze|cik' m–a}| ma uqca}| ih}axzã uqc a}| lã|axnckek| riqx ã|ehgcx gelcjjãxakma a| kik re} ga gcaq ió g–ih}axze|aqx}a }c|qa+ G–ih}axze|cik la rax}ikka}' ihoa|}iq ãzãkanak|} a}|' ak ajja|' â na||xa ak

xage|cik ezam ga gcaq ió cg} }a |xiqzak| iq }alãxiqgak|+

5+<+ GA] NA\FILA] LA XAMQACGLA] LIKKAA]

5+<+5+ Ga} xage|cik} ezam ga} eq|ixc|} oqlcmcecxa}

Ga mikmiqx} ak|xa qka akuqï|a laxak}ac`kanak| a| qka akuqï|a oqlcmcecxa

jec| g–ihoa| la xæ`ga} rex|cmqgcæxa} zc}ek| âka re} rix|ax lãgchãxãnak| rxãoqlcma â qkackjixne|cik iq qka ck}|xqm|cik oqlcmcecxa



reà 82 JIMQ] 5

ak miqx} &ex|+ 5=)8' kiqzaeq' la ge gic

ixèkcuqa#+

Gix} la} lãhe|} rexganak|ecxa}' cg e ã|ã

xerragã neck|a} jic} uqa ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|'

}axzcma la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã'

k–ã|ec| re} qk }axzcma la rigcma+ Ak ajja|'

ga xüga la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| k–a}| re}la mik}|e|ax la} ckjxem|cik}' }a} eàk|}

ka lc}ri}ak| l–ecggaqx} re} la ge uqegc|ã

l–ijjcmcax la rigcma oqlcmcecxa+

Maraklek|' ak zqa la g–errgcme|cik la

g–ex|cmga 83 lq Mila l–ck}|xqm|cik mxcnckagga'

g–ex|cmga 53)5' kiqzaeq' la ge gic ixèkcuqa

xæ`ga ge minnqkcme|cik eqv eq|ixc|ã}

oqlcmcecxa} l–ckjixne|cik} lik| ge ]ôxa|ã la

g–A|e| zcaklxec| â rxaklxa mikkec}}ekma eqmiqx} la ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa l–qka nã|fila

}rãmcjcuqa iq avmar|cikkagga' }qx ge he}a

l–cklcma} }ãxcaqv xage|cj} â ge minnc}}cik

l–qk mxcna iq l–qk lãgc| iq l–qka }q}rcmcik

xec}ikkehga uqa la} jec|} rqkc}}ehga} zik|

ï|xa minnc} iq ik| ã|ã minnc} nec} ka

}ik| re} akmixa mikkq}+

]ec}ca la ma} ãgãnak|} rex ga }axzcmala xak}ac`kanak| mikmaxkã' geminnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza mfex`ãa la ge}qxzacggekma la} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a|avmar|cikkagga} la xamqacg la} likkãa} la}}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã&mc.erxæ}' ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza#

avenckaxe ga} likkãa} xamqacggca}+ ]c aggamik}|e|a g–avc}|akma l–cklcma} }ãxcaqv uqcraqzak| miklqcxa â ge minnc}}cik la |agmxcna iq lãgc|' ga rxã}clak| ak lxa}}axeqk rximæ}.zaxheg kik mge}}cjcã uqc }axe|xek}nc} eq rximqxaqx lq Xic iq eqrximqxaqx jãlãxeg+ Ma rximæ}.zaxheg kikmge}}cjcã ka raq| mik}|c|qax ga ni|cj avmgq}cj'kc ge na}qxa rxãlinckek|a miklqc}ek|â ge miklenke|cik l–qka rax}ikka+ Ga}

ãgãnak|} la ma rximæ}.zaxheg liczak|ï|xa ã|esã} la nekcæxa rxãlinckek|a rexl–eq|xa} ãgãnak|} la rxaqza+

5+<+8+ Ge minnc}}cik l–ckjxem|cik}

Ge gic rxãzic| lixãkezek| uqa lek} ga melxala gaqx nc}}cik' ga} eàk|} mfex`ã} la







JIMQ] 5 reà 8=

Ge lãjckc|cik lq ¤rxima}}q} laxelcmegc}e|cik´ a}| c}}qa lq Rgek Xelcmegc}naerrxiqzã rex ga Minc|ã nckc}|ãxcag lqXak}ac`kanak| a| la ge ]ãmqxc|ã+ Gelãjckc|cik ri}|qga qk rxima}}q} ckjgqakàek|qk cklczclq iq qk `xiqra l–cklczclq} la|agga }ix|a uqa ma| cklczclq iq ma `xiqra

l–cklczclq} }ic| nak|eganak| rxãrexã iqlc}ri}ã â minna||xa la} em|a} |axxixc}|a}+Ma rxima}}q} mik}|c|qa ge rfe}a rxãegehgaâ ge minnc}}cik l–qk em|a |axxixc}|a+

Ga mfaj la }axzcma ka raq| eq|ixc}ax qkanã|fila avmar|cikkagga uq–erxæ} ezicxih|akq g–ezc} mikjixna la ge minnc}}cikelnckc}|xe|cza la }qxzacggekma+

E g–ck}|ex la} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa}' ma}nã|fila} avmar|cikkagga} ka raqzak| likmï|xa nc}a} ak iaqzxa kc lek} ga melxa l–qkaakuqï|a la }ãmqxc|ã' kc lek} ga melxa la}nc}}cik} la rxi|am|cik la} rax}ikka}' kcriqx l–eq|xa} nc}}cik} lãzigqa} rex ge gic âge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

5+1+ GA LIQHGA MIK\XIGA

5+1+5+ Ge minnc}}cik

elnckc}|xe|cza la }qxzacggekma

Ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 e mxãã qkaminnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza uqc avaxma qkmik|xüga raxnekak| }qx ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa la}nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga}+Agga raq| cnnãlce|anak| na||xa jck â qkanã|fila }c agga mik}|e|a uqa ga} nakema}uqc ge oq}|cjcak| ik| lc}rexq iq }c ge nã|filaavmar|cikkagga k–a}| rgq} q|cga â ge jckegc|ã

riqx geuqagga agga e ã|ã nc}a ak ŝqzxa+ ]cge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza mik}|e|a qkacggãègc|ã iq a}|cna uqa ga} rxckmcra} la}qh}clcexc|ã iq la rxirix|cikkegc|ã ka }ik|re} xa}ram|ã}' agga }q}rakl ge nã|filaa| ck|axlc| g–q|cgc}e|cik la} likkãa} eck}cxamqacggca}+ Ge minnc}}cik ckjixna ga

Minc|ã raxnekak| X la }e lãmc}cik+

Ma||a minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza a}|minri}ãa la |xic} ne`c}|xe|}+ Agga a}|rxã}clãa rex qk ne`c}|xe| esek| ge uqegc|ãla oqà l–ck}|xqm|cik4 la} laqv eq|xa}ne`c}|xe|}' g–qk lic| ezicx ge uqegc|ã lananhxa lq nckc}|æxa rqhgcm+

Ak ma uqc mikmaxka ga} jxec} lajikm|cikkanak| la ma||a minnc}}cik' maqv.mc }–ck}mxczak| eq hqlà| la} li|e|cik} lq]ãke|' ma uqc e}}qxa }ik cklãraklekma+

Ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 a}| ak|xãa akzc`qaqx ga 5ax }ar|anhxa' nec} ga}nanhxa} la ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|czala }qxzacggekma ik| ã|ã lã}c`kã} rex exxï|ãxiseg lq 85 lãmanhxa 8252<' rex ga}nckc}|xa} mikmaxkã}+ Raklek| qka rãxcila|xek}c|icxa a| lek} g–e||ak|a la g–ck}|egge|cik

la gelc|a minnc}}cik' eqmqka nã|filaavmar|cikkagga k–e ã|ã nc}a ak ŝqzxa rex ge]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a| ga} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa}ik| ã|ã' |anrixecxanak|' ki|cjcãa} eqnckc}|xa la ge Oq}|cma+

Ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza a}| }iq|akqarex qk }amxã|exce| minri}ã la nanhxa}lq rax}ikkag lã|emfã} la} }axzcma} laxak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã+

< N+H+ 8< lãmanhxa 8252+



reà 8< JIMQ] 5

5+1+8+ Ga mik|xüga lq Minc| raxnekak| X

Ga mik|xüga e ri}|axcixc

Ga mik|xüga e ri}|axcixc lq Minc|ãraxnekak| X }qx ge gãègc|ã la} nã|fila}

}rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga} a}| mikjcxnã+Magqc.mc a}| avaxmã }ic| l–ckc|ce|cza' }ic| â gelanekla la ge minnc}}cik la ge rxi|am|cikla ge zca rxczãa' }ic| }qx rgeck|a la |iq|arax}ikka uqc raq| oq}|cjcax l–qk ck|ãxï|rax}ikkag a| gã`c|cna' }ic| mfeuqa jic} uqage minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza e }q}raklqg–q|cgc}e|cik l–qka nã|fila riqx meq}al–cggãègc|ã a| e ck|axlc| g–avrgic|e|cik la}likkãa}' }ic| mfeuqa jic} uqa' gix}uqa ge

minnc}}cik k–e re} likkã l–ezc} lek} galãgec xauqc}' ga nckc}|xa mikmaxkã &Oq}|cmaiq Lãjak}a# e lãmclã la na||xa ak ŝqzxaiq kik qka nã|fila avmar|cikkagga+

]c ga Minc|ã raxnekak| X mik}|e|a uqa gelãmc}cik la na||xa ak iaqzxa qka nã|fila}rãmcjcuqa iq avmar|cikkagga a}| cggãèga' cgak ixlikka ge ma}}e|cik a| g–ck|axlcm|cik lag–avrgic|e|cik la} likkãa} xamqacggca} `xèmaâ ma||a nã|fila eck}c uqa gaqx la}|xqm|cik+

Cg k–s e re} la xamiqx} ri}}chga mik|xa ga}lãmc}cik} lq Minc|ã raxnekak| X' uqc e`c|lek} ga melxa lq mik|xüga la} nã|fila}}rãmcjcuqa} a| avmar|cikkagga}' minnaixèka oqxclcm|cikkag+

G–ezc} ãmxc| la gãègc|ã

Ga Minc|ã raxnekak| X }a zic| ãèganak|e||xchqax qk xüga lek} ga melxa la gerximãlqxa rãkega' gix}uq–qk rximæ}.zaxheg

kik mge}}cjcã zc}ã â g–ex|cmga 53)5' kiqzaeq'la ge gic lq =2 kizanhxa 5336 jc`qxa lek}qk li}}cax oqlcmcecxa+ Ga} ex|cmga} 5=5hc}'563uqe|ax a| 803hc}' ck}ãxã} lek} ga Milal–ck}|xqm|cik mxcnckagga rex ge gic lq < jãzxcax8252' raxna||ak| â ge mfenhxa lq mik}acg' eq|xchqkeg iq eq rxã}clak| la ge miqx l–e}}c}a}

la laneklax qk ezc} ãmxc| }qx ge gãègc|ã lage nã|fila la xamqacg la likkãa}+ Ma||alanekla raq| ï|xa ajjam|qãa }ic| l–ijjcma'}ic| }qx xãuqc}c|cik lq nckc}|æxa rqhgcm' }ic|â ge lanekla lq rxãzakq iq la g–emmq}ã'}agik ga me}' la ge rex|ca mczcga iq la gaqx}ezime|}+

8+ GE NC]A AK IAQZXA LA GE GIC LQ < JAZXCAX 8252

XAGE\CZA EQV NA\FILA] LA XAMQACG LA] LIKKAA] REX GA] ]AXZCMA] LA XAK]AC@KANAK\ A\ LA ]AMQXC\A

8+5+ GA ]AMXA\EXCE\ LA GEMINNC]]CIK ELNCKC]\XE\CZA LA GE ]QXZACGGEKMA

Ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza a}| errqsãarex qk }amxã|exce| minri}ã la nanhxa}lq rax}ikkag lã|emfã} rex ga nckc}|xa la

ge Oq}|cma l–qka rex|' a| ga nckc}|xa la geLãjak}a l–eq|xa rex|+

Ga }|e|q| la} nanhxa} lq rax}ikkag lq}amxã|exce| jec| g–ihoa| la g–exxï|ã xiseg lq8: }ar|anhxa 82521 xage|cj eq }amxã|exce|la ge minnc}}cik elnckc}|xe|cza la}qxzacggekma la} nã|fila} }rãmcjcuqa}a| avmar|cikkagga} la xamqacg la likkãa}rex ga} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la}ãmqxc|ã+ Ma| exxï|ã xiseg ka rix|a re}e||ack|a eq }|e|q| elnckc}|xe|cj a| rãmqkcecxa

1 N+H+ 6 im|ihxa 8252+





reà 8: JIMQ] 5


likkãa} lik| ga xamqacg e ã|ã lãmgexãcggãèg rex ga Minc|ã raxnekak| X4

• ga} nilegc|ã} la }ec}cka lq Minc|ãraxnekak| X rex ge Minnc}}cik la gerxi|am|cik la ge zca rxczãa+

8+=+ G–AVMQ\CIK LA] LC]RI]C\CIK] GA@EGA] XAGE\CZA] EQV MINNQKCME\CIK] AGAM\XIKCUQA]

Ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252 e ck}ãxã ga}ex|cmga} 56)0' 56)6' 56)50 lek} ge gic lq=2 kizanhxa 5336+ Maqv.mc im|xicak| eqv}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ãge ri}}chcgc|ã la rxaklxa mikkec}}ekma lalikkãa} xage|cza} eqv minnqkcme|cik}ãgam|xikcuqa}' }c kãma}}ecxa ak xauqãxek|ge miggehixe|cik la g–irãxe|aqx l–qk xã}aeqla minnqkcme|cik} ãgam|xikcuqa} iq lqjiqxkc}}aqx l–qk }axzcma la minnqkcme|cik}

ãgam|xikcuqa}+

Cg }–e`c| ak g–immqxxakma la xauqãxcx la}likkãa} l–clak|cjcme|cik a| la jem|qxe|cik'

ãzak|qagganak| rex qk emmæ} eqv jcmfcax}

la} mgcak|}4 la} likkãa} l–errag a|

la gimegc}e|cik la} minnqkcme|cik}

ãgam|xikcuqa}4 l–ãmiq|ax' la rxaklxa

mikkec}}ekma a| l–akxa`c}|xax la}minnqkcme|cik} ãgam|xikcuqa} a| la jcvax ge

miggehixe|cik |amfkcuqa â ma| ajja|+

G–ex|cmga == la ge gic lq < jãzxcax 8252

minrgæ|a g–ex|cmga 580' 5ax' egckãe 5ax'

8²' la ge gic lq 5= oqck 8221 xage|cza eqv

minnqkcme|cik} ãgam|xikcuqa}+ Cg ak xã}qg|a

uqa ga} irãxe|aqx} a| q|cgc}e|aqx} jckeqvliczak| ï|xa ak na}qxa la riqzicx clak|cjcax

g–q|cgc}e|aqx la nisak} la minnqkcme|cik}ãgam|xikcuqa} a| raxna||xa ga xarãxeà'

ge gimegc}e|cik' g–ãmiq|a' ge rxc}a la

mikkec}}ekma a| g–akxa`c}|xanak| la ma}

minnqkcme|cik} rxczãa} lek} ga} miklc|cik}

jcvãa} rex ge gic lq =2 kizanhxa 5336


a| la }ãmqxc|ã+ Eqv jck} la g–avãmq|cik la

ma||a lc}ri}c|cik' cg ckminha eq Xic' erxæ}

ezc} la ge Minnc}}cik la ge rxi|am|cik la ge

zca rxczãa a| la g–Ck}|c|q| hagà la} }axzcma}ri}|eqv a| la} |ãgãminnqkcme|cik}' la jcvax

ga} na}qxa} |amfkcuqa} a| elnckc}|xe|cza}

ejck la }e|c}jecxa â ma||a ihgcè|cik+





reà 86 JIMQ] 5

k–ezecak| re} ã|ã jcvãa} rex g–exxï|ã xiseg lq3 oekzcax 822=+ Ge xec}ik ak a}| uq–eqmqkakixna |amfkcuqa }qx g–ck|axmar|cik la}minnqkcme|cik} Ck|axka| k–ezec| ã|ã rxãzqaeq kczaeq aqxirãak oq}uq–egix} a| uqa ga}ri}}chcgc|ã} |amfkcuqa} }a xãzãgecak| akmixa|xir gcnc|ãa} riqx riqzicx ck|axmar|ax la}

minnqkcme|cik} Ck|axka|+ Ge }c|qe|cik elã}ixnec} }ak}chganak| ãzigqã `xèma â qkãgex`c}}anak| la} ri}}chcgc|ã} |amfkcuqa}a| â ge rxinqgè|cik la kixna} |amfkcuqa}aqxirãakka}+





reà =2 Mferc|xa 8

kiqzagga} lc}}ak}cik} errexeë|xik| gix}uq–cg

jeqlxe mfic}cx ga} meklcle|} riqx immqrax ge

|ï|a la gc}|a+

`xIQraNaK|] cLaK|c|ecxa] a|

QG|xeKe|cIKeGc]|a]

Ge Z]]A mikmak|xa }ik e||ak|cik }qx ga}`xiqra} qg|xeke|cikegc}|a}+ E}}qxãnak|'

ak Jgeklxa' ga ¤ZIIXRI]\´ jec| rex|ca

la} rgq} em|cj} l–ak|xa aqv' hcak uqa

ma} laxkcæxa} ekkãa} cg }ic| }qx qka

rak|a la}maklek|a+ Egix} uq–eq|xajic} ga

¤ZIIXRI]\´ riqzec| minr|ax }qx qk

jcmfcax la nanhxa} em|cj} a| ak|fiq}ce}|a}'

ga `xiqranak| nekuqa la rgq} ak rgq} la

kiqzagga} xa}}iqxma}+

]a} ihoam|cj} la gq||a k–ik| re} mfek`ã

ak 8252+ Ga} em|cik} |xelc|cikkagga}

ek|c.hagà} a| ke|cikegc}|a} jgenekla}

mik}|c|qak| akmixa a| |iqoiqx} ga ̀ xi} la }a}

xãegc}e|cik}+ Ak iq|xa' la} |fæna} minna ge

rigc|cuqa ak ne|cæxa la lxi`qa' la }ãmqxc|ã

a| la nc`xe|cik raqzak| eq}}c minr|ax

}qx }ik }iq|cak+ Eck}c' ga : kizanhxa

8252' ga ¤ZIIXRI]\´ e ixèkc}ã qk

mix|æà â _age|a mik|xa ge kqc}ekma la}

oaqka} eggimf|ika} â rxihgæna}+ Minna

l–fehc|qla' â ma||a imme}cik' â mü|ã la}

nanhxa} lq ¤ZIIXRI]\´' la} ncgc|ek|}

l–eq|xa} `xiqra} qg|xeke|cikegc}|a} ã|ecak|

rxã}ak|}+ Nec} cg ã|ec| jxerrek| uqa ga}

|xiqra} lq ¤ZIIXRI]\´ ã|ecak| ma||a jic}

ak jix|a nckixc|ã+

Ge ¤KCAQP.]IGCLEXC]\C]MF EG\AXKE.

\CAJ´ &K.]E# uqc a}| errexqa ak 8226 lc|

ï|xa g–eg|axke|cza â ma uq–agga erragga ga nc.

gcaq ¤jc`ã´ la ge lxic|a ke|cikegc}|a ak Jgek.

lxa+ Neg`xã uqaguqa} ckc|ce|cza} ak 8252

riqx eq`nak|ax ga kinhxa la }a} }sn.

re|fc}ek|}' ge ¤K.]E´ ka raq| minr|ax uqa

}qx qka zck`|ecka la ncgc|ek|} em|cj}+ Riqx

max|eck} ãzãkanak|}' agga exxcza |iq| la

nïna â nihcgc}ax la uqexek|a â }ar|ek|a

rex|cmcrek|}+ Nec} cg }–e`c| egix} rxckmcrega.nak| la rax}ikka} em|cza} lek} l–eq|xa}

`xiqra} enc} l–av|xïna lxic|a+

G–ck|axlãraklekma la ge ¤K.]E´ a|

l–av|xãnc}|a} la lxic|a rxizakek| l–eq|xa}

maxmga} |xæ} xelcmeqv a}| l–ecggaqx}

}ec}c}}ek|a+ Eck}c' la} jc`qxa} lq ncgcaq

}dckfael kãikec }qx`c}}ak| la nekcæxa

xã`qgcæxa raklek| ga} em|czc|ã} la ge ¤K.

]E´+

Rex ekegi`ca ezam ga} niqzanak|}

ke|cikeqv.xãzigq|cikkecxa} aqxirãak}

&ak|xa eq|xa} ak Eggane`ka a| ak C|egca#'

qk max|eck kinhxa la jixma} eq }ack la

ge ¤K.]E´ ik| |ak|ã la na||xa eq oiqx

qka rge|a.jixna jgenekla+ Riqx ma jecxa'

cg} ik| a}}esã la hè|cx qka }iq}.mqg|qxa

¤oaqka´ miqrgãa â qk em|czc}na clãigi`cuqa

rigc|cuqa+ Ak 8252' ge ¤K.]E´ e ixèkc}ãuqaguqa} mikmax|} nq}cmeqv }iq} jixna

la rxioa|} ió la} `xiqra} l–av|xïna lxic|a

ã|xekàx} }ik| nik|ã} }qx }mæka+

Qk lãzagirranak| ki|ehga lek} ga `cxik

la ge ¤K.]E´' e ã|ã ge jikle|cik l–qk rex|c

rigc|cuqa â ge jck lq nic} l–im|ihxa 8252+ Ga

¤KCAQP LANIMXE\C]MFA REX\CO´ ak

}axec| akmixa eq }|ela anhxsikkecxa' nec}

}agik ge ¤K.]E´' cg lazxec| rxaklxa rex| eqvrximfecka} ãgam|cik} minnqkega} ak 8258+

¤KE\CIK´ a}| ga `xiqra clak|c|ecxa ga rgq}



Mferc|xa 8 reà =5

lãzagirrã la ge Hag`cuqa jxekmirfika+

\iq|ajic}' }ik kiseq lqx ka minr|a re}

rgq} l–qka lcecka la rax}ikka} a| cg ka

nihcgc}a `qæxa rgq} la 82 ncgc|ek|} gix} la

}a} em|czc|ã}+

Ga jiklanak| clãigi`cuqa la ¤KE\CIK´'m–a}| ¤qka |axxa' qk raqrga´+ Cg }a lãjckc| gqc.

nïna minna rirqgc}|a a| xãzigq|cikkecxa

a| lc| }–akèàx lek} ge ¤|xic}cæna zica´

ãmikincuqa uqc xakzica li} â li} ga

merc|egc}na a| g–A|e|.rxizclakma+

]qx ga rgek ck|axke|cikeg' ¤KE\CIK´ lãjakl

ga mikmar| la} ¤A|e|}.Qkc} l–Aqxira´? qka

miggehixe|cik ak|xa ga} A|e|}.ke|cik} lq

zcaqv mik|ckak| ejck la jecxa ga ricl} jemaeqv `xekl} hgim} minna ga} A|e|}.Qkc}

l–Enãxcuqa+ Riqx ma||a xec}ik' ¤KE\CIK´

ak|xa|cak| la} xage|cik} ezam l–eq|xa}

`xiqra} clak|c|ecxa} ak Aqxira+ Ak 8252' cg}

ezecak| la} xage|cik} rxczcgã`cãa} ak Jxekma

a| ak A}re`ka+

¤KE\CIK´ a}| qk niqzanak| lskencuqa

uqc ixèkc}a la} nexmfa} mqg|qxagga}' la}

nekcja}|e|cik} a| jixna }a} melxa}+ Larqc}ga rxck|anr} 8252' cg e rxinq qk kiqzaeq

|sra l–em|cik? ge mikjxik|e|cik ezam

}a} irri}ek|} la èqmfa+ Ma} mik|xa.

nekcja}|e|cik} }a gcnc|ak| riqx g–ck}|ek| â

la} ãmfekà} zaxheqv+

Minna ãziuqã mc.la}}q}' ¤KE\CIK´

e lãmclã la oicklxa }a} jixma} â magga}

lq ¤JXIK\ KE\CIKEG´ ak zqa

l–fsri|fã|cuqa} ãgam|cik}4 â ma |c|xa' laqv

la }a} nanhxa} ik| xaoick| ga hqxaeq

rigc|cuqa jxik|c}|a+

Ge }am|cik peggikka la ¤\AXXA A\

RAQRGA´ jec| rex|ca l–qk niqzanak|

clak|c|ecxa ixc`ckecxa la Jxekma a| xãreklq

lek} lcjjãxak|a} xã`cik} l–Aqxira4 }ik

nila l–em|cik a}| ezek| |iq| mqg|qxag+

Ixèkc}e|xcma la mikjãxakma}.lãhe|}' la

mikmax|}' a| la hiqx}a} la gczxa} }qx|iq|mik}emxã} â ge |xelc|cik a| eq jigdgixa' agga

|ak|a la xana||xa â ge nila ga reèkc}na

rxãmfxã|cak+

¤\AXXA A\ RAQRGA´ rqhgca qk rãxcilcuqa

ehixlek| }a} }qoa|} la rxãlcgam|cik4 ak

xazekmfa' }a} em|czc|ã} }qx ga |axxeck }a jik|

xexa}? â racka qka ak 8252+

Ge rxivcnc|ã clãigi`cuqa la ¤\AXXA A\RAQRGA´ a| ¤KE\CIK´ riq}}a gaqx}

ncgc|ek|} â }–ak|xeclax a| â rex|cmcrax eqv

ãzãkanak|} ixèkc}ã} rex ga} laqv

}|xqm|qxa}+

Eq|xa niqzanak| clak|c|ecxa' ¤HAG@CUQA

A\ MFXA\CAK\Ã´ a}| gqc mexem|ãxc}ã

rex }ik qkc|exc}na a| }ik }iq|cak

eq me|figcmc}na |xelc|cikkegc}|a la ge

¤JXE\AXKC\Ã ]EMAXLI\EGA ]ECK\RCA V´+ Nïna }c ma||a eggcekma raq|

rexeë|xa mik|xa ke|qxa' ¤HAG@CUQA A\

MFXA\CAK\Ã´ }a xa|xiqza eqv mü|ã} la

¤\AXXA A\ RAQRGA´ eqv xãqkcik} la

¤KE\CIK´+

¤HAG@CUQA A\ MFXA\CAK\Ã´ }anhga

|iq|ajic} ezicx eheklikkã ga |axxeck ak

8252+



reà =8 Mferc|xa 8

]DcKfaeL] L–aV|xaNa LxIc|a

Ak 8252' g–em|czc|ã }dckfael l–av|xïna

lxic|a ak Hag`cuqa }a }c|qa riqx eck}c lcxa

qkcuqanak| ak Jgeklxa+ Nec} nïna ak

Jgeklxa' kiq} xanexuqik} eqoiqxl–fqc qka

xã`xa}}cik lq rfãkinæka+

Ga niqzanak| kãikec ¤HGIIL EKL

FIKIQX´ }qc| ak Hag`cuqa qka miqxha

la}maklek|a4 qk lãzagirranak| uqa

kiq} mik}|e|ik} l–ecggaqx} ãèganak| lek}

l–eq|xa} res} l–Aqxira Immclak|ega+

Cg }anhga ak iq|xa uqa ge }iq}.mqg|qxa

}dckfael l–av|xïna lxic|a ezam }a}

nekcæxa} |srcuqa} la }a nekcja}|ax }ic|

lazakqa nick} e||xem|cza riqx qka kiqzagga

`ãkãxe|cik la oaqka} av|xãnc}|a}+ L–eq|xa}

}iq}.mqg|qxa} ¤oaqka}´ rigc|cuqanak|

ixcak|ãa} minna ga niqzanak| la}

¤Ke|cikegc}|a} eq|ikina}´ rexec}}ak| ge

xanrgemax la rgq} ak rgq}+ Ma} mik}|e|e|cik}

kãma}}c|ak| maraklek| qka riqx}qc|a la}

ckza}|cè|cik}+

Ge lcnckq|cik lq kinhxa la mikmax|}}dckfael ak 8223 }–a}| riqx}qczca ak

8252+ Cg s e uqaguqa} ekkãa} cg s ak ezec|

la 52 â 51 rex ek' ak 8252 uqaguqa}.qk}

}aqganak| lek} ki|xa res}+ Ge ]ôxa|ã la

g–A|e| }iqràikka jix|anak| uqa ge riqx}qc|a

oqlcmcecxa la max|eck} ixèkc}e|aqx} la

mikmax|} e cmc rix|ã }a} jxqc|}+ Ga} rxa}|e|cik}

rgq} xercla} la} eq|ixc|ã} rigcmcæxa} ik|

ãèganak| mik|xchqã â uqaguqa raq mfekàx

g–cneà la ge Hag`cuqa ak |ek| uqa rgema

jezixc|a la mikmax|} eqrxæ} la} }dckfael}

ã|xekàx}+

Avem|anak| minna ga} ekkãa} rxãmãlak|a}'

ma} xarxã}ak|e|cik} nq}cmega} }a re}}ak|

}ek} ckmclak|} ki|icxa}+ Ga lãxiqganak|

xage|czanak| megna a| lc}mcrgckã ã|ec| â raq

rxæ} lazakq qka mik}|ek|a ga} ekkãa}

rxãmãlak|a}+ Kiq} zc}ik} ak rxancax gcaq

ma uqc }a rxilqc| ak lafix} la ge }egga lamikmax|+ Nec} â g–ck|ãxcaqx ãèganak| cg a}|

xexa l–e}}c}|ax â la }ãxcaqv ckmclak|}+

Ga} minrix|anak|} a| ga} avrxa}}cik}

xemc}|a} ka }ik| re} ckfehc|qag} â la |ag}

ãzãkanak|}+ Ge xãqkcik la rax}ikka} uqc

|iqoiqx} l–qka nekcæxa rgq} iq nick} jix|a

}ik| jezixehga} â qka clãigi`ca xemc}|a'

ec`qc}a ga }ak|cnak| la minnqkeq|ã a|

miklqc| }iqzak| â elir|ax qka e||c|qlaxemc}|a rxikikmãa+ Mamc a}| akmixa xakjixmã

rex ga àkxa nq}cmeg uqc' lek} ge rgqrex|

la} me}' }|cnqga qka enhcekma zcigak|a

a| rex ga} |av|a} jxãuqannak| |ack|ã} la

lc}mxcncke|cik a| la xemc}na+

G–aV|xaNa LxIc|a a|

G–c]GeNIrfIHca

Eq lãrex|' ga ¤HAG@CQN LAJAKMA

GAE@QA´ ã|ec| qk jixqn errexq }qx

ck|axka| eq lãhq| la 8252 ak xãrik}a

eqv lãmgexe|cik} c}genc}|a} ck|ã`xc}|a} la

¤]FEXCE<HAG@CQN´+ Cg ka }–e`c| re}

l–qk kiqzaeq rfãkinæka? ga jixqn hagà

e rxc} riqx nilæga g–¤AK@GC]F LAJAKMA

GAE@QA´ lq Xiseqna.Qkc+

Mxãã a| rxckmcreganak| ekcnã rex la}

fiigcèk}' ga jixqn a}| ãèganak|

jxãuqak|ã rex la} av|xãnc}|a} la lxic|a ak

rxizakekma la ¤KE\CIK´ iq lq ¤JXIK\

KE\CIKEG´+







Mferc|xa 8 reà =1

a| la nekcja}|e|cik} ak jezaqx la

lcjjãxak|} ¤rxc}ikkcax} xãzigq|cikkecxa}´?

@aixà} Chxefcn EHLEGGEF' ga ncgc|ek|

lq `xiqranak| |axxixc}|a ¤JXEM\CIK]

EXNÃA] XAZIGQ\CIKKECXA]

GCHEKEC]A]´ &JEXG# miklenkã ak Jxekma

â ge rxc}ik â raxrã|qc|ã4 ga} nanhxa} lq`xiqranak| |axxixc}|a ¤EM\CIK LCXAM\A´

ãèganak| lã|akq} ak Jxekma4 g–ãmi.

ekexmfc}|a }qc}}a Nexmi MENAKC]MF

a| ga ncgc|ek| la} ¤HGEMD REK\FAX]´

miklenkã â nix|' Nqnce EHQ.OENEG+

La nekcæxa `ãkãxega' ga} ncgc|ek|} la

g–e}}imce|cik }–irri}ak| â ge gã`c}ge|cik

ek|c|axxixc}|a hagà a| aqxirãakka+ ]agik

g–ERERM)]X a| ga ]XC' ma} |av|a} la gic}–ck}mxczak| lek} qka |ak|e|cza `gihega

la xãlqcxa eq }cgakma ga} niqzanak|} la

mik|a}|e|cik rigc|cuqa a| }imcega+

Rcaxxa MEXA\\A' g–eq|xa ekmcak gaelax

la} MMM' uqc e jixnã ak 8220 }ik rxirxa

niqzanak| la }igclexc|ã ¤ MINC\Ã

]IGCLEXC\A . GCHAX\A ´' mik|ckqa

la }–akèàx riqx ga ncgc|ek| gchekec}

la} JEXG a| riqx ga} ncgc|ek|} akmixa

ckmexmãxã} l–¤EM\CIK LCXAM\A´+ Cg }a

xakl xã`qgcæxanak| ak Jxekma lek} ma hq|+

Ge mikzcm|cik |iqoiqx} zczema la}

rxi|eìkc}|a} la} laqv niqzanak|}

uqek| â ge kãma}}c|ã lq minhe| exnã riqx

mikmxã|c}ax ge xãzigq|cik minnqkc}|a' eck}c

uqa gaqx re}}ã |axxixc}|a' oq}|cjcak| ga }qczc

la gaqx} em|czc|ã} rex ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+ Kc

Rcaxxa MEXA\\A kc Hax|xekl ]E]]ISA

k–ik| lãgec}}ã gaqx ri}c|cikkanak|

clãigi`cuqa ek|ãxcaqx â gaqx exxa}|e|cik

ak 5361' minna ga rxiqzak| rgq}caqx}

ak|xa|cak} rexq} lek} ge rxa}}a+ La rgq}' gix}

la gaqx} lãrgemanak|} ck|axke|cikeqv' ma}

ncgc|ek|} ak|xak| ak mik|em| ezam l–eq|xa}

ekmcak} |axxixc}|a} iq }snre|fc}ek|} la

rax}ikka} miklenkãa} xãmannak| &iq

nick} xãmannak|# riqx |axxixc}na+

eKexMfc]Na

Ga} èqmfa} xelcmega} ik|' ak 8252'

mikjcxnã gaqx xa|iqx }qx ga lazek| la ge

}mæka+

Ge }rfæxa ekexmfc}|a' uqc ak mik}|c|qa

ge rex| a}}ak|cagga' }–a}| nihcgc}ãa }qx

lcjjãxak|a} uqa}|cik}+

\iq| l–ehixl' cg }anhga uqa g–ihoam|cjrxcixc|ecxa }ic| |iqoiqx} ge gq||a mik|xa ga}

mak|xa} jaxnã}+ Ak g–a}ræma' cg }–e`c}}ec|

rxckmcreganak| lq ¤580|xc}´' ak mik}|xqm|cik

â ]|aakiddaxaag+ Qka nqg|c|qla l–em|cik}

ik| eck}c zc}ã ga mfek|cax' }iq} ge jixna

la lã`xele|cik} lczax}a}+ Nec} ma }ik|

ãèganak| |iq|a} ga} ak|xarxc}a} rex|cmcrek|

la nekcæxa lcxam|a iq cklcxam|a â ma uqa

ga} em|czc}|a} erraggak| ge ¤nemfcka â

avrqg}ax´ uqc }ik| zc}ãa}' minna magga} uqc

jiqxkc}}ak| la} }axzcma} eqv mak|xa} jaxnã}

a| eqv rxc}ik} &ak|xa|cak' mik}|xqm|cik'

hekuqa' xa}|eqxe|cik' a|m+#+ Nïna ge ]imcã|ã

la} |xek}rix|} ck|axminnqkeqv hxqvaggic}

&]\CH# jec| g–ihoa| la zeklegc}na ak xec}ik

la} mik|xüga} uq–agga ixèkc}a' mik|xüga}

uqc lãhiqmfak| rexjic} }qx g–exxa}|e|cik la

}ek}.rercax}+

Ak}qc|a' cg errexeë| la rgq} ak rgq}

mgecxanak| uqa ga} niqzanak|} ekexmfc}|a}

ka }a mek|ikkak| re} lek} qka |fãne|cuqa



reà =: Mferc|xa 8

qkcuqa+ Ge }a`nak|e|cik la ge mik|a}|e|cik

xelcmega ak }rfæxa} l–em|cik} a}| }ek}

liq|a nick} rxã`kek|a uq–agga ka g–e ã|ã rex

ga re}}ã+ Max|eck} mgczeà} }ik| lazakq}

nick} ka|}' max|ecka} jxik|cæxa} rgq}

rixaq}a}+ La ge nïna nekcæxa uqa la}

ncgc|ek|} la} niqzanak|} la he}a re}}ak|zigik|cax} la g–ãmigi`ca â g–ek|cncgc|exc}na

iq eq lxic| la} ekcneqv' ga} rex|c}ek} la ge

gq||a xelcmega mik|xa ga }s}|æna riqxxik| }a

nekcja}|ax |ek|ü| minna ãmi.av|xãnc}|a}'

|ek|ü| minna irri}ek|} zcigak|} â g–I\EK+

Ga lãziqanak| â qka meq}a a}| la nick}

ak nick} avmgq}cj+

Akjck' ge }c|qe|cik â g–ã|xekàx a}| }qczca

la rxæ} rex ga} ncgc|ek|} a| ga} em|cik}

la }igclexc|ã ezam ga} ekexmfc}|a} `xam}

iq c|egcak} }ik| nikkeca miqxek|a+ Ga}

ãmfekà} a| ga} xakmik|xa} eq kczaeq

aqxirãak }ik| xã`qgcax} a| }ik| eq|ek| la

|ak|e|cza} la miixlikkax ge gq||a eq.lagâ

la} jxik|cæxa}+ M–a}| lq xa}|a eq nïna

àkxa la rxãimmqre|cik uq–ihãc}}ec|

g–akzic la kinhxaqv migc} rcã`ã} larqc}

ge @xæma ak kizanhxa 8252+ Maraklek|'

g–ekexmfc}na hagà ka mikkeë| re} qka|xelc|cik la zcigakma clak|cuqa â magga uqc

}ãzc| ak C|egca iq ak @xæma' nïna }–cg |cak|

â xerragax xã`qgcæxanak| }e }igclexc|ã ezam

ga} ¤menexela}´ la ma} res}+

Uqek| â ge Rxã}clakma hagà la g–Qkcik

aqxirãakka' e}}a lc}mxæ|a' agga k–e re}

likkã gcaq â la `xekla} nekcja}|e|cik} la}

èqmfa} xelcmega} ak Hag`cuqa+ Eqmqk la}

}inna|} ixèkc}ã} â Hxqvagga} iq ecggaqx}

k–e nc} ak ezek| la} }qoa|} }qjjc}ennak|

rix|aqx} riqx nihcgc}ax ak kinhxa ga}

ncgc|ek|} eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg+ Lek} ma}

miklc|cik}' ga rfãkinæka lq hgemd hgim'

uqc ezec| oiqc l–qk max|eck ãmfi nãlce|cuqa

lek} ge jiqgãa lq }inna| la g–I\EK â

]|xe}hiqx` ak 8223' k–e re} ã|ã ih}axzã }qx

ki|xa |axxc|icxa' iq }aqganak| la nekcæxa

nex`ckega+

`xIQra] L–eM|cIK

eK|c.eQ|Ixc|ecxa]

Rgq}caqx} `xiqra} l–em|cik ek|ceq|ixc|ecxa}

rex|eàk| ga} rxãimmqre|cik} la}

`xiqranak|} ekexmfc}|a}+ Minna aqv'

cg} }|c`ne|c}ak| ¤g–Ã|e| xãrxa}}cj´ a| ga

}s}|æna merc|egc}|a+ Minna aqv akmixa'

cg} rxczcgã`cak| qka ixèkc}e|cik kik

fcãxexmfc}ãa jiklãa }qx ga rxckmcra la ge

¤lãnimxe|ca la he}a´+ Neg`xã qka nihcgc|ãcnrix|ek|a la gaqx} nanhxa}' |iqoiqx}

lc}ri}ã} â re}}ax l–qka gq||a â g–eq|xa'

ga} `xiqra} l–em|cik} ek|ceq|ixc|ecxa} }a

}rãmcegc}ak| ak `ãkãxeg lek} qk mfenr

l–em|cik rex|cmqgcax minna g–ek|cncgc|exc}na'

g–ãmigi`ca' ga lxic| la} ekcneqv iq ga }iq|cak

eqv }ek}.rercax}+

Ge `xekla neoixc|ã la ma} niqzanak|}

rxczcgã`cak| g–em|cik lcxam|a kik zcigak|aa| ka xa}}ix|c}}ak| re} â g–av|xãnc}na

clãigi`cuqa+ Kãeknick}' max|eck} cklczclq}

iq `xiqranak|} rxãmikc}ak| g–q}eà la ge

zcigakma riqx jecxa ezekmax gaqx meq}a+

aV\Xãnc}na ekcnegcaX

G–ek laxkcax' kiq} ezik} mik}|e|ã qka

lcnckq|cik }c`kcjcme|cza lq kinhxa

l–ckmclak|} gcã} â g–em|czc}na ekcnegcax+

Ge |aklekma la 8226 a| 8223' qka

eq`nak|e|cik mik|ckqa lq kinhxa



Mferc|xa 8 reà =0

l–em|cik}' k–e likm re} ã|ã mikjcxnãa+ Ga}

xec}ik} }iq}.oemak|a} la ma||a ckzax}cik la

|aklekma ka }ik| re} ãzclak|a} eq rxancax

ehixl+

Â mü|ã la} jec|} lq 56 eiô| 8252' qka gchãxe|cik

la zc}ik} lek} ge minnqka jgenekla la

Eeg|ax' a| la g–em|cik la xamikkec}}ekma la

laqv em|czc}|a} ã|xekàx} nakãa ga 51 eiô|

8252 lek} qk ãgazeà zic}ck' eqmqk eq|xa

jec| ka }–a}| rxã}ak|ã uqc rqc}}a ï|xa mge}}ã

lek} ge me|ãìxca la ¤g–em|czc}na cggã`c|cna´+

Lqxek| ge rxancæxa nic|cã la g–ekkãa 8223'

eq mik|xecxa' |xic} em|cik} cggãèga} ezecak|

akmixa ã|ã mik}|e|ãa}+

Ga `xiqranak| ga rgq} zc}chga em|cj }qx ga

|axxeck lq lxic| la} ekcneqv ã|ec| akmixa ak

8252 ge ¤MIEGC\CIK EK\C ZCZC]AM\CIK´

&MEZ# iq ¤EK\CLCAXRXIAZAK

MIEGC\CA´ &ELM#' qka }mc}}cik hagì.

kãaxgeklec}a la ¤XA]RAM\ ZIIX

LCAXAK´+ Ki|xa ekegs}a la MEZ.ELM

a}| xa}|ãa ckzexcehga lek} ge lqxãa? cg

}–e`c| l–qk `xiqra la rax}ikka} e}}a

xa}|xack| nec} |xæ} ni|czã' uqc ixèkc}a

mik|ckqagganak| la} em|cik} lek} ga

xa}ram| eh}igq la ge gãègc|ã &}|ekl} ckji'

mfexczexc' renrfga|}' }c|a ck|axka| a| eq|xa}

rxa}|e|cik} nãlce|cuqa}#+ G–ekkãa laxkcæxa'

}e mchga rxckmcrega ã|ec| g–ak}anhga la}

ck}|c|q|cik} la xamfaxmfa la} qkczax}c|ã}

hagà} uqc q|cgc}ak| la} ekcneqv riqx gaqx}

avrãxcnak|e|cik} }mcak|cjcuqa}+

Cg ka jeq| maraklek| re} jecxa eh}|xem|cik lq

jec| uqa max|ecka} rax}ikka} uqc ixèkc}ak|

xã`qgcæxanak| la} em|cik} }iq} ge hekkcæxa

la MEZ.ELM ik| lãoâ aq ejjecxa â ge oq}|cma

riqx la} lãgc|} minnc} lek} ga melxa la

gaqx em|czc}na+ Ma} em|cik} mikmaxkak|

ãèganak|' ak|xa eq|xa}' la} gchãxe|cik}

la zc}ik}' nec} ik| |iqoiqx} aq gcaq }qx ga

|axxc|icxa kãaxgeklec} &ga} xa}rik}ehga}

ezecak| ãèganak| ge ke|cikegc|ã

kãaxgeklec}a#+ Erxæ} miqr' ELM ezec| rxc}

}a} lc}|ekma} ezam ma} em|czc}|a}+

M–a}| gâ ge xec}ik rxckmcrega riqx geuqagga

qka ixèkc}e|cik minna ELM a}| akmixa

}qczca rex ki|xa }axzcma? cg s e â g–ck|ãxcaqx

la ma||a }ix|a l–em|czc}na ¤}ck`ga c}}qa´

qk xc}uqa raxnekak| l–ckjcg|xe|cik rex la}

av|xãnc}|a}+ Ge rxe|cuqa g–e lãoâ rxiqzã â

la kinhxaq}a} xarxc}a}+

ek\cncgc\eXc}na

Minna mfeuqa ekkãa' g–e+}+h+g+

¤ZXALA]EM\CA´ e ixèkc}ã qka em|cik

¤hin}ri||ck`´+ Cg }–e`c| la lãkikmax ge

rxã}akma }qrri}ãa l–exna} kqmgãecxa} ak

Hag`cuqa rex qka em|cik la ne}}a' cggãèga

nec} kik zcigak|a' lazek| ga uqex|cax ̀ ãkãxeg

la g–I\EK iq lazek| qka he}a ncgc|ecxa

hagà+ Ak ezxcg 8252' ga} ncgc|ek|} ezecak|

ekkikmã gaqx zigik|ã la rãkã|xax }qx gehe}a la Dgacka Hxiàg' ma uqc e miklqc|

â g–exxa}|e|cik la rgq}caqx} mak|ecka} la

ncgc|ek|}+ Lek} ga} nic} rxãmãlak|}' max|eck}

em|czc}|a} ezecak| nqg|crgcã ga} ck|xq}cik} a|

|ak|e|cza} l–ck|xq}cik }qx ge he}a' ri}ek|

l–ãzclak|} rxihgæna} la }ãmqxc|ã+

ãMi.aV\Xãnc}na

Ak ne|cæxa l–ãmigi`ca' g–ãmfam la ge

mikjãxakma MIR 51 la Mirakfe`qa a|

g–eh}akma la rxc}a ak mfexà la ge uqa}|cik



reà =6 Mferc|xa 8

mgcne|cuqa eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg k–ik| re}

aq la mik}ãuqakma} mikmxæ|a} ki|ehga}

lq rick| la zqa la g–em|czc}na xelcmeg+ Ga}

`xiqra} ek|ceq|ixc|ecxa} ik| max|a} nik|xã

qk ck|ãxï| |xæ} mgecx riqx ge uqa}|cik' nec}

mage ka }–a}| re} |xelqc| rex g–ãnaxàkma

la `xiqranak|} |ag} uq–qk ¤AEX\FGCHAXE\CIK JXIK\´ minna ik g–ih}axza

fix} la ki} jxik|cæxa}+ Ge zc`cgekma }axe

kãeknick} la nc}a lek} ga} ekkãa} â

zakcx+

}iQ\cak XeLcMeg eQV }ek}.ReRcaX}

Lek} ga linecka lq }iq|cak eqv }ek}.

rercax} ãèganak|' }aqga qka nckixc|ã la

`xiqranak|} jxekmfc}}ak| ga re} la ge gq||azcigak|a+ Nec}' minna kiq} g–ezik} zq ak

ehixlek| g–ekexmfc}na' l–eq|xa} lãjaklak|

qka errximfa hcak rgq} xelcmega+

G–ixèkc}e|cik rex ga xã}aeq lq ¤KI

HIXLAX MENR´ cggq}|xa ma rxiri}+ ]c ge

rgqrex| la} ncgc|ek|} rxã}ak|} }qx rgema }–ak

}ik| |akq} â qka e||c|qla remcjc}|a' uqaguqa}.

qk} ik| rxijc|ã la ma xe}}anhganak| riqx

nakax la} irãxe|cik} la zeklegc}na aklcjjãxak|} aklxic|} la Hxqvagga}+

La nekcæxa `ãkãxega' ga} `xiqra} l–em|cik

ek|ceq|ixc|ecxa} }ik| |xezax}ã} rex qka

gc`ka la jxem|qxa ak|xa rex|c}ek} la g–em|cik

lcxam|a kik zcigak|a' gãèga iq cggãèga' a|

lãjak}aqx} la ge mikjxik|e|cik zcigak|a

ezam ga} eq|ixc|ã}+

Ga xc}uqa riqx g–ezakcx }axec| la zicx ga}

xek`} la ma} laxkcax} kiqxxc} rex ga} lãàq}

la g–errximfa remcjc}|a uqc mik}|e|axecak|' â

|ix| iq â xec}ik' ge }|e`ke|cik la gaqx meq}a+

8+ E G–A\XEK@AX? GA NIKLA \QXMI.DQXLA

Ak 8252' ge \qxuqca e mikkq qk max|eck

kinhxa l–ãzigq|cik} |ek| }qx ga rgek ck|ãxcaqx

uqa }qx ga rgek la }a} xage|cik} av|ãxcaqxa}+

E+ GA @IQZAXKANAK\ A\ G–AGC\A ]AMQGCAXA

Larqc} 8228' qka |ak}cik avc}|a ak|xa ga

ìqzaxkanak| c}}q lq rex|c mik}axze|aqx.

c}genc}|a lq Rxancax nckc}|xa Xamar \esscr

AXLI@EK' ¤ELEGA\ ZA DEGDCKNE

REX\C]C´ &EDR#' a| g–a}|ehgc}fnak| }ãmqgcax

rexnc gauqag }a xekàk| |xelc|cikkagganak|

ga} ck}|c|q|cik} |agga} uqa g–exnãa' ge oq}|cma

a| ge feq|a elnckc}|xe|cik+ Ma} laxkcæxa}}q}ram|ak| g–EDR l–ezicx ãgehixã qk

¤eàkle memfã´ ak zqa la rximãlax' â

|axna' â g–c}genc}e|cik la ge Xãrqhgcuqa la

\qxuqca+ Eq jcg la} ekkãa}' ik e rq ih}axzax

qk `gc}}anak| mik}|ek| la g–ãuqcgchxa la}

jixma} ak oaq eq lã|xcnak| la ma||a ãgc|a

|xelc|cikkagga geéuqa+ Ga rgq} xanexuqehga

lek} ma rxima}}q} a}| ge lcnckq|cik

lq riqzicx la g–exnãa uqc' larqc} lakinhxaq}a} ekkãa}' lã|akec| qka `xekla

ckjgqakma lek} ge zca rigc|cuqa a| }imcega

ak \qxuqca+ Ga ìqzaxkanak| mfaxmfa

eck}c â }–cnri}ax |iqoiqx} lezek|eà ak

emmak|qek| }ik ckjgqakma }qx ga} rxima}}q}

rigc|cuqa} a| }imceqv zc}ek| ki|ennak| ga}

ncgc|ecxa}+ Ma||a miqx}a â ge lincke|cik }–a}|

ak nïna |anr} ã|aklqa eqv |xchqkeqv lq

res} lazek| ga}uqag} qk `xekl kinhxa

la ncgc|ecxa} a| ncgc|ecxa} ak xa|xec|a }ik|

emmq}ã} l–ezicx jinak|ã qk minrgi| ak zqa

la xakzax}ax ga riqzicx ak rgema+





reà <2 Mferc|xa 8

Ma||a ck|axzak|cik e ak|xeëkã ge nix| la kaqj

nanhxa} la g–ãuqcreà fqnekc|ecxa &fqc|

\qxm} a| qk Enãxcmeck l–ixc`cka |qxuqa#+ Ge

mik|xizax}a `ãkãxãa rex ma| ãzãkanak| e

mik}clãxehganak| aklinne`ã ga} xage|cik}

hcge|ãxega} ak|xa laqv res} uqc' cg s e raq

la |anr} akmixa' ak|xa|akecak| qka }igclaeggcekma ncgc|ecxa+

A+ G–¤IQZAX\QXA LANIMXE\CUQA´

Ak 8223 }–a}| enixmã qk lãàg lek} ga}

xage|cik} ak|xa ge Xãrqhgcuqa la \qxuqca a|

}e rirqge|cik dqxla+ Ga ìqzaxkanak| e

rximgenã qk ak}anhga la na}qxa} zc}ek| â

emmixlax lezek|eà la gchax|ã} mqg|qxagga}

a| la ri}}chcgc|ã} ãmikincuqa} eqv Dqxla}+Ma||a ckc|ce|cza' erragãa ckc|ceganak|

¤g–ckc|ce|cza dqxla´' eqxec| lô xerclanak|

}–ã|aklxa eq}}c eqv eq|xa} nckixc|ã} lq

res} a| ï|xa xaher|c}ãa la jeàik rgq}

`ãkãxcuqa ¤Iqzax|qxa lãnimxe|cuqa´+

E ge }qc|a la lczax} ãzækanak|}' ma

rxima}}q} lazec| |iq|ajic} }a xa|xiqzax'

jck 8223' lek} qka cnre}}a+ Ak nec 8252'

ga ¤REX\CSE DEXDAXAK DQXLC]\EK´

&RDD# e ekkikmã ge jck la }ik ma}}a.ga.jaqqkcge|ãxeg+ Qka kiqzagga rãxcila }ek`gek|a

}–ak a}| }qczca a| g–ckc|ce|cza la recv }–a}|

xa|xiqzãa minrxinc}a+

\iq|ajic}' ga 5= eiô| 8252' ga RDD lãmxã|ec|

qk kiqzaeq ma}}a.ga.jaq lek} g–e||ak|a la

ge |akqa la} ãgam|cik} rexganak|ecxa} la oqck

8255+ G–ixèkc}e|cik e lãmgexã eck}c ziqgicx

gec}}ax qka mfekma eqv kãìmce|cik}+

Cg }anhga uq–â g–c}}qa lq xãjãxaklqn lq 58

}ar|anhxa 8252 uqc' neg`xã ga hismi|| la}

xã`cik} â jix|a nckixc|ã dqxla' }–a}| }iglã

rex qk }qmmæ} riqx ga ìqzaxkanak|' magqc.

mc zaqcgga eqoiqxl–fqc likkax qka kiqzagga

cnrqg}cik â }ik rxioa| l– ¤Iqzax|qxa

lãnimxe|cuqa´+

J+ EM\CIK RIGCMCAXA AK HAG@CUQA

Ga < nex} 8252' eq |axna l–qka akuqï|a la

gik`qa fegacka }qx ga} }|xqm|qxa} a| em|czc|ã}

lq RDD ak Hag`cuqa' qka irãxe|cik rigcmcæxa

la `xekla akzax`qxa }–a}| lãxiqgãa' eq

miqx} la geuqagga rgq}caqx} e}}imce|cik} a|

lincmcga} rxczã} ik| ã|ã raxuqc}c|cikkã} a|

rgq}caqx} rax}ikka} exxï|ãa}+ Ma||a em|cik

zc}ec|' ak|xa eq|xa}' la} cklczclq} }q}ram|ã}

l–ï|xa cnrgcuqã} lek} ga xamxq|anak| la

minhe||ek|} eq rxijc| la ge hxekmfa exnãalq RDD' ga} }|xqm|qxa} jckekmcæxa} la

g–ixèkc}e|cik a| la} nanhxa} lcxcàek|}+

Ge |ãgãzc}cik dqxla ¤XIO \Z´' irãxek|

larqc} Laklaxgaaqp' a| ge xelci ¤LAK@A

NA_IRI\ENSE´ ik| ãèganak| ã|ã

raxuqc}c|cikkãa}+ G–ck}|xqm|cik oqlcmcecxa a}|

|iqoiqx} ak miqx} a| lazxec| }a mgü|qxax lek}

ga miqxek| la g–ekkãa 8255+

=+ E G–A\XEK@AX? G–ENAXCUQA GE\CKA

G–ekkãa 8252 e mikjcxnã g–cnrix|ekma

mxic}}ek|a la g–Enãxcuqa ge|cka }qx ge

}mæka niklcega+ Ak ajja|' rgq}caqx} res}

ge|cki.enãxcmeck} |ag} uqa ga Hxã}cg a|

g–Exàk|cka }–ejjcxnak| la rgq} ak rgq}

minna la} rqc}}ekma} ãmikincuqa}

a| lcrgine|cuqa} â ka re} rxaklxa â ge

gã`æxa' lek} ge xã`cik nec} ãèganak|

eq.lagâ la magga.mc+ E mik|xexci' l–eq|xa}

ãzãkanak|} rgq} rxãimmqrek|} ik| cggq}|xã



Mferc|xa 8 reà <5

ge xage|cza cnrqc}}ekma la max|eck} A|e|}

ge|cki.enãxcmeck} jema â la} ixèkc}e|cik}

mxcnckagga} av|xïnanak| zcigak|a}' eck}c

uqa g–ckuqcã|ek|a zige|cgc|ã la ge rigc|cuqa

ck|axka lek} l–eq|xa} res} la ge xã`cik+

Rex mik}ãuqak|' nïna }c g–Enãxcuqa

ge|cka k–e ma||a ekkãa akmixa re} ã|ã ge

}iqxma la nakema} }ãxcaq}a} mik|xa ge

}ôxa|ã ck|ãxcaqxa la g–A|e| a| ge rãxakkc|ã la

g–ixlxa lãnimxe|cuqa a| mik}|c|q|cikkag la

ge Hag`cuqa' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }a lic| la

xa}|ax â g–ãmiq|a la} rxihgãne|cuqa} ge|cki.

enãxcmecka} lek} ge na}qxa ió magga}.mc

ka }ik| re} }ek} mik}ãuqakma} }qx ki|xa

|axxc|icxa+

Lqxek| g–ekkãa 8252' m–a}| â kiqzaeq ge

rxã}akma ak Hag`cuqa la ncgc|ek|} l–av|xïna

èqmfa l–ixc`cka ge|cki.enãxcmecka . lik|

max|eck} }snre|fc}ek|} l–ixèkc}e|cik}

mik}clãxãa} minna |axxixc}|a} rex g–Qkcik

aqxirãakka . a| ga} gcak} uqa ma} ncgc|ek|}

ak|xa|cakkak| ezam ga} `xiqranak|}

l–av|xïna èqmfa hagà} uqc ik| ã|ã qk

}qoa| la rxãimmqre|cik riqx ki|xa }axzcma+

aV\Xanc}na Xagc`caQV

5+ C]GEN CK]\C\Q\CIKKAG


8252 e ã|ã nexuqãa rex g–ck`ãxakma la

rqc}}ekma} ã|xek`æxa} a| la `xiqranak|}

xelcmeqv c}gencuqa} lek} g–c}gen

ck}|c|q|cikkag+ Ga jikm|cikkanak| la

g–¤AVAMQ\CJ LA] NQ]QGNEK] LA

HAG@CUQA´ e ki|ennak| ã|ã ge mchga la

ma} em|czc|ã} l–ck`ãxakma+ Ki|xa }axzcma e

xaklq minr|a la ma||a rxihgãne|cuqa la

nekcæxa mik|ckqa eq nckc}|xa la ge Oq}|cma+

Lczax} em|aqx} eq }ack la g–c}gen

ck}|c|q|cikkag' s minrxc} uqaguqa}

rqc}}ekma} ã|xek`æxa} a| max|eck} ncgcaqv

xelcmeqv' ik| }qczc ezam `xekla e||ak|cik

ga} lãhe|} a| xãjgavcik} ak|enã} eq

}qoa| la} nilegc|ã} la xakiqzagganak|

la g–ixèka lq mqg|a c}gencuqa+ Eq miqx}

la g–ekkãa 8252' uqaguqa} em|aqx} ik|

e}rcxã â qk xakiqzagganak| uqc mikjãxaxec|

eqv ni}uqãa} a| eqv jãlãxe|cik} la

ni}uqãa} qka ri}c|cik lã|axnckek|a'

egix} uqa l–eq|xa} emmixlecak| lezek|eà

l–cnrix|ekma â g–ixèkc}e|cik l–ãgam|cik}

`ãkãxega} lek} ge minnqkeq|ã c}gencuqa+Eqmqk mik}ak}q} k–e rq ï|xa lãè`ã ak

8252+ La} rqc}}ekma} ã|xek`æxa} a| qk

`xiqranak| |qxm xelcmeg }a }ik| ck`ãxã}

lek} ga} }|xqm|qxa} la g–c}gen ck}|c|q|cikkag

riqx |ak|ax l–cnri}ax gaqx} zqa}+

Ak ma uqc mikmaxka g–ezakcx' cg a}| raxnc}

l–ejjcxnax uq–qka |agga ck`ãxakma' }q}mar|chga

l–ckjgqakmax lek} qka gexà na}qxa' zicxa

la mik|xexcax' ga jikm|cikkanak| la g–ixèka

lq mqg|a c}gencuqa' ka raxlxe max|eckanak|

re} ak ck|ak}c|ã+ Cg a}| â ki|ax uqa ge

lãmc}cik jckega mikmaxkek| ga} nilegc|ã} la

xakiqzagganak| raq| ezicx qk cnrem| neoaqx

}qx g–ãzigq|cik jq|qxa lek} ki|xa res} |ek|

la g–c}gen ck}|c|q|cikkag uqa la g–c}gen lek}

}ik ak}anhga+

8+ AV\XANC]NA C]GENCUQA

Minna ga} ekkãa} rxãmãlak|a}'

g–av|xãnc}na c}gencuqa e jec| g–ihoa| l–qka

e||ak|cik |iq|a rex|cmqgcæxa la ki|xa



reà <8 Mferc|xa 8

}axzcma ak 8252+ Ga} lãzagirranak|}

}qx ga |axxeck ik| oq}|cjcã qka }qxzacggekma

mik|ckqa a| errxijiklca a| ik| jec| g–ihoa|

l–qka jxãuqak|a mixxa}riklekma ezam la}

rex|akecxa} av|axka}+

Ga} |aklekma} errexqa} ma} laxkcæxa}

ekkãa} }a }ik| neck|akqa} ak 8252+ Ga

lãzagirranak| lq }egejc}na e mik}|c|qã qk

ãgãnak| nexuqek| â ma| ãèxl+ Ga }egejc}na

a}| qk miqxek| c}gencuqa xãem|cikkecxa

uqc ak|akl e}}qoa||cx ge zca cklczclqagga a|

}imcega rex g–cnri}c|cik la xæ`ga} }|xcm|a}+ Cg

}–irri}a â g–ixlxa oqxclcuqa lãnimxe|cuqa'

eq }s}|æna oqxclcuqa immclak|eg a| â

g–ck|ã`xe|cik la} nq}qgnek} lek} ge }imcã|ã

immclak|ega+ Rxã}ak| rex|iq| lek} ga nikla'

cg a}| ãèganak| cnrgek|ã ak Hag`cuqa+ Ge

lczax}c|ã uqc mexem|ãxc}a ga }egejc}na }qx ga

rgek a|fkcuqa ka }a xa|xiqza lek} eqmqk

eq|xa miqxek| av|xãnc}|a c}gencuqa+ Lek}

ki|xa res}' ga} ncgcaqv }egejc|a} minr|ak|

rex avanrga lek} gaqx xek`} la} Exeha}'

la} Haxhæxa}' la} Hagà} mikzax|c} eck}c

uqa l–eq|xa} Aqxirãak}' la} Ge|cki.

Enãxcmeck}' Ejxcmeck}' Hi}kceuqa}' \qxm}

a| \mfã|mfæka}+ Ak 8252' la} clãigi`qa}}egejc|a} c|ckãxek|} ixc`ckecxa} l–Aqxira'

la} A|e|}.Qkc} l–Enãxcuqa' l–Ejxcuqa lq

Kixl' lq Nisak.Ixcak| a| la g–Av|xïna.

Ixcak| }a }ik| xaklq} lek} ki|xa res}

riqx }–elxa}}ax â qk rqhgcm zexcã minri}ã

la }snre|fc}ek|} |ek| oaqka} uqa la rgq}

è`ã}+

Ak 8252' m–a}| }qx|iq| g–ãnaxàkma la

¤]FEXCE<HAG@CQN´ uqc e e||cxã g–e||ak|cik

la ge }imcã|ã' ki|ennak| ak xec}ik la}

em|cik} rqhgcuqa} a| jix|anak| rxizime|xcma}

lq `xiqranak|+ Ge rxirak}cik la

¤]FEXCE<HAG@CQN´ â }–ejjcxnax la

nekcæxa ncgc|ek|a }a lãnexuqa lek} ga}

ncgcaqv }egejc|a} rex }ik mexem|æxa rqxanak|

a| }cnrganak| e|srcuqa+ Ak uqaguqa} nic}'

¤]FEXCE<HAG@CQN´ e xãq}}c â }a fc}}ax

eq xek` lq `xiqranak| }egejc|a ga rgq}

avrxa}}cj rxã}ak| }qx |axxc|icxa hagà' q}ek|l–Ck|axka| a| l–em|czc|ã} la rxireèkla

riqx rxija}}ax rqhgcuqanak| }a} clãa}'

k–fã}c|ek| re} â ck|cnclax ga} fã|ãxiliva}

a| â rax|qxhax g–ixlxa rqhgcm+ Ki|ik} â ma|

ãèxl uqa ga }c|a Ck|axka| lq `xiqranak| }a

gczxa â la ge rxireèkla `xe|qc|a ak jezaqx

l–clãigi`qa} |axxixc}|a} ck|axke|cikeqv |ag}

uqa Ehq Nqfennel EG NEULC]]C iq

akmixa Ekpex EG EPGEDC' xamfaxmfã }qx

ga rgek ck|axke|cikeg+ Lek} ma mik|av|a' ga}mik}ãuqakma} ak |axna} la xelcmegc}e|cik

raqzak| }–ezãxax ri|ak|cagganak|

lã}e}|xaq}a}+

L–eq|xa rex|' g–clãigi`ca lc|a \edjcx e

è`kã ak cnrix|ekma eq }ack la ge }mæka

av|xãnc}|a c}gencuqa hagà ak 8252+ Ma||a

clãigi`ca rxüka g–avminnqkcme|cik la}

nq}qgnek} lc}}clak|}+ Cg }–e`c| gâ l–qk

ãgãnak| ckuqcã|ek| minr|a |akq lq jec|uqa g–e}}e}}cke| la} fãxã|cuqa} mik}|c|qa

qk rxckmcra emmar|ehga riqx ga} rex|c}ek}

la g–clãigi`ca \edjcx+ Rgq} `ãkãxeganak|'

ma} laxkcax} mik}clæxak| ga xamiqx} â ge

zcigakma minna qk nisak gã`c|cna a|

irrix|qk lek} max|ecka} mcxmik}|ekma}+

Ga} ncgcaqv \edjcx minr|ecak| g–ek re}}ã

uqaguqa} lcecka} la nanhxa} la lczax}a}

ixc`cka} a|fkcuqa} ezam' â gaqx em|cj' la}

em|czc|ã} la rxireèkla' la} jixne|cik}

xagc`caq}a} a| la} enhc|cik} }qx ga rgek la

g–ixèkc}e|cik+ Cg} mik}|c|qak| qk miqxek|







Mferc|xa 8 reà <1

Ki|xa }axzcma }–a}| ck|ãxa}}ã |iq|

rex|cmqgcæxanak| ak 8252 â ge rxã}akma la

Hagà}' la kec}}ekma iq l–elir|cik' ak

ika redc}|eki.ej`feka+ L–qka rex|' rexma

uqa ma} cklczclq} mik}|c|qecak| qka nakema

riqx g–exnãa hagà rxã}ak|a }qx rgema'

}qx|iq| larqc} uqa la} }igle|} ezecak| ã|ãlãrgisã} la Dehiqg zax} Dqklq' lek}

ga kixl lq res}' a| la} J5: akzisã} â

Deklefex' lek} ga }ql+ L–eq|xa rex|' rexma

uq–cg} mik}|c|qecak| qka nakema mik|xa ga}

ck|ãxï|} la ki|xa res} }qx }ik rxirxa }ig+

Riqx rxaqza' g–ck|axzcap' nakãa rex qka

ãuqcra la |ãgãzc}cik ak oekzcax 8252 eq

Redc}|ek' l–qk cklczclq }a rxã}ak|ek| }iq}

ga kin l–Elaghax| KEED\@AHIXAK a|

ejjcxnek| zakcx la Hag`cuqa+

Minna lãoâ nak|cikkã â g–imme}cik lq

xerrix| ekkqag la 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã la

g–A|e| }–a}| agga.nïna e}}c`kã g–ihoam|cj

l–ih|akcx qka nacggaqxa errxãfak}cik la}

niqzanak|} ak|xa ga |axxc|icxa hagà a| ge

ika jxik|egcæxa redc}|eki.ej`feka+ Ma||a

ekkãa' qk ajjix| rex|cmqgcax e ã|ã emminrgc

ejck la mex|i`xerfcax ma} lãrgemanak|}+

@xèma â qka ã|xic|a miggehixe|cik ezam la}

}axzcma} ã|xekàx} uqc }ik| em|cj} }qx ga

|axxeck' kiq} ezik} lãoâ rq minnakmax âxãqkcx la} ckjixne|cik} }qx ga} rax}ikka}

ã|ehgca} ak Hag`cuqa uqc }a xaklak| &iq

xa|iqxkak|# zax} ge ika jxik|egcæxa ejck

l–ãzak|qagganak| rxaklxa rex| â la}

menr} l–ak|xeëkanak|+ L–qk eq|xa mü|ã'

la} rax}ikka} uqc }iqfec|ecak| ziseàx

larqc} ma} xã`cik} ak lcxam|cik la g–Aqxira

immclak|ega ik| eq}}c ã|ã xanexuqãa}+

\iq|a} ka riqx}qczecak| ãzclannak| re}

la} ihoam|cj} kãè|cj}' |iq|ajic} ma li}}caxkãma}}c|a qka e||ak|cik max|ecka la ki|xa

}axzcma+ Ak ma uqc mikmaxka ga} rax}ikka}

ixc`ckecxa} la g–E}ca lq ]ql &a}}ak|cagganak|

ga} Redc}|ekec}#' ki|xa }axzcma k–e rq

mik}|e|ax la nakema mikmxæ|a cnnckak|a

}qx ga |axxc|icxa hagà eq miqx} la g–ekkãa

ãmiqgãa+ \iq|ajic} ge zc`cgekma lik| kiq}

jec}ik} rxaqza xa}|a ke|qxagganak| gick

l–ï|xa }qraxjgqa+ Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|

mik|ckqaxe â }qczxa' eq|ek| uqa ri}}chga'ma} lãrgemanak|} ejck la riqzicx lãoiqax

ga rgq} xerclanak| ri}}chga qka ãzak|qagga

nakema+

]c ge ika redc}|eki.ej`feka' rgq} uqa

g–Cxed' ezec| |iqoiqx} ge mi|a ak 8252 eqrxæ}

la ge neoixc|ã la} zigik|ecxa} eq ocfel'

max|eck} l–ak|xa aqv ik| minnakmã â |xemax

gaqx zica zax} ga Sãnak' ge ]inegca iq ga

Meqme}a+

Ga |xchqkeg mixxam|cikkag la Hxqvagga} e

rxikikmã' ga 52 nec 8252' }ik oqànak| â



reà <: Mferc|xa 8

g–akmik|xa la kaqj rax}ikka} riqx}qczca}

riqx |axxixc}na lek} ga melxa l–qka

jcgcæxa la xamxq|anak| a| l–emfanckanak|

la minhe||ek|} zax} ge ika redc}|eki.

ej`feka' jcgcæxa lãnek|agãa ak lãmanhxa

8226+

Rexnc ma} kaqj rax}ikka}' laqv ik| jec|

errag+ Cg }–e`c| la Negcde AG EXIQL a| la

Nqfennel Ag Enck HE]\CK' miklenkã}

ak rxancæxa ck}|ekma â xa}ram|czanak| fqc|

ek} jaxna} a| â uqexek|a nic} ezam }qx}c}+

Ge Miqx l–errag e mikjcxnã ma} racka}

ga 5ax lãmanhxa 8252+ Agga e xamikkq ga

xüga la lcxcàek|a la Negcde AG EXIQL'

g–elnckc}|xe|xcma lq }c|a ]I].Nckhex' eq }ack

la ma||a jcgcæxa4 eck}c uqa }ik eh}akma la

xarak|cx a| }ik |anrãxenak| nekcrqge|aqx+

Agga e a}|cnã uqa Nqfennel Ag Enck

HE]\CK ezec| uqek| â gqc errix|ã }ik ecla â

ma||a jcgcæxa ak }a mfexàek| la re}}ax la}

jikl} riqx agga+

E ki|ax uqa laqv nanhxa} la ma||a jcgcæxa'

lik| Nia @EX]EGGEIQC' mik}clãxã gqc

eq}}c minna qk lcxcàek| lq `xiqra a|minre`kik la Negcde AG EXIQL' }ik|

akmixa }qx rgema+

]–cg} lazecak| xazakcx qk oiqx ak Hag`cuqa'

g–ak|xeëkanak| uq–cg} ik| emuqc} gâ.he} ak

ne|cæxa l–exna}' l–avrgi}cj} a| la mgi}a.

minhe|' jaxec| la ma xa|iqx qka nakema

}qrrgãnak|ecxa+

Qka irãxe|cik la rigcma e ã|ã nakãa â

Hxqvagga} ga 8= kizanhxa 8252 lek} ga

melxa lq li}}cax HCM' her|c}ã eck}c lq

kin lq MCH iq ¤MAK\XA C]GENCUQA LA

HAG@CUQA´' mak|xa lãjaklek|' larqc} }e

mxãe|cik ak 5330 rex g–cnen jxekmi.}sxcak

He}}en ESEMFC eqoiqxl–fqc lã|akq ak

C|egca' qka gc`ka }egejc|a â jix|a |aklekma

ocfelc}|a' a| }iqràikkã cmc l–akzisax la}

zigik|ecxa} minhe||xa ak Ej`fekc}|ek+

]ar| rax}ikka} ik| ã|ã ck|axraggãa} ga

nïna oiqx â Ekzax}' â g–c}}qa l–qka

akuqï|a minnakmãa ak lãmanhxa 8223 a|

rix|ek|' l–qka rex|' }qx qk rxioa| l–e||ak|e|

â minna||xa ak Hag`cuqa a|' l–eq|xa rex|'

}qx la} em|czc|ã} la xamxq|anak| a| la

miggam|a la jikl} la}|ckãa} â akzisax la}

minhe||ek|} zax} ga Meqme}a lq Kixl ejck

l–s rex|cmcrax â ge gq||a exnãa+

8+ ge gQ\\a ek\c.\aXXiXc}\a eQUQi\cLcak

Ki|xa }axzcma e' ak 8252 minna rex

ga re}}ã' errix|ã }e mik|xchq|cik â ge

gq||a mik|xa ga |axxixc}na rex lczax}a}

miggehixe|cik} nakãa} |ek| eq kczaeq

hagà &ezam ga} Ejjecxa} ã|xek`æxa}' ga

Rexuqa| jãlãxeg' g–Ixèka la Miixlcke|cik

riqx g–ekegs}a la ge nakema.IMEN'g–Ck|ãxcaqx'+++# uq–ã|xekàx &ezam ga} }axzcma}

la xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã la} res}

eggcã} eq kü|xa#+

Ge }eè la Kc}}ex \XEHAG]C }a riqx}qc|

ak|xa |xek}jax|} la rxc}ik ak rxc}ik &C||xa'

Hxqà}'+++#4 nakema} l–ãze}cik ezam rxc}a

l–i|eà' }ek} liq|a riqx ãzc|ax qka |iqoiqx}

ri}}chga av|xelc|cik zax} ga} A|e|}.Qkc}' a|

rxioa|} la nexceà+

Nifennal ]ehax ]IQGASNEK' ekmcak

ck}|xqm|aqx ocfelc}|a ak Ej`fekc}|ek' ezec|



Mferc|xa 8 reà <0

ã|ã miklenkã ak 822<' lek} ga melxa la

g–ejjecxa l–Ekzax}' riqx errex|akekma â

qka ixèkc}e|cik |axxixc}|a+ Exxczã ak hiq|

la racka ak im|ihxa 8220' cg e ã|ã nc} â ge

lc}ri}c|cik lq ìqzaxkanak| ak zqa la }ik

xere|xcanak| zax} }ik res} l–ixc`cka+ Cg e

}ãoiqxkã larqc} lek} la} mak|xa} jaxnã}'Naxd}rge} rqc} Zi||an a| Hxqà}+ Cg e

jckeganak| xaè`kã }e re|xca ga 80 im|ihxa

8252 }qx qk zig Gqj|fek}e+

Ga Minnc}}exce| `ãkãxeg eqv Xãjq`cã} a|

eqv Ere|xcla} &M@XE# ezec| rxãegehganak|

jec| mikkeë|xa }ik ezc}' eq|ixc}ek| qk xa|iqx

zigik|ecxa nec} }–irri}ek| â qk xa|iqx

jixmã+

Ga} 5: a| 50 oqcgga| 8252' ga} eq|ixc|ã} hagà}

a| jxekàec}a} ik| rximãlã â qka }ãxca la

raxuqc}c|cik} a| l–ck|axragge|cik} lek} ga

melxa l–qka akuqï|a riqx e}}imce|cik la

negjec|aqx} ak xage|cik ezam qka ak|xarxc}a

|axxixc}|a+

Ga} eqlc|cik} la} jxæxa} HAK EHHA]

&Hagà}# a| HAKGEL@FAN &Jxekàec}# ik|

raxnc} la xa|xemax gaqx} lãrgemanak|} ak

A`sr|a &ió max|eck} ezecak| ã|ã }iqràikkã}

la minrgcmc|ã lek} g–e||ak|e| la ge ni}uqãa

Eg.Fq}}eck eq Mecxa ak jãzxcax 8223#' a|

lek} ge hekla la @ee+ Xa}|a â jecxa

ge gqncæxa }qx gaqx zigik|ã rxã}qnãa la

nakax qk e||ak|e| }qcmcla ak Jxekma+

Ga} }axzcma} hagà a| jxekàec} ik| nakã

qka akuqï|a minnqka }qx ga jckekmanak|

l–¤EG.UEÉLE EQ NE@FXAH C]GENCUQA´

&EUNC#+ Qk Eg`ãxcak ck|axraggã ak Hag`cuqa

ga 8: oqcgga| 8252 e ã|ã av|xelã ak Jxekma ga

80 eiô| 8252+

=+ ga} eJJecXa} ak MiQX} ak8252

Ehlagdelax HAGGCXEO e ã|ã miklenkã ak

rxancæxa ck}|ekma &ak oqcgga| 8223# a| ak

errag &ak oqcgga| 8252#' â ]egã eq Nexim' â

ge raxrã|qc|ã riqx mik}|c|q|cik l–qka hekla

mxcnckagga la}|ckãa â rix|ax `xezanak|e||ack|a â g–ixlxa rqhgcm' fincmcla zigik|ecxa

a| |ak|e|cza la naqx|xa+

Ak im|ihxa 8252' qk Eg`ãxcak e ãèganak|

ã|ã miklenkã â ]egã' ak rxancæxa ck}|ekma'

â lcv ek} la xãmgq}cik riqx ezicx rxioa|ã la

minna||xa la} em|a} |axxixc}|a} lek} ga

melxa l–qk xã}aeq c}genc}|a uqc eqxec| ã|ã

lcxc`ã rex Ehlagdelax HAGGCXEO+

Ma| Eg`ãxcak ezec| ã|ã av|xelã eq Nexim ak

jãzxcax 8252 rex ge Hag`cuqa' ió cg xã}clec|'

â ge }qc|a l–qk nekle| l–exxï| ck|axke|cikeg

gekmã ga 56 nex} 8226 rex ga} eq|ixc|ã}

neximecka}+

<+ ga} Li}}caX} ckLcZcLQag}

Nifenal X–FE' miklenkã ak 8220 â

lcv ek} la rxc}ik jaxna eq Nexim riqx

rex|cmcre|cik â la} em|czc|ã} |axxixc}|a} a|



reà <6 Mferc|xa 8

|iqoiqx} ckmexmãxã gâ.he}' }–a}| zq xa|cxax

ga 56 kizanhxa 8252 }e ke|cikegc|ã hagà

rex ge miqx l–errag l–Ekzax} riqx ezicx

¤`xezanak| nekuqã eqv ihgcè|cik} l–qk

mc|isak hagà´+

Cg }–e`c| lq }amikl Hagà â raxlxa }e

ke|cikegc|ã riqx ma||a xec}ik larqc} ge

laqvcæna `qaxxa niklcega+ Ga rxãmãlak|'

\exad NEEXIQJC' xalazakq \qkc}cak ak

oekzcax 8223' ezec| gqc eq}}c ã|ã miklenkã'

â rgq}caqx} xarxc}a}' ak Hag`cuqa' riqx

|axxixc}na+

1+ ga MeQMe}a

Minrexãa eqv ekkãa} ek|ãxcaqxa}' ge}c|qe|cik }ãmqxc|ecxa lek} ge Meqme}a

ka }–a}| re} enãgcixãa ak 8252+ M–a}|

}qx|iq| lek} ga Meqme}a lq Kixl uqa ge

lã|ãxcixe|cik e ã|ã ih}axzãa+

Ga mikjgc| ak|xa ge @ãix`ca a| ge Xq}}ca eq

}qoa| la g–I}}ã|ca lq Kixl a| la g–Ehdfeca

e raxlqxã eq miqx} la g–ekkãa 8252+

La} ixèkc}e|cik} xarxã}ak|e|cza} la}

minnqkeq|ã} xq}}irfika a| `ãix`cakkaak Hag`cuqa ik| mik|ckqã â ixèkc}ax la}

nekcja}|e|cik} la }iq|cak a| la rxi|a}|e|cik

lazek| ga} xarxã}ak|e|cik} lcrgine|cuqa}

la} res} mikmaxkã} eck}c uqa lazek| ga}

ck}|c|q|cik} ck|axke|cikega} cnrgek|ãa} }qx

ki|xa |axxc|icxa+

Ga} |ak}cik} lek} ga Meqme}a lq Kixl

}ik| xa}|ãa} zcza} ak 8252+ Hcak uqa ga}

eq|ixc|ã} xq}}a} ecak| ijjcmcagganak| nc}

jck ak ezxcg 8223 eqv irãxe|cik} mik|xa.

|axxixc}|a} ak \mfã|mfãkca' g–ck}|ehcgc|ã

a| g–ck}ãmqxc|ã ik| mik|ckqã â }ãzcx lek}

ma||a ak|c|ã jãlãxãa+ Ga mikjgc| exnã }–a}|

rxire`ã eqv xãrqhgcuqa} jãlãxãa} zic}cka}

lq Le`fa}|ek a| l–Ckìqmfca+ La} em|cik}

la `qãxcgge a| la} e||ak|e|} |axxixc}|a} ik|

|xæ} jxãuqannak| gcaq lek} ga} xãrqhgcuqa}

nãxclcikega} la ge Jãlãxe|cik la Xq}}ca+

Ga} minhe||ek|} peffehc|a} la g– ¤ANCXE\

LQ MEQME]A´ gq||ak| riqx ge mxãe|cik

l–qk A|e| c}gencuqa lek} ga Meqme}a lq

Kixl+ Ge |em|cuqa uq–cg} anrgicak| â ma|

ajja| mik}c}|a â minna||xa la} e||ak|e|}

a| â nakax la} irãxe|cik} la `qãxcgge

mik|xa ga} xarxã}ak|ek|} lq riqzicx gimeg

uqc hãkãjcmcak| lq }iq|cak la} eq|ixc|ã}

mak|xega} xq}}a}+ Nec} la} mchga} }c|qãa}

lek} ga xa}|a la ge Xq}}ca ik| eq}}c jec|

g–ihoa| l–e||ak|e|} raxrã|xã} rex g–Ancxe|+ Ga

83 nex} 8252' laqv e||ak|e|} }qcmcla ik|

eck}c ã|ã raxrã|xã} lek} ga nã|xi la Ni}miq

meq}ek| ge nix| la =0 rax}ikka} }agik

ga} eq|ixc|ã} xq}}a}+ Eq |i|eg' rgq} l–qka

mak|ecka la rax}ikka} ik| ã|ã hga}}ãa}

rex ga} laqv avrgi}cik}+ Ga} e||ak|e|} ik|

ã|ã xazaklcuqã} læ} ga =5 nex} 8252 rex

Lidq QNEXIZ' gaelax la g–¤ANCXE\ LQ

MEQME]A´+

Ga} mikjgc|} uqc }ãzc}}ak| lek} ga Meqme}a

lq Kixl ik| rex ecggaqx} la} xãraxmq}}cik}

ak Aqxira a| ak Hag`cuqa+ Cg a}| eck}c

errexq uqa ga }qrrix| gi`c}|cuqa a| jckekmcax

la} xahagga} ã|ec| ixèkc}ã }qx ga |axxc|icxa

aqxirãak+ G–Aqxira a}| rxihehganak|

eq}}c qk gcaq la xamxq|anak| riqx ga ocfel+

La} exxa}|e|cik} ik| l–ecggaqx} aq gcaq ga 8=

kizanhxa 8252 â Ekzax} lek} ga melxa

l–qka akuqï|a }qx ga |axxixc}na+ Qka rex|ca

la} rax}ikka} exxï|ãa} a}| }iqràikkãa

l–ezicx ã|ã em|cza lek} ga }iq|cak gi`c}|cuqa



Mferc|xa 8 reà <3

la `xiqra} exnã} lek} ga Meqme}a lq

Kixl+

Ga |axxc|icxa aqxirãak e gqc eq}}c ã|ã ga

|fãè|xa l–qk em|a |axxixc}|a+ Gix} LIQDEAZ'

\mfãmfæka ke|qxegc}ã hagà xã}clek| â

Gcæà' e rxiziuqã qka avrgi}cik lek} qk

fü|ag la Mirakfe`qa ga 52 }ar|anhxa

8252+ Magqc.mc |ak|ec| zxec}anhgehganak|

l–e}}anhgax qk ak`ck avrgi}cj lek} ga

hq| la minna||xa qk e||ak|e| â ge le|a

}snhigcuqa lq 55 }ar|anhxa+ Ga oiqxkeg

lekic} ¤OSGGEKL] RI]\AK´' mikkq riqx

ge rqhgcme|cik la} mexcme|qxa} la Nefina|'

ã|ec| rxihehganak| ge mchga zc}ãa+

a}Rcikkeà a\ ckàXakMa

5+ JaLaXe\cik La XQ}}ca

]qx ga rgek ck|axke|cikeg' g–ekkãa 8252 e

ã|ã nexuqãa rex qka lcnckq|cik }ak}chga

la} |ak}cik} uqc ezecak| lãmiqgã lq

mikjgc| `ãix`cak l–eiô| 8226 a| la}

lc}mixla} ècæxa} la 8223+ Cg a}| â

kiqzaeq uqa}|cik l–qk xerrximfanak| uqc

}–avrxcna ki|ennak| rex ga ¤ xa}a|´ la}xage|cik} enãxcmeki.xq}}a}+ Agga }a |xelqc|

eq}}c rex ge rex|cmcre|cik lq rxã}clak|

xq}}a Lnc|xc NALZALAZ eq }inna| la

g–I\EK la Gc}hikka ak kizanhxa 8252'

}e zc}c|a ijjcmcagga lãhq| lãmanhxa ak

Hag`cuqa a| eqrxæ} la} ck}|c|q|cik}

aqxirãakka} a| rex ga xakiqzagganak| la ge

meklcle|qxa xq}}a eqrxæ} la g–Ixèkc}e|cik

niklcega lq minnaxma &INM#+

Ma xerrximfanak| rigc|cuqa k–anrïmfa

maraklek| re} ge riqx}qc|a l–em|czc|ã}

ijjak}cza} rex ga} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| xq}}a}+ Minna ak

e||a}|ak| lcjjãxak|a} ejjecxa} lãzicgãa}

lek} g–em|qegc|ã ck|axke|cikega ak 8252

&ki|ennak| g–exxa}|e|cik ak oqck 8252 la

lcv ijjcmcax} la xak}ac`kanak| cggãèqv

xq}}a} eqv A|e|}.Qkc}#' ge nakema gcãa

â g–a}rcikkeà a| g–ck`ãxakma a}| hcak

xãagga+ Ak 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e'

agga eq}}c' rq mik}|e|ax la} em|czc|ã} la

xak}ac`kanak| nakãa} rex la }axzcma}

la xak}ac`kanak| xq}}a} ak Hag`cuqa uqc

ka }anhgak| re} xajgã|ax ge |aklekma eq

xerrximfanak| rigc|cuqa ih}axzãa }qx ga

rgek |xek}e|gek|cuqa+ E mü|ã la ge rigc|cuqa

la lãjak}a e|gek|cuqa' ga} mak|xa} l–ck|ãxï|

la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| xq}}a}

}a }c|qak| ki|ennak| eq kczaeq la ge

rigc|cuqa ãmikincuqa aqxirãakka a| la ge

minnqkeq|ã xq}}irfika ak Hag`cuqa+

Ak |ek| uqa res} fü|a la} ck}|c|q|cik}

aqxirãakka}' lq uqex|cax ̀ ãkãxeg la g–I\EK

a| l–eq|xa} ixèkc}e|cik} ck|axke|cikega}' ge

Hag`cuqa a}| |xelc|cikkagganak| g–ihoa| l–qka

e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa+ Ak ne|cæxa la mik|xa.



reà 12 Mferc|xa 8

a}rcikkeà' qka miirãxe|cik ajjcmema ezam

ga} }axzcma} minrã|ak|} la ma} ck}|c|q|cik}'

a| rex av|ak}cik ezam maqv la} res}

nanhxa}' a}| rex mik}ãuqak| a}}ak|cagga+

Ak iq|xa' larqc} uqaguqa} ekkãa} ge

Z]]A rix|a qka e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa âg–ck|ak}cjcme|cik la ge }ak}chcgc}e|cik la

max|eck} `xiqra} mchga} mikmaxkek| ga}

xc}uqa} gcã} â g–a}rcikkeà+ Ma |xezecg a}|

nakã ak ã|xic|a miggehixe|cik ezam ga}

Ejjecxa} ã|xek`æxa} a| ge Lãjak}a+ Ak 8252'

ma||a lãnexmfa e rex avanrga enakã

ki|xa }axzcma â }a rakmfax }qx g–cnrem| la

ge rxã}clakma hagà lq Mik}acg la g–Qkcik

aqxirãakka ak ge ne|cæxa+

8+ ga} HegDek} iMMcLak\eQV

Mikmaxkek| g–ck`ãxakma ixc`ckecxa la}

Hegdek} immclak|eqv' g–em|czc|ã la lczax}

`xiqra} la rxa}}cik }axha} ” lik| max|eck}

nanhxa} }ik| ri|ak|cagganak| gcã} eqv

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| la ]axhca ” e

rgq} rex|cmqgcæxanak| jec| g–ihoa| la ki|xa

e||ak|cik ak 8252+

=+ enaXcUQa ge\cka

La} eggãè|cik} la }qxzacggekma}

cggãèga} a| la lcjjene|cik la ge rex| lq

¤LAREX\ENAK\I ELNCKC]\XE\CZI

LA ]A@QXCLEL´ &LE]# . }axzcma la

xak}ac`kanak| miginhcak . â g–akmik|xa

l–ck}|c|q|cik} a| l–IK@ rxã}ak|a} }qx ga }ig

hagà kiq} }ik| rexzakqa}+ Qka akuqï|a

a}| |iqoiqx} ak miqx} â g–faqxa em|qagga+

MXcna iXèkc}a

Ge minrã|akma la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ak

ne|cæxa la gq||a mik|xa ga} ixèkc}e|cik}

mxcnckagga} a}| ck}mxc|a lek} ge gic ixèkcuqa

la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| a| la

}ãmqxc|ã lq =2 kizanhxa 5336+ ]agik ga}|axna} la ge gic' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e ge

|èmfa la xamqacggcx la} xak}ac`kanak|} }qx

ga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} }a xerrix|ek|

eqv eq|xa} nakema} &|axxixc}na' ck`ãxakma'

rxigcjãxe|cik' a|m+# iq riqzek| ezicx la}

mik}ãuqakma} lã}|ehcgc}ek|a} }qx ga} rgek}

rigc|cuqa iq }imci.ãmikincuqa ki|ennak|

&ex|+ 6' 5²' j#+

Rex ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga}' ge gic ak|akl

¤|iq|a e}}imce|cik }|xqm|qxãa la rgq} la

laqv rax}ikka}' ã|ehgca lek} ga |anr} ak

zqa la minna||xa la jeàik mikmax|ãa la}

mxcna} a| lãgc|}' riqx ih|akcx' lcxam|anak| iq

cklcxam|anak|' la} ezek|eà} re|xcnikceqv'

ak q|cgc}ek| g–ck|cncle|cik' ge nakema' ge

zcigakma' la} nekŝqzxa} jxeqlqgaq}a}

iq ge mixxqr|cik' iq ak xamiqxek| â la}

}|xqm|qxa} minnaxmcega} iq eq|xa} riqx

lc}}cnqgax iq jemcgc|ax ge xãegc}e|cik la}ckjxem|cik}´+

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }–e||emfa læ} gix}'

ak ne|cæxa la mxcnckegc|ã ixèkc}ãa' â

xamfaxmfax |iq| xak}ac`kanak| raxna||ek|

la rxãzakcx la} rfãkinæka} |ag} uqa

ga |xejcm iq ge |xec|a la} ï|xa} fqneck}'

g–cnnc`xe|cik cggãèga' ga |xejcm iq g–q|cgc}e|cik

la jeqv limqnak|}' ge mixxqr|cik' ga

hgekmfcnak| l–exàk|' ga |xejcm l–exna}'

la lxi`qa}' la lcenek|}… Ma} li}}cax}

}ik| |xec|ã} rex ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| læ} ga

ninak| ió qk gcak e rq ï|xa ã|ehgc ak|xa ma



Mferc|xa 8 reà 15

|sra la mxcnckegc|ã a| ga} mxc|æxa} lãjckc}}ek|

ga mfenr la ki|xa em|cik ak ne|cæxa

l–ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga}' m–a}|.â.lcxa ak

|ek| uqa minri}ek|a e||emfãa eq }qczc la}

nakema} gãèga}+

Kãeknick}' lek} ge rxe|cuqa' jixma a}| la

mik}|e|ax uqa ga} li}}cax} |xec|ã} rex ge

]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ak ne|cæxa la mxcnckegc|ã

ixèkc}ãa }ik| }iqzak| mixxãgã} eq Rgek

l–Em|cik la ]eqzaèxla lq Ri|ak|cag

Amikincuqa a| ]mcak|cjcuqa a|' rgq}

rxãmc}ãnak|' â g–ckjcg|xe|cik lek} g–ãmikinca

gãèga la jikl} l–ixc`cka mxcnckagga+ Lek}

ma melxa' qk gcak mgecx a}| ã|ehgc ak|xa ga}

em|czc|ã} l–ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} a| ga}

irãxe|cik} l–ck`ãxakma a| l–a}rcikkeànakãa} rex la} rqc}}ekma} ã|xek`æxa}+

Rgq} rxãmc}ãnak|' ki|xa }axzcma e emmixlã

qka e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa eqv }am|aqx}

la g–ãkax`ca iq la} ne|cæxa} rxancæxa}

uqc mik}|c|qak| ãèganak| la} akoaqv

rigc|cuqa} cnrix|ek|}+ Ak ajja|' ga} akuqï|a}

ajjam|qãa} rex ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a| ga}

kinhxaqv mik|em|} ezam ga} rex|akecxa} la

ki|xa }axzcma ik| raxnc} la lãnik|xax uqaga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} mik}clæxak|

|iqoiqx} ma} }am|aqx} l–em|czc|ã} minna

ã|ek| |xæ} e||xem|cj}+ Ga nexmfã la}

rxilqc|} rã|xigcax}' rex avanrga' jemcgc|a

ga hgekmfcnak| la }inna} l–exàk|

cnrix|ek|a}' ak rex|cmqgcax `xèma â ge

jgenhãa }c`kcjcme|cza la} rxcv+ Cg raxna|

eq}}c |iq|a} }ix|a} la jxeqla}' |agga} uqa

ga} mexxiq}ag} \ZE iq ge jxeqla jc}mega+ Akiq|xa' g–q|cgc}e|cik mxic}}ek|a la g–ãkax`ca ak

|ek| uq–ck}|xqnak| la riqzicx }qx ga rgek

la ge rigc|cuqa ck|axke|cikega eq`nak|a

}ak}chganak| ga} em|czc|ã} l–a}rcikkeà a|

l–ck`ãxakma+ Cg ze la }ic' lek} ma mik|av|a'

uqa g–errximfa la jikm|cikkecxa} iq

xa}rik}ehga} rigc|cuqa} a}| qka lãnexmfa

}iqzak| cklc}rak}ehga â ge rxãrexe|cik

l–ckjxem|cik} ãmikincuqa}+

L–eq|xa} }am|aqx} ãmikincuqa} }ik|

ãèganak| |xæ} zqgkãxehga}? g–cnnihcgcax'

ge mik}|xqm|cik' ga nexmfã lq gqva

iq akmixa ga nexmfã lcenek|ecxa &ga

hgekmfcnak| l–exàk| uqa raxna| ga |xejcm

la lcenek|}' lcjjcmcganak| lã|am|ehga'

lanaqxa av|xïnanak| ck|ãxa}}ek|

riqx ga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga}#+

Rãxcilcuqanak|' ga }rix| }–ezæxa' gqc eq}}c'

qka mchga }ãlqc}ek|a riqx la} mxcnckag}uqc ak|aklak| s ckza}|cx la jix|a} }inna}

l–exàk| â g–ixc`cka rexjic} liq|aq}a+ Ga}



reà 18 Mferc|xa 8

ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} k–fã}c|ak| re} â

ga mik}clãxax minna qk iq|cg raxna||ek| la

hgekmfcx â ge jic} exàk| a| xãrq|e|cik+

Ki|xa }axzcma miggehixa hcak ak|aklq ezam

ga} lcjjãxak|a} ck}|ekma} elnckc}|xe|cza}

minrã|ak|a} lq res} nec} eq}}c ezam ga}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| esek| ge gq||a

mik|xa ga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} lek}

gaqx} e||xchq|cik} gãèga}+ Kiq} ezik} rex

ecggaqx} xãriklq ri}c|czanak| eqv lanekla}

l–e}}c}|ekma |amfkcuqa ãnekek| lq Rexuqa|

jãlãxeg a| rex|cmcrik} eqv |xezeqv la ge

‗Maggqga la miixlcke|cik ck|axlãrex|anak|ega

la gq||a mik|xa ge |xec|a a| ga |xejcm la} ï|xa}

fqneck}„+ Akjck' kiq} ak|xa|akik} qka

xage|cik ã|xic|a ezam ge Maggqga la \xec|anak|la} Ckjixne|cik} Jckekmcæxa} &M\CJ# ejck la

rxãzakcx |iq|a nekŝqzxa la hgekmfcnak| iq

la jckekmanak| la |axxixc}na+

RXi}RaM\cZa}

Ma} laxkcæxa} ekkãa}' kiq} ezik} rq

ih}axzax la kiqzagga} |aklekma} lek} ga}

nila} la jikm|cikkanak| la} ixèkc}e|cik}

mxcnckagga}' uqc lazxecak| akmixa }alãzagirrax lek} ga jq|qx+ Ak ajja|' â g–cneà

la} }imcã|ã} minnaxmcega} |xelc|cikkagga}'

ga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} ã|qlcak| ga

nexmfã' megmqgak| ga} xc}uqa} ak jikm|cik la}

hãkãjcma}' ckza}|c}}ak| lek} la} |amfkcuqa}

|iqoiqx} rgq} raxjixnek|a} a|' jckeganak|' }a

}rãmcegc}ak| lek} qk linecka lãjckc+ Eck}c'

ga} ixèkc}e|cik} elir|ak| la nick} ak nick}

qka }|xqm|qxa fcãxexmfcuqa mge}}cuqa riqx

jecxa rgema â la} minhckec}ik} rgq} jgqcla}'

rgq} }iqrga}' rgq} eler|ehga}+ Ak iq|xa'

agga} lazxecak| ezicx lezek|eà xamiqx} â

la} avrax|} av|axka}' la} ¤jemcgc|e|aqx}´?

mik}acggax} jckekmcax}' avrax|} minr|ehga}'

ezime|}' hekuqcax}' ki|ecxa}' jikm|cikkecxa}'

`ãxek|} la }imcã|ã}' xa}rik}ehga} rigc|cuqa}'

a|m+ uqc' hcak uqa ka jec}ek| re} lcxam|anak|

rex|ca la g–ixèkc}e|cik' gqc ijjxak| gaqx}

}axzcma}+

L–eq|xa rex|' ga} ha}ick} la gcuqclc|ã}

mik}ãmq|cj} â ge mxc}a jckekmcæxa la 8226 ijjxak|

ga} miklc|cik} clãega} eq lãzagirranak|

la nekŝqzxa} la hgekmfcnak| l–exàk|+

La} }am|aqx} |ag} uqa ga |xec|anak| la}

lãmfa|} a| ga} ãkax`ca} xakiqzagehga}' rex

avanrga' mik}|c|qak| la} nexmfã} ak rgacka

avrek}cik+ Cg ka jec| likm eqmqk liq|a uqa

ga} ixèkc}e|cik} mxcnckagga} |ak|axik|' agga}eq}}c' la rxijc|ax la ma} kiqzaeqv lãhiqmfã}

ãmikincuqa} ejck l–ckza}|cx gãèganak| ga}

rxijc|} |cxã} la gaqx} em|czc|ã} cggcmc|a}+

RXi\aM\cik LQ Ri\ak\cagaMikincUQa a\}Mcak\cJcUQa

Larqc} 5336' ge rxi|am|cik lq ri|ak|cag

ãmikincuqa a| }mcak|cjcuqa &RA]# jec| rex|cala ge nc}}cik la xak}ac`kanak| lãzigqa â ge

Z]]A+ Ezek| ge gic ixèkcuqa la} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã lq =2 kizanhxa

5336' ga RA] k–ã|ec| re} avrgcmc|anak|

nak|cikkã minna qk ck|ãxï| jiklenak|eg ”

iq|xa ge }ãmqxc|ã ck|ãxcaqxa a| av|ãxcaqxa lq

res} ” uqa lazec| rxi|ãàx ge Z]]A+ Gix}

la ge rqhgcme|cik la ge gic' ga RA] ã|ec| â ma

rick| xãmak| uq–cg k–ak avc}|ec| re} akmixa la

lãjckc|cik+ Ma k–a}| uq–ak 8220 uqa ga Minc|ã

nckc}|ãxcag lq xak}ac`kanak| a| la ge }ãmqxc|ã

e errxiqzã qka lãjckc|cik a| qk rgek l–em|cik



Mferc|xa 8 reà 1=

riqx ge rxi|am|cik lq RA] rex ge Z]]A+

Ak 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã e riqx}qczc rgq} ezek| ga}

rxcixc|ã} riqx ge rxi|am|cik lq RA] uqc ik| ã|ã

lãjckca} ak 8220 rex ga Minc|ã nckc}|ãxcag?

5+ lãzagirranak| l–qk xã}aeq

l–ckjixne|cik}4

8+ a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa4

=+ ckjcg|xe|cik la merc|eqv l–ixc`cka

mxcnckagga lek} g–ãmikinca xã`qgcæxa4

<+ }ak}chcgc}e|cik mchgãa+

]qx ga rgek la ge miggam|a l–ckjixne|cik}'

g–e||ak|cik lq }axzcma e rxckmcreganak| rix|ã

}qx g–a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa+ Mage ã|ek|' cg

xa}|a lcjjcmcga la }a jecxa qka xarxã}ak|e|cikrxãmc}a la ma rfãkinæka ak Hag`cuqa+

Ma||a }c|qe|cik ka rxãzeq| max|eckanak| re}

qkcuqanak| ak Hag`cuqa+ E g–ã|xekàx eq}}c'

cg lanaqxa negec}ã l–ãzegqax ezam xãegc}na

ga kczaeq la ge nakema+ \iq|a qka }ãxca la

xec}ik} raqzak| ï|xa ãziuqãa}+

Rxancæxanak|' haeqmiqr l–ak|xarxc}a} ka

}ik| re} agga}.nïna} mik}mcak|a} l–ezicx ã|ã

zcm|cna} l–a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa+ Ak ajja|'

ga} eq|aqx} |ak|ak| la lc}}cnqgax eq ncaqv

gaqx} |xema} a| g–ak|xarxc}a ka }–eraxmazxe

}iqzak| hcak rgq} |exl uqa }e ri}c|cik

mikmqxxak|cagga }–a}| }qhc|anak| lã|ãxcixãa}ek} xec}ik errexak|a+ Qk laqvcæna jem|aqx

avrgcme|cj a}| uqa ga} ak|xarxc}a}' uqc }ik|

riqx|ek| hcak eq miqxek| la me} l–a}rcikkeà'

}ik| xã|cmak|a} â ga minnqkcuqax iq nïna â

ck|xilqcxa qka rgeck|a+ Mamc rex mxeck|a la ge

xãem|cik la} em|cikkecxa} iq eq|xa} esek|}.

lxic|+ Ak minrexec}ik ezam g–a}rcikkeà

rigc|cuqa iq ncgc|ecxa' rgq} mge}}cuqa}' ga }qczc

la g–a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa a}| eq}}c rgq}

exlq â na||xa ak ŝqzxa+ Ezam g–a}rcikkeàrigc|cuqa a| ncgc|ecxa' ga} mak|xa} l–ck|ãxï|

la} minneklc|ecxa} eck}c uqa }a} jckegc|ã}

ri|ak|cagga} }ik| rgq} jemcganak| clak|cjcehga}+

Ma uqc k–anrïmfa uqa ga mik|xa.a}rcikkeà

mge}}cuqa xa}|a qka èàqxa+



reà 1< Mferc|xa 8

]qx ga |axxeck ãmikincuqa' kiq} }inna}

ãèganak| mikjxik|ã} â qk res}eà |xæ}

fã|ãxi`æka a| e|inc}ã+ Lek} qk res}

la |ecgga xage|czanak| nila}|a minna ge

Hag`cuqa' ik xamak}a |iq| la nïna la}

mak|ecka} la ncggcax} l–ak|xarxc}a} em|cza}+

Cg ze la }ic uqa |iq|a} ma} ak|c|ã} ka }ik|re} g–ihoa| l–a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa' nec}

gaqx ̀ xekl kinhxa minrgavcjca max|eckanak|

g–clak|cjcme|cik la} }imcã|ã} uqc riqxxecak|

ãzak|qagganak| ï|xa mchgãa}+ La rgq}' ga}

minneklc|ecxa} a| ga} }rfæxa} l–ck|ãxï|

ni|aqx} la g–ck|aggcàkma ãmikincuqa }ik|

|xæ} lcjjãxakmcã} a| nqg|crga}+ \iq| mage ka

jemcgc|a re} g–clak|cjcme|cik la} rax}ikka}

a| la} ak|c|ã} uqc riqxxecak| jixnax qka

nakema a| cg a}| |iq| eq|ek| lcjjcmcga la }ajixàx qka clãa eq }qoa| la gaqx} jckegc|ã}

ri|ak|cagga}+

Ak 8252' ga }qczc â g–ãèxl la g–a}rcikkeà

kik ã|e|cuqa e ã|ã xakjixmã4 cg }–e`c| rex

avanrga la} jcxna} la xak}ac`kanak|

rxczãa}+ Eq}}c gik`|anr} uqa

ga} jcxna} la xak}ac`kanak|

rxczãa} iræxak| lek} ga

melxa lãjckc rex ge gic' cg ze la}ic uq–cg ka }–e`c| re} l–qka

nakema+ La rgq}' minna

mik}ãuqakma l–qka |aklekma

kãa eqv A|e|}.Qkc}' ge

rxcze|c}e|cik la} jikm|cik} la

}ãmqxc|ã a| la xak}ac`kanak|'

qka avrax|c}a a| qka

mikkec}}ekma' uqc eqrexezek|

ã|ecak| xã}axzãa} eqv

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|

ke|cikeqv' }ik| xa|inhãa}

lek} ga linecka rxczã+

Rex ecggaqx}' ik raq| }a ri}ax ge uqa}|cik

la }ezicx }c ga} av.anrgisã} la}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| ke|cikeqv ik|

ajjam|czanak| miqrã |iq} ga} rik|} ezam

gaqx ekmcak anrgisaqx+ Ga }qczc la} jcxna}

la xak}ac`kanak| rxczãa} a}| likm jimegc}ã

}qx qk eraxàq la gaqx} em|czc|ã} a| }qxg–clak|cjcme|cik l–qka ãzak|qagga nakema+ Ak

8255' ga }qczc la g–a}rcikkeà ãmikincuqa

kik ã|e|cuqa }axe errxijiklc+ E rex|cx

la 8255' qka rgq} `xekla e||ak|cik }axe

ãèganak| rix|ãa eq }qczc la g–a}rcikkeà

ãmikincuqa rex la} }axzcma} la }ãmqxc|ã

ke|cikeqv+

RXigcJaXe\cik

5+ ck\XiLQM\cik

Ge gq||a mik|xa ge lc}}ãncke|cik l–exna} la

la}|xqm|cik ne}}cza a}| g–ejjecxa la |iq|a

ge minnqkeq|ã ck|axke|cikega+ E ma |c|xa'



Mferc|xa 8 reà 11

ge Hag`cuqa a}| rex|ca rxakek|a â |iq} ga}

nãmekc}na} ck|axke|cikeqv la mik|xüga â

g–avrix|e|cik+ Agga }a lic| l–ï|xa qk necggik

}igcla la ge mfeëka la} na}qxa} rxc}a}

riqx mik|xax ge rxigcjãxe|cik+

La} em|czc|ã} la rxigcjãxe|cik larqc}ki|xa |axxc|icxa raqzak| xarxã}ak|ax qk

lekàx riqx ki} xage|cik} rigc|cuqa} a|

minnaxmcega} ezam g–ã|xekàx a| kqcxa â

ge mxãlchcgc|ã la ki|xa errximfa la ma||a

rxihgãne|cuqa+

Max|eck} res} â xc}uqa} ak|aklak|'

riqx la} ni|cj} rigc|cuqa} la lãjak}a

iq l–avrek}cik' ri}}ãlax la} exna}

kqmgãecxa}' hcigi`cuqa} iq mfcncuqa} lala}|xqm|cik ne}}cza eck}c uqa la} rix|aqx}

cklc}rak}ehga} â gaqx q|cgc}e|cik+ ]iqzak|

ckmerehga} la ga} lãzagirrax a| la ga}

jehxcuqax la jeàik eq|ikina' cg} |ak|ak| la

}a rximqxax cggãèganak| ga} mikkec}}ekma}

a| rxilqc|} la he}a cklc}rak}ehga}+

G–emuqc}c|cik a| g–q|cgc}e|cik la ma}

|amfkigi`ca} a| la ma} nisak} }ik|

}q}mar|chga} la nakemax `xezanak| ge}ãmqxc|ã ck|axke|cikega+

Ak xec}ik la g–avrax|c}a a| la} |amfkigi`ca}

la rick|a lc}rikchga} }qx ki|xa |axxc|icxa'

ge Hag`cuqa rxã}ak|a qk rxijcg ck|ãxa}}ek|

riqx ga} res} â xc}uqa}+ Mik|xeck|} la

mik|iqxkax ga} xã`ganak|e|cik} la mik|xüga

â g–avrix|e|cik' cg} }a }axzak| la gaqx}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| iq l–ak|xarxc}a}

l–emfe| a| la }imcã|ã} la miqzax|qxa

ejck la }a rximqxax ga} |amfkigi`ca} a|

nexmfeklc}a} kãma}}ecxa}+

Ak xec}ik la }e ri}c|cik mak|xega ak

Aqxira' ki|xa res} a}| qk gcaq la |xek}c|

cnrix|ek| riqx la} nexmfeklc}a}

la}|ckãa} â g–avrix|e|cik' rxckmcreganak|

zce ga rix| l–Ekzax}+ Ga xãmak| xæ`ganak|

aqxirãak <86)8223 rxãzic| qk mik|xüga

emmxq la} eq|ixc|ã} lq res} la |xek}c| }qxga} avrix|e|cik}+

8+ ga Xiga La ge }QXa\a Lag–a\e\

8+5+ aK àKaxeG

Eqv |axna} la ge gic lq =2 kizanhxa 5336


a| la }ãmqxc|ã' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e riqx

nc}}cik la xamfaxmfax' l–ekegs}ax a|

la |xec|ax ga xak}ac`kanak| xage|cj â ge

rxigcjãxe|cik+ G–ex|cmga 6 lãjckc| ak ajja| ma||a

laxkcæxa minna qka ‗em|czc|ã uqc nakema

iq riqxxec| nakemax„+

Ak errgcme|cik la g–ex|cmga 0'5² a| la g–ex|cmga

6'5² la ge gic rxãmc|ãa' cg s e gcaq l–ak|aklxa

rex ¤rxigcjãxe|cik´? ga |xejcm iq ga}

|xek}em|cik} xage|cj} eqv ne|ãxceqv' rxilqc|}'

hcak} iq dkip.fip riqzek| mik|xchqax

â ge rxilqm|cik iq eq lãzagirranak| la

}s}|æna} l–exnanak| kik mikzak|cikkag}

iq |xæ} ezekmã}+ ]ik| ki|ennak| zc}ã}

lek} ma melxa ga lãzagirranak| la

rxi`xenna} l–exnanak| kqmgãecxa'

mfcncuqa a| hcigi`cuqa' ga} }s}|æna} la

|xek}nc}}cik uqc }–s xerrix|ak| eck}c uqa

ga} rax}ikka}' }|xqm|qxa} iq res} uqc s }ik|

cnrgcuqã}+

Lek} ma mik|av|a' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e

em|czanak| ŝqzxã eq xamqacg l–ckjixne|cik}



reà 1: Mferc|xa 8

ak zqa l–anrïmfax' ak miggehixe|cik ezam

ga} eq|xa} ck}|ekma} hagà} minrã|ak|a}'

ga |xek}jax| larqc} iq zce ge Hag`cuqa la

ne|ãxceqv iq la |amfkigi`ca} riqzek|

}axzcx â ge jehxcme|cik l–exna} la la}|xqm|cik

ne}}cza &ELN# iq la gaqx} zam|aqx}+

Ki|xa }axzcma ã|qlca ãèganak| ezam

qka e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa ga} zc}c|a} la

xa}}ix|c}}ek|} la res} â xc}uqa} ak

xage|cik ezam la} em|czc|ã} emelãncuqa}'

}mcak|cjcuqa} iq minnaxmcega} lek} la}

linecka} }q}mar|chga} la mik|xchqax

lcxam|anak| iq cklcxam|anak| eq

lãzagirranak| l–ELN+

8+8+ eM|cZc|a] aK 8252

Ak 8252' la ge nïna jeàik uqa ga} ekkãa}

rxãmãlak|a}' ki|xa }axzcma' ak }e uqegc|ã

la xarxã}ak|ek| lq nckc}|xa la ge Oq}|cma'

e }cã`ã ak |ek| uqa nanhxa eq }ack la ge

Minnc}}cik l–ezc} riqx ge kik.rxigcjãxe|cik

la} exna} kqmgãecxa} &MEKREK#+

La kiqzagga} }ekm|cik} ck|axke|cikega}

&xã}igq|cik 5383 lq Mik}acg la ]ãmqxc|ã la}

Ke|cik} Qkca}# a| aqxirãakka} &xæ`ganak|

3:5)8252# }a }ik| ehe||qa} }qx g–Cxek ak

xec}ik la }ik ckjgavchcgc|ã }qx ga li}}cax

kqmgãecxa+ Lek} ga mik|av|a la Rxã}clakma

hagà la g–Qkcik aqxirãakka' ge ]ôxa|ã

la g–A|e| e oiqã }ik xüga la }iq|cak eqv

eq|ixc|ã} hagà}' ki|ennak| lek} ga melxa

la ge miixlcke|cik ck|axlãrex|anak|ega

mikmaxkek| ge rxãrexe|cik lq xæ`ganak|

aqxirãak 3:5)8252+

]qc|a â ma} kiqzagga} }ekm|cik}' ge ]ôxa|ã

la g–A|e| e mik|xchqã â ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa

lq mik|xüga xakjixmã }qx ga} em|czc|ã}

&minnaxmcega}' jckekmcæxa}' |xek}rix|'

miggehixe|cik }mcak|cjcuqa…# }q}mar|chga} la

mik|xchqax eq rxi`xenna kqmgãecxa cxekcak'

â }ik rxi`xenna hegc}|cuqa' nec} eq}}c â

}a} rxi`xenna} ncgc|ecxa} ak `ãkãxeg+

Ge }imcã|ã ¤C]GENCM XARQHGCM IJ CXEK

]FCRRCK@ GCKA]´ &CXC]G# a| }a} jcgcega}

jik| g–ihoa| la }ekm|cik}+ Ak xage|cik ezam

ma||a lã}c`ke|cik }qx ge gc}|a la} ak|c|ã}

}ekm|cikkãa}' ge nc}a â lc}ri}c|cik la

jikl} iq la xa}}iqxma} ãmikincuqa} ak

jezaqx la ma} }imcã|ã} a}| rxi}mxc|a+

Mage cggq}|xa g–cnrix|ekma `xeklc}}ek|a la}

e}ram|} jckekmcax} la} }ekm|cik} |iqmfek|eq àg la} jikl} a| la} xa}}iqxma}

ãmikincuqa} la lcjjãxak|a} ak|c|ã} ak rgq}

la} na}qxa} |iqmfek| la |xæ} kinhxaq}a}

hekuqa} cxekcakka} a| la gaqx} jcgcega} â

g–ã|xekàx+

Lek} qka rax}ram|cza rgq} gexà' ma||a

}c|qe|cik rex|cmqgcæxa k–a}| re} }ek} ri}ax

la rxihgæna} â ge riqx}qc|a la} irãxe|cik}

minnaxmcega} gã`c|cna}+

Ga} }ekm|cik} lãmclãa} rex g–QA mik|xa ga

}am|aqx la g–cklq}|xca cxekcakka lq rã|xiga

a| lq è zc}ak| â anrïmfax lcjjãxak|}

ixèkc}na} l–A|e| iq lãraklek| la}

¤@EXLCAK] LA GE XAZIGQ\CIK

C]GENCUQA´ &CX@M# â }a rximqxax la}

xa}}iqxma} jckekmcæxa} cnrix|ek|a}+ Ik

}iqràikka uqa ma} xa}}iqxma} rqc}}ak|

mik|xchqax lcxam|anak| eq rxi`xenna

kqmgãecxa a| eqv em|czc|ã} ncgc|ecxa} lq

xã`cna+



Mferc|xa 8 reà 10

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e ãèganak| rxc} rex| â

ge }qxzacggekma la} zakqa}' re}}eà} iq

|xek}c|} }qx ki|xa |axxc|icxa la rax}ikka}

uqc rex|cmcrak| iq riqxxecak| mik|xchqax eqv

em|czc|ã} kqmgãecxa} la g–Cxek }q}mar|chga}

la ri}ax qk xc}uqa la rxigcjãxe|cik' ak

errgcme|cik la} xã}igq|cik} la g–IKQ a| la}xæ`ganak|} aqxirãak}' nec} }qx|iq| lek}

ga melxa lq rgek l–em|cik aqxirãak ¤Kap

Gcka} jix Em|cik´ &lãmanhxa 8226#+

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e eck}c zacggã â }ak}chcgc}ax

}a} rex|akecxa} â ge zc`cgekma xauqc}a akzax}

g–Cxek' a| l–eq|xa} la}|cke|ecxa} }ak}chga}'

ak ne|cæxa la |xek}jax|} l–ãuqcranak|} a|

la |amfkigi`ca} â q}eà lqeg+

La jeàik rgq} `ãkãxega' ki|xa }axzcma e

riqx}qczc g–ãgehixe|cik l–qk rgek `giheg

la }ak}chcgc}e|cik la} ncgcaqv cklq}|xcag}'

}mcak|cjcuqa} a| emelãncuqa} eqv akoaqv

gcã} â ge rxigcjãxe|cik l–ãuqcranak|} a| la

|amfkigi`ca} riqzek| }axzcx â ge jehxcme|cik

l–exna} la la}|xqm|cik ne}}cza iq la gaqx}

zam|aqx}+ E g–errqc la ma} lãnexmfa} la

}ak}chcgc}e|cik' ge Z]]A lc}ri}axe hcak|ü|

l–qk kiqzag iq|cg? qka hximfqxa emfazãa ak8252 a| ak e||ak|a la rqhgcme|cik lek} ga

miqxek| la g–ekkãa 8255+

=+ \akLekMa}

G–Cxek e lãmclã la }a neck|akcx }qx g–eàkle

ck|axke|cikeg ak xajq}ek| |iq|a mikma}}cik

}qx ga lãzagirranak| la }ik rxi`xenna

kqmgãecxa+ Lek} ma mik|av|a' ge riqx}qc|a

la} em|czc|ã} l–akxcmfc}}anak| }qx ga }c|a la

Ke|ek }–a}| irãxãa ak zcige|cik jge`xek|a

la} xã}igq|cik} la g–IKQ+

Rexeggæganak|' g–Cxek e ekkikmã }a}

enhc|cik} zc}ek| â ge mik}|xqm|cik la

kiqzaeqv }c|a} l–akxcmfc}}anak| la

g–qxekcqn &|ag magqc la Uin xãzãgã ak 8223#+

Ma} ekkikma} enækak| â }a ri}ax la}

uqa}|cik} }qx ga la`xã la lãzagirranak|

xãag la ma rxi`xenna kqmgãecxa+

G–akgc}anak| la} kãìmce|cik} ezam g–AQ=

&Eggane`ka' Jxekma a| Xiseqna.Qkc#'

ge |ak|e|cza la nãlce|cik lczax}anak|

errxãmcãa la ge \qxuqca a| lq Hxã}cg'

a| g–eq`nak|e|cik `xelqagga la} }|imd}

l–qxekcqn akxcmfc' mik}|c|qak| uqaguqa}

ãzækanak|} cnrix|ek|} la g–ekkãa 8252+

L–qka nekcæxa `ãkãxega' ge rxigcjãxe|cik

raq| }–irãxax }ic| lcxam|anak|' l–A|e| â A|e|'

nila rxczcgã`cã ki|ennak| rex ge Mixãa

lq Kixl ejck la zaklxa la} |amfkigi`ca}

}ak}chga}' }ic| â |xezax} la} xã}aeqv

l–emuqc}c|cik mik}|c|qã} â ma| ajja| &}imcã|ã}

ãmxek}' finna} la recgga' a|m+# iq q|cgc}ek|

la} irãxe|aqx} gã`c|cna}? mamc }–avrgcuqa

rex ga jec| uqa ge rxigcjãxe|cik }–ck}ckqa la

rxãjãxakma eq }ack lq minnaxma gãèg+

Lek} ma mik|av|a' ki|xa }axzcma e ih}axzãg–q|cgc}e|cik xãmqxxak|a l–ck|axnãlcecxa} eqv

Ancxe|} exeha} qkc} &Lqheé#' zicxa lek}

la} res} l–E}ca lq ]ql.A}| &Negec}ca…# iq

gcnc|xirfa} la g–Cxek &\qxuqca' a|m+# +

Eq kczaeq minnaxmceg' ga} Ancxe|} exeha}

qkc} }ik| l–ecggaqx} xerclanak| lazakq} g–qk

la} rxckmcreqv jiqxkc}}aqx} la g–Cxek+

Ge nqg|crgcme|cik la} rxi`xenna} kqmgãecxa}

mczcg} la}|ckã} â xãriklxa â la} ha}ick} gcã}

â ge mxic}}ekma ãmikincuqa' iq â lcnckqax

ge lãraklekma eqv ãkax`ca} ji}}cga}' lazxe



reà 16 Mferc|xa 8

ï|xa akmelxãa |xæ} }ãxcaq}anak| ak xec}ik

la} xc}uqa} ck|xck}æuqa} la rxigcjãxe|cik

ri}ã} rex ma} rigc|cuqa} ãkax`ã|cuqa}' ak

rex|cmqgcax lek} la} xã`cik} lq nikla ak

rxica â la} rxihgæna} la }|ehcgc|ã+

Lek} ma mik|av|a' ga} miirãxe|cik}

nc}a} ak rgema ak|xa res} immclak|eqv

a| la} rqc}}ekma} ãnaxàk|a} gekmak|

qka kiqzagga xãjgavcik }qx ga lazakcx la}

xã`cna} la mik|xüga la ge rxigcjãxe|cik+

Lek} }ik |xezecg uqi|clcak' ge ]ôxa|ã la

g–A|e| lic| |akcx minr|a la ma mik|av|a

ck|axke|cikeg ak ãzigq|cik rqc}uqa ga}

xã`cna} ck|axke|cikeqv la kik.rxigcjãxe|cik

}a |xiqzak| la rgq} ak rgq} }qoa|} â

avmar|cik}' ni|czãa} rex la} xec}ik}

ãmikincuqa} &av+ emmixl kqmgãecxa

enãxcmeki.cklcak#+

Ak ajja|' ge mifã}cik a| g–ajjcmemc|ã la ma}

xã`cna} xc}uqak|' â gik` |axna' l–ï|xa

jxe`cgc}ãa} rex ga} miirãxe|cik} rexeggæga}

nakãa} rex max|eck} la gaqx} nanhxa}

ezam la} kik.nanhxa}+

Ge nc}a ak ŝqzxa lq xæ`ganak| aqxirãak<86)8223 }–errgcuqek| ki|ennak| eqv

nexmfeklc}a} ak |xek}c| ezec| lãhq|ã ak

8223 a| }–a}| riqx}qczca ak 8252+ Cg }–e`c|

l–qk iq|cg uqc raxna||xe l–ck|axzakcx lek} ga

res} la |xek}c| ejck l–ãzc|ax la} avrix|e|cik}

}q}ram|a}+ Maraklek|' â g–ezakcx' cg jeqlxe

}–e||aklxa â qk emmxic}}anak| la mik|xüga}

minrgava} eq kczaeq elnckc}|xe|cj a|

kãma}}c|ek| qka ck|axzak|cik xercla la ki|xa

}axzcma lek} ge lcjjq}cik la xak}ac`kanak|}'

zicxa qka miixlcke|cik ezam la} rex|akecxa}

ã|xekàx}+

Ga mik|xüga a| ga} |xek}jax|} lc|} la

|amfkigi`ca} ck|ek`chga} &C\\# mik}|c|qak|

qka rxãimmqre|cik mxic}}ek|a+ Ma rxihgæna

xarxã}ak|a qk akoaq la rgq} ak rgq} mxqmceg

lek} ge gq||a mik|xa ge rxigcjãxe|cik la}

ELN+ Ma} C\\ rix|ak| rxckmcreganak| }qx

la} jqc|a} la }ezicx uqa la} ã|qlcek|} iq}|e`cecxa} ak rxizakekma la res} }ak}chga}

raqzak| emuqãxcx eq lãrex| l–qkczax}c|ã}'

mak|xa} la xamfaxmfa}' gehixe|icxa}

iq ak|xarxc}a} la feq|a |amfkigi`ca â

g–ã|xekàx' a| likm ãèganak| ak Hag`cuqa+

Ma} |xek}jax|} la |amfkigi`ca} ck|ek`chga}

}–ezæxak| lcjjcmcga} â mik|xügax ak xec}ik lq

rxckmcra ̀ ãkãxeg la gchax|ã lq minnaxma' la

g–ck|axke|cikegc}e|cik mxic}}ek|a lq nexmfãmikmqxxak|cag la g–ak}ac`kanak| }qrãxcaqx'

la ge gchax|ã emelãncuqa eck}c uqa la ge

`xekla jemcgc|ã l–q|cgc}e|cik la} na}}eàxca}

a| eq|xa} }qrrix|} ãgam|xikcuqa}' uqc

mik}|c|qak| eq|ek| l–ih}|emga} â qk mik|xüga

ajjcmema+

Cg k–avc}|a â ma oiqx eqmqk lc}ri}c|cj

}qrxeke|cikeg riqx ga mik|xüga la}

|xek}jax|} la mikkec}}ekma+ Kãeknick}'ge minnqkeq|ã lq xak}ac`kanak|' ak

rex|akexce| ezam ga} eq|xa} elnckc}|xe|cik}

minrã|ak|a}' rgema xã`qgcæxanak| ma||a

rxihgãne|cuqa eq mak|xa la }a} xãjgavcik}'

a}rãxek| eck}c rexzakcx â na||xa eq rick|

la} nãmekc}na} la mik|xüga} eler|ã} â

ma} C\\+

Ma||a |aklekma }axe ck|ã`xãa lek} ga rgek

la }ak}chcgc}e|cik }qx ge rxigcjãxe|cik uqa ge]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| na| eq rick|+





reà :2 Mferc|xa 8

mik|akq} lek} ge Mik}|c|q|cik' ga} gic}' ga}

lãmxa|} a| ixlikkekma} a| ga} mikzak|cik}

ck|axke|cikega} la }eqzaèxla la} lxic|} la

g–finna uqa ge Hag`cuqa e xe|cjcãa}+

8+ RXa}akMa ak Hag`cUQa

Ge Hag`cuqa minr|a la kinhxaqv

niqzanak|} â zime|cik rfcgi}irfcuqa iq

xagc`caq}a &iq uqc }a rxã|aklak| |ag}#+ ]aqga

qka ra|c|a nckixc|ã l–ak|xa aqv xãrikl â ge

lãjckc|cik gãèga rxãmc|ãa a| jec| g–ihoa| l–qk

}qczc+ Qka e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa a}| emmixlãa

eqv em|czc|ã} la ma} ixèkc}e|cik}' lik| ge

kimczc|ã a}| ãzegqãa la nekcæxa mik}|ek|a

aq ãèxl â ge xãegc|ã lq |axxeck+ Ga kinhxa

la `xiqranak|} }qczc} k–a}| kc gcnc|ã' kclãjckc|cj+

Ge neoixc|ã la} ixèkc}e|cik} em|cza}

ak Hag`cuqa lc}ri}a la xencjcme|cik}

ck|axke|cikega}+ Agga} avc}|ak| rexjic}

}iq} jixna l–E]HG4 cg raq| eq}}c }–e`cx la

nqg|cke|cikega} xarxã}ak|ãa} ak Hag`cuqa'

ak Aqxira a| ecggaqx} lek} ga nikla+

8+5+ NIQZaNaK|]r]SMfeKeGS|cUQa]

Ma} niqzanak|} lãzagirrak| lczax}a}

|amfkcuqa} la}|ckãa} â ãgcnckax ga} |xeqne}

uqa ge mik}mcakma eqxec| }qhc}+ G–¤Ã@GC]A

LA ]MCAK\IGI@CA´ ak mik}|c|qa qk

avanrga+ Ga 8= oekzcax 8252' g–e}}imce|cik

xagc`caq}a ¤Ã@GC]A] LA ]MCAK\IGI@CA

RIQX G–AQXIRA´ &MFQXMFA] IJ

]MCAK\IGI@S JIX AQXIRA# e iqzax|

}ik mak|xa l–irãxe|cik â Hxqvagga}+ Cg e

riqx ihoa| la rxe|cuqax' rxireàx a| lcjjq}ax

ge xagc`cik la ge ]mcak|igi`ca ak Hag`cuqa

a| la }axzcx la mak|xa aqxirãak riqx ga}

ã`gc}a} la ]mcak|igi`ca+ La kinhxaqv

ãzãkanak|} s }ik| ixèkc}ã}? mikmax|}

la mfexc|ã' xãqkcik} l–ckjixne|cik' jï|a}

la nexceà iq l–ekkczax}ecxa… G–E]HG

¤MAK\XA L–CKJIXNE\CIK ]QX GE

LCEKÃ\CUQA A\ GE ]MCAK\IGI@CA´&MCL]# a}| ã|ehgca â ge nïna elxa}}a+

Jiklãa ga 1 oekzcax 8252' agga e riqx ihoa|

g–ixèkc}e|cik la |iq|a em|czc|ã la}|ckãa â

xakjixmax' rxã}ak|ax a| lcjjq}ax ge xagc`cik

la ge ]mcak|igi`ca' |agga uqa G+ Xik

FQHHEXL g–e lãzagirrãa+ Â ma||a jck' ga

MCL] rexmiqx| ge Hag`cuqa ezam qka |ak|a

l–avri}c|cik a| rex|cmcra â la} jicxa} iq

â la} }egik}+ Ãneke|cik} la g–¤Ã@GC]A

LA ]MCAK\IGI@CA´' ga} ¤NCKC]\XA]ZIGIK\ECXA]´ &ZIGQK\AAX NCKC].

\AX]#' ¤KEXMIKIK´' g–e}}imce|cik

¤LA] OAQKA] RIQX GA] LXIC\] LA

G–FINNA CK\AXKE\CIKEG´ &SIQ\F

JIX FQNEK XC@F\] CK\AXKE\CIKEG#

a| ge ¤MINNC]]CIK LA] MC\ISAK]

RIQX GA] LXIC\] LA G–FINNA´

&MC\C_AK] MINNC]]CIK IK FQNEK

XC@F\]# }ik| em|cj} lek} ga melxa la gaqx}

nc}}cik} xa}ram|cza}? ŝqzxa} fqnekc|ecxa}'rxãzak|cik mik|xa ge lxi`qa' rxini|cik

la} lxic|} la g–finna a| lãkikmce|cik

la} e||ack|a} eqv gchax|ã} jiklenak|ega}

minnc}a} ak ncgcaq r}smfce|xcuqa+

8+8+ NIQZaNaK|] IxcaK|eGc]|a]

Ma} niqzanak|} }a he}ak| }qx la}

rfcgi}irfca} iq la} xagc`cik} ixcak|ega}'

|agga} uqa ga hiqllfc}na iq g–fckliqc}na+

Qk avanrga ak a}| ¤]EFEOE SI@E´'

uqc ixèkc}a â la kinhxaqv aklxic|} ak

Hag`cuqa la} }a}}cik} la siè he}ãa} }qx



Mferc|xa 8 reà :5

ga} ak}ac`kanak|} la }e `qcla }rcxc|qagga'

]FXC NE\EOC+ ¤]EFEOE SI@E´ e ck|ak|ã

qka em|cik ak oq}|cma mik|xa ga Mak|xa

l–ckjixne|cik a| l–ezc} }qx ga} ixèkc}e|cik}

}am|ecxa} kqc}chga} &MCEI]K# ak }qc|a l–qk

ezc} kãè|cj+ Ga MCEI]K e ã|ã miklenkã

ak 822: ak xãjãxã a| ak 8226 uqek| eq jikl+Cg e jixnã qk errag mik|xa ma||a lãmc}cik4 ge

rximãlqxa xa}|a raklek|a lazek| ge miqx la

Hxqvagga}+ Qk eq|xa avanrga la niqzanak|

ixcak|egc}|a a}| ge ¤NÃLC\E\CIK

\XEK]MAKLEK\EGA´' uqc rxiri}a lek}

}ik mak|xa la Hxqvagga} qk rxi`xenna ak

}ar| ã|era} he}ã }qx ga} ak}ac`kanak|} la

}ik jikle|aqx' NEFEXC]FC Nefa}f Si`c+

8+=+ NIQZaNaK|] aZeKàGcUQa]

Ga} niqzanak|} ãzek`ãgcuqa} ik| riqx

melxa la xãjãxakma &rxa}uqa# avmgq}cj ge

Hchga+ Cg} }a xãmgenak| riqx ge rgqrex| la

ge |xelc|cik rxi|a}|ek|a+ Cg} rxakkak| jixna

eq|iqx la re}|aqx} mfexc}ne|cuqa}+ Ã`gc}a

rak|amü|c}|a hxã}cgcakka lcxc`ãa rex Alcx

NEMALI' g–¤Ã@GC]A QKCZAX]AGGA LQ

XISEQNA LA LCAQ´ &C@XAOE QKCZAX]EG

LI XACKI LA LAQ]# mãgæhxa la} ijjcma}

â Ekzax}' @ekl a| Hxqvagga}+ Qk eq|xa

niqzanak| ãzek`ãgcuqa a}| g–¤Ã@GC]A LA

G–QKCJCME\CIK´ &NIIK#' uqc ixèkc}a

la} em|czc|ã} }iq} ga kin la ¤QKCZAX]EG

RAEMA JALAXE\CIK´ &JÃLÃXE\CIK

RIQX GE RECV QKCZAX]AGGA#+ Ik raq|

eq}}c mc|ax ga} ¤\ÃNICK] LA OÃFIZEF´'

uqc ik| |akq gaqx mik`xæ} ekkqag â @ekl'

ak rxã}akma la 1+222 nanhxa}' â ge jck

lq nic} la oqcgga| 8252+ Akjck' ga} ã`gc}a}

ejxcmecka}' |agga} uqa ge ¤JIKLE\CIK

[email protected]]FI´' mikkec}}ak| qk }qmmæ}

`xeklc}}ek|+

8+<+ NIQZaNaK|] `Qaxc]]aQx]

Ma} niqzanak|} rxiri}ak| la} nã|fila}

la ̀ qãxc}ik kik xamikkqa} rex ge nãlamcka

mikzak|cikkagga+ M–a}| eck}c uqa l–erxæ}

ga ¤MAXMGA LA] ENC] LA HXQKI

@XÚKCK@´' ge jixma lczcka ” iq miqxek|

lczck ” }axec| â ge he}a la |iq|a zca a|

riqxxec| |iq| `qãxcx+

8+1+ NIQZaNaK|]

¤QJIGI`cUQa]´

Ma} niqzanak|} jiklak| gaqx} mxisekma}

}qx g–avc}|akma l–av|xe|axxa}|xa}+ Ga

¤NIQZANAK\ XEÄGCAK´ raq| ï|xa mge}}ã

lek} ma||a me|ãìxca+ Mgeqla ZIXCGFIK ”

egce} XEÄG ” a| }a} lc}mcrga} mxicak| lek}ga xa|iqx la} Ãgifcn+ Ga ¤NIQZANAK\

XEÄGCAK´ ncgc|a ezam jixma riqx ge

gchax|ã la xagc`cik+ Ak im|ihxa 8252' cg e

akzisã qka lãgãè|cik â qka mikjãxakma

uqa g–Ixèkc}e|cik riqx ge }ãmqxc|ã a| ge

miirãxe|cik ak Aqxira &I]MA# ixèkc}ec| â

Zex}izca â ma }qoa|+ Ma||a ekkãa' cg e eq}}c

nekcja}|ã lazek| la} ã`gc}a} me|figcuqa}

la Gcæà a| la Hxqvagga}' ezam riqx }gièk

‖Kik eqv rxï|xa} rãlirfcga}–+

8+: NIQZaNaK|] ) rfaKINaKa]

e Ge KIMcZc|a KIK aKMIxa

La|axNcKaa

Cg }–e`c| la niqzanak|} iq la rfãkinæka}

ãnaxàk|} lik| g–ekegs}a ka nik|xa re}

akmixa }–cg} xãriklak| iq kik â ge lãjckc|cik

gãèga la g–ixèkc}e|cik }am|ecxa a| eqv

mxc|æxa} la kimczc|ã+ Ga} niqzanak|} uqc

}a lãzagirrak| â g–imme}cik la g–errximfa

lq 85 lãmanhxa 8258 ak mik}|c|qak| qk

avanrga+ Ck|axrxã|ek| ga megaklxcax msmgcuqa



reà :8 Mferc|xa 8

la} Nese}' cg} mxicak| uqa ma||a le|a

nexuqaxe ge jck la} |anr}+

=+ Xiga La ge }QXa\a La g–a\e\

Ga xüga uqa oiqa ge ]ôxa|ã la g–Ã|e| a}|

}qx|iq| l–ixlxa rxãzak|cj? agga ckjixna ga}eq|ixc|ã} minrã|ak|a} la} xc}uqa} uqa

ga} rxe|cuqa} la} ixèkc}e|cik} }am|ecxa}

kqc}chga} xarxã}ak|ak| riqx ge }imcã|ã+

Qka ckjxem|cik mik}|e|ãa a}| lãkikmãa ak

zax|q la g–ex|cmga 83 lq Mila l–ck}|xqm|cik

mxcnckagga+ Cg errex|cak| egix} eqv eq|ixc|ã}

oqlcmcecxa} l–s likkax ge }qc|a uq–agga} oqàk|

irrix|qka+ Akjck' ak }e uqegc|ã la nanhxa

a| la }amxã|ecxa la ge Maggqga elnckc}|xe|cza

la miixlcke|cik la ge gq||a mik|xa ga}ixèkc}e|cik} }am|ecxa} kqc}chga} ' ki|xa

}axzcma errix|a }e mik|xchq|cik â g–ãmfekà

l–ckjixne|cik} ak|xa} ga} lczax}a} ck}|ekma}

xarxã}ak|ãa} eq hqxaeq a| eqv xãqkcik}

rgãkcæxa} +

ga} Xage\cik}ck\aXke\cikega}

e+ RXiMFa.iXcak\ a\ eJXcUQaLQ kiXL

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }a lic| la }qczxa ga} res}

lik| ga} ãzigq|cik} ck|axka} riqxxecak| ezicx

la} mik}ãuqakma} lcxam|a} iq cklcxam|a}

riqx ge Hag`cuqa+ Ge ika ¤Ncllga Ae}|

” Kix|f Ejxcme´ &NAKE# k–ãmferra re} â

ma||a mik}|e|e|cik+ Max|eck} res} la ma||a

xã`cik }axik| }qczc} la nekcæxa rxcixc|ecxa

rexma uqa' minna riqx ga Nexim' qka

minnqkeq|ã l–ixc`cka cnrix|ek|a zc| lek}

ki|xa res}' iq rexma uqa' minna ga Rximfa.

Ixcak|' qka em|qegc|ã }ak}chga raq| ezicx la}

mik}ãuqakma} ak Hag`cuqa+

Kiq} ezik} xa|akq} |xic} avanrga}

cggq}|xe|cj} la ki|xa rxiri}? ge rxihgãne|cuqa

lq ]efexe immclak|eg' ga \xchqkeg }rãmceg

riqx ga Gchek a| ge ¤@E_E JXAALINJGI\CGGE´ uqc }ik| |xic} }qoa|} uqc' rexnc

l–eq|xa}' ik| xa|akq ki|xa e||ak|cik ak 8252+

Cg }–e`c|' minna â mfeuqa jic}' riqx

ki|xa }axzcma a| lek} ga} gcnc|a} la ki}

minrã|akma} la xana||xa lek} gaqx

mik|av|a ck|axke|cikeg la} ãzãkanak|} uqa

kiq} mik}|e|ik} }qx ki|xa |axxc|icxa ejck l–ak

minrxaklxa ga} akoaqv a| ga} ãzak|qagga}

mik}ãuqakma} riqx ge Hag`cuqa+

5+ ga }eFeXe iMMcLak\eg

Ga ]efexe immclak|eg a}| qk |axxc|icxa hixlã

rex ga Nexim' g–Eg`ãxca a| ge Neqxc|ekca'

lik| ga }|e|q| k–a}| re} xã`gã+ Erxæ} ge



Mferc|xa 8 reà :=

lãmigikc}e|cik la ge xã`cik rex g–A}re`ka

ak 5301' qk mikjgc| }qx ge uqa}|cik lq

]efexe immclak|eg a}| errexq+ L–qka

rex|' ga Nexim a| ge Neqxc|ekca xãmgenak|

egix} ma |axxc|icxa minna jec}ek| rex|ca

ck|ã`xek|a la gaqx res} a|' l–eq|xa rex|' ga

¤JXIK\ RIGC]EXCI´ iq ¤RIGC]EXCI´'niqzanak| }efxeiqc' zaq| ak jecxa qk A|e|

cklãraklek|+ Ga ¤JXIK\ RIGC]EXCI´

a}| }iq|akq rex g–Eg`ãxca zic}cka lek}

}a} e}rcxe|cik} cklãraklek|c}|a}+ Ge

Neqxc|ekca' }qc|a â la} rxihgæna} ck|axka}'

}a xa|cxa xerclanak| la ma||a ejjecxa nec} qk

mikjgc| exnã ak|xa ga Nexim a| ga ¤JXIK\

RIGC]EXCI´ mik|ckqa oq}uq–â ge }c`ke|qxa

l–qk emmixl la recv &]a||ganak| Rgek# ak

5335+

Ma| emmixl cnrgcuqec| ki|ennak| qk ma}}a.

ga.jaq ak|xa ga} rex|ca} a| g–ixèkc}e|cik

l–qk xãjãxaklqn }qx g–ezakcx la ge xã`cik'

èxek|c} rex ge rxã}akma l–qka jixma

l–ck|axri}c|cik la g–IKQ &ge ¤NCKQX]I´#+

Ma xãjãxaklqn k–e rq ï|xa ixèkc}ã' ga}

lcjjãxak|} rxi|eìkc}|a} k–esek| rq }a

na||xa l–emmixl }qx }ik mik|akq a| }qx ga}

ãgam|aqx} â rxaklxa ak minr|a+ Larqc}5335' lcjjãxak|} xiqkl} la kãìmce|cik}

ik| aq gcaq nec} k–ik|' oq}uq–â rxã}ak|'

lãhiqmfã }qx xcak la mikmxa|+

Ga melxa lq mikjgc| e lãre}}ã ga ]efexe

immclak|eg+ Larqc} ga ma}}a.ga.jaq' ga}

lcjjãxak|a} rex|ca} }a gczxak| â qk zãxc|ehga

¤minhe|´ riqx ckjgqakmax ga} irckcik}

rqhgcuqa} ak Aqxira a| lek} ga xa}|a lq

nikla+ Mage }a |xelqc| rex la} |ak|e|cza}'

|ek| lq ¤JXIK\ RIGC]EXCI´ a| la

g–Eg`ãxca' uqa la} eq|ixc|ã} neximecka}'

riqx ckjgqakmax â gaqx ezek|eà ge ri}c|cik

lek} ma li}}cax l–qk res} iq l–qka

ck}|c|q|cik ck|axke|cikega' minna g–QA iq

g–IKQ+ G–qk la} ihoam|cj} lq ¤JXIK\

RIGC]EXCI´ ã|ek| la jecxa xamikkeë|xa

ga ]efexe minna A|e| cklãraklek| rex ga

rgq} la res} ri}}chga}' ga Nexim a}}esek|'

uqek| â gqc' la ga jecxa xamikkeë|xa minnajec}ek| rex|ca ck|ã`xek|a la }ik |axxc|icxa+

Ejck la mikzeckmxa ga} A|e|} a| ga}

ck}|c|q|cik} ck|axke|cikega}' mfeuqa rex|ca

q|cgc}a la} nã|fila} }cncgecxa}+

La} ixèkc}e|cik} rxi.neximecka}

|iq| minna la} e}}imce|cik} rxi.

¤JXIK\ RIGC]EXCI´ ixèkc}ak| la}

nekcja}|e|cik} â Hxqvagga} &minna lek}

l–eq|xa} zcgga} aqxirãakka} cnrix|ek|a}#

ejck l–e||cxax g–e||ak|cik }qx gaqx} zc}cik} la

ma||a rxihgãne|cuqa+ Cg exxcza uqa max|eck}

}–a}}esak| â la} |ak|e|cza} riqx |xiqhgax

ga} nekcja}|e|cik} la ge rex|ca elzax}a+ Ma

uqc raq| ri}ax la} rxihgæna} ak |axna}

l–ixlxa rqhgcm+ Ga} lcjjãxak|a} rex|ca}

ck|ãxa}}ãa} }–em|czak| eq}}c |xæ} jix|anak|

lek} la} em|czc|ã} la gihhsck` akzax} ga}

ck}|ekma} lãoâ mc|ãa}+ La} menre`ka}

la }ak}chcgc}e|cik }ik| nakãa} zce la}

ixèka} la rxa}}a rex|ceqv a| zce Ck|axka|+

Rex ma hcec}' qk na}}eà ió ge zc}cik

rex|cagga la mfemqk rxakl ga re} }qx qka

zãxc|ã rgq} minrgava a}| lcjjq}ã+ E mü|ã la

ma |xezecg gãèg l–ckjgqakma' la} em|czc|ã}' uqc

raqzak| ï|xa e}}cncgãa} â la g–ck`ãxakma'

}ik| mik}|e|ãa}+

Ga ]efexe immclak|eg e mikkq ak 8252 la}

ninak|} mxc|cuqa} la}uqag} e lãmiqgã ak

Hag`cuqa qk xaèck la zc`qaqx la} em|czc|ã}

eq|iqx la ma li}}cax+ Mc|ik}' rex avanrga'



reà :< Mferc|xa 8

qka nekcja}|e|cik lazek| g–enhe}}ela

l–Eg`ãxca â Hxqvagga}' ga 80 kizanhxa 8252'

ak rxi|a}|e|cik mik|xa ga} ejjxik|anak|}

uqc ik| aq gcaq }qc|a â g–ãzemqe|cik rex

ga} eq|ixc|ã} neximecka} l–qk menr la

rxi|a}|e|ecxa} }efxeiqc}' ga 6 kizanhxa

8252+

Ga Nexim a| ga ¤JXIK\ RIGC]EXCI´

lc}ri}ak| riqx g–ixèkc}e|cik la

nekcja}|e|cik} a| ga |xezecg la gihhsck`

l–e}}imce|cik} la }iq|cak ak Hag`cuqa+ Ak

iq|xa' ge xarxã}ak|e|cik ijjcmcagga lq Nexim

a| magga lq ¤JXIK\ RIGC]EXCI´ lek}

ki|xa res} }ik| em|czanak| immqrãa} â

rxiniqzicx gaqx} zc}cik} lq mikjgc| lek} ga

]efexe neximeck+

8+ ga \XcHQkeg }RaMceg RiQX gagcHek

Lek} ga melxa la }e nc}}cik l–ã|qla la}

rfãkinæka} rigc|cuqa} cnrgcuqek| qka

ck|axem|cik ak|xa ki|xa res} a| ga Rximfa.

Ixcak|' ge Z]]A }qc| ezam e||ak|cik ga}

lãzagirranak|} lq ¤\xchqkeg }rãmceg

riqx ga Gchek´ &\]G# la Ge Fesa &Res}.

He}#+ Ma |xchqkeg a}| mfex`ã la oqàx ga}

xa}rik}ehga} rxã}qnã} la g–e||ak|e| uqc

e miô|ã ge zca â g–ekmcak Rxancax nckc}|xa

gchekec} Xejcm FEXCXC' ga 5< jãzxcax 8221+

Larqc} }e nc}a ak rgema ga 5ax nex}

8223' ma||a miqx la oq}|cma ãnekek| la}

Ke|cik} Qkca} e mxc}|eggc}ã ga} |ak}cik}

ck|axminnqkeq|ecxa} eq Gchek a| rgq}

rex|cmqgcæxanak| eq|iqx la} laqv

rüga} em|qagganak| rxã}ak|} lek} ga

ìqzaxkanak| l–qkcik ke|cikega eq Gchek+

Ma} laqv rüga} }ik|? ga ¤MIQXEK\ LQ 5<

NEX]´ xãrq|ã rxi.immclak|eg a| ek|c.}sxcakxa`xiqrek| rxckmcreganak| ga} }qkkc|a} lq

¤MIQXEK\ LQ JQ\QX´' ga} mfxã|cak} la}

¤DE\EÄH´' ga} ¤JIXMA] GCHEKEC]A]´'

ga} lxqa} lq ¤REX\C ]IMCEGC]\A

RXI@XA]]C]\A´ a| ga} ¤JIXMA]

LQ 6 NEX]´ xãrq|ãa} ek|cimmclak|ega}

a| rxi.}sxcakka} xa`xiqrek| ga} rex|c}



Mferc|xa 8 reà :1

mfcc|a} ¤FA_HIGGEF´' ¤ENEG´ a| ga

rex|c eiqkc}|a &mfxã|cak# lq ¤MIQXEK\

RE\XCI\CUQA GCHXA´' ga rex|c ¤HEE\F´'

ga ¤REX\C KE\CIKEG ]IMCEG ]SXCAK´ a|

ga ¤NEXELE´ &NIQZANAK\ NEXIKC\A

RXI]SXCAK#+

Ma} |ak}cik} ik| rxckmcreganak| riqx

ihoa|}?

• ge uqa}|cik la} ¤jeqv |ãnick}´

esek| nakã â g–exxa}|e|cik' gelã|ak|cik rqc} jckeganak| â gegchãxe|cik la uqe|xa ̀ ãkãxeqv gchekec}lcxcàek| ga} }axzcma} la }ãmqxc|ã

Gchekec} â g–ãriuqa la g–e}}e}}cke|la Xejcm FEXCXC4

• ge gã`c|cnc|ã nïna lq \xchqkeg

}rãmceg xanc}a ak meq}a læ} }emxãe|cik rex ga} ¤JIXMA] LQ 6NEX]´4

• g–em|a l–emmq}e|cik lq \]G riqzek|

cnrgcuqax ga ¤FA_HIGGEF´+

Ga rex|c mfcc|a gchekec} ¤FA_HIGGEF´ eck}c

uqa ma} eggcã} lq ¤6 NEX]´ ka zaqgak|

re} ak|aklxa rexgax l–qka emmq}e|cik la

nanhxa} lq ¤FA_HIGGEF´ rex ga \]G

a| xãjq|ak| |iq|a cnrgcme|cik la nanhxa}

lq `xiqranak| lek} g–e}}e}}cke| la Xejcm

FEXCXC+ Ma} jixma} rigc|cuqa} nakeàecak|

la uqc||ax ga ìqzaxkanak| ak me}

l–cnrgcme|cik lq ¤FA_HIGGEF´ iq la }a}

nanhxa} a| rex ma jec| la jecxa ãmge|ax ga

jxe`cga ãuqcgchxa gchekec}+

G–akoaq a}| likm qka ri}}chga lã}|ehcgc}e|cik

lq ìqzaxkanak| gchekec} nec} eq}}c qka

ck}|ehcgc|ã rigc|cuqa a| }ãmqxc|ecxa eq Rximfa.

Ixcak| ió ga Gchek oiqa qk xüga rex|cmqgcax+

\iq|a} ga} |aklekma} la} miqxek|}

rigc|cuqa} a| xagc`caqv rxã}ak|} eq Gchek

}ik| xarxã}ak|ãa} lek} ga} minnqkeq|ã}

la ge lce}rixe gchekec}a zczek| ak Hag`cuqa+

Cg }–e`c| riqx ki|xa }axzcma l–ih}axzax ga}xãem|cik} a| ga} ck|axem|cik} eq }ack la ge

minnqkeq|ã l–ixc`cka gchekec}a rxã}ak|a

}qx ki|xa }ig a| rgq} rex|cmqgcæxanak| eq

}ack la ge minnqkeq|ã gchekec}a mfcc|a'

rgq} rxãmc}ãnak| rexnc ga} elncxe|aqx} iq

ga} }qrrix|ax} la} clãa} lãjaklqa} rex ga

¤FA_HIGGEF´ &rxckmcreg rex|c mfcc|a eq

Gchek#+

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| a}| ãèganak| e||ak|czaâ g–em|cik ak Hag`cuqa la ge Xãrqhgcuqa

exeha la ]sxca+ Ga rqc}}ek| zic}ck }sxcak

a}| max|eckanak| |xæ} ck|ãxa}}ã rex ga}

lãzagirranak|} lq \]G zq }a} xerrix|}

rex|cmqgcax} ezam ga Gchek+ Ak 8221' ge

]sxca jq| lcxam|anak| emmq}ãa l–ï|xa

cnrgcuqãa lek} ge nix| la Xejcm FEXCXC

a| lq| }a xa|cxax lq Gchek }iq} ge rxa}}cik

ck|axke|cikega erxæ} rgq} la 82 ek} la

rxã}akma+ Ge Xãrqhgcuqa exeha }sxcakka

ri}}ãlek| qka enhe}}ela â Hxqvagga}

a| }aqganak| qk mik}qge| eqv Res}.He}'

cg a}| rxihehga uq–agga }qcza' â rex|cx la ge

Hag`cuqa' ga} lãzagirranak|} lq \xchqkeg

}rãmceg riqx ga Gchek la Ge Fesa+

Jck 8252' g–em|a l–emmq}e|cik neck|a} jic}

ekkikmã eq}}c }iqzak| xarix|ã k–e riqx

g–faqxa re} ã|ã rqhgcã rex ga \xchqkeg }rãmceg

riqx ga Gchek+ Ga} mik}ãuqakma} la ma|

em|a l–emmq}e|cik &cnrgcuqek| rxihehganak|

la} nanhxa} lq ¤FA_HIGGEF´#



reà :: Mferc|xa 8

}anhgak| miklqcxa â qk zãxc|ehga lcganna4

}ic| ge lãmiqzax|a la ge zãxc|ã mikmaxkek|

ga} naqx|xcax} la g–ekmcak Rxancax nckc}|xa

Xejcm FEXCXC' ræxa la g–em|qag Rxancax

nckc}|xa ]eel FEXCXC' }ic| ge }|ehcgc|ã

rigc|cuqa a| }ãmqxc|ecxa eq Gchek+

=+ ge ¤è_e JXaaLin Jgi\cgge´

Ga =5 nec 8252' g–ck|axzak|cik ncgc|ecxa

c}xeãgcakka mik|xa ge ¤@E_E JXAALIN

JGI\CGGE´' qk mikzic la he|aeqv ezam

la} |ikka} la mexèc}ik a| rgq} la :22

em|czc}|a} &lik| mcku Hagà}# â hixl' zakek|

la ge \qxuqca a| jec}ek| xiq|a zax} ge hekla

la @ee' e rxiziuqã lek} ki|xa res}

haeqmiqr la xãem|cik}+ Lek} ga} oiqx}uqc ik| }qczc g–ck|axzak|cik c}xeãgcakka' qka

}ãxca la nekcja}|e|cik} a| l–em|cik} la

rxi|a}|e|cik ik| ã|ã ixèkc}ãa} lek} ki|xa

res}' ãnekek| l–cklczclq} a| l–e}}imce|cik}

ezam qk exxcæxa.jikl clãigi`cuqa a| la}

ni|cze|cik} |xæ} lczaxàk|}+ Xerragik}

uqa g–ixèkc}e|cik av|xãnc}|a ¤FENE]´

e nikirigc}ã' læ} 8220' ga riqzicx lek}

ge hekla la @ee' erxæ} ezicx ãzckmã

zciganak| ga niqzanak| xczeg' ga ¤JE\EF´'

lq riqzicx+

E rxancæxa zqa' ga }qczc la |agga} em|cik}

}a }c|qa ak lafix} la ge }rfæxa la

minrã|akma a| l–ck|ãxï| la ge ]ôxa|ã la

g–A|e|+ G–ixèkc}e|cik la nekcja}|e|cik}

riqx rxi|a}|ax mik|xa qk ãzãkanak| iq

riqx rximgenax qk rick| la zqa rigc|cuqa

rxirxa jec| rex|ca la ge gchax|ã la rak}ax

a| la} emuqc} lãnimxe|cuqa} l–qk A|e| la

lxic|+ Mage k–akgæza xcak eq jec| uqa mfeuqa

ckmclak| lek} ga mik|av|a lq mikjgc| c}xeãgi.

rega}|ckcak e||cxa g–e||ak|cik la niqzanak|}

av|xãnc}|a} la lcjjãxak|} |sra}' uqc

a}}esak| }iqzak|' zce qka }|xe|ã`ca

l–ak|xc}na' l–q|cgc}ax ga} em|cik} la `xiqra}

a| l–ixèkc}e|cik} eqv xazaklcme|cik}

gã`c|cna} minna zãfcmqga riqx qka lcjjq}cik

rgq} gexà la gaqx} rxirxa} rick|} la zqa+

Eq kczaeq hagà' mage raq| ï|xa qk zam|aqx

la xaèck la |ak}cik} ck|axminnqkeq|ecxa}

iq ck|axmikja}}cikkagga}' mage raq| eq}}c

miklqcxa â qka }|c`ne|c}e|cik la ge

minnqkeq|ã oqcza+ Eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg'

mage raq| enakax â qk }iq|cak rgq} cnrix|ek|

riqx la} ixèkc}e|cik} rega}|ckcakka}

av|xãnc}|a}' minna ga ¤FENE]´+

Ge neoixc|ã la} em|cik} la rxi|a}|e|cik

mik|xa g–ck|axzak|cik ncgc|ecxa c}xeãgcakka

e ã|ã ck}rcxãa rex la} ixèkc}e|cik}

l–av|xïna èqmfa+ Ge }mæka l–av|xïna

èqmfa ak|xa|cak| |xelc|cikkagganak| la

hik} mik|em|} ezam la} ãgãnak|} rigc|c}ã}

la ge &xage|czanak| ra|c|a# minnqkeq|ã

rega}|ckcakka ak Hag`cuqa a| xãq}}c| â ga}

nihcgc}ax riqx gaqx} em|cik} eq|iqx la ge

uqa}|cik rega}|ckcakka+

Ak nïna |anr}' ik e rq mik}|e|ax uqa

g–ckmclak| e xãzacggã la nekcæxa re}}e`æxa

g–e||ak|cik la g–av|xïna lxic|a ak Hag`cuqa'

uqc e a}}esã la rxijc|ax la g–enhcekma

ek|c.c}xeãgcakka uqc e |anrixecxanak|

}qczc ga xecl mik|xa ge ¤@E_E JXAALIN

JGI\CGGE´+ Kikih}|ek|' cg s e qka

|aklekma lek} ga} ncgcaqv l–av|xïna lxic|a

&ak |iq| me} rqhgcuqanak|# â nilãxax gaqx

lc}miqx} ek|c}ãnc|a' ge minnqkeq|ã oqcza

ã|ek| eq}}c mik}clãxãa minna qka zcm|cna

la ma||a ¤c}genc}e|cik´ uqa g–av|xïna lxic|a



Mferc|xa 8 reà :0

ak|akl minhe||xa' â g–avanrga lq mge}}cuqa

lc}miqx} ek|c.c}gencuqa la max|eck}

rigc|cmcak} la ge lxic|a rirqgc}|a ak Aqxira+

Eq}}c' ga} ãzãkanak|} eq|iqx la ge ¤@E_E

JXAALIN JGI\CGGE´ k–ik| re} gec}}ã

cnre}}chga} ga} minnqkeq|ã} exeha} a|

nq}qgneka} la ki|xa res} uqc kiqxxc}}ak|

|xelc|cikkagganak| qka `xekla }snre|fca

riqx ge uqa}|cik rega}|ckcakka+

]c`kegik} }qx|iq| ge xãem|cik l–qka jxekà

la ge minnqkeq|ã |qxuqa riqx la} xec}ik}

ãzclak|a+ Ak ajja|' ga} kaqj rax}ikka} |qãa}

gix} la g–irãxe|cik ncgc|ecxa ã|ecak| |iq|a}

la ke|cikegc|ã |qxuqa+ G–IK@ c}genc}|a

|qxuqa ¤CK\AXKE\CIKEGA FQNEKC\EXA

FCGJ]IX@EKC]E\CIK´ &CFF# e l–ecggaqx}

ã|ã ga ni|aqx la g–ixèkc}e|cik lq mikzic+

Ga} gcak} ã|xic|} ak|xa CFF a| la} rex|c}

c}gencuqa} |qxm} xelcmeqv avrgcuqak|

riqxuqic ma }ik| ki|ennak| la}

ixèkc}e|cik} c}genc}|a} xelcmega} |qxuqa}

uqc ik| rxc} g–ckc|ce|cza l–ixèkc}ax la}

nekcja}|e|cik} lek} ma melxa' egix} uqa ga}

|xelc|cikkagga} ixèkc}e|cik} ke|cikegc}|a}.

dãnegc}|a} }ik| xa}|ãa} â g–ãmex|+

Ga xa}|a la ge niqzekma xelcmega c}genc}|a

ka }–a}| re} jec| rex|cmqgcæxanak| xanexuqax+

Lek} max|ecka} ni}uqãa}' la} errag} â

ge }igclexc|ã ezam ga} zcm|cna} a| ga raqrga

rega}|ckcak ik| ã|ã jec| nec} ga} jclæga}

k–ã|ecak| re} ckmc|ã} â eggax nekcja}|ax+

G–cnrix|ek|a e||ak|cik uq–e ak|xeëkãa ge

¤@E_E JXAALIN JGI\CGGE´ gec}}a

}qrri}ax uqa ma k–a}| re} ge laxkcæxa jic}

uq–qk |ag mikzic zax} ma||a ika la mikjgc|

a}| ixèkc}ã+ Cg k–a}| re} avmgq uqa max|ecka}

ixèkc}e|cik} lã|iqxkak| ma} ckc|ce|cza}

a| gaqx} mik}ãuqakma} riqx gaqx} rxirxa}

eàkle} av|xãnc}|a}+

H+ eJXcUQa }QH}eFeXcakka

Ak 8252' g–Ejxcuqa kicxa a}| xa}|ãa qk mak|xa

l–ck|ãxï| cnrix|ek| la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ezam

qka e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa riqx g–Ejxcuqa la}

@xekl} Gem} &Xãrqhgcuqa lãnimxe|cuqa lq

Mikì' Xpekle a| Hqxqklc#+ Minr|a |akq

la} gcak} fc}|ixcuqa} ak|xa ma||a xã`cik a|

ge Hag`cuqa' qk max|eck kinhxa la Hagà}

s xã}clak| a| la xage|czanak| `xekla}

minnqkeq|ã} mikìgec}a' xpeklec}a a|

hqxqklec}a }ik| rxã}ak|a} ak Hag`cuqa+

Ak xec}ik la} xãraxmq}}cik} cnrix|ek|a}

uq–agga raq| ezicx |ek| }qx ge minnqkeq|ã

hagà }qx rgema a|)iq }qx ga} minnqkeq|ã}

eggimf|ika} ak Hag`cuqa uqa }qx ga} xage|cik}

lcrgine|cuqa} la ki|xa res}' g–ãzigq|cik la

ge }c|qe|cik lek} ma} res} jec| g–ihoa| l–qk

}qczc e||ak|cj la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

8252 e maraklek| zq }–ãgex`cx ga mfenr

l–em|cik la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }qx gamik|ckak| ejxcmeck+

L–qka rex|' lcjjãxak|} res} la g–Ejxcuqa

la g–Iqa}| &@qckãa iq Mü|a l–Czicxa rex

avanrga# ik| ixèkc}ã ma||a ekkãa la}

ãgam|cik} xage|czanak| niqzanak|ãa} uqc

ka }ik| re} xa}|ãa} }ek} mik}ãuqakma}

}qx ge lce}rixe+ Qk }qczc la ge }c|qe|cik a|

la} mik}ãuqakma} }qx ga} minnqkeq|ã}

ak Hag`cuqa e likm ã|ã ajjam|qã+

L–eq|xa rex|' eq kczaeq ck|axke|cikeg' qka

eq`nak|e|cik la ge nakema |axxixc}|a



reà :6 Mferc|xa 8

ãnekek| la xa}}ix|c}}ek|} a}|.ejxcmeck}

&rxckmcreganak| ]inegcak}# e ã|ã mik}|e|ãa+

Ga} xc}uqa} la xelcmegc}e|cik c}gencuqa la

ma} minnqkeq|ã} ik| likm ã|ã ã|qlcã}

ezam e||ak|cik+

5+ XaRQHgcUQa LaniMXe\cUQaLQ Mikì &XLM#

Lcjjãxak|} ãgãnak|} ik| nexuqã g–ekkãa

mikìgec}a la ge Z]]A? ga} ja}|czc|ã} la

g–Cklãraklekma ga =2 oqck 8252 eq}}c hcak

â Dck}fe}e ezam ge zc}c|a lq Xic Eghax|

CC uq–ak Hag`cuqa' ga} rxãrexe|cik} lq

rximæ} Oaek.Rcaxxa HANHE â ge Miqx

rãkega ck|axke|cikega &MRC#' ge rxãrexe|cik

la} ãgam|cik} rxãzqa} ak 8255' ge nix| laJgixchax| MFAHASE a| l–Exnekl \QK@QGQ

ak XLM ezam ge rgãcela la xãem|cik} uqa

mage e ak|xeëkã ak Hag`cuqa' +++

5+5+ Lce]rIxe

5+5+5+ Xelcmegc}na

Ge |ak}cik lek} ge lce}rixe mikìgec}a

” neoixc|ecxanak| irri}ãa eq Rxã}clak|

Oi}arf DEHCGE ” a}| nik|ãa eq jcg la} nic}+

Ge nix| â Dck}fe}e la laqv irri}ek|}

mikìgec} zczek| ge rgqrex| lq |anr} ak

Hag`cuqa e xaklq ge minnqkeq|ã mikìgec}a

la ge lce}rixe av|xïnanak| kaxzaq}a &ak

Hag`cuqa likm nec} ãèganak| ak Jxekma'

eq Xiseqna.Qkc' …#+

G–e}}e}}cke| rex ge Rigcma mikìgec}a lq

ncgc|ek| la} lxic|} la g–finna Jgixchax|

MFAHASE ak ezxcg 8252 e ak|xeëkã

rgq}caqx} nekcja}|e|cik} l–irri}ek|}

mikìgec} rgq} cnrix|ek|a} uqa l–fehc|qla+

Ge nix| l–Exnekl \QK@QGQ ak im|ihxa

8252 ” erxæ} ezicx ã|ã exxï|ã rex ge @exla

rxã}clak|cagga la Oi}arf DEHCGE riqx ezicx

oa|ã la} rcaxxa} }qx }e zic|qxa ” e akmixa

akzakcnã g–enhcekma+ Ak im|ihxa' laqv

nekcja}|e|cik} ik| mikkq qka nihcgc}e|cik

|xæ} cnrix|ek|a &â qk kczaeq mikìgec}# a|ik| ã|ã rex|cmqgcæxanak| zcigak|a}+

Ge rxã}akma la kinhxaqv Mikìgec}

la g–ã|xekàx e ã|ã xanexuqãa â ma}

nekcja}|e|cik}+ La} Mikìgec} la Jxekma'

]qc}}a iq lq Xiseqna.Qkc ik| ak ajja| jec|

ga lãrgemanak| a| ik| ã|ã rexnc ga} rgq}

xelcmeqv+ Ga} Ek`gec} la ge ¤LCE]RIXE

MIK@IGEC]A QKC\AL DCK@LIN´

&LMQD# ki|ennak| ik| ã|ã rexnc ga} rgq}zcigak|} a| riq}}ecak| ga} Mikìgec} la

Hag`cuqa â rgq} la xelcmegc}na+

Ma| akmiqxeànak| â ge zcigakma la ge

rex| la} ‖Hxc|ekkcuqa}– ka }–a}| re} jec|

avmgq}czanak| gix} la} nekcja}|e|cik}

l–im|ihxa 8252+ Larqc} gix}' maqv.mc

zcakkak| xã`qgcæxanak| }qx ki|xa |axxc|icxa

a| mik|ckqak| â ckmc|ax eq xelcmegc}na+ La}

nakema} ræ}ak| læ} gix} ak raxnekakma}qx |iq| Mikìgec} mik}clãxã rex ma}

xelcmeqv minna rximfa lq xã`cna la

Oi}arf DEHCGE+

Rax}ram|cza}

Cg mikzcak| la xa}|ax |xæ} e||ak|cj }qx ma

}qoa| lek} ga} rximfeck} nic}+ Qka em|cik

mik|xa qk rximfa lq xã`cna ak Hag`cuqa

k–a}| re} cnri}}chga a| riqxxec| ezicx

la} mik}ãuqakma} riqx ki} xage|cik}

lcrgine|cuqa} ezam ge Xãrqhgcuqa

lãnimxe|cuqa lq Mikì+



Mferc|xa 8 reà :3

5+5+8+ Oaek.Rcaxxa HANHE

Erxæ} la nqg|crga} xarix|} lq} eqv lczax}a}

rximãlqxa} akè`ãa} rex ga} lcjjãxak|a}

rex|ca}' ga rximæ} la Oaek.Rcaxxa HANHE e

minnakmã â ge Miqx Rãkega Ck|axke|cikega

ak kizanhxa 8252+ Ga rxã}clak| lq

¤NIQZANAK\ LA GCHAXE\CIK LQ

MIK@I´ &NGM# }anhga mik|ckqax ”

minna larqc} ga lãhq| la }e lã|ak|cik ” â

ziqgicx xa}ram|ax ge rximãlqxa+

Ga rximæ} k–akàklxa re} la xaniq}

rex|cmqgcax} lek} ge lce}rixe+ Qk eq|imex e

hcak ã|ã giqã â g–qka iq g–eq|xa xarxc}a rex

ga} rex|c}ek} la Oaek.Rcaxxa HANHE riqx

}a xaklxa eq rximæ} â Ge Fesa' nec} mage

k–e `qæxa akàklxã la rxihgæna}+ Ki|xa

}axzcma }qc| ge ri}c|cik la ge lce}rixe rex

xerrix| â ma rximæ} a| minnqkcuqa â ma

rxiri} ezam }ik finigi`qa kãaxgeklec}+

5+5+=+ Mckuqek|akecxa la g–Cklã.

raklekma lq Mikì

Ge rãxcila eq|iqx lq =2 oqck &oiqx la ge jï|a

ke|cikega mikìgec}a# a}| |xelc|cikkagganak|

qka la} rãxcila} ga} rgq} ‖e`c|ãa}– la

ge lce}rixe mikìgec}a uqc s nekcja}|a

xã`qgcæxanak| }ik irri}c|cik eq xã`cna lq

Rxã}clak| Oi}arf DEHCGE+ Ge Z]]A a}|

likm |iqoiqx} |xæ} e||ak|cza eqv ãzækanak|}

}a lãxiqgek| eq|iqx la ma||a le|a a| ma

l–eq|ek| rgq} ma||a ekkãa zq ga} xaniq}

meq}ã} rex ge nix| la Jgixchax| MFAHASE

ak ezxcg 8252+

Ga} lczax} ãzækanak|} &ja}|czc|ã}'

avri}c|cik}' mikjãxakma} a| eq|xa}

nekcja}|e|cik}# }a }ik| lãxiqgã}

xage|czanak| lek} ga megna a| }ek}

rxihgæna} rex|cmqgcax}+ Xanexuqik} oq}|a'

riqx ge rxancæxa jic}' la} e||euqa} zaxhega}

lcxam|a} mik|xa ga Xic Eghax| CC ak xec}ik la

}e rex|cmcre|cik eqv ja}|czc|ã} â Dck}fe}e

eqv mü|ã} la Oi}arf DEHCGE+

5+5+<+ Rekejxcmekc}na

Ge rxã}akma la lcjjãxak|} ra|c|}

niqzanak|} rekejxcmeck} e ã|ã

mik}|e|ãa ak Hag`cuqa+ Qk l–ak|xa aqv e

rex|cmqgcæxanak| e||cxã ki|xa e||ak|cik ak

xec}ik lq kin la jencgga la }ik lcxcàek|?

GQNQNHE+

Ak ajja|' gix} la} nekcja}|e|cik} â Hxqvagga}

}qczek| ge nix| la Jgixchax| MFAHASE'

ki|xa }axzcma e mik}|e|ã g–exxczãa l–qk

kiqzaeq `xiqranak| . ezam qk lc}miqx}

|xæ} e`xa}}cj . }qx ge }mæka la g–irri}c|cik

mikìgec}a+ Cg }–e`c| lq ¤JXIK\ KE\CIKEG

DIK@IGEC]´ &JKD# lcxc`ã rex ga kazaq la

Re|xcma GQNQNHE' Xcmfexl GQNQNHE+

Ma niqzanak| ek|c.cnrãxcegc}|a a| ek|c.

hgekm }a lãjckc| minna ¤ke|cikegc}|a

mikìgec} rekejxcmeck´+ Cg rxüka ge

¤gchãxe|cik´ la g–Ejxcuqa a| }–irri}a eqv

lcxcàek|} ejxcmeck} em|qag} emmq}ã} l–ï|xa

â ge hi||a la} Immclak|eqv+ Ma||a gchãxe|cik

lic| }a jecxa ã|era rex ã|era' res} rex res}+

Riqx e||acklxa }ik ihoam|cj' Xcmfexl

GQNQNHE |ak|a la lãzagirrax }a} mik|em|}

ezam la} ̀ xiqranak|} l–irri}c|cik l–eq|xa}

res} ejxcmeck} rxã}ak|} ak Hag`cuqa+ Cg

riqxxec| ãèganak| ezicx la} gcak} zax}

la} niqzanak|} rekejxcmeck} rxã}ak|} ak

Jxekma' Xiseqna.Qkc a|)iq A|e|}.Qkc}+



reà 02 Mferc|xa 8

Xcmfexl GQNQNHE e rex|cmcrã â ge rgqrex|

la} nekcja}|e|cik} mikìgec}a} la ma||a

ekkãa a| e nïna rexjic} mi.ixèkc}ã

magga}.mc ak minre`kca la} irri}ek|}

|xelc|cikkag}+ E g–faqxa em|qagga maraklek|'

cg ka }anhga re} ezicx xãq}}c â nihcgc}ax ak

Hag`cuqa eq|iqx la }ik na}}eà+Kãeknick}' eq zq la }ik na}}eà uqc

raq| ï|xa rix|aqx eqrxæ} la max|eck} oaqka}'

eq zq la }ik kin la jencgga a| eq zq la

ge rxivcnc|ã lq mckuqek|cæna ekkczax}ecxa

la ge nix| la }ik ikmga &oekzcax 8255#' ga

niqzanak| la Xcmfexl GQNQNHE nãxc|a

|iqoiqx} qka e||ak|cik rex|cmqgcæxa+

5+8+ aK xarQHGcUQa

LaNIMxe|cUQa LQ MIKÌ

5+8+5+ Rxãrexe|cik la} ãgam|cik}

La} ãgam|cik} rxã}clak|cagga}' gã`c}ge|cza}

a| gimega} }ik| rxãzqa} ak 8255 eq Mikì+

Ge uqa}|cik la ge |akqa xãagga la ma}

ãgam|cik} e jec| g–ihoa| la |xæ} kinhxaq}a}

}rãmqge|cik} |iq| eq gik` la ma||a ekkãa

8252+ Lcjjãxak|} meklcle|} rgq} iq nick}

jexjagq} }a }ik| nekcja}|ã} a| ga} ri}}chcgc|ã}

l–eggcekma ak|xa lcjjãxak|} rex|c} jik| g–ihoa|la kinhxaqv lãhe|}+

Ga} lc}mq}}cik} rxckmcrega} la ma||a

ãgam|cik rxã}clak|cagga &uqc' lek} ga} jec|}'

a}| ge }aqga uqc ck|ãxa}}a# |iqxkak| eq|iqx

la |xic} rax}ikka}?

. A|cakka \]FC]ADALC+ Ga gaelax la

g–¤QKCIK RIQX GE LANIMXE\CA A\

GA RXI@XA] ]IMCEG´ &QLR]# }–a}|

ijjcmcagganak| lãmgexã meklcle| â g–ãgam|cik

rxã}clak|cagga' mik|xecxanak| â g–ãgam|cik

rxãmãlak|a uq–cg ezec| hismi||ãa+ Neg`xã

}ik èà' qka }ek|ã jxe`cga esek| ak|xeëkã

qka gik`qa eh}akma la ge }mæka rigc|cuqa

mikìgec}a a| qk rex|c lczc}ã' A|cakka

\]FC]ADALC xa}|a qk ricl} giqxl rigc|cuqa

eq Mikì a| }e meklcle|qxa k–a}| læ} gix}

re} â kã`gcàx+

. Oaek.Rcaxxa HANHE+ Hcak uq–anrxc}ikkã'Oaek.Rcaxxa HANHE xa}|a qk em|aqx

a}}ak|cag la ge rximfecka menre`ka

rxã}clak|cagga+ ]ik rex|c' ga ¤NIQZANAK\

LA GCHAXE\CIK LQ MIK@I´ &NGM#

a}| ga rxckmcreg rex|c l–irri}c|cik a| }ik

ri}c|cikkanak| gix} la ge menre`ka

ãgam|ixega oiqaxe qk xüga cnrix|ek|+

. Zc|eg DENAXFA+ G–ekmcak Rxã}clak| la

g–E}}anhgãa ke|cikega mikìgec}a a}| ge`xekla ckmikkqa la ma} ãgam|cik}+ Zc|eg

DENAXFA e mxãã }ik rex|c' g–¤QKCIK

RIQX GE KE\CIK MIK@IGEC]A´ &QKM#

a| lcjjãxak|a} xqnaqx} miqxak| }qx }ik

minr|a? eggcekma ezam NGM a| QLR] 9 Iq

oq}|a zigik|ã la jecxa nik|ax ga} akmfæxa}

eqrxæ} la Oi}arf DEHCGE riqx g–erxæ}.

ãgam|cik 9

Ga} rxãrexe|cj} la ma} ãgam|cik} }ik|}qczc} rex ki|xa }axzcma ak xec}ik la gaqx

cnrix|ekma riqx ge }|ehcgc|ã lq res}' la

g–em|czc|ã la} meklcle|} lek} ki|xa res}'

la} mik}ãuqakma} uq–agga} riqxxecak|

ezicx }qx ge lce}rixe a| }qx ki} xage|cik}

lcrgine|cuqa} ezam ga Mikì+

5+8+8+ Mckuqek|akecxa la g–Cklãrak.

lekma

Ga =2 oqck 8252' ge Xãrqhgcuqa

lãnimxe|cuqa lq Mikì e jï|ã ga} 12 ek}

la }ik cklãraklekma ak `xekla rinra â



Mferc|xa 8 reà 05

Dck}fe}e+ Qka lãgãè|cik hagà miklqc|a

rex ga Xic Eghax| CC a| ga Rxancax nckc}|xa

Sza} GA\AXNA }–a}| xaklqa â Dck}fe}e â

ma||a imme}cik+ Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e' â ma||a

imme}cik' miggehixã ezam l–eq|xa} }axzcma}

riqx rxãrexax ma||a zc}c|a xisega+

8+ XPekLe

8+5+ aGaM|cIK] rxa]cLaK|caGGa]

Ak 8252' ga |xezecg la ge Z]]A }qx ga Xpekle

nïna a| }qx ge lce}rixe xpeklec}a la

Hag`cuqa' e |iqxkã a}}ak|cagganak| eq|iqx

la} ãgam|cik} rxã}clak|cagga} lq nic} l–eiô|+

Magga}.mc ik| ã|ã }qczca} |xæ} e||ak|czanak|

rex ki|xa }axzcma+

Iq|xa Reqg DE@ENA' |xic} eq|xa}

rax}ikka} ã|ecak| meklcle|a}+ Qk }aqg

rex|c l–irri}c|cik ã|ec| xamikkq? ga

¤REX\C ]IMCEG CNHAXEDQXC´ &R]C#+

]ik rxã}clak|' Haxkexl K\E@EKLE'

ziqgec| ãèganak| |ak|ax }e mfekma â ge

Rxã}clakma+ Ezek| uqa ga} ãgam|cik} ecak|

gcaq' cg e maraklek| ã|ã nc} ak rxc}ik a| k–e

rgq} rq mikmiqxcx riqx ga riqzicx+

Ak Aqxira a| ak Hag`cuqa' qk jxik| la} rex|c}

a| e}}imce|cik} l–irri}c|cik e rxc} gak|anak|

jixna a| e akzisã Zcm|icxa QNQFI_E

CK@EHCXA eq Xpekle minna rxã}clak|a

la} ¤JIXMA] LANIMXE\CUQA]

QKCJCAA] ” CKDCK@C´ &JLQ.CKDCK@C#+

G–ihoam|cj ã|ec| l–ehixl la jecxa akxa`c}|xax

ga rex|c a| l–ak}qc|a }a rxã}ak|ax minna

meklcle|a eqv ãgam|cik}+ Qka max|ecka

}inna l–exàk| e ã|ã xãmig|ãa lek} ma

hq| lek} ge lce}rixe+ Erxæ} qka zc}c|a eq

nãnixceg lq `ãkimcla la Kìc' Zcm|icxa

QNQFI_E CK@EHCXA e ã|ã emmq}ãa l–ï|xa

qka rex|c}eka la g–clãigi`ca `ãkimclecxa+

Agga e læ} gix} ã|ã }qczca' }ehi|ãa' exxï|ãa

rqc} gchãxãa' }a} mikjãxakma} ã|ecak|

ck|axlc|a}' a|m+ Agga e eck}c ãmfiqã â jecxa

xamikkeë|xa }ik rex|c a| â rex|cmcrax eqv

ãgam|cik}+ Agga e jckeganak| ã|ã â kiqzaeqexxï|ãa a| }a |xiqza em|qagganak| ak rxc}ik

ak e||ak|a l–qk rximæ}+ Ge lce}rixe a}| |xæ}

em|cza a| |ak|a l–akèàx la} àk} a| la}

nisak} riqx ge }iq|akcx a| ge jecxa gchãxax+

E mü|ã la Zcm|icxa QNQFI_E CK@EHCXA a|

la Haxkexl K\E@EKLE' cg s ezec| ãèganak|

qk irri}ek| \q|}c' Lai`xe|ce} NQ]FESCLC'

uqc ã|ec| rex|c ak \ekekca riqx nakax qka

irri}c|cik+ Gix} l–qka zc}c|a eq Hqxqklc' cg e

maraklek| ã|ã exxï|ã a| gczxã eq Xpekle+ Cg

e ã|ã miklenkã â ge rxc}ik â zca+

Iq|xa mage' cg s ezec| a| cg s e |iqoiqx} la}

|ak|e|cza} raxnekak|a} lq xã`cna riqx

nakax ge zca lqxa eqv nãlce} a| â ge

}imcã|ã mczcga a| eck}c ga} hxclax+ Haeqmiqr

la oiqxkegc}|a} a| la ncgc|ek|} la} lxic|} la

g–finna ik| læ} gix} jqc ga res}+

Ga} ãgam|cik} â rxirxanak| rexgax }a }ik|re}}ãa} megnanak|+ Reqg DE@ENA e ã|ã'

minna rxãzq' xããgq ezam 3=! a| e ak|enã

qk laqvcæna nekle|+ Riqx g–irri}c|cik'

ma} ãgam|cik} }a }ik| lãxiqgãa} la nekcæxa

jxeqlqgaq}a+

8+8+ ]Mc]]cIK LeK] Ga ‖He]|cIK

|Q|]c–

Iq|xa g–irri}c|cik rxckmcreganak| ixc`ckecxa

la g–a|fkca Fq|q' kiq} ezik} rq xanexuqax

ma||a ekkãa qka }mc}}cik mgecxa lek} ga

he}|cik \q|}c+ Laqv ekmcak} ijjcmcax} la



reà 08 Mferc|xa 8

g–¤EXNAA RE\XCI\CUQA XPEKLEC]A´

&ERX# }ik| |inhã} ak lc}`xèma a|' ezam

laqv eq|xa} rax}ikka} uqc immqrecak| la}

rgema} cnrix|ek|a} lek} ge }imcã|ã' ik| jqc

ga Xpekle riqx avaxmax qka irri}c|cik la

g–ã|xekàx+

8+=+ Ga] ̀ aKIMcLecxa]

Ak 8252' ge xamfaxmfa raxnekak|a la}

`ãkimclecxa} rex ga} eq|ixc|ã} xpeklec}a} e

mik|ckqã+ Ga} rxancax} mchgã} }ik| maqv }a

|xiqzek| lek} ge me|ãìxca 5 &rxãrexe|cik'

jckekmanak| a| avãmq|cik lq ̀ ãkimcla# ezam

ak |ï|a Jãgcmcak DEHQ@E+ Ki|xa }axzcma e

maraklek| xanexuqã uqa ma||a ¤gc}|a´ ã|ec|

q|cgc}ãa rex ga xã`cna la Dcègc riqx xã`gax

}a} minr|a} ezam ga} irri}ek|}+

8+<+ Ga xerrIx| La] Ke|cIK].

QKca]

Ga Xpekle e ã|ã nc} ak ezek| kãè|czanak|

lek} ga xerrix| la} Ke|cik}.Qkca} rexq ga

5ax im|ihxa 8252 a| lek} gauqag g–exnãa

xpeklec}a e ã|ã emmq}ãa la zcige|cik la}

lxic|} la g–finna a| la `ãkimcla â g–A}| lq

Mikì ak|xa 5333 a| 822=+ Reqg DE@ENAk–e re} lq |iq| errxãmcã a| }–s a}| irri}ã la

|iq|a} }a} jixma}+ Ga xerrix| a}| maraklek|

exxczã lek} ga} neck} la g–irri}c|cik uqc

g–q|cgc}a riqx emmq}ax ga Rxã}clak| xpeklec}

¤l–e}}e}}ck´' ¤l–Fc|gax la g–Ejxcuqa´' …

8+1+ Zc]c|a] aK HaG`cUQa

Qk max|eck kinhxa la rax}ikkegc|ã}

lq xã`cna xpeklec} }ik| zakqa} ak

Hag`cuqa ak 8252+ Ma} zc}c|a} ezecak|

}iqzak| minna ihoam|cj la mikzeckmxa ga}

irri}ek|}' }qx|iq| Fq|q}' la xa|iqxkax eq

Xpekle+ Ga rick| mqgnckek| la ma |sra la

zc}c|a }–a}| lãxiqgã ga} : a| 0 lãmanhxa gix}

la ge zakqa lq Rxã}clak| Reqg DE@ENA ak

Hag`cuqa riqx ga} Oiqxkãa} aqxirãakka} la

Lãzagirranak| eqvuqagga} cg k–e jckeganak|

re} rex|cmcrã+ Cg e rex mik|xa hcak xakmik|xã

â ma ninak| ge lce}rixe xpeklec}a+

8+:+ eNHe]]eLa LQ xPeKLe e

HxQVaGGa]

G–enhe}}ela xpeklec}a â Hxqvagga} e

ã|ã |xæ} em|cza+ Ga hq| ã|ec| ki|ennak|

la xãjixnax ga} }|xqm|qxa} la ge lce}rixe

xpeklec}a la Hag`cuqa riqx s nãgekàx

Fq|q} a| \q|}c}+ Riqx mage' la} `xiqra} la

|xezecg ik| ã|ã jiklã} lek} lcjjãxak|a} zcgga}

}iq} ge lcxam|cik la g–enhe}}elaqx nïna+

Ki|xa }axzcma e maraklek| rq xanexuqax

uqa uqe}cnak| qkcuqanak| la} \q|}c}

ã|ecak| ck|ãxa}}ã} a| uqa raq la Fq|q}

rex|cmcrecak|+

G–enhe}}ela xpeklec}a e ãèganak|

ixèkc}ã qk menr C\IXAXI â Gaqzak

ió la} oaqka} xpeklec} ik| rq jecxa

mikkec}}ekma ezam gaqx mqg|qxa a| gaqx

gek`qa l–ixc`cka+

=+ HQXQkLc

=+5+ aGaM|cIK]

Riqx ga Hqxqklc' g–ekkãa 8252 e ãèganak|

ã|ã }iq} ga }c`ka la} ãgam|cik} ̀ ãkãxega}+ Qk

hcgek la ge rãxcila lcxc`ãa rex ga ¤MIK]ACG

KE\CIKEG RIQX GE LAJAK]A LA GE

LANIMXE\CA ” JIXMA] RIQX GE

LAJAK]A LA GE LANIMXE\CA´ &MKLL.

JLL# a| lq Rxã}clak| Rcaxxa KDQXQK_C_E



Mferc|xa 8 reà 0=

e ã|ã jec|+ Fixnc} uqaguqa} na}qxa}

rirqgecxa} minna g–ak}ac`kanak| rxcnecxa

`xe|qc| riqx mfeuqa akjek| a| g–ecla nãlcmega

`xe|qc|a riqx ga} næxa} a| gaqx} akjek|}' ge

hegekma xa}|a kãè|cza+ Ga Hqxqklc xa}|a

qk res} mixxinrq ió ge reqzxa|ã xæ`ka4 ge

}c|qe|cik ãmikincuqa xa}|a me|e}|xirfcuqaneg`xã qk }iq|cak av|ãxcaqx cnrix|ek| a| ga}

}|e|c}|cuqa} }qx ge mxcnckegc|ã e||ac`kak| la}

}inna|}+ Ga ìqzaxkanak| k–e ijjax| uqa

raq l–irri}c|cik â mage a| ezam qka exnãa

a| la} }axzcma} la rigcma jikm|cikkek|

xage|czanak| neg' la} mfekànak|} xercla}

ka }ik| re} â e||aklxa+

Ga} rxãrexe|cik} la} ãgam|cik} }a }ik|

lãxiqgãa} la nekcæxa e`c|ãa a| erxæ} ga}ãgam|cik} minnqkega} la nec 8252' cg e ã|ã

xerclanak| mgecx uq–qka kiqzagga rãxcila

l–ck}|ehcgc|ã minnakàec| riqx ga res}+

Ga MKLL.JLL e è`kã gexànak| a| ga}

rex|c} l–irri}c|cik ik| xaoa|ã ga} xã}qg|e|}+

Cg} ik| jixnã qk jxik|' ¤EGGCEKMA LA]

LANIMXE\A] RIQX GA MFEK@ANAK\

EQ HQXQKLC´ &ELM.CDCHCXC# a| ik| xa|cxã

gaqx} meklcle|} la} eq|xa} ãgam|cik}+ Cg k–s

e re} aq l–avrgi}cik la zcigakma iq lane}}emxa}' nec}' rex mik|xa' la} irri}ek|}

ik| ã|ã nakemã}' exxï|ã} a| |qã}+ Ge

}c|qe|cik e ãèganak| ã|ã |xæ} lqxa riqx ga}

nãlce} a| ga} IK@+ Haeqmiqr ik| l–ecggaqx}

uqc||ã ga res}+ \iq| mage }–a}| lãxiqgã

}iq} g–ŝcg lq }axzcma la xak}ac`kanak|

hqxqklec}' ga ¤]AXZCMA KE\CIKEG LA

XAK]AC@KANAK\´ &]KX#+

=+8+ KIQZaGGa xaHaGGcIK 9

Ga} ãgam|cik} uqc ik| }qczc &riqx ga Rxã}clak|'

ga Rexganak|' ga ]ãke| a| ga} Miggcka}# ik|

likkã ga nïna xã}qg|e|? ga MKLL.JLL

mik}axza ga riqzicx' immqra ge Rxã}clakma

a| e qka neoixc|ã â |iq} ga} kczaeqv la

riqzicx+ Kiq} riqzik} læ} gix} rexgax

l–qk ¤A|e|.rex|c´+ Qk â qk' ga} lcxcàek|}

la} rex|c} l–irri}c|cik ik| uqc||ã ga res}'

Eè|fik XPE]E lq ¤JXIK\ KE\CIKEGLA GCHAXE\CIK´ &JKG# ak |ï|a+

Cg s e la} cklcme|cik} uqa ma laxkcax }ic| ak

|xeck la jixnax qka kiqzagga xãhaggcik â g–A}|

lq Mikì ezam la} ãgãnak|} la} ¤JIXMA]

LANIMXE\CUQA] LA GCHAXE\CIK

LQ XPEKLE´ &JLGX#' la} irri}ek|}

\q|}c} ixc`ckecxa} lq Xpekle a| l–ekmcak}

nanhxa} lq ¤MIK]ACG KE\CIKEG RIQX

GE LAJAK]A LQ RAQRGA´ &MKLR#+ Cg s

eqxec| hcak mikmxæ|anak| la} |ak|e|cza}

riqx ã|ehgcx ma||a xãhaggcik' nec} agga }axec|

mikjxik|ãa â la} rxihgæna} rxe|cuqa}

minna ga jckekmanak|' g–exnanak|' ga

xezc|ecgganak| la} |xiqra}' …

=+=+ rcaxxa KDQxQK_c_e

Rcaxxa KDQXQK_C_E e jckeganak| ã|ã

xããgq rxã}clak| a| e xerclanak| lãmgexã

ziqgicx miggehixax ezam g–irri}c|cik ak lãrc|lq jec| uq–agga ka }cæà re} eq Rexganak|+

G–irri}c|cik k–e re} zxecnak| }qczc ma||a

rxiri}c|cik a| ga res} }–akgc}a la rgq} ak

rgq}+

=+<+ eNc]IN

Ga Hqxqklc rex|cmcra â ge nc}}cik la}

Ke|cik}.Qkca} ENC]IN a| e â ma |c|xa

akzisã la} |xiqra} ak ]inegca+ Mage e

miklqc| â la} ekkikma} la xarxã}ecgga} la

¤EG ]FEHEEH´ a|' erxæ} ga} e||ak|e|} â

Denrege' ga Hqxqklc a}| |xæ} rxãimmqrã a|



reà 0< Mferc|xa 8

mxeck| ãèganak| la} e||ak|e|} â Hqoqnhqxe+

Mage k–a}| re} cxxãegc}|a a| læ} gix} mage e

ã|ã a| xa}|a |iqoiqx} }qczc la rxæ} rex ki|xa

}axzcma+

<+ eJXcUQa La g–iQa}\

<+5+ rcxe|axca

Ki|xa }axzcma e jiqxkc qka mik|xchq|cik q|cga

eq lãkiqanak| la g–e||euqa la rcxe|a}

mik|xa ga he|aeq ENAXC@I ZA]RQMMC'

rxirxcã|ã la ge }imcã|ã hagà ¤OEK LA

KQG @XIQR´+ Lek} ga linecka la ge

rcxe|axca |iqoiqx}' ge Z]]A e errix|ã }e

mikkec}}ekma riqx ge na||xa â ge lc}ri}c|cik

lq nikla nexc|cna hagà+

<+8+ `QcKaa

<+8+5+ Agam|cik} rxã}clak|cagga}

Ga 80 oqck 8252' ge Xãrqhgcuqa la @qckãa

ixèkc}ec| ga rxancax |iqx la} rxancæxa}

ãgam|cik} rxã}clak|cagga} gchxa} a| rgqxegc}|a}

la }ik fc}|icxa+ Zck`|.uqe|xa meklcle|}'xarxã}ak|e|cj} la g–ak}anhga lq res}eà

rigc|cuqa' }imceg iq a|fkcuqa lq res}

hxc`qecak| ge ne`c}|xe|qxa }qrxïna+

Ma} ãgam|cik} lazecak| ï|xa g–ehiq|c}}anak|

l–qka gik`qa rãxcila la |xek}c|cik uqc ezec|

}qmmãlã â ge nix| lq @ãkãxeg.Rxã}clak|

Gek}eke MIK\A }qxzakqa ga 8= lãmanhxa

8226 a| â ge rxc}a lq riqzicx rex ge oqk|a

ncgc|ecxa lq ¤MIK]ACG KE\CIKEG RIQX GE

LANIMXE\CA A\ GA LAZAGIRRANAK\´

&MKLL# lcxc`ãa rex ga merc|ecka Niq}}e

LELC] MENEXE+

Ge à}|cik lq riqzicx rex Niq}}e LELC]

MENEXE ezec| ã|ã nexuqãa rex ge

xãrxa}}cik zcigak|a la} nekcja}|e|cik} lq

8< }ar|anhxa 8223 uqc ezec| meq}ã ge nix|

la rgq} la 512 rax}ikka}+

Ma| ãzækanak| ezec| emmak|qã ga} |ak}cik}

ck|axka} eq }ack lq MKLL uqc rxiziuqæxak|

ge |ak|e|cza l–e}}e}}cke| la Niq}}e LELC]

MENEXE a| }ik ãzcm|cik lq riqzicx eq rxijc|

lq @ãkãxeg ]ãdiqhe DIKE\A' kqnãxi =

la ge oqk|a' ga = lãmanhxa 8223+

Lqxek| ma||a rãxcila la |xek}c|cik' ge

}imcã|ã mczcga `qckãakka }–a}| gazãa riqx

xãmgenax qk emmæ} eq zi|a lãnimxe|cuqa

a| qka rex|cmcre|cik ãuqc|ehga eq riqzicx+

Xãqkc} }iq} ga niqzanak| la} ¤JIXMA]

ZCZA]´' ga} rxckmcreqv rex|c} a| gaelax}

rigc|cuqa} eck}c uqa }sklcmeqv ik| jixmã ga

MKLL â rex|eàx ga riqzicx a| â emmar|ax ge

kincke|cik l–qk ̀ iqzaxkanak| la |xek}c|cik

lik| ga Rxancax nckc}|xa ã|ec| Oaek Nexca

LIXA' qk gaelax la g–a|fkca jixa}|cæxa

nckixc|ecxa+

Ge lcnak}cik a|fkcuqa e ak ajja|

xerclanak| xajec| }qxjema lek} ga lãhe| riqx

g–emmæ} eq riqzicx }qrxïna nikirigc}ã

larqc} g–cklãraklekma rex ga} Negckdã}

a| ]iq}}iq}+ Ga} Raqfg}' uqc mik}|c|qak|

rxæ} la <1! la ge rirqge|cik }ik| ak ajja|

}iq}.xarxã}ak|ã} |ek| lek} g–exnãa uqa

g–elnckc}|xe|cik+ Cg} a}|cnecak| ezicx akjck

lxic| eq riqzicx+

Ga} xã}qg|e|} lq rxancax |iqx likkæxak|

riqx zeckuqaqx ezam <=! la} zi|a} Maggiq

Legcak LCEGGI' meklcle| la g–¤QKCIK LA]

JIXMA] LANIMXE\CUQA] LA @QCKAA´



Mferc|xa 8 reà 01

&QJL@# &rex|c â neoixc|ã Raqfg# }qczc

l–Egrfe MIKLA lq ¤XE]]ANHGANAK\

LQ RAQRGA LA @QCKAA´ &XR@# &rex|c â

neoixc|ã Negckdã# ezam 56 !+ Ma} xã}qg|e|}

rxiziuqæxak| qk zãxc|ehga }ãc}na rigc|cuqa

lek} ge kinakdge|qxe Negckdã uqc riqx ge

rxancæxa jic} ã|ec| }q}mar|chga la raxlxa gariqzicx+

Ixèkc}ek| ga xarix| mik|ckq la g–ixèkc}e|cik

lq }amikl |iqx la} rxã}clak|cagga}'

g–ak}anhga la} jixma} rigc|cuqa}'

ncgc|ecxa} a| elnckc}|xe|cza} Negckdã} ik|

rxi`xa}}czanak| xãq}}c â nilcjcax g–irckcik

rqhgcuqa ak gaqx jezaqx e}}qxek| eck}c ge

zcm|icxa la gaqx meklcle|? Egrfe MIKLA+

<+8+8+ Ak Hag`cuqa

Ga} xa}}ix|c}}ek|} `qckãak} xã}clek|

em|qagganak| ak Hag`cuqa raqzak| ï|xa

a}|cnã} ak|xa 1+222 a| 6+222 rax}ikka}'

a}|cne|cik xaklqa rex|cmqgcæxanak| lcjjcmcga

lq jec| uq–qk kinhxa cnrix|ek| la @qckãak}

}ik|' }ic| ak }ãoiqx cggãèg lek} ki|xa res}'

}ic| ke|qxegc}ã} Hagà}+

Ge minri}c|cik a|fkcuqa la ge rirqge|cik

`qckãakka ak Hag`cuqa ka mixxa}rikl

re} â }e xãrex|c|cik ke|cikega? ga} Raqfg}

xarxã}ak|ak| qka |xæ} jix|a neoixc|ã la ge

lce}rixe' ga} eq|xa} a|fkca}' ki|ennak| ga}

Neklck`qa}' ã|ek| }iq}.xarxã}ak|ã}+

Ge rirqge|cik `qckãakka ak Hag`cuqa

a}| la laqv rxijcg} }imci.ãmikincuqa}

lcjjãxak|}+ Agga a}| minri}ãa' l–qka rex|'

la rax}ikka} raq uqegcjcãa} }iqzak|

ak }|e|q| rxãmecxa' xãmannak| exxczãa}

}qx ga |axxc|icxa ke|cikeg a|' l–eq|xa rex|'

l–ck|aggam|qag}' `ãkãxeganak| hcke|cikeqv'

avaxàek| rxckmcreganak| la} rxija}}cik}

gchãxega}+

Rexnc ma} ck|aggam|qag}' la jix|a}

rax}ikkegc|ã} enhc|cikkak| ge lcxam|cik

la gaqx minnqkeq|ã ak Hag`cuqa riqx

ak ih|akcx la} xa|inhãa} rigc|cuqa}

ak @qckãa+ Ga} rxckmcreqv rex|c} a|

niqzanak|} rigc|cuqa} `qckãak} ik| likm

qka xarxã}ak|e|cik ak Hag`cuqa a| eqrxæ}

la g–Qkcik aqxirãakka+

Mfeuqa ãzækanak| nexuqek| ak @qckãa

e aq }e xãraxmq}}cik ak Hag`cuqa' ió ge

xelcmegc}e|cik a|fkcuqa }–a}| jix|anak|

emmak|qãa eq }ack la ge minnqkeq|ã

ehiq|c}}ek| â qk oa| la mimd|ecg nigi|iz }qx

ge jeàela la g–enhe}}ela la @qckãa ak

Hag`cuqa eq gaklaneck la ge rxinqgè|cik

la} xã}qg|e|} lq }amikl |iqx+

Rxakek| la rgq} ak rgq} qk mexem|æxa

a|fkcuqa' ga} rex|c}ek} rigc|cuqa} la

Hag`cuqa }a jãlæxak| em|qagganak| eq kczaeq

aqxirãak &ezam riqx he}a Hxqvagga}# riqx

riqx}qczxa gaqx em|cik rigc|cuqa uqc }axe

rxckmcreganak| mak|xãa }qx g–ixèkc}e|cik

la} ãgam|cik} gã`c}ge|cza} ak @qckãa ak

8255+

Ki|xa }axzcma }qc| læ} gix} g–ãzigq|cik lq

riqzicx ak @qckãa riqx ak ãzegqax ga}

mik}ãuqakma} ak |axna} la xc}uqa la

nekcja}|e|cik zcigak|a iq la xelcmegc}e|cik

la ge minnqkeq|ã `qckãakka ak Hag`cuqa+

1+ eJXcUQa La g–a}\

Ak 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e }qczc la



reà 0: Mferc|xa 8

|xæ} rxæ} ge }c|qe|cik ak Ejxcuqa la g–A}|

a| rxckmcreganak| g–ãzigq|cik ak ]inegca'

mex ge }c|qe|cik }qx rgema raq| avaxmax

qka ckjgqakma }qx ge lce}rixe }inegcakka

la Hag`cuqa+ Ga }qmmæ} lq `xiqranak|

c}gencuqa av|xãnc}|a ¤EG ]FEHEEH´

}qx rgema' rex avanrga' raq| ak|xeëkaxqka xelcmegc}e|cik la max|eck} cklczclq}

}inegcak} fix} la ]inegca+ Ma||a ãzigq|cik

e lãoâ ã|ã xanexuqãa eqv A|e|}.Qkc} a|

lek} max|eck} res} la g–Qkcik aqxirãakka+

Agga raq| likm eq}}c }qxzakcx ak Hag`cuqa+

Ge Z]]A |ak|a la rxãzakcx ma||a ãzigq|cik+

M+ e}ca

5+ e}ca LQ }QL

5+5+ reDc]|eK

Ma||a ekkãa' ki|xa res} e emmqacggc uqaguqa}

lãgãè|cik} ijjcmcagga} ãnekek| lq Redc}|ek+

Magga}.mc }ik| zakqa} }qx ki|xa |axxc|icxa

lek} ga melxa la xakmik|xa} ezam la}

jikm|cikkecxa} hagà} a| aqxirãak} nec}

agga} aqxak| ãèganak| gcaq lek} ga mik|av|a

la xãqkcik} ixèkc}ãa} rex g–I\EK a| ga}

ck}|c|q|cik} aqxirãakka}+ ]qc|a â magga}.mc'

g–e||ak|cik la ki|xa }axzcma e ã|ã e||cxãa la

laqv nekcæxa} lcjjãxak|a}+

L–qk mü|ã' cg s e aq ge zc}c|a lq Rxancax

nckc}|xa redc}|ekec}' ]sal Siq}iqj Xee

@CGEKC' lek} ki|xa res}? ki|xa e||ak|cik

}–a}| rxckmcreganak| mikmak|xãa }qx ga}

rxihehga} mik|a}|e|cik} &iq rgq} `xeza#

riqzek| }qx`cx eq }ack la ge minnqkeq|ã

redc}|ekec}a â g–akmik|xa la magga.mc+ La

g–eq|xa mü|ã' kiq} ezcik} ãèganak| ã|ã

ckjixnã la ge zc}c|a ri}}chga ak Hag`cuqa

la Jegqx XAFNEK' ga gaelax xelcmeg lq

¤OENEE\.QGANE.A.C]GENC´ &OQC#' uqc

eqxec| mfaxmfã â ck|ã`xax qka lãgãè|cik

la rexganak|ecxa} redc}|ekec} ckzc|ãa rex

g–I\EK+ Lek} ma||a ejjecxa' ki|xa }axzcma

}a lazec| l–ï|xa zc`cgek| â meq}a la }ikckjgqakma ri|ak|cagga }qx max|eck} ãgãnak|}

c}}q} la ge minnqkeq|ã redc}|ekec}a uqc

jgcx|ak| ezam qk xelcmegc}na clãigi`cuqa+

Ak iq|xa' ma||a zc}c|a eqxec| rq ãèganak|

meq}ax la} rxihgæna} l–ixlxa lcrgine|cuqa

}c g–ck|ãxa}}ã ezec| ziqgq jxekmfcx ga}

jxik|cæxa} la ki|xa res}+ Ak ajja|' Jegqx

XAFNEK a}| ki|ennak| lãmgexã rax}ike

kik `xe|e ak Jxekma a| eq Xiseqna.Qkc+

Jckeganak| ge zc}c|a la Jegqx XAFNEK eã|ã ekkqgãa+

Qka la} nc}}cik} raxnekak|a} la ge ]ôxa|ã

la g–A|e| xa}|a ãèganak| la ¤}mekkax´ ga}

minnqkeq|ã} rxã}ak|a} cmc a| ixc`ckecxa}

l–E}ca lq ]ql' ejck la lã|am|ax ga} ri}}chga}

|xema} la xelcmegc}e|cik a|)iq l–av|xãnc}na+

]qx ma| e}ram|' eqmqka ãzigq|cik ckuqcã|ek|a

k–e rq ï|xa ih}axzãa ma||a ekkãa rex ki|xa

}axzcma+

Ak iq|xa' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| xa}|a ãèganak|

e||ak|cza eqv em|czc|ã} nakãa} rex la}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| ã|xekàx} lek}

ki|xa res}+ Cg a}| ̀ ãkãxeganak| xamikkq uqa

ma} }axzcma} |cakkak| rex|cmqgcæxanak| â

g–ŝcg gaqx minnqkeq|ã xa}ram|cza rxã}ak|a

}qx ki|xa |axxc|icxa+ \iq|ajic} kiq} ka

riqzik}' kc ka lazik} kiq} xari}ax }qx ma

mik}|e| a| lazik} xa}|ax e||ak|cj â ma uqa ga}

em|czc|ã} la ma} }axzcma} ka lãre}}ak| re}

ge gcnc|a |ãkqa ak|xa ga }cnrga ¤nikc|ixck`´

a| g–ck`ãxakma+



Mferc|xa 8 reà 00

5+8+ MeMfaxNcxa

Lek} ma melxa' ki|xa zc`cgekma }a rix|a

ãèganak| }qx max|eck} ¤`xiqra} la

rxa}}cik´ redc}|ekec}+ Ak |iq| rxancax gcaq'

cg jeq| ãziuqax ga ¤DE]FNCX MAK\XA

AQ´ uqc' ijjcmcagganak|' a}| qk mak|xa

cklãraklek| ŝqzxek| riqx lãjaklxa ga}

lxic|} la} fehc|ek|} lq Memfancxa' qk

|axxc|icxa uqc mik}|c|qa |iqoiqx} em|qagganak|

ge rinna la lc}mixla ak|xa ga Redc}|ek'

g–Ckla a|' lek} qka nicklxa na}qxa' ge

Mfcka+ Mikmxæ|anak|' cg avc}|a la gcak}

|xæ} ã|xic|} ak|xa ma ¤DE]FNCX MAK\AX

AQ´ a| ga} eq|ixc|ã} redc}|ekec}a}' ak ma

minrxc} ga} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|

ke|cikeqv+ Cmc' ãèganak|' ki|xa }axzcma }anik|xa zc`cgek| ejck uqa ga} gcnc|a} nakek| â

g–ck`ãxakma ka }icak| re} e||ack|a}+

5+=+ cKLa

Ma||a ekkãa' kiq} ezik} xanexuqã qka

xã}qxàkma zc}chga la ge uqa}|cik }cdfa+ Ga}

]cdf} lc}ri}ak| l–qka lce}rixe cnrix|ek|a

lek} ki|xa res}' mikmak|xãa a}}ak|cagganak|

lek} ga} rxizckma} ixcak|ega}+ Nïna }–cg

}–e`c| neoixc|ecxanak| l–qka minnqkeq|ã|xæ} |xekuqcgga' ik xa|xiqza |iq|ajic}'

larqc} la} ekkãa}' }qx ki|xa |axxc|icxa la}

xarxã}ak|ek|} la} niqzanak|} ncgc|ek|}

}ãrexe|c}|a} }cdf}' ga}uqag} xazaklcuqak|

qka re|xca cklãraklek|a riqx ga} ]cdf} }qx

qk |axxc|icxa }c|qã lek} ga Kixl.Iqa}| la

g–Ckla &Dfegc}|ek#+ Ak 8252' kiq} ezik} rq

mik}|e|ax uqa ma} `xiqra}' rexnc ga}uqag}

}a |xiqzak| ak rxancax gcaq ga ¤HEHHEX

DFEG]E CK\AXKE\CIKEG´ &HD# a|

ga ¤DFEGC]\EK _CKLEHEL JIXMA´

&D_J#' ik| ck|ak}cjcã gaqx} em|czc|ã} la

xamxq|anak| a|' rxckmcreganak|' la miggam|a

la jikl} ak Aqxira+ La} xarxã}ak|ek|}

la ma} ixèkc}e|cik} }ik| eq}}c rxã}ak|}

lek} ki|xa res} a| qka ck|ak}cjcme|cik

la gaqx} mik|em|} ezam gaqx} mik`ãkæxa}

lincmcgcã} lek} la} res} jxik|egcax} e

rq ï|xa mik}|e|ãa+ La} }axzcma} ¤jxæxa}ík| ãèganak| xã`qgcæxanak| e||cxã ki|xa

e||ak|cik }qx ma||a }ck`qgcæxa xã}qxàkma la

}ix|a uq–qka miggehixe|cik ck|axke|cikega e

lãoâ ã|ã nc}a }qx rcal ejck la gq||ax mik|xa

ma||a rxihgãne|cuqa+

Ma ncgc|ek|c}na }cdf k–a}| re} }aqganak|

lekàxaqv lek} }ik res} l–ixc`cka' ak

g–immqxxakma g–Ckla' nec} raq| ãèganak|

ezicx la} xãraxmq}}cik} }qx ki|xa |axxc|icxaminna ak |ãnic`ka g–e||ak|e| mik|xa laqv

]cdf} uqc }–a}| lãxiqgã â Zcakka ak nec la

g–ek laxkcax+ Ak xage|cik ezam ma| e||ak|e|'

la} cklczclq} ik| ã|ã exxï|ã} ma||a ekkãa ak

Eggane`ka' ma uqc lãnik|xa â kiqzaeq ga}

meremc|ã} la mcxmqgax rex lagâ ga} jxik|cæxa}

lik| jik| rxaqza ma} av|xãnc}|a}+ Nïna }c

ma||a em|cik k–ã|ec| zc}chganak| re} |iqxkãa

mik|xa la} ck|ãxï|} immclak|eqv' ga jec| uqa

magga.mc }a }ic| lãxiqgãa }qx ga }ig aqxirãake mik|xchqã â }ak}chcgc}ax ga} }axzcma} la

xak}ac`kanak| immclak|eqv akzax} ge

xã}qxàkma lq }cdfc}na ncgc|ek|+

5+<+ ]xc GeKDe

Jckeganak|' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }iqfec|a

ãèganak| xazakcx }qx ga} \eniqg}

errex|akek| eqv ¤GCHAXE\CIK \C@AX]

IJ \ENCG AAGEN´ &G\\A#+ G–ekkãa

rxãmãlak|a' g–exnãa lq ]xc.Gekde e

ckjgc`ãa qka lãjec|a lãjckc|cza â ma} G\\A'

uqc e jckeganak| ak|xeëkã ge ma}}e|cik la}



reà 06 Mferc|xa 8

minhe|} ncgc|ecxa} }qx g–ëga+ Raklek| maqv.

mc' ga gaelax fc}|ixcuqa la} G\\A' Zagqrcggec

RXEHFEDEXEK' e raxlq ge zca+ Larqc} gix}'

lcjjãxak|a} jxem|cik}' eggek| la ge niqzekma

rqxanak| rigc|cuqa oq}uq–eq ncgc|ek|c}na

xcìqxaqv' |ak|ak| la rxaklxa ga mik|xüga

la ge lce}rixe+ Ik e nïna rq mik}|e|ax gejixne|cik l–qk ̀ iqzaxkanak| ak avcg' gauqag

k–a}| maraklek| re} xamikkq rex g–ak}anhga

la ge minnqkeq|ã |eniqga+ Cg avc}|a likm

rgq}caqx} niqzanak|} ncgc|ek|} em|cj} eq

}ack la ge lce}rixe ck}|eggãa ak Aqxira

&ak Hag`cuqa ãèganak|# lik| g–clãigi`ca

ckmgcka ak jezaqx la ge gq||a exnãa &nïna

}c em|qagganak|' cg} k–ik| kc ga} nisak}' kc

ga} jikl} kãma}}ecxa} â magga.mc#+ Uqaguqa}.

qk} la ma} `xiqra} }ik| lãoâ em|cj} akixèkc}ek| la} xe}}anhganak|} a| la}

nekcja}|e|cik} iq ak a}}esek| la miggam|ax

la g–exàk| eq }ack la gaqx minnqkeq|ã+

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }–a}| likkãa minna

nc}}cik la }qczxa e||ak|czanak| g–ãzigq|cik

la ma li}}cax oq}uq–â ma uq–qka xã}qxàkma

la} G\\A &iq l–qka ixèkc}e|cik }cncgecxa

lãkinnãa lcjjãxannak|# rqc}}a ï|xa

|i|eganak| avmgqa+ ]qx ma||a rxihgãne|cuqa'

qka miirãxe|cik ak|xa lcjjãxak|} }axzcma}aqxirãak} e ãèganak| ã|ã ãxc`ãa+

8+ ge XaRQHgcUQa RiRQgecXa LaMFcka

8+5+ ]c|Qe|cIK cK|axKa a|

MIK|aV|a cK|axKe|cIKeG

Ge Xãrqhgcuqa rirqgecxa la Mfcka riqx}qc|

}ik lãzagirranak| ãmikincuqa neg`xã ga

xegak|c}}anak| la ge mxic}}ekma niklcega

a| mik|ckqa â }–ejjcxnax minna rex|akecxa

ckmik|iqxkehga }qx ge }mæka ck|axke|cikega+

Nïna }c ge Mfcka mikkeë| |iqoiqx} qka

mxic}}ekma ãmikincuqa lskencuqa ak

minrexec}ik la} lcjjcmqg|ã} xakmik|xãa}

rex ga} ãmikinca} immclak|ega}' agga

xa}|a mikjxik|ãa â la} lãjc} ck|axka}

&ckãègc|ã} ãmikincuqa}' rxihgæna}

akzcxikkanak|eqv' mixxqr|cik' |ak}cik}a|fkcuqa} eq \cha| a| eq Vckocek`' …#+

Ga ¤REX\C MINNQKC]\A´ mfckic} a}|

ak|xã lek} qka rfe}a lãgcme|a gcãa â

ge rxãrexe|cik la ge |xek}c|cik zax} qka

kiqzagga `ãkãxe|cik la lcxcàek|} rxãzqa

riqx 8258+ Rãdck e mik|ckqã â na||xa ak

ŝqzxa }e rqc}}ekma jckekmcæxa }qx ga rgek

ck|axke|cikeg ak emmixlek| ki|ennak|

l–cnrix|ek|} rxï|} rxãjãxak|cag} â lakinhxaqv res}' s minrxc} ak Aqxira+

Lek} ga melxa la gaqx }|xe|ã`ca l–avrek}cik

ck|axke|cikega' ga} ak|xarxc}a} mfckic}a} ik|

emuqc} la} minre`kca} ã|xek`æxa} rex|iq|

lek} ga nikla+

]iqmcaq}a la }ik cneà ck|axke|cikega'

ge Mfcka riqx}qc| ga lãzagirranak| la

}ik }ij| ripax &Avri}c|cik qkczax}agga

la ]fek`fec' av|ak}cik lq xã}aeq la}

Ck}|c|q|} Mikjqmcq}' ckza}|c}}anak|} lek}

ga} nãlce} ak gek`qa} ã|xek`æxa}' …#+

Ga} xage|cik} }cki.enãxcmecka}' uqc

lã|axnckak| jix|anak| ge rigc|cuqa ã|xek`æxa

la Rãdck' ik| mikkq uqaguqa} |ak}cik} ak

8252+ Ge uqa}|cik la ge }iq}.ãzegqe|cik la

ge nikkeca mfckic}a' ga} zak|a} l–exna}

enãxcmecka} â \ecpek a| ge rxihgãne|cuqa

la ge rãkck}qga mixãakka }ik| uqaguqa}

rick|} la jxcm|cik uqc mexem|ãxc}ak| ga}

xage|cik} ak|xa ge Mfcka a| ga} A|e|}.Qkc}+

G–ejjcxne|cik la ge rqc}}ekma mfckic}a a|



Mferc|xa 8 reà 03

qk lc}miqx} rgq} jaxna lek} ga melxa la

max|ecka} uqa}|cik}' minna magga la ge nax

la Mfcka lq ]ql' ckuqcæ|ak| ga} A|e|} uqc }a

|xiqzak| lek} ga zic}ckeà la ge Mfcka+

Rgq} ri}c|czanak|' 8252 e zq ge }c`ke|qxa

l–qk emmixl fc}|ixcuqa la miirãxe|cik

ãmikincuqa ezam \ecpek' mik|xchqek| eck}c

â ge lã|ak|a ak|xa ga} laqv xcza} lq lã|xic|

la Jixni}a+

8+8+ Ge MfcKa a| Ge HaG`cUQa

La kinhxaqv ãzãkanak|} ik| ãnecggã ga}

xage|cik} ak|xa ge Xãrqhgcuqa rirqgecxa la

Mfcka a| ge Hag`cuqa? ga ja}|czeg Aqxiregce

Mfcka' g–Avri}c|cik qkczax}agga la ]fek`fec'

ga }inna| ¤E]CE AQXIRA NAA\CK@´&E]AN# a| ga }inna| Qkcik aqxirãakka.

Mfcka â Hxqvagga}+ Ki|xa }axzcma e rex

avanrga miggehixã eq hik lãxiqganak| la

ge zc}c|a lq Rxckma Rfcgcrra â g–Avri}c|cik

qkczax}agga la ]fek`fec ak oqck 8252+

Ga ìqzaxkanak| mfckic} xa}|a

rex|cmqgcæxanak| }ak}chga eqv em|czc|ã} â

g–ã|xekàx la maqv uqa Rãdck e lã}c`kã

minna ¤ga} mcku ric}ik}´' m–a}|.â.lcxaga} cklãraklek|c}|a} |chã|eck}' iqéìqx}

a| |eépekec}' ga} elar|a} lq niqzanak|

¤JEGQK @IK@´ a| ga} xarxã}ak|ek|} la}

niqzanak|} lãnimxe|cuqa}?

. g–e||xchq|cik lq Rxcv Kihag la geRecv eq lc}}clak| mfckic} GCQ Vceihie eck}c jix|anak| cxxc|ã ga} eq|ixc|ã}mfckic}a}4

. ge rxihgãne|cuqa iqéìqxa xa}|arxcixc|ecxa riqx ga xã`cna mfckic}minna ga nik|xa g–ck|ãxï| uqa

}q}mc|ak| ga} lãrgemanak|} â g–Qkcik

aqxirãakka la Nelena Xahcse

DELAAX' rxã}clak|a lq ¤PIXGL

QS@FQX MIK@XA]]´4

. ga }iq|cak lik| hãkãjcmca ga Legeé.Gene la ge rex| la ge minnqkeq|ã

ck|axke|cikega a| la ge }imcã|ã mczcga

nãmik|ak|a ga ìqzaxkanak| la

Rãdck+

Lek} ga melxa la }a} minrã|akma}

&ck`ãxakma' a}rcikkeà' …#' ge ]ôxa|ã

la g–A|e| }qc| læ} gix} ezam e||ak|cik ma}

lcjjãxak|a} rxihgãne|cuqa}+



JIMQ] 8 reà 65

ga MSMga LQ Xak}ac`kanak\

Ge ki|cik la msmga lq xak}ac`kanak|

xakzica â ge nã|fila la |xezecg }rãmcjcuqala} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|+ Gix} la

ma rxima}}q}' ga} }axzcma} irãxe|cikkag}xamqacggak| la} ‗ckjixne|cik}„ hxq|a} uqc

}axik| mikzax|ca} rex ga} }axzcma} l–ekegs}aak rxilqc| jckeg . ga} ‗xak}ac`kanak|}„. â g–ck|ak|cik la} eq|ixc|ã} hagà} a|

l–finigi`qa} ã|xekàx}+

Ma msmga }–errexak|a â qka }qc|a la

niqzanak|} mcxmqgecxa} mik|ckq}+

\iq|ajic}' ga msmga lq xak}ac`kanak|minnakma â g–av|ãxcaqx lq }axzcma' a| rgq}

rxãmc}ãnak| lek} ga melxa la} ixcak|e|cik}a| ck|axxiè|cik} rigc|cuqa}+ Uqag} }ik| ga}

ha}ick} ak ne|cæxa la xak}ac`kanak|} 9

Uqa }iqfec|a a| uqa xamfaxmfa ga mgcak| 9 Cg

}–e`c| la} ‗ck|aggcàkma xauqcxanak|}„' lik|ga} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| ik| ha}ickriqx ixèkc}ax gaqx |xezecg la nekcæxaelãuqe|a+ L–ió g–cnrix|ekma lq Miggæà lq

Xak}ac`kanak| a| la ge ]ãmqxc|ã eck}c uqalq Minc|ã nckc}|ãxcag lq xak}ac`kanak| a|la ge }ãmqxc|ã' laqv ixèka} xage|czanak|xãmak|}+

Ak |axna} l–ckrq|' ge Z]]A lc}ri}aa}}ak|cagganak| la uqe|xa nisak} riqxxamqacggcx la} ckjixne|cik}?

. Ga} em|czc|ã} la }a} rxirxa} }am|cik}irãxe|cikkagga}' uqc xamfaxmfak| la}

ckjixne|cik} }qx ga |axxeck+ Cg a}| â ki|axuqa 62 â 32 ! la ma} ckjixne|cik}rxizcakkak| eqoiqxl–fqc la }iqxma}fqnecka} iq ‗ckjixne|aqx}„+ Ma||a

8Jimq} }qx g–Ekegs}a

}m|i

ir ãx|i

Ri|uq

Rim *

oq|m

eln|x|i

}xzm

ã|x`x

}xzm

ã|x`x

}iqxm iqzx|

eln|x|i

}m|i

irãx|i

Mim|

l–jixn|iL||x

\x|n| ?

cjixn|i lz|

x`n|

ekegS}a

5+ g–ekegS}a ak Xak}ac`kanak\ ak 8252



reà 68 JIMQ] 8

nã|fila la |xezecg |xæ} rex|cmqgcæxaxauqcax| qk }ezicx.jecxa }rãmcjcuqa la gerex| la} ck}ram|aqx}+ Ak ajja|' g–ihoam|cja}| la xamfaxmfax la} rax}ikka} uqc}icak| kik }aqganak| hcak rgemãa}riqx }axzcx la }iqxma a| ih|akcx ga}ckjixne|cik} kãma}}ecxa} &s emmãlax#'

nec} uqc emmar|ak| ãèganak| ma||a|èmfa lãgcme|a a| rexjic} lekàxaq}a+Mage }c`kcjca uqa ga} ck}ram|aqx} liczak|lc}ri}ax la} mikkec}}ekma} kãma}}ecxa}mikmaxkek| g–akzcxikkanak| eq }acklquqag cg} iræxak|+ Maqv.mc liczak| eq}}c}iqzak| neë|xc}ax ge gek`qa lek} geuqaggacg} minnqkcuqaxik| ezam ge }iqxma a|mikkeë|xa ga mik|av|a mchgã l–qk rick| lazqa ek|fxirigi`cuqa ejck l–ãzc|ax |iq|a

e||c|qla iq xanexuqa lãrgemãa+ Akjck' gamik|em| ak|xa ga} ck}ram|aqx} a| ge }iqxmalic| avc}|ax a| jikm|cikkax+ Ga mik|av|a}imceg lek} gauqag kiq} zczik} e ãzigqã+\iq| ga nikla e zicv eq mferc|xa' sminrxc} ga} rax}ikka} a| ga} `xiqra}eqvuqag} kiq} kiq} ck|ãxa}}ik}+Ga} ckjixne|cik} la} }axzcma} laxak}ac`kanak| jik| eck}c la rgq} ak rgq}}iqzak| g–ihoa| la mik|a}|e|cik}' zicxala riqx}qc|a} oqlcmcecxa}+ Ge gic xage|cza

eqv NXL' gik`|anr} e||aklqa' oiqa qkxüga neoaqx â ma kczaeq+ Magga.mc lic| akajja| raxna||xa l–ã|esax a| la xamiqraxla} ckjixne|cik} ãnekek| la }iqxma}fqnecka} }qx ge he}a la rxaqza}ne|ãxcagga}+ Ma||a ‗ck|aggcàkma rxiij„riqxxe ï|xa q|cgc}ãa }c kãma}}ecxa+

. Ga} ckjixne|cik} rxizakek| la }iqxma}iqzax|a}+ La |iq| |anr}' ga} oiqxkeqv'

ge rxa}}a a| lczax} eq|xa} limqnak|}rqhgcã} ik| ã|ã l–cnrix|ek|a} }iqxma}l–ckjixne|cik+ Cg ak ze la nïna riqxga} rqhgcme|cik} la} rex|c}' ga} |xem|}

clãigi`cuqa} a|' hcak ãzclannak|'Ck|axka| eq miqx} la ma} laxkcæxa}ekkãa}+ Ma }ik| â ge jic} la zãxc|ehga}ncka} l–ix l–ckjixne|cik} a| la} rcæà}lek} ga}uqag} ik raq| |inhax a| l–iócg a}| lcjjcmcga la xa}}ix|cx+ Ga} }iqxma}iqzax|a} }ik| ãèganak| â ge he}a

l–qk }s}|æna l–egax|a rxãmima &‗aexgspexkck`„# a| la lã|am|cik la} kiqzaeqvrfãkinæka} eqvuqag} ga }axzcma lazxeemmixlax qka e||ak|cik |iq|a rex|cmqgcæxa+

. Ga} eq|ixc|ã} hagà} &rigc|cuqa}' oqlcmcecxa} a| elnckc}|xe|cza} la |iq}kczaeqv? minnqkeg' rxizckmceg' xã`cikega| jãlãxeg# jiqxkc}}ak| ãèganak| la}ãgãnak|} l–ckjixne|cik kik kã`gcàehga}'

}iqzak| l–ckc|ce|cza iq â g–c}}qa lamik|em|}+ Ga} likkãa} elnckc}|xe|cza}}ik| qk cnrix|ek| minrgãnak| eqveq|xa} ckjixne|cik}+

. Akjck' ga} ‗mixxa}riklek|}„' â }ezicxki} finigi`qa} ã|xekàx}+ E g–faqxala g–ck|axke|cikegc}e|cik la ge neoaqxarex|ca la} rxihgæna} a| nc}}cik}' gemiirãxe|cik ezam ma} }axzcma} }–ezæxamerc|ega+ Minna lek} ga me} la} }iqxma}

fqnecka}' ga} ckjixne|cik} liczak| ï|xaãzegqãa} ejck la riqzicx lã|axnckax gaqxcnrix|ekma a| gaqx ihoam|czc|ã+ Ga rxckmcralq ‗li q| la}„ &likkax riqx xamazicx#'rqc}ã lek} ge xagc`cik xinecka' xã`c| gemiirãxe|cik ezam ma} }axzcma}+ M–a}| lqlikkek|' likkek|+

M–a}| likm eck}c uqa ga} ckjixne|cik}hxq|a} exxczak| lek} ga }axzcma a|

rexzcakkak| â g–Ekegs}a+ Ga} ekegs}|a}ak xak}ac`kanak|} zik| ga} |xec|ax a| ga}}sk|fã|c}ax+ Cg} }–ck|axxiàxik| uqek| â geuqegc|ã' ge rax|ckakma a| g–ihoam|czc|ã la



JIMQ] 8 reà 6=

ma} ckjixne|cik} a| ga} xamiqraxik| ezam

l–eq|xa} likkãa} lc}rikchga}+ Qka jic} ga

|xezecg la }sk|fæ}a a| l–ãzegqe|cik |axnckã'

cg} riqxxik| rxaklxa lcjjãxak|a} ckc|ce|cza}?

. lãmclax uqa ga} ckjixne|cik} ka }ik|

re} }qjjc}ennak| minrgæ|a} iq

}qjjc}ennak| nôxa} riqx ï|xa avrgic|ãa}â g–av|ãxcaqx4

. xãriklxa eqv uqa}|cik} l–finigi`qa}

ã|xekàx} a|)iq gaqx ri}ax la} uqa}|cik}

ejck la lczax}cjcax a| la minrgã|ax

max|ecka} ckjixne|cik}4

. mfexàx ga} }am|cik} irãxe|cikkagga}' eq

nisak la mikmax|e|cik} iq l–eri}|cgga}'

la riqx}qczxa a| l–errxijiklcxga} ckza}|cè|cik}' la xãavenckax

ga} ckjixne|cik} riqx lãmagax la}

mik|xelcm|cik}' l–errximfax l–eq|xa}

}iqxma}' a|m+

Eq |axna la ma} lãnexmfa}' ga} ekegs}|a}

ak|enaxik| ga |xezecg l–ekegs}a rxirxanak|

lc| ak zqa la g–ãgehixe|cik lq rxilqc| jckeg?

ga} ‗xak}ac`kanak|}„+ Maqv.mc }axik|

ak}qc|a nc} â ge lc}ri}c|cik la} q|cgc}e|aqx}?

ga} eq|ixc|ã} rigc|cuqa}' elnckc}|xe|cza} a|

oqlcmcecxa} hagà}+

Ga |xezecg la xak}ac`kanak| zc}a læ} gix}

qka liqhga mgcak|æga?

. g–Ekegs}a' ga rxancax la}|cke|ecxa lq |xezecg

xãegc}ã rex ga} }am|cik} irãxe|cikkagga}'

ãèganak| lãkinnãa} ‗}axzcma}

av|ãxcaqx}„' a| rex ga} mixxa}riklek|}4

. ga} q}eàx} av|axka}' eqvuqag} }ik|

la}|ckã} ga} rxilqc|} c}}q} la g–Ekegs}a+

8+ ReX\akeXce\} * iQZaX\QXa

Ma rxioa|' uqc e zãxc|ehganak| zq ga oiqx ak

8221' }–ck}mxc| lek} qka gc`ka }|xe|ã`cuqa

lq }axzcma zc}ek| â ncaqv jecxa mikkeë|xa ge

]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| &Z]]A# |ek| â qk gexà rqhgcmuq–eqv mqxcaqv' l–qka rex|' a| â lãzagirrax

qka mqg|qxa a| qka xãjgavcik emelãncuqa}

}qx ga |fæna lq xak}ac`kanak|' l–eq|xa

rex|+

Ma||a nc}}cik }a xa|xiqza læ} gix} lek} ga

rxijcg la |èmfa} lq Lcxam|aqx la g–Ekegs}a+

Ga rxã}ak| mferc|xa lxa}}a qk rxancax

ckzak|ecxa la} xãegc}e|cik} la 8221 â 8252

ckmgq}+



reà 6< JIMQ] 8

aVRi}c\cik}

5+ ‗QKLAXMIZAX ” 501 EK] LA GE ]ôXA\ã LA G–A\E\„

Lek} ga melxa la} minnãnixe|cik} lq501æna ekkczax}ecxa la ge Hag`cuqa uqc

ik| aq gcaq ak 8221 }iq} ge miixlcke|cikla ge Mfekmaggaxca lq Rxancax Nckc}|xa' geZ]]A e lãmclã l–ckeq`qxax qka avri}c|ciklãkinnãa ‗Qklaxmizax ” 501 ek} la ge]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|„+

Ge ‗]ôxa|ã rqhgcuqa„ e ak ajja| ã|ã jiklãarex ga ìqzaxkanak| rxizc}icxa ga 5:im|ihxa 56=2' cnnãlce|anak| erxæ}g–cklãraklekma lq res}+

Minr|a |akq lq }qmmæ} xakmik|xã' ma||aavri}c|cik' rxãzqa ckc|ceganak| lq 5axkizanhxa 8221 eq =5 oekzcax 822:' e ã|ãrxigik`ãa oq}uq–eq 86 jãzxcax 822:+

Agga ak|aklec| ezek| |iq| raxna||xa â|iq| qk mfemqk l–emuqãxcx qka max|eckamikkec}}ekma a| minrxãfak}cik la} |èmfa}mikjcãa} â qk }axzcma la xak}ac`kanak|a| la }ãmqxc|ã mczcg lek} qka }imcã|ãlãnimxe|cuqa+

Laqv ckc|ce|cza} ik| ã|ã rxc}a} ak nexàla g–avri}c|cik ejck la riqzicx ãzegqax ma}mikkec}}ekma a| minrxãfak}cik+ Gix} lqlãzagirranak| lq mikmar| la g–avri}c|cik'la} ã|qlcek|} l–qka ãmiga }qrãxcaqxa ik|ck|axxi`ã la} re}}ek|} la `xekla} ex|æxa}minnaxàek|a} la ki} zcgga}+ Ga} uqa}|cik}zc}ecak| rxckmcreganak| â a}|cnax geminrxãfak}cik uq–ezecak| ma} rax}ikka}la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|? }e }c`kcjcme|cik'

}a} nc}}cik}' a|m+ Ga} xãrik}a} jqxak|rexjic} }qxrxakek|a}+ Cg e ã|ã rximãlã âqka }amikla ãzegqe|cik â ge }ix|ca lag–avri}c|cik' ió ga} zc}c|aqx} ik| xaàq qk

uqa}|cikkecxa â xanrgcx+

G–avenak la ma} xãem|cik} e jec| g–ihoa| l–qk

nãnicxa la }|eà xaklq rex qk ekegs}|a?

. Avri Qklaxmizax ” 501 oeex Zacgc`facl

zek la ]|ee|+ Aak dxc|c}mfa ha}rxadck`+Hxqvagga}' 822:' 6= r+

G–avri}c|cik ka }–elxa}}ec| re} }aqganak|

eq rqhgcm ak `ãkãxeg+ Agga mchgec| ãèganak|

ga} finna} rigc|cuqa}' lcrgine|a}'qkczax}c|ecxa}' ãmiga} a| e}}imce|cik}'

}axzcma} finigi`qa} â g–ã|xekàx' a|m+

8+ ‗\IR ]AMXA\„

Ma||a avri}c|cik }–a}| |akqa la oqck 8220â }ar|anhxa 8226 eq mak|xa ãlqme|cj

‗\amfkirigc}„ â Negcka}+ Ma mak|xa e

riqx zime|cik la jencgcexc}ax ga `xeklrqhgcm &rxckmcreganak| ga} oaqka} a| ga

rax}ikkag ak}ac`kek|# ezam ga} }mcakma}

a| |amfkigi`ca} nilaxka} a| gaqx}errgcme|cik}+

Ge Z]]A e mik|xchqã â ma||a avri}c|cik rex

ge nc}a â lc}ri}c|cik l–ihoa|} la }e miggam|cik

fc}|ixcuqa cggq}|xek| ge mikjxik|e|cik la ge

Hag`cuqa â g–a}rcikkeà+Uqe|xa li}}cax} ãlqme|cj} ik| rex

ecggaqx} ã|ã ãgehixã} â la}|cke|cik la

g–ak}ac`kanak| }amiklecxa ckjãxcaqx &zicxxqhxcuqa ‗Rqhgcme|cik}„ mc.erxæ}#+

Ma||a avri}c|cik e uqc||ã Negcka} riqx

Mirakfe`qa ió agga jq| emma}}chga qka

ekkãa lqxek|' riqx ak}qc|a }a |akcx âZex}izca raklek| qk ek+ Lek} ma} laqv

zcgga}' la} ihoa|} rxï|ã} rex ki} }axzcma}finigi`qa} lekic} a| rigikec} }ik| zakq}

xanrgemax ga ne|ãxcag nc} â lc}ri}c|cik rex

ge Z]]A+



JIMQ] 8 reà 61

MiggiUQa}

5+ „GA] ]AXZCMA] LA XAK]AC@KANAK\ AK HAG@CUQA A\ GA] KIQZAGGA] NAKEMA]„

Qk miggiuqa e ã|ã ixèkc}ã ak lãmanhxa 822<â g–Eqlc|ixcqn la g–Amiga Xisega Ncgc|ecxa+ Cg

}–ck}mxczec| lek} ga melxa l–qka xãjgavcik

}qx ga} kiqzagga} nc}}cik} lãzigqa} eqv

laqv }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| hagà}+

Ge Z]]A a| ga ]@X]' l–qka rex|' a| g–I@MC

&Ih}axze|icxa @ãirigc|cuqa la ge Mxcnckegc|ã

Ck|axke|cikega# la g–Qkczax}c|ã la Gcæà'

l–eq|xa rex|' ik| miggehixã â g–ixèkc}e|cik

la ma| ãzãkanak|+ Ga} Alc|cik} Rigc|ace }a

}ik| mfex`ãa} la} e}ram|} rxe|cuqa}+

La} ekegs}|a} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|'

nec} ãèganak| la} ixe|aqx} lq nikla

emelãncuqa a| rigc|cuqa' l–qka rex|' a| la}

xarxã}ak|ek|} lq }am|aqx rxczã' l–eq|xa rex|'

ik| rxc} ge rexiga â ma||a imme}cik+

Qk xamqacg la} |av|a} lq mik`xæ} e ã|ã

rqhgcã ak 8221 &zicx xqhxcuqa ‗Rqhgcme|cik}„

mc.erxæ}#+

8+ ‗GE ]ôXA\ã LA G–A\E\ MINNAKMA REX QKA EQ\IXC\ã GIMEGA JIX\A„

Lek} ga miqxek| la 8252' Rigc|ace e }iqnc}

qka rxiri}c|cik zc}ek| â ncaqv jecxa

mikkeë|xa ge Z]]A eqv eq|ixc|ã} gimega}+

Ge nec}ik l–ãlc|cik ezec| ak ajja| ge jaxna

cnrxa}}cik uq–qka lanekla avc}|ec| ak ma

}ak}+

Ga} eq|ixc|ã} minnqkega}' MRE]' rigcma

gimega' }ãmqxc|ã la} rix|}' a|m+ mik}|c|qecak|

ga rqhgcm mchga+

M–a}| lek} ma melxa uqa g–Amiga XisegaNcgc|ecxa e la kiqzaeq emmqacggc laqv oiqxkãa} l–ã|qla ga} = a| : lãmanhxa 8252'ixèkc}ãa} xa}ram|czanak| riqx ga} rqhgcm}jxekmirfika a| kãaxgeklirfika+

Erxæ} qka ck|xilqm|cik `ãkãxega

mikmaxkek| ga jikm|cikkanak| l–qk }axzcmala xak}ac`kanak| &e}ram| ck}|c|q|cikkag'nc}}cik} gãèga}' msmga lq xak}ac`kanak|'q|cgc}e|aqx} ke|cikeqv a| ck|axke|cikeqv'a|m#' ga} lczax} linecka} l–avrax|c}a eck}cuqa ga} e}ram|} gãèqv la g–ãmfekà la}likkãa} ezam ga kczaeq gimeg ik| jec| g–ihoa|l–qk avri}ã' }qczc l–qka la}mxcr|cik la}nilegc|ã} rxe|cuqa} ak ge ne|cæxa+

Qka hximfqxa e ã|ã ãlc|ãa }rãmceganak|

â ma| ajja| &zicx xqhxcuqa ‗Rqhgcme|cik}„mc.erxæ}#+ Ma||a rqhgcme|cik a}| akmixaq|cgc}ãa eqoiqxl–fqc+ Akzisãa eqv eq|ixc|ã}gimega}' agga a}| ãèganak| la}|ckãa â |iq|arax}ikka ck|ãxa}}ãa a| anrgisãa gix} la}miqx} lc}rak}ã} eqv }|e`cecxa} a| la}}a}}cik} l–ckjixne|cik}+

RQHgcMe\cik}

5+ HXIMFQXA ãLQME\CZA ‗QKLAXMIZAX„

. ‗Avri}c|cik Qklaxmizax+ Limqnak|

rãleì`cuqa„4

. ‗Avri}c|ca Qklaxmizax+ Raleì`c}mfa

ner„+

Qka hximfqxa ãlqme|cza â la}|cke|cik lag–ak}ac`kanak| }amiklecxa }qrãxcaqx e zq ga oiqx ak nexà la g–avri}c|cik ‖Qklaxmizax„+

Agga raq| ï|xa mik}qg|ãa ak gc`ka+

Ga} ckjixne|cik} }amiklecxa} a| ga}avrgcme|cik} ik| ã|ã jiqxkca} rex la}



reà 6: JIMQ] 8

nanhxa} la ge Z]]A+ Qk minc|ã laxãlem|cik minri}ã l–ak}ac`kek|} lage FAXH &Feq|a Amiga Xic Heqliqck# erxc} ak mfexà ga ziga| rãleì`cuqa lqlimqnak|' |ek| }qx ga rgek la ge xãlem|cikuqa lq mik|akq+

Ma| iqzxeà jq| nc} â ge lc}ri}c|cik la}rxija}}aqx} la} ãmiga} }amiklecxa} ejck laga} eclax â rxãrexax qka zc}c|a â g–avri}c|cikiq akmixa minna }qrrix| â gaqx} miqx}l–fc}|icxa' la jixne|cik }imcega' a|m+ Ga}ã|ehgc}}anak|} }migecxa} riqzecak| jecxaerrag â la} ekegs}|a} la ge Z]]A riqx qkazc}c|a `qclãa la g–avri}c|cik' `ãkãxega iq|fãne|cuqa }agik g–ãzak|qagga ixcak|e|cikla} miqx} zax} qk linecka l–avrax|c}a}rãmcjcuqa la ge Z]]A+

8+ HXIMFQXA] ãLQME\CZA] ‗\IR ]AMXA\„

. ‗\ir ]amxa|+ Pc}dqkla+„

. ‗\ir ]amxa|+ Eexlxcod}dqkla+„

. ‗\ir ]amxa|+ Hcigi`ca+„

. ‗\ir ]amxa|+ Ke|qqxpa|ak}mferrak+„

E g–imme}cik la ma||a avri}c|cik' uqe|xa

hximfqxa} ik| ã|ã ãlc|ã} â la}|cke|cikla g–ak}ac`kanak| }amiklecxa ckjãxcaqx+Qk |fæna xage|cj â g–a}rcikkeà e ã|ãlãzagirrã riqx mfeuqa lc}mcrgcka+ Ma}hximfqxa}' ãlc|ãa} rex ‗\amfkirigc}„' ka}ik| lc}rikchga} uq–ak kãaxgeklec}+

=+ ]QRRGãNAK\ ‗\IR ]AMXA\„ LEK] GA] OIQXKEQV

Ga} oiqxkeqv ‗Fa| Kcaqp}hgel„ a| ‗La@ak|akeex„ ik| oick| â gaqx ãlc|cik lq5<+58+8220 qk }qrrgãnak| `xe|qc| â gexãlem|cik lquqag e miggehixã ge Z]]A+

<+ @QCLA LQ ZC]C\AQX ‗QKLAXMIZAX„

. ‗Qklaxmizax ” 501 oeex Zacgc`facl zek la

]|ee|+ \ak|iik}|aggck`}`cl}+„

. ‗Qklaxmizax ” 501 ek} ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

@qcla la g–avri}c|cik+„

1+ GCZXA

. MIIG]' Nexm4 LE]]AK' Diakxeel4GCHAX\' Xihck4 RIK]EAX]' Reqg &al}#4La ]|ee|}zacgc`facl+ A}}es} izax 501 oeexZacgc`facl zek la ]|ee|+ Ge ]ôxa|ã+ A}}ec}}qx ga} 501 ek} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+Hxqvagga}' 8221' =6=r+

Qk gczxa a}| rexq }qx ga nexmfã â g–imme}cik

la g–avri}c|cik+ Cg k–avc}|ec| ak ajja| akHag`cuqa â ma||a ãriuqa eqmqk iqzxeàxage|cj eq |xezecg lq xak}ac`kanak| kcla nekqag qkczax}c|ecxa errxijiklc akma linecka &la}|ckã' rex avanrga' eqvã|qlcek|} ak mxcnckigi`ca#+

]iq} ge lcxam|cik l–qk minc|ã la xãlem|cikminri}ã la laqv rxija}}aqx} akmxcnckigi`ca a| la laqv nanhxa} la gelcxam|cik la ge Z]]A' la} ekegs}|a} a| la}



JIMQ] 8 reà 60

qkczax}c|ecxa} }a }ik| e||agã}' mfemqk }agikgaqx rxirxa rax}ram|cza' â ge xãlem|cik lama||a ŝqzxa+

:+ XERRIX\ LQ MIGGIUQA‗KIQZAGGA] NAKEMA]„

Ga miggiuqa la lãmanhxa 822< e }axzc la âge he}a eq gczxa?

. RA\AXNEKK' ]cnik4 MGEA]' Pcggs&al+#4 La ckgcmf|ckàklcak}|ak ck Hag`cäak la kcaqpa halxac`ckàk+ Ga} }axzcma}la xak}ac`kanak|} ak Hag`cuqa a| ga}kiqzagga} nakema}+ Hxqvagga}' 8221' 51:r+

0+ HXIMFQXA] MIGGIUQA

‗ELNCKC]\XE\CIK] GIMEGA]„

Ma miggiuqa' â g–imme}cik lquqag ge Z]]Aak|aklec| ncaqv }a jecxa mikkeë|xa la}eq|ixc|ã} gimega}' e ã|ã }qczc la ge rexq|cikl–qka hximfqxa â ge xãegc}e|cik la geuqaggaik| miggehixã ga} }axzcma} l–ekegs}a a| ga}axzcma oqxclcuqa la ge Z]]A?

. ‗Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|„+ Hxqvagga}' 8252' =1r+

. ‗La Zacgc`facl zek la ]|ee|„+ Hxq}}ag'8252' =1 r+

Ma| iqzxeà lãmxc| ga} lczax} nc}}cik} a|nila} la jikm|cikkanak| la ge Z]]A eck}cuqa ga} lcjjãxak|} linecka} l–avrax|c}a lq}axzcma' |ek| }qx ga rgek lq mik|akq uq–â

g–ecla l–avanrga} rxe|cuqa}+ Cg avri}a rexecggaqx} ga} cnrgcme|cik} oqxclcuqa} |ek|riqx ge Z]]A uqa riqx ga} elnckc}|xe|cik}gimega}+

\FckD \ekD}

Cg k–avc}|a â ma oiqx eqmqka akuqï|a}mcak|cjcuqa errxijiklca }qx ga |xezecg laxak}ac`kanak|+ Eq}}c ge Z]]A e.|.agga rxc}la} ckc|ce|cza} uqc rxã}ak|ak| qka cklãkcehgazegaqx eoiq|ãa }qx ga rgek lq mik|akq+

G–avc}|akma l–qk ra|c| `xiqra la rax}ikka}'minri}ã la} ekegs}|a} lcxcàek|} la geZ]]A a| lq ]@X] eck}c uqa la uqaguqa}nanhxa} lq Minc|ã raxnekak| X' mik}|c|qarex ecggaqx} qk ezek|eà }qrrgãnak|ecxa kikkã`gcàehga uqc xã}qg|a la ma||a ak|xarxc}a+Agga e}}qxa qka nacggaqxa minrxãfak}cika| ck|axem|cik ak|xa ga} lczax} rex|akecxa}

hagà}+

5+ @JJ &@GIHEG JQ\QXA] JIXQN#

Ma ‗|fckd ekl li |ekd„ }|xe|ã`cuqa jiklãak 8221 jec| ijjcma la minnqkeq|ãlq xak}ac`kanak| nqg|cke|cikega a|nqg|clc}mcrgckecxa+ Cg xãqkc| la} }axzcma} laxak}ac`kanak| a| la }ãmqxc|ã &lcxcàek|}la g–Ekegs}a# a| la} avrax|} kik

ìqzaxkanak|eqv+ ]a} nanhxa}' akè`ã}â g–ãmfagga }|xe|ã`cuqa lek} qk lcegi`qakik mge}}cjcã' ak|aklak| lãzagirrax qkanacggaqxa minrxãfak}cik la} nakema}



reà 66 JIMQ] 8

|xek}ke|cikega} a| avenckak| ga} nisak}

la ga} ek|cmcrax+

Ga @JJ xe}}anhga rgq} la 5+222

rex|cmcrek|} c}}q} la 12 res} l–Enãxcuqa

lq Kixl' l–Aqxira' la} Mexeéha}' l–E}ca

lq ]ql.A}| a| l–Imãekca+ Ga} xa}rik}ehga}

la} }axzcma} l–ekegs}a s xakmik|xak| la}lcrgine|a} a| qkczax}c|ecxa}' miggehixak|

â la} |fckd |ekd}' a|m+ Ga} E}}anhgãa}

`ãkãxega} lq @JJ' uqc }a |cakkak| |iq} ga} 8

â = ek}' }ik| ixèkc}ãa} eq|iqx l–qk |fæna

mak|xeg+

Lczax}a} MIC &Minnqkc|ca} ij Ck|axa}|#

avc}|ak| rex ecggaqx}' uqc xe}}anhgak| qk

kinhxa gcnc|ã l–avrax|} lek} la} linecka}

la mikkec}}ekma }rãmcjcuqa}+ Ge Z]]A

rxakl qka rex| em|cza â laqv MIC+

. Mic Xlm|

Ge Z]]A e ixèkc}ã' ak miggehixe|cik

ezam ga ]@X]' qka xãqkcik la ge ‗MIC

Xelcmegc}e|cik„ uqc e aq gcaq â Hxqvagga} lq

< eq : im|ihxa 822:+

Ge xãqkcik la ma||a MIC e |xiqzã }ik

avrxa}}cik lek} ge rqhgcme|cik?

. ‗Xelcmegc}e|cik' Zcigakma ekl |fa Ripax ij

Ka|pixd}+ Ge Xelcmegc}e|cik' ge zcigakma a|

ga riqzicx la} xã}aeqv+„ I||epe' }l' 583 r+

. Mic Ric &Mq|s j c|x| .

Rxm|m j c|m#

Ma||a MIC a}| rex avmaggakma ge rgq}

cnrix|ek|a lq @JJ+ Ga jikm|cikkanak|

la ma||a minnqkeq|ã e jec| g–ihoa| l–qka

ãzegqe|cik gix} la g–e}}anhgãa `ãkãxega lq@JJ la }ar|anhxa 8252+ Ge MIC RIC }–a}|

}qxmge}}ãa' |ek| }qx ga rgek la }e kãma}}c|ã

uqa lq mik|akq la }ik |xezecg+

Mamc raq| }–avrgcuqax rex ga jec| uqa ge MIC

RIC a}| g–qkcuqa ixèkc}e|cik ck|axke|cikega}|xqm|qxãa uqc eq|ixc}a ga} xa}rik}ehga} la

g–Ekegs}a la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|la }a xakmik|xax lek} qka enhcekma gchxala mik|xeck|a} a| gaqx raxna||a la lãhe||xa'

ezam la} qkczax}c|ecxa} a| }qx qka he}a|fãne|cuqa' la rxihgæna}' rxiri}c|cik} a|

nacggaqxa} rxe|cuqa} ak ne|cæxa l–ekegs}alq xak}ac`kanak|+

Ga Lcxam|aqx la g–Ekegs}a iq g–Eloick| eqLcxam|aqx la g–Ekegs}a la ge Z]]A e lãoâ

ã|ã }iggcmc|ã â rgq}caqx} xarxc}a} gix} laxãqkcik} la ge MIC RIC ejck l–ck|axzakcx ak|ek| uq–ixe|aqx' rxã}clak| la `xiqra} la

|xezecg a|)iq xerrix|aqx la maqv.mc+

Ge Z]]A e ixèkc}ã qka MIC RIC â Ekzax}â geuqagga agga â xãq}}c â e}}imcax la}

}axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak| la rgq} ra|c|aakzax`qxa &la ge Heg|cuqa' la} Hegdek}immclak|eqv a| l–Aqxira mak|xega#+ Qk

max|eck kinhxa la }axzcma} cnrix|ek|}}ik| rex ecggaqx} zakq} rxaklxa ga riqg}+

Ge Z]]A e ãèganak| ih|akq la} }axzcma}la }ãmqxc|ã la g–QA a| la g–I\EK uq–cg}rex|cmcrak| â ma| ãzãkanak|+

Ge Z]]A a}| }iggcmc|ãa riqx na||xa }qx rcal

qka ‗MIC RIC Ekzax} CC„+

Ge MIC RIC rxã}ak|a ak iq|xa g–ezek|eà lana||xa ga} nanhxa} la ge Z]]A ak mik|em|ezam qk xã}aeq l–qkczax}c|ecxa} lc`ka}

l–ck|ãxï| lek} qka ir|cuqa la jixne|cik âg–ekegs}a lq xak}ac`kanak| lek} ga melxa

la} jixne|cik} max|cjcme|cza}+



JIMQ] 8 reà 63

8+ @AXAX &@XIQRA AQXIRãAK LA XAMFAXMFA AK ã\FCUQA A\ XAK]AC@KANAK\#

Kinhxa la `xiqra} la xãjgavcik }qx ga|fæna lq |xezecg la xak}ac`kanak| a| lag–ekegs}a lq xak}ac`kanak| ak rex|cmqgcax

ik| ã|ã nc} }qx rcal lek} ga} res} ek`gi.}evik} a| }meklckeza}+ Jema â ma mik}|e|'ge kãma}}c|ã }–a}| læ} gix} cnri}ãa la mxãaxqk raklek| ‗ge|ck„ â ma} ckc|ce|cza}+

M–a}| eck}c uq–qk `xiqra la xãjgavcik e zq ga oiqx eq }ack la g–Amiga ncgc|ecxa la Rexc}+ Cgxe}}anhga la} xarxã}ak|ek|} &nanhxa} lage lcxam|cik# la} }axzcma} la xak}ac`kanak|jxekàec}' la} qkczax}c|ecxa} a| la} |fckd|ekd}+ Ga Minc|ã raxnekak| X' ga ]@X]'

ge Z]]A' g–Amiga Xisega Ncgc|ecxa eck}cuqa la} qkczax}c|ecxa} minr|ak| rexnc ga}rex|cmcrek|} riqx ge Hag`cuqa+

Lek} g–ck|axzegga' qk rxioa| rgqxcekkqag e ã|ãjckegc}ã ezam }qmmæ}' â }ezicx ge xãlem|cikl–qk gczxa }qx g–ã|fcuqa a| g–ekegs}a lqxak}ac`kanak|' rexq eq lãhq| la g–ekkãa8255?

. RCMFAZCK' \fcaxxs &al+#4 A|fcuqa a|

Xak}ac`kanak|+ Ge lcjjcmcga mifehc|e|cik lqhcak a| la ge kãma}}c|ã+ Rexc}' 8255' 5<5 r+

=+ HC]M &HAG@CEK CK\AGGC@AKMA ]\QLCA] MAK\XA#

G–avc}|akma l–qk ixèka la xãjgavcik rxirxaâ ge Hag`cuqa' xa`xiqrek| la} rex|cmcrek|}c}}q} lq nikla emelãncuqa a| la gerxe|cuqa' jec}ec| akmixa lãjeq| lek} ga

res}eà la ki|xa res}+ Ak im|ihxa 8252'ge Z]]A' ga ]@X]' ga Minc|ã X a| g–AX]&Amiga lq Xak}ac`kanak| a| la ge ]ãmqxc|ã#ik| ã|ã ckzc|ã} â g–Qkczax}c|ã la @ekl+

Qk `xiqra la rxija}}aqx} la mxcnckigi`cac}}q} la} rxckmcrega} qkczax}c|ã}hagà} ak|akl mxãax qka rge|ajixna lamikmax|e|cik }|xqm|qxãa ezam ga nikla lqxak}ac`kanak|' riqzicx }a mikmax|ax lanekcæxa xã`qgcæxa a| ixèkc}ax qk |xezecgl–ã|qla eck}c uqa la} miggiuqa}+

Ge ri}}chcgc|ã la lc}ri}ax l–qk hqlà|a| l–qk }amxã|exce| mik}|c|qa qk ãgãnak|cnrix|ek| â ma| ãèxl+

Ga} rxancæxa} em|czc|ã} ik| ã|ãrxi`xennãa} riqx 8255+

\FckD \ekD} eQVUQag}ReX\cMcRa ge Z}}a La nekcaXaRe}}cZa

Ga} |xezeqv lq @JJ a| la ge MIC RIC eck}cuqa ga} mik|em|} kiqã} â ma||a imme}cikik| raxnc} l–ã|ehgcx la} xage|cik} ezam la}|fckd |ekd} emelãncuqa} lek} la} rex|ca}lq nikla ió ge Z]]A k–a}| re} ri}c|cikkãala nekcæxa clãega ak |axna} l–ckjixne|cik}+Kiq} riqzik} jecxa errag â ma} ck}|c|q|} laxamfaxmfa &rex g–ak|xanc}a la} mik|em|}avc}|ek|} ezam gaqx} rxã}clak| a|)iqlcxam|aqx}# ejck l–ih|akcx la} ckjixne|cik}ihoam|czãa}+

]ik| rxckmcreganak| mikmaxkãa} lek} mamelxa la} ixèkc}e|cik} }c|qãa} ak E}ca lq]ql.A}|+

RXi`Xenna} \agaZc}a}

Ge Z]]A e ã|ã la rgq} ak rgq} }iggcmc|ãaejck l–errix|ax }e mik|xchq|cik â ge

xãegc}e|cik l–ãnc}}cik} |ãgãzc}ãa} lcjjq}ãa}rex lcjjãxak|a} mfeëka} hagà}+ Ga}limqnak|ecxa} }qczek|} ik| eck}c zq ga oiqx'xãegc}ã} â mfeuqa jic} }qx ge he}a l–qka



reà 32 JIMQ] 8

minhckec}ik l–ck|axzcap} la rax}ikka}mikmaxkãa} a| la ne|ãxcag c}}q la} exmfcza}la ge Z]]A+

5+ LEK] GE ]ãXCA ‗FC]\IXCA]„ LCJJQ]ãA ]QX MEKZE]

. ‗La `coageex} zek la ]CGMI„' 82214

. ‗La niic}|a oexak zek ncok gazak+ Fa|

zaxfeeg zek aak Hag`c}mf }rcik ck la Diqla

Iixgi`„' 82214

. ‗\}finha+ Laag 8? Fa| Ackl}rag„+

]iqgc`kik} â ma| ãèxl uqa g–emmixl la}ck|ãxa}}ã} &â }ezicx' xa}ram|czanak|'ge jencgga Fiq|adck}' ga ræxa a| ga jcg}

Ncmfcag}# ik| ã|ã xauqc} rxãegehganak| â gemik|xchq|cik la ge Z]]A+ E ge lanekla laki|xa }axzcma' ki|xa finigi`qa a}re`kige ãèganak| miggehixã â ge xãegc}e|cik lq|xic}cæna limqnak|ecxa+

8+ EZAM GE X\HJ

. ‗Eq kin la ge gic? LFDR)M„4

. ‗Ge mxic}ela la} MMM„' 822:+

=+ LEK] GE ]ãXCA ‗LA _EED„ LCJJQ]ãA ]QX MEKZE]

. ‗La oemf| ir la MMM„' 8226+

XaMFaXMFa }Mcak\cJcUQa

Lek} ga miqxek| la 8252' ge Z]]A erex|cmcrã eq `xiqra la rcgi|eà a| e jiqxkc

la} ckjixne|cik} ak |axna} l–avrax|c}alek} ga melxa lq rxioa| l–ã|qla minneklãrex ga ]axzcma rqhgcm jãlãxeg Ck|ãxcaqx }qx ga|fæna la ge ‗Rigexc}e|cik a| xelcmegc}e|cik?

qka errximfa rxãzak|cza ck|ã`xega„+

Ge Z]]A rex|cmcra â kiqzaeq eq rxioa| la}qczc la ma||a ã|qla+

JiXne\cik} aV\aXka}

Lc}Rak}aa} ReX ge Z}}aGa} ekegs}|a} }ik| mfeuqa jic} lezek|eà}iggcmc|ã} ejck la likkax la} miqx} lek}kinhxa l–ck}|c|q|cik}+ Kiq} |xiqzik} rexncki} mgcak|}?

. g–Amiga lq Xak}ac`kanak| a| la ge]ãmqxc|ã'

. g–Amiga la xamfaxmfa la ge Rigcma jãlãxega'

. ga} Feq|a} A|qla} la ge Lãjak}a'

. ga} jixne|cik} la} }|e`cecxa} lq ]RJEjjecxa} ã|xek`æxa} &lcrgine|a} a|mfekmagcax}#'

. g–Qkczax}c|ã l–Fe}}ag|'

. ge jixne|cik la} }|e`cecxa} lq ]@X]'

. AQ OQ]\ GAV &Ck|a`xe|al Xqga ij Gep jix

Cxeu#+ Cg }–e`c| lq rxi`xenna lc}rak}ã eqHAKAGQV riqx ge jixne|cik la} ne`c}|xe|}a| la} ijjcmcax} la rigcma cxedcak}+

.…

akMeLXanak\ L–a\QLcek\}

Qk max|eck kinhxa l–ã|qlcek|} la}qkczax}c|ã} }–elxa}}ak| mfeuqa ekkãa â

ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ak zqa l–ih|akcx la}ckjixne|cik} riqx gaqx nãnicxa la jckl–ã|qla} mikmaxkek| ga }axzcma+ Ge rgqrex|lq |anr}' ge xamfaxmfa l–qk }qoa| xãegc}ehga



JIMQ] 8 reà 35

}–iræxa ak miggehixe|cik ezam ga} ã|qlcek|}

a| gaqx} rxini|aqx} xa}ram|cj}+ Qk hxcajck`

`ãkãxeg mikmaxkek| ge Z]]A a| ga |xezecg

la xak}ac`kanak| a}| egix} rxiri}ã eqv

ã|qlcek|}+ Cg} }ik| ak}qc|a akmelxã} rex la}

ekegs}|a} }rãmcegc}ã} lek} ga |fæna la gaqx

|xezecg la jck l–ã|qla}+

G–ã|xekàx a}| ãèganak| laneklaqx

l–qk |ag }qczc+ Eck}c' qk ã|qlcek| e

hãkãjcmcã la mik}acg} lek} ga melxa la

}ik ã|qla fc}|ixcuqa }qx ga} xã}aeqv la

xak}ac`kanak|} gix} la ge ]amikla @qaxxa

niklcega+ Ge Z]]A ka }–a}| re} mik|ak|ãa

la gqc jiqxkcx la} ckjixne|cik}+ Agga }–a}|

ãèganak| mfex`ãa la ga na||xa ak mik|em|

ezam ga ‗Nq}ãa ke|cikeg la ge xã}c}|ekma„

l–Eklaxgamf| a| ga ‗Nãnixceg ke|cikeg laHxaaklikd„+

Ma| ã|qlcek| e eck}c rq xãegc}ax qk nãnicxa

la uqegc|ã?

. JGSKK' Lekcag4 \fa ]ramceg Iraxe|cik}

Avamq|cza ekl Pex|cna ]ehi|eà+ @xiqra

@ ekl Mexemeg.Kige e} Hag`cek Me}a

]|qlca}+ Qkczax}c|s ij Lqhgck+ \xckc|s

Miggaà+ Larex|nak| ij Fc}|ixs' 8226+

=+ ga} MFcJJXa} La g–ekegS}aak 8252

ki\a} L–ekegS}a ak 8252

Ki|a} eqv eq|ixc|ã} rigc|cuqa}'elnckc}|xe|cza} a| oqlcmcecxa}hagà}

5<86

Ki|a} eqv }axzcma} laxak}ac`kanak| ã|xekàx} 8838

\I\EG @AKAXEG =082

<+ LanekLa} Lake\QXegc}e\cik a\ Lake\cikegc\a ak 8252

Ga} lanekla} la ke|qxegc}e|cik a| lake|cikegc|ã rexzcakkak| â ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|zce |xic} mekeqv?

• ge minnc}}cik la} Ke|qxegc}e|cik} la ge

Mfenhxa4

• ga} Rexuqa|} la} rximqxaqx} lq Xic &}agik

ga lincmcga la} laneklaqx}#4

• ga ]RJ Ck|ãxcaqx &laneklaqx} lincmcgcã}

â g–ã|xekàx#+

Erxæ} qk mik|xüga mak|xegc}ã la g–clak|c|ã' ga}

lanekla} riqx ga}uqagga} ga} rax}ikka}}ik| ckmikkqa} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }ik|xakzisãa} ezam ge nak|cik elãuqe|a &zicxMferc|xa Z la ma xerrix| ekkqag#+

Ga} lanekla} riqx ga}uqagga} ga}rax}ikka} }ik| mikkqa} la ge ]ôxa|ãla g–A|e| }ik| |xek}nc}a} eqv }axzcma}l–Ekegs}a+ Gâ' ga }axzcma l–Ekegs}aminrã|ak| . ge rgqrex| lq |anr} }qczek|ge xã`cik l–ixc`cka ” xãlcà qk eraxàq la}

em|czc|ã} lq laneklaqx mikmaxkã+ Ma}em|czc|ã} liczak| |iqoiqx} ezicx qk gcakezam qka iq rgq}caqx} nc}}cik} gãèga}la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+ Ma} eraxàq} }ik|akzisã} eqv eq|ixc|ã} &minnc}}cik la}Ke|qxegc}e|cik} la ge Mfenhxa a| ak}qc|aeq}}c eq Rexuqa| lq rximqxaqx lq Xic uqca}| mfex`ã la ge }qc|a lq |xec|anak|#+

Cg a}| cnrix|ek| la }ezicx ma uqc }qc|+ Qka

clãa axxikãa xazcak| |xæ} }iqzak|? ge ]ôxa|ãla g–A|e| gczxaxec| qk ezc} riqx ga} lanekla}la ke|qxegc}e|cik a| la ke|cikegc|ã+ Magea}| jeqv+ Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ka jec| uqa



reà 38 JIMQ] 8

minnqkcuqax la} xak}ac`kanak|}' minnal–eq|xa} ck}|ekma} &rex avanrga g–Ijjcma la}A|xekàx}' ge Rigcma jãlãxega' ga Rexuqa|' gaXa`c}|xa ke|cikeg'…#+ Ma }ik| ga} eq|ixc|ã}â g–ixc`cka la ge lanekla uqc' }qx ge he}ala g–ak}anhga la} ckjixne|cik} xaàqa}'liczak| rxaklxa qka lãmc}cik mikmaxkek|

ga} lanekla}+

&zicx |ehgaeq reà 3=#

1+ }\e\Q\ La} }aXZcMa}ck\aXcaQX}

Qk }|e|q| }rãmcjcuqa e ã|ã mxãã riqxga} ]axzcma} av|ãxcaqx} la ge Z]]A+Kixneganak|' qka nïna ãzigq|cik

lazec| }qczxa riqx ga} ]axzcma} ck|ãxcaqx}&g–Ekegs}a' ga ]axzcma Oqxclcuqa a| ga}]axzcma} @ãkãxeqv#+ Ma rax}ikkag eem|qagganak| ga }|e|q| l–eàk| la g–A|e|'rgq}caqx} rxihgæna} }a ri}ak| maraklek|+

Gâ ió' riqx ga} ekegs}|a} la ge Z]]A'la} rxijcg} a| la} xæ`ganak|} la }ãgam|cik}rãmcjcuqa} ik| ã|ã rxilqc|}' xcak k–e ã|ãrxc} ak minr|a mikmaxkek| g–ãzigq|cik la gemexxcæxa+ Ak minrexec}ik ezam ga} eq|xa}

elnckc}|xe|cik}' cg s e rxirix|cikkagganak|rgq} l–eàk|} la kczaeq E em|cj} eq }ack lag–Ekegs}a+ Zq ma kinhxa' eqmqka ãzigq|cikla mexxcæxa }qx ga rgek fcãxexmfcuqa karaq| gaqx ï|xa rxiri}ãa+ Qka mexxcæxal–avrax|c}a &he}ãa }qx g–avrãxcakma' la}jixne|cik} }rãmcjcuqa} a| qka mikkec}}ekma}rãmcegc}ãa# lazxe zicx ga oiqx+ Rex ecggaqx}'la} jixne|cik} }rãmcjcuqa} riqx ga|xezecg ak xak}ac`kanak| a| g–ekegs}a ak

xak}ac`kanak| lazxik| ï|xa rxãzqa} }qx gargek la ge jixne|cik lek} ge melxa la ge ¤xãjixna Miraxkcm ´ riqx ga rax}ikkag lag–Elnckc}|xe|cik+

Ga} rxijcg} a| xæ`ganak|} la }ãgam|cikrxãmc|ã} ik| ak}qc|a ã|ã q|cgc}ã} minna}iqxma l–ck}rcxe|cik riqx ga xamxq|anak|l–ekegs}|a} eqrxæ} lq }axzcma ncgc|ecxa]@X] a| eqrxæ} la g–IMEN' maraklek|lek} ga} laqv me} ma} jikm|cik} ik| ã|ãmge}}ãa} rgq} feq| lek} ga} ãmfagga}

hexãncuqa} &xa}ram|czanak| E8 a| E=' egix}uq–agga} }ik| xa}|ãa} ak E5 â ge Z]]A#+ Qkniqzanak| la xe||xereà lic| likm }arxilqcxa+

Qka rxancæxa ã|era e ã|ã jxekmfca rex gerxã}ak|e|cik la} jikm|cik} l–ekegs}|a}eqrxæ} lq Minc|ã jãlãxeg la riklãxe|cik'ma uqc e raxnc} uqa ma} jikm|cik} &ezam la}ãzigq|cik} a| la} minrã|akma} }rãmcjcuqa}#}icak| riklãxãa} lek} ga} ãmfagga}hexãncuqa} E5' E8 a| E=' raxna||ek| qkarxini|cik ck|axka+ Ma||a ã|era e ãèganak|ã|ã jxekmfca riqx ga} ]axzcma} @ãkãxeqv+Ga} oqxc}|a} ka }ik| rex mik|xa re} akmixaemmar|ã} ak |ek| uqa jikm|cik }rãmcjcuqa eq}ack lq |xezecg la xak}ac`kanak|+

Larqc} rgq}caqx} ekkãa}' cg avc}|a qk@xiqra la |xezecg ncv|a }qx g–Ekegs}a'minri}ã la xarxã}ak|ek|} lq Minc|ã

raxnekak| X' la ge Z]]A a| lq ]@X]' uqc|xezecgga eq lãzagirranak| la g–ekegs}a akxak}ac`kanak|' â ge jixne|cik la he}a a|mik|ckqãa+ Qk rxancax hcgek e ã|ã xãegc}ãeq miqx} l–qka oiqxkãa l–ã|qla ezam geMinnc}}cik la }qczc lq ]ãke|+ Riqx uqaga} ã|era} }qczek|a} rqc}}ak| }a xãegc}ax' cgjeqlxe l–ehixl lc}ri}ax l–qk ̀ iqzaxkanak|+



JIMQ] 8 reà 3=

ReS} L–iXc`ckaaQXiRa La g–iQa}\?

C|egca 1<

Res}.He} 5<

Eggane`ka 58

Jxekma 58

@xæma 1

Xiseqna.Qkc 1

A}re`ka 1

Rix|qèg 1

]qc}}a 8

Jckgekla 5

Gqvanhiqx` 5

]qæla 5

HegDek} iMMcLak\eQV?

Di}izi 8<

Eghekca 5:

]axhca 3Hi}kca.Faxãìzcka 0

Mxie|ca 5

Nik|ãkã`xi 5

Nemãlicka 55

aQXiRa La g–a}\?

Jãlãxe|cik la Xq}}ca 885

Qdxecka =<

Hcãgixq}}ca 8:

Xiqnekca 51

Rigi`ka 5<

Hqgèxca 58

Fik`xca :

Niglezca 1

]gizeuqca =

A}|ikca 5

e}ca nckaQXa *

}QL LQ MeQMe}a?

\qxuqca $ Dqxla} \qxm} <=1

Exnãkca 5:

@ãix`ca 5=

Eaxheéloek <eJXcUQa LQ kiXL?

Nexim 183

Eg`ãxca 31

A`sr|a 58

Gchsa <

Neqxc|ekca :

]iqlek 1

\qkc}ca 8<

RXiMFa.iXcak\?

]sxca =0

C}xeäg :

Oixlekca 52

Gchek 81

Rega}|cka 52

Rãkck}Qga eXeHa?

Ancxe|} Exeha} Qkc} 5

Dipac| 5

Sãnak :

niSak.iXcak\?

Cxed 13

Cxek 6<Ej`fekc}|ek 80

eJXcUQa kicXa?

Kc`ãxce 6

Menaxiqk 3

Xãrqhgcuqa lãnimxe|cuqa lq

Mikì 581

Ekìge 1

Hqxqklc 56

Minixa} 5

Lochiq|c 8

A|fcirca 8

@feke 8

@qckãa :

@qckãa Hc}}eq 5

Mü|a l–Czicxa 0

Mer.Zax| 8

Dãkse 5

Gchãxce 5

Neleè}mex 5

Kcàx 8

Iqèkle 8Xpekle 0=

]ãkãèg <

]caxxe Gaika 5

]inegca 5=

\iì 1

e}ca Mak\Xega?

Deedf}|ek 52

Dcx`fcc}|ek <

Iqhãdc}|ek =

}iQ}.Mik\ckak\ ckLcak?

Ckla 8=

Hek`gela}f 1

Kãreg 3

Redc}|ek 3=

]xc Gekde 5<

aV\Xïna.iXcak\?

Oerik 8

Xãrqhgcuqa rirqgecxa la

Mfcka =1

Mixãa lq Kixl =

e}ca LQ }QL.a}\?Rfcgcrrcka} 8

Negec}ca 5

enãXcUQa LQ kiXL?

A|e|}.Qkc} l–Enãxcuqa 55

Mekele 8

enãXcUQa ge\cka?

Navcuqa 1

Kcmexe`qe 8

Mi}|e Xcme 5

Mqhe <

Feé|c 8

Xãrqhgcuqa linckcmecka 1

Zãkãqãge 5

Miginhca 55

Auqe|aqx <

Rãxiq =

Higczca 5

]qxcken 8

Hxã}cg 3

Rexe`qes 8

Mfcgc 1iMãekca?

Eq}|xegca 8

\I\EG @AKAXEG? 8<30



Mferc|xa = reà 31

Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| ajjam|qa la} akuqï|a}la }ãmqxc|ã &he}ãa} }qx ga rxckmcra lq¤ kaal |i dkip ´# â ge lanekla lag–Eq|ixc|ã ke|cikega la }ãmqxc|ã+ Ge gic lq 55lãmanhxa 5336 xage|cza â ge mge}}cjcme|cika| eqv fehcgc|e|cik}' e||a}|e|cik} a| ezc} la}ãmqxc|ã eck}c uqa ga} lcxam|cza} lq Minc|ã

nckc}|ãxcag lq xak}ac`kanak| a| la ge}ãmqxc|ã lã|axnckak| ga} xæ`ga} errgcmehga}â ma} akuqï|a}+

Ga} akuqï|a} la }ãmqxc|ã raxna||ak|l–e}}qxax' }iq} ge |q|agga la g–Eq|ixc|ãke|cikega la }ãmqxc|ã' qk mik|xüga la}rax}ikka} rfs}cuqa} a| nixega} uqc' l–qkanekcæxa iq l–qka eq|xa' ik| emmæ} â la}ckjixne|cik} mge}}cjcãa} &mikjclak|cagga}iq }amxæ|a}# iq |xezecggak| lek} qkakzcxikkanak| }ak}chga+

Agga} zc}ak| â miggam|ax ga} ckjixne|cik}uqc raxna||xik| la lã|axnckax ge jcehcgc|ã'ge giseq|ã' g–ck|ã`xc|ã a| ge mxãlchcgc|ãjckekmcæxa lq laneklaqx eck}c uqa }ikla`xã la zqgkãxehcgc|ã jema â l–ãzak|qagga}rxa}}cik} av|ãxcaqxa}+ Eck}c' |iq|a rax}ikkarxã}ak|ek| qk rxijcg â xc}uqa raq| }a zicxxajq}ax g–im|xic l–qka fehcgc|e|cik la }ãmqxc|ã

a| g–emmæ} eqv ne|cæxa} }ak}chga}+

Ga} akuqï|a} la }ãmqxc|ã }–ajjam|qak| lek}ga melxa la lanekla} l–fehcgc|e|cik la}ãmqxc|ã eqv kczaeqv ‗mikjclak|cag„' ‗}amxa|„a| ‗|xæ} }amxa|„ ck|xilqc|a} rex g–ck|axnãlcecxala g–Eq|ixc|ã ke|cikega la }ãmqxc|ã iq l–qkaEK] ‗lãgã`qãa„ riqx?

• ga} nanhxa} lq rax}ikkag lq }axzcma mczcg

la xak}ac`kanak|'

• la} jikm|cikkecxa} la lcjjãxak|} ]RJ

&Ejjecxa} ã|xek`æxa}' Ck|ãxcaqx' Oq}|cma'Ejjecxa} ãmikincuqa}' Jckekma}' a|m+#'

• la} nanhxa} la ge Rigcma jãlãxega'

• la} nanhxa} la g–I\EK' la ge Minnc}}cik

aqxirãakka' lq Mik}acg la g–Aqxira' lag–Eàkma }re|cega aqxirãakka &A]E#' a|m+'ri}}ãlek| ge ke|cikegc|ã hagà'

• qka `xekla rex|ca lq rax}ikkag la}mak|xega} kqmgãecxa}'

• la} cklãraklek|} uqc liczak| ezicx emmæ}

â la} ika} mge}}cjcãa}'

• a|m+

Larqc} raq' qk }s}|æna ¤ ak gc`ka ´l–ck|xilqm|cik la} lanekla} l–fehcgc|e|cike ã|ã nc} ak rgema ak miggehixe|cik ezam

g–Eq|ixc|ã ke|cikega la }ãmqxc|ã+ G–ihoam|cj a}|kik }aqganak| la }cnrgcjcax a| l–emmãgãxaxge rximãlqxa' nec} ãèganak| l–ãzc|ax |ek|uqa ri}}chga ga} axxaqx} ckfãxak|a} eqxanrgc}}eà nekqag la} jixnqgecxa}+

Ga }axzcma mfex`ã la} ‗akuqï|a} la}ãmqxc|ã„' he}ã eq }cæà mak|xeg la ge]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|' avaxma }e nc}}cik }qx|iq| ga |axxc|icxa la ge Hag`cuqa+ Cg |xezecggala nekcæxa |i|eganak| cklãraklek|a la}eq|xa} lãrex|anak|} lq }axzcma+ Rex ecggaqx}'ga} ckjixne|cik} rax}ikkagga} xamqacggca}ka }ik| emma}}chga} uq–eqv eàk|} lama||a }am|cik' eqv ijjcmcax} la }ãmqxc|ã' eqvnanhxa} la ge lcxam|cik `ãkãxega a| lag–Eq|ixc|ã ke|cikega la }ãmqxc|ã+

Cg k–a}| ak eqmqk me} raxnc} eqv eq|xa}akuqï|aqx} iq ekegs}|a} la ge ]ôxa|ãla g–A|e| l–ezicx qk emmæ} lcxam| eqv

ckjixne|cik} xamqacggca} gix} la} akuqï|a}la }ãmqxc|ã+

=GA] AKUQÏ\A] LA ]AMQXC\A



Mferc|xa < reà 30

E ge xauqï|a lq nckc}|xa la g–Ck|ãxcaqx' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e}}qxa ge rxi|am|cik?



. la} nanhxa} la ge jencgga la} mfaj} l–A|e| a| la ìqzaxkanak| ã|xekàx}'

. la} nanhxa} la} ìqzaxkanak|} hagà a| ã|xekàx}'

. la max|ecka} rax}ikkegc|ã} jec}ek| g–ihoa| la nakema}+

Ge rxi|am|cik la} rax}ikka} a}| e}}qxãa rex qka }am|cik la} }axzcma} irãxe|cikkag}+ Lek}g–avaxmcma la ge nc}}cik la rxi|am|cik' ga} ijjcmcax} la rxi|am|cik lc}ri}ak| la minrã|akma}la rigcma elnckc}|xe|cza }rãmcjcuqa} a| gcnc|ãa}+ Cg} raqzak| eck}c ck|axzakcx gix}uqa ge zca iqg–ck|ã`xc|ã rfs}cuqa l–qka rax}ikka uqc lic| ï|xa rxi|ã`ãa a}| nakemãa+ E |c|xa l–avanrga' ma}eàk|} }ik| fehcgc|ã} â ajjam|qax la} mik|xüga} l–clak|c|ã iq la} jiqcgga} la }ãmqxc|ã' â rximãlaxâ la} }ec}ca} elnckc}|xe|cza} iq akmixa â rxaklxa la} na}qxa} rxcze|cza} la gchax|ã+

n khx l vmq| 8252

Mfaj} l–A|e| <8

Rxancax} nckc}|xa} <8

Nckc}|xa} la} Ejjecxa} ã|xek`æxa} :

Eq|xa} &nanhxa} la ìqzaxkanak|} iql–ck}|c|q|cik}' enhe}}elaqx}' ZCR}' a|m+#

:

\i\eg 58:

n khx l–fqx rx| 8252

ZCR &mfaj} l–A|e| a| nckc}|xa}'xarxã}ak|ek|} l–ck}|c|q|cik}' a|m+#

5303<

Nc}}cik} raxnekak|a}&enhe}}elaqx}' a|m+#

0=:52

\i\eg 32<2<

<GE RXI\AM\CIK LA] RAX]IKKA]



Mferc|xa 1 reà 33

ZaXcJcMe\cik} La }aMQXc\a

ZaXcJcMe\cik} aJJaM\Qaa}Lek} ga MeLXa La ge gic LQ55 LaManHXa 5336 Xage\cZae ge Mge}}cJcMe\cik a\ eQV

FeHcgc\e\cik}' e\\a}\e\cik}a\ eZc} La }aMQXc\a

5+ G–Eq|ixc|ã ke|cikega la }ãmqxc|ã &EK]#'ixèkc}na miggã`ceg uqc e }ik }cæà eq]RJ Ejjecxa} ã|xek`æxa}' a}| mfex`ãala lãgczxax la} e||a}|e|cik} la }ãmqxc|ã&emmæ} â qka ika rxi|ã`ãa# iq la} ezc}la }ãmqxc|ã &emmæ} â qka jikm|cik# eqvlcjjãxak|a} eq|ixc|ã} elnckc}|xe|cza} uqc akjik| ge lanekla+ Agga e lãoâ avaxmã ma||a

minrã|akma rex ga re}}ã riqx g–Avãmq|cjla} nq}qgnek} la Hag`cuqa a| riqx ga}eqnükcax}' mik}acggax} geém} a| nq}qgnek}la} ã|ehgc}}anak|} rãkc|ak|cecxa}+ Ak 8252'agga }–a}| rxckmcreganak| emuqc||ãa la ma||a|èmfa lek} ga melxa la }inna|} aqxirãak}a| la} xãqkcik} la ge Rxã}clakma hagà&e||a}|e|cik} la }ãmqxc|ã#+ Ge ]ôxa|ã lag–A|e|' ezam ga ]@X] a| ge Rigcma jãlãxega'ajjam|qa ga} zãxcjcme|cik} la }ãmqxc|ã

rxãegehga} â g–im|xic l–e||a}|e|cik} iq l–ezc}la }ãmqxc|ã+ Ak 8252' ga kinhxa la ma}zãxcjcme|cik} }–a}| ãgazã â?

• 58+:10 riqx ga} }inna|} aqxirãak} a|

ga} xãqkcik} la ge Rxã}clakma hagà'

• 8<5 lek} ga} eq|xa} me} &Minc|ã} X a| R'

L@MM' eqnükcax} la} rxc}ik}…# +

8+ La nïna' g–Eàkma jãlãxega la mik|xüga

kqmgãecxa' e`c}}ek| minna EK] lãgã`qãa'lãgczxa la} e||a}|e|cik} la }ãmqxc|ã eqvrax}ikka} uqc ik| emmæ} eqv ck}|egge|cik}kqmgãecxa}' }agik ge nïna rximãlqxa+ Agga

ak|akl eck}c ãzc|ax ga lã|iqxkanak| lane|cæxa} kqmgãecxa} &qxekcqn' rgq|ikcqn#a| ga }ehi|eà la} ck}|egge|cik}+ Cg e ã|ãrximãlã â 6+583 zãxcjcme|cik} lek} ma melxa+

=+ La} EK] lãgã`qãa} lek} ga} mckueãxirix|} rxckmcreqv lq res} ãna||ak|

ãèganak| la} ezc} la }ãmqxc|ã' uqcmikmaxkak| g–im|xic la helà} l–emmæ}eqv ika} rxi|ã`ãa}+ Ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|e ajjam|qã 82+1<1 zãxcjcme|cik} lek} mamik|av|a+

<+ Ge Rigcma jãlãxega jec| ãèganak| ijjcmal–EK] lãgã`qãa+ Lek} ma melxa' lakinhxaq}a} rax}ikka}' a}}ak|cagganak|la} }|e`cecxa}' jik| g–ihoa| la zãxcjcme|cik}'lik| ga kinhxa e e||ack| 0:5' ajjam|qãa} rex

ga} |xic} }axzcma}' |iqoiqx} }agik ge nïnarximãlqxa+

ZaXcJcMe\cik} aJJaM\Qaa}Lek} L–eQ\Xa} MeLXa}

Ga ]RJ Ck|ãxcaqx e mik}qg|ã ge ]ôxa|ã lag–A|e| riqx la} lanekla} l–e`xãnak|la lã|am|cza} rxczã} &525 rax}ikka}zãxcjcãa}#' mikjixnãnak| â ge gic lq 53

oqck 5335 ixèkc}ek| ge rxija}}cik lalã|am|cza rxczã+ Ki|xa }axzcma e la nïnarximãlã â la} zãxcjcme|cik} mikmaxkek| la}nanhxa} lq rax}ikkag la} }imcã|ã} laèxlcakkeà a| la }ãmqxc|ã &803 }imcã|ã}zãxcjcãa}#' eck}c uqa ga rxãzic| ge gic lq 81ezxcg 822< xã`ganak|ek| ge }ãmqxc|ã rxczãaa| rex|cmqgcæxa &uqc nilcjca ge gic lq 52 ezxcg5332#+

1NC]]CIK] MIKJCAA] E GE ]QXA\A LA

G–A\E\ REX IQ AK ZAX\Q LA GE GIC



reà 522 Mferc|xa 1

ZaXcJcMe\cik} aJJaM\Qaa}Lek} ga MeLXa La gega`c}ge\cik }QX ga} eXna}

Ak zax|q la ge kiqzagga gic }qx ga} exna} lq6 oqck 822:' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| lc}ri}a' rexlãgãè|cik lq nckc}|xa la ge Oq}|cma' l–qka

minrã|akma ak ne|cæxa la lãgczxekma laraxnc} la lã|ak|cik a| la rix| l–exna}la}|ckã} eqv rax}ikka} k–esek| re} laxã}clakma ak Hag`cuqa+ Lek} ma melxa'ki|xa }axzcma e e||xchqã?

• : raxnc} la lã|ak|cik l–exna} &nilæga <#'

• 8+8<2 raxnc} la rix| l–exna} |anrixecxa}

&èxla} lq mixr} la} ZCR ak zc}c|a#+

E ge lanekla lq }axzcma jãlãxeg la} Exna}'ki|xa }axzcma e ajjam|qã 8: zãxcjcme|cik}la }imcã|ã} lek} ga melxa la ge gic lq 81nex} 822=' uqc nilcjca ge gic lq 1 eiô| 5335xage|cza â g–cnrix|e|cik' â g–avrix|e|cik' eq|xek}c| a| â ge gq||a mik|xa ga |xejcm l–exna}'la nqkc|cik} a| la ne|ãxcag lazek| }axzcx}rãmceganak| â qk q}eà ncgc|ecxa iq laneck|cak la g–ixlxa' a| la ge |amfkigi`ca sejjãxak|a+

ke\QXegc}e\cik}

Ge gic lq 5ax nex} 8222 &nilcjcek| ga Milala ge ke|cikegc|ã lq 86 oqck 536<# lc}ri}auqa ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| lic| ï|xa mik}qg|ãa'eq nïna |c|xa uqa g–Ijjcma la} ã|xekàx}'ga} rexuqa|} a| ga me}cax oqlcmcecxa' }qx ga}lanekla} la ke|qxegc}e|cik a| l–emuqc}c|cikla ke|cikegc|ã+ Lek} ma melxa' ki|xa }axzcmae ajjam|qã' ak 8252' <2+865 zãxcjcme|cik}

riqx ge Mfenhxa la} xarxã}ak|ek|} a| ga}80 rexuqa|} lq res}+



JIMQ] = reà 525

Ak 8252' ga }axzcma la jixne|cik e riqx}qczcge nc}a ak ŝqzxa la} em|cik} la jixne|cikuqa ge nc}a ak rxe|cuqa rxi`xa}}cza lag–exxï|ã nckc}|ãxcag lq < nec 8220 xauqcax|+

G–ekkãa 8252 e gexànak| ã|ã nexuqãarex g–ak|xãa ak }axzcma la :: ck}ram|aqx}

riqx ga}uqag} laqv cnrix|ek|a} }a}}cik}la jixne|cik ik| ã|ã ixèkc}ãa}+ Eq miqx}la ma||a jixne|cik la he}a' qka ckc|ce|cik âqka zck`|ecka la ne|cæxa} a| la lc}mcrgcka}}rãmcjcuqa} eqv nc}}cik} la ge Z]]A nïgek|jixne|cik |fãixcuqa a| jixne|cik rxe|cuqaa}| e}}qxãa+ Mixiggecxanak|' la} |a}|} lazegcle|cik la} mikkec}}ekma} kiqzagganak|emuqc}a} rex ga} }|e`cecxa} riqx mfemqkala} ne|cæxa} a| lc}mcrgcka} ak}ac`kãa} ik|

ã|ã ixèkc}ã}+

E mü|ã la g–ixèkc}e|cik la} }|eà} l–ak|xãaak }axzcma la} kiqzaeqv ck}ram|aqx}' ga}axzcma la jixne|cik e ã|ã enakã' riqxg–ekkãa 8252' â |xec|ax rxæ} la =22 lanekla}la jixne|cik ãnekek| lq rax}ikkag a|xage|cza} â rgq} la 552 ne|cæxa} lcjjãxak|a}+Rexnc ma} lanekla}' ga} lcjjãxak|} |sra}la jixne|cik' |ag} uqa rxãzq} rex g–exxï|ãnckc}|ãxcag lq < nec 8220 ik| ã|ã em|czã}

rex ga} eàk|} a| 35! la ma} lanekla}ik| ã|ã' erxæ} ekegs}a' mikjcxnãa} minnaã|ek| ak gcak lcxam| ezam ga nã|cax avaxmã' a|likm' kãma}}ecxa} iq q|cga} â g–avaxmcma la}jikm|cik} la g–eàk|+

Eq lagâ la g–ekegs}a a| la ge à}|cikla} lanekla} la jixne|cik' ga }axzcmae ãèganak| riqx nc}}cik la `ãxax gejixne|cik gcãa â ge rxini|cik+ Ak 8252'

cg e xãegc}ã ga} e|agcax} la jixne|cik gcã} âge rxini|cik la} ck}ram|aqx}' mik}|xqc| a|xãegc}ã ge jixne|cik gcãa â ge rxini|cik la}minnc}}ecxa}' eck}c uqa ga |a}| la ri|ak|cag

evã }qx ge nc}a ak rax}ram|cza rex ga}minnc}}ecxa} la ge rgq}.zegqa errix|ãa rexma||a jixne|cik+

Ga }axzcma la jixne|cik' m–a}| ãèganak|qka maggqga la ¤ jixne|cik irãxe|cikkagga´' ió la} avrax|} ak ge ne|cæxa ik| riqx

nc}}cik la jixnax ki|xa rax}ikkag lek}lcjjãxak|} linecka} |ag} uqa? ga |cx' geneë|xc}a la ge zcigakma }ek} exna} â jaq a|g–errqc â ge }qxzacggekma a| â ge rxi|am|cik&miklqc|a eq|inihcga#+

G–ixèkc}e|cik a| ge xãegc}e|cik la}jixne|cik} xã}clak|cagga} |agga} uqa ga ¤Lskencm Raxjixnekma \xeckck` ´ a| ga} ¤|aen.hqcglck` ´ }ik| ãèganak| `ãxãa} rexma||a nïna maggqga irãxe|cikkagga+

e+ ga} `XekL} MFek\caX}La ge JiXne\cik a\ LQLaZagiRRanak\

ge Rigc\cUQa La JiXne\cik a\ga Rgek La JiXne\cik

Larqc} }ik ck}|eqxe|cik ak nex} 8220'ga }axzcma la jixne|cik e xãriklq l–qkanekcæxa xãem|cza a| rikm|qagga eqv ha}ick}cnnãlce|} la jixne|cik gcã} â g–exxczãa la}kiqzaeqv eàk|} &85= larqc} 8220#' eqvavcàkma} la rxini|cik lek} ge mexxcæxa'eck}c uq–eqv lanekla} cklczclqagga}a| miggam|cza} uq–agga} }icak| la ke|qxahexãncuqa iq jikm|cikkagga+

Ma||a errximfa xãem|cza ze lã}ixnec}}a nqax ak qka à}|cik rxãzc}cikkagga a|

rgekcjcãa la} em|cik} la jixne|cik+ Riqx majecxa' ga }axzcma la jixne|cik e enixmã eqmiqx} la g–ekkãa 8252 qk zcxeà zax} qkaerrximfa rgq} rxija}}cikkagga a| ck|ã`xãa

=Ge jixne|cik eq }ack la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|



reà 528 JIMQ] =

la ge jixne|cik uqc }a |xelqcxe' â |axna' lek}ge jckegc}e|cik l–qka rigc|cuqa la jixne|cik a|ge xãegc}e|cik lq rgek la jixne|cik+

Ge rigc|cuqa la jixne|cik' ak rex|ca lãoâlãjckca lek} g–exxï|ã nckc}|ãxcag lq < nec8220' lã|axnckaxe ga} gc`ka} lcxam|xcma} la

ge jixne|cik lq rax}ikkag eq xaèxl la}ha}ick} }rãmcjcuqa} la g–ixèkc}e|cik eck}cuqa ga} nisak} uqc s }axik| eggiqã} a| ga}nilegc|ã} la xãegc}e|cik+

Ga rgek la jixne|cik' }qx ge he}a lag–clak|cjcme|cik la} ha}ick} la jixne|cik'raxna||xe l–ã|ehgcx ge rgekcjcme|cik la}jixne|cik}+ G–e|iq| rxckmcreg lq rgek lajixne|cik a}| la likkax qka nacggaqxazc}chcgc|ã la} jixne|cik} â na||xa ak ŝqzxa'likm la ncaqv ga} rgekcjcax' ga} rxi`xennaxa| ga} hql`ã|ax+

Ga} rxancæxa} he}a} la ma| enhc|caqvrxioa| ik| ã|ã ri}ãa} ma||a ekkãa 8252'ki|ennak| zce ge xãegc}e|cik lq mele}|xala} ha}ick} la jixne|cik' a| }a zaxxik|mik}igclãa} a| lãzagirrãa} eq miqx} lag–ekkãa 8255+

ga \Xek}JaX\ LaMikkec}}ekMa}

Ga |xek}jax| la mikkec}}ekma} a}| qk la}eva} a}}ak|cag} la ge rigc|cuqa la jixne|cikâ nakax+ Cg }–e`c|' l–qka rex|' l–qk nisakl–clak|cjcax a| la gimegc}ax ga} mikkec}}ekma}mxc|cuqa} lq }axzcma' a|' l–eq|xa rex|' lazegixc}ax ga} emuqc} rxija}}cikkag} a| gemxãe|cik la }ezicx eq }ack la ma nïna

}axzcma+

G–ekkãa 8252 e ã|ã nexuqãa rex gagekmanak| la ma rxioa|+ Qka rxancæxa

rfe}a e ã|ã la }ak}chcgc}ax g–ak}anhgalq rax}ikkag eqv akoaqv lq |xek}jax|la mikkec}}ekma}' nec} ãèganak| laga} ckzc|ax â }s}|ãne|c}ax g–q|cgc}e|cik lqlimqnak| la |xek}jax| la mikkec}}ekma}erxæ} mfeuqa jixne|cik }qczca+

Ga }axzcma la jixne|cik e ãèganak|minnakmã â lcjjq}ax eqrxæ} la g–ak}anhgalq rax}ikkag qk iq|cg la |xek}jax| lamikkec}}ekma ak|xa ga ¤ }akcix ´ &g–ãna||aqxla} mikkec}}ekma}# a| ga ¤ oqkcix ´ &gaxamazaqx la mikkec}}ekma}#+ Ma| iq|cg'lãkinnã ga ¤ dc| la }qxzca ´ ezec| riqxenhc|cik' eq.lagâ la ge }ak}chcgc}e|cik'l–ixèkc}ax qk rxima}}q} la |xek}jax| zceqka nã|filigi`ca emma}}chga â |iq}+

G–exxï|ã nckc}|ãxcag lq 5< oqck 8252 a}| zakqxakjixmax ge zegixc}e|cik lq |xek}jax| lamikkec}}ekma} ak raxna||ek| ge xã|xchq|cikla} faqxa} la jixne|cik lc}rak}ãa} rex la}jixne|aqx} ck|axka} a| av|axka} â ge Z]]A+Lek} ma melxa' qka }s}|ãne|c}e|cik la}linecka} l–avrax|c}a a| qk xamak}anak|la} jixne|aqx} ck|axzakek| }qx qka he}azigik|ecxa }ik| xãegc}ã} zce qk erragck|axka+ Ck jcka' maqv.mc }axik| iq|cggã} }qx

ga rgek rãleì`cuqa a| nã|filigi`cuqa ejckl–ir|cnegc}ax ga rxima}}q} la |xek}jax|+

H+ RaX}RaM\cZa}

Eq |axna la g–ekkãa 8252 a| erxæ} = ekkãa}la nc}a ak rxe|cuqa la} avcàkma} lag–exxï|ã nckc}|ãxcag }qx ge jixne|cik lq < nec8220' cg errexeë| a}}ak|cag' riqx ga }axzcmala jixne|cik' l–ãzegqax }a} nila} la

jikm|cikkanak| a| la nakax qka xãjgavcik}qx ga} em|cik} lãoâ ak|xarxc}a} rex xerrix|eqv ihoam|cj} }|xe|ã`cuqa} riqx}qczc} rex ga}axzcma+



JIMQ] = reà 52=

Ma||a xãjgavcik zc}a ak|xa eq|xa} â

enãgcixax a| â mgexcjcax ak jikm|cik la}

nisak} lc}rikchga} ga} rximãlqxa} la

|xec|anak| la} li}}cax} a| ga} rxima}}q}

la jixne|cik ezam g–ak}anhga la} em|aqx}

mikmaxkã} &rex avanrga? ga} mxc|æxa} la

max|cjcme|cik la} jixne|cik} hexãncuqa}'

ge rxija}}cikkegc}e|cik la} jixne|aqx}

ck|axka}' ge rxi}ram|cik la} irãxe|aqx}

av|axka} la jixne|cik' ga |ehgaeq la hixl la

rcgi|eà lq }axzcma' …#+ La ma||a xãjgavcik

ãnekaxik| max|eck} enãkeànak|} uqc

zc}axik| â ir|cnegc}ax g–ak}anhga lq

jikm|cikkanak| lq }axzcma eck}c uqa la }a}

em|aqx} lek} ge xage|cik uqc ga} gca ezam ga}

q|cgc}e|aqx} lq }axzcma+

Ga }axzcma la jixne|cik e zime|cik la}–elxa}}ax â g–ak}anhga la} }axzcma} la ge

]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+ E g–faqxa em|qagga' ga }|e|q|

la ge Z]]A a| }ik gcak lcxam| ezam ga ]RJ

Oq}|cma riqx ge rex|ca lq rax}ikkag la}

}axzcma} ck|ãxcaqx} xaklak| lcjjcmcga ge rgacka

avãmq|cik la} nc}}cik} la jixne|cik uqc gqc

}ik| mikjcãa}+ G–eq|ikinca la à}|cik la ge

Z]]A raxna||xec| la xanrgcx ma||a zime|cik+

Neg`xã qka exmfc|am|qxa re} |iqoiqx}

eoq}|ãa â ki} ha}ick}' ga }axzcma e |iq| la

nïna rq ã|ehgcx ak 8252 la} }skax`ca}

ak|xa ga} }axzcma} av|ãxcaqx} a| ga} }axzcma}

l–ekegs}a }qx lczax} rxioa|}+

Ga} rik|} l–qka miggehixe|cik ik| ãèganak|

ã|ã oa|ã} rex ge lã}c`ke|cik l–qk eàk| la

mik|em|+



Mferc|xa : reà 521

XaMXQ\anak\} ak 8252

Ak 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e rximãlã â

68 xamxq|anak|}+ Rexnc ma} rax}ikka}'

5: ik| xaoick| ga} }axzcma} ck|ãxcaqx} a| ::

ik| ck|ã`xã ga} }axzcma} av|ãxcaqx}' la}

ck}ram|aqx} &kczaeq H#+

Riqx ga} }axzcma} ck|ãxcaqx}' ge xãrex|c|cik

la} xamxq|anak|} rex kczaeq a| rex }ava

a}| ge }qczek|a?

J F \i\eg

kzq e = 6 55

kzq H 5 8 =

kzq M 2 8 8

kzq L 2 2 2

\i\eg < 58 5:

Riqx ga} }axzcma} av|ãxcaqx}' ge

xãrex|c|cik la} xamxq|anak|} rex kczaeq a|

rex }ava a}| ge }qczek|a?

J F \i\eg

kzq H 8= <= ::

Ki|ik} ãèganak| uqa =8 eàk|}' |ek| la}

}axzcma} ck|ãxcaqx} uq–av|ãxcaqx}' ik| uqc||ã

lãjckc|czanak| ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e|+

niSak} ne\aXcag} a\JckekMcaX}

niSak} ne\ãXcag}

Xaenakeànak\ LQ kiX\Fè\a c

Ga rxioa| la xãkize|cik a| l–enãgcixe|cik lag–ckjxe}|xqm|qxa lq hè|cnak| lq }axzcma' lik|cg ã|ec| lãoâ uqa}|cik lek} ga} xerrix|} 8226a| 8223' e lãhq|ã ga 5ax }ar|anhxa 8223 a|}–a}| |axnckã ga 51 kizanhxa 8252+

Ge xãkize|cik la} ã|eà} e mik}c}|ãrxckmcreganak| ak? ga rgemanak| l–qk

kiqzaeq xazï|anak| lq }ig' la} |xezeqvla rack|qxa' qka xalc}|xchq|cik lag–a}rema' g–ck}|egge|cik la kiqzaeqv mèhga}ckjixne|cuqa}' g–ck}|egge|cik la ra|c|a}mqc}cka} â mfeuqa ã|eà' g–ck}|egge|cik l–qkamqc}cka rxija}}cikkagga' ge nilaxkc}e|cikla} }egga} la xãqkcik}+

Ga xa.la.mfeq}}ãa e ã|ã ak|cæxanak|}ãmqxc}ã a| qk kiqzaeq |sra la mik|xügal–emmæ} e ã|ã ck}|eggã+

MinnekLa} a\ ck\aXZak\cik}\aMFkcUQa}

Ejck l–e}}qxax ga jikm|cikkanak| la}lczax}a} }am|cik} lek} qk akzcxikkanak|la |xezecg kixneg' 620 li}}cax} ik| ã|ãck|xilqc|} riqx la} minnekla} la ne|ãxcag}lczax}' la hcak} la mik}inne|cik' la hcak}l–ckza}|c}}anak| a| la }axzcma}+ Rex ecggaqx}'

ga kinhxa la lanekla} l–ck|axzak|cik}|amfkcuqa} }–ãgæza â uqaguqa 8:<+

:XA]]IQXMA] FQNECKA]

A\ NE\AXCAGGA]



Mferc|xa : reà 520

niSak} JckekMcaX}

Ak 8252' ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| e lc}ri}ã la}mxãlc|} }qczek|}?

. mxãlc|} la rax}ikkag? =<+065+222 ₧

. mxãlc|} la jikm|cikkanak|? 6+<:5+222 ₧

XãQkcik}

XaQkcik} ck\aXke\cikega}

Ki|xa }axzcma e ixèkc}ã' ak |ek| uq–fü|a'lczax}a} xakmik|xa} ck|axke|cikega}+ Lek}ma melxa' ki|xa }axzcma e emmqacggc 5<<lãgãè|cik}+

Zc}c\aQX}

L–eq|xa rex|' ki|xa }axzcma e emmqacggc 5:1lãgãè|cik} ã|xek`æxa} &15: rax}ikka}#zakqa} ak Hag`cuqa riqx la} xec}ik}rxija}}cikkagga}+

nc}}cik} e g–a\XekàX

Ga} eàk|} la ge ]ôxa|ã la g–A|e| }a }ik|la nïna xaklq} â g–ã|xekàx lek} gamelxa la gaqx} nc}}cik} a| l–ihgcè|cik}ck|axke|cikega}+ Ak 8252' =1< nanhxa} laki|xa }axzcma ik| ã|ã akzisã} â g–ã|xekàxlek} ga melxa la 512 nc}}cik}+



reà 526 Mferc|xa :

Likkãa} La Mik\eM\

}ôXa\ã La g–a\e\

Hiqgazexl lq Xic Eghax| CC' :

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