TamilNet Transcription 1 tamil

jkpo;new; toq;Fk;

jkpo; vOj;njhypngaHg;G

jkpio Mq;fpyj;jpy; vspikahf thrpg;gjw;Fk; vOJtjw;Fk; trjp

ahd vOj;njhypngaHg;G Kiw xd;iw jkpo;new; jw;NghJ gad;

gLj;jptUfpwJ. ,e;j Kiwia> fzdpapy; ,yFthff; ifahsyhk;.

jkpio> Mq;fpyk; vOJk; cNuhkd; vOj;Jf;fSf;Fj; jhdhfNt

khw;Wtjw;Fk; cNuhkd; vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjg;gl;l jkpo;r;nrhw;

fisj; jhdhfNt jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;gjw;Fk; fzdpiag; gad;

gLj;;jf;$ba Kiw xd;iwAk; jkpo;new; cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j

vOj;njhypngaHg;Gf;fhd tpsf;fq;fSk; tpjpKiwfSk; topfhl;b

fSk; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd. gad;gLj;jpg; ghHf;f tpUk;GNthUf;fhf>

jd;dpaf;f vOj;njhypngaHg;Gf; fUtp xd;Wk; ,q;F ,izf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ. fUj;Jf;fisAk; ,k;Kiwapd;; msitiag; gpd;gw;wp

nkd;nghUs; jahupf;f Kd;tUNthiuAk; jkpo;new; tuNtw;fpwJ.

ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ: Ååû´π‹†-1.0

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vOj;njhypngaHg;G vjw;fhf?

jkpio Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJtJ> mjhtJ Mq;fpyk; vOJk; cNuhk

vOj;Jf;fspy; vOJtJ> ,d;W gutyhf eilngWfpw tplak;Ä

mtrpakhdJk; $l. ngaH> ,lg;ngaH> Kftup> ngaHg;gyiffs;

Nghd;wtw;wpy; vOj;njhypngaHg;Gr; nra;J vOJfpNwhk;.

jkpowpahNjhH> jkpo;r;nrhw;fis> mtw;wpd; tbtk; rpijahkYk; ngUksT

cr;rupg;Gr; rpijahkYk; ngWtjw;F vOj;njhypngaHg;G mtrpak;.

vOjg;gl;l jkpo; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fis> fy;tpAyfj; NjitfSf;fhf

Mq;fpyj;jpy; nfhz;LtUk;NghJ vOj;njhypngaHg;Gj; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

jkpo;r;nra;jpfisf; ifahSk; Mq;fpy Clfq;fspy; ,J md;whl fhupak;.

ifg;Ngrp mQ;rypy; (SMS) vOj;njhypngaHg;Gr; nra;Jjhd; MfNtz;Lk;.

,iza ciuahlypYk; mQ;rypYk; jkpo; mr;rpaw;wYf;Fj; jaf;fk;

,Ug;gjhy; Mq;fpyk; mwpe;j jkpoH> jkpOf;Fg; Nghtjpy;iy. Gyk;ngaHe;j

,lq;fspy; jkpowpe;Jk; jkpo; vOj;jwpahj jiyKiw xd;Wk; ,d;Wz;L.

,tHfs; kj;jpapy; jkpioj; jf;fitg;gjw;F vOj;njhypngaHg;Gj;

Njitg;gLfpwJ.

Muk;g Kaw;rpfs;:

cNuhk vOj;Jf;fspy; jkpio vOJtJ neLq;fhykhf eilngw;Wte;Js;sJ.

NghHj;Jf;NfaH te;jjpy; ,Ue;J> fpl;lj;jl;l IEW Mz;Lfhyg; ghuk;gupak;

,jw;Fz;L. Muk;gj;jpy; INuhg;gpaHfspd; nrtpf;Nfs;tpf;Nfw;g

vOj;njhypngaHg;Gfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. epak tpjpKiwfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iyÄ

gytifahfTk; nra;ag;gl;ld. jkpo; vOj;Njh> xypNah> ,tw;wpy; Kiwahfg;

Ngzg;gltpy;iy.

fPioj;Nja Ey;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs; Nghd;wit INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy;

nfhzug;;gl;lNghJ nrhw;fspd; vOj;Jtbtj;ijr; rpijahkw; NgzNtz;ba

Njit ngupjhapw;W. njd;dhrpa nkhopfspd; vOj;Jf;fis cNuhk

vOj;Jf;fSf;Fg; ngaHg;gjw;F> rPHkhdkhd Kiw xd;W> gj;njhd;gjhk;

Ew;whz;by; mwpKfkhdJ. ,e;j vOj;Jg;ngaHg;gpd; jkpo;f; ifahs;ifia>

1930 fspy;> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofj; jkpo; mfuKjyp epaktbtQ; nra;jJ.

fy;tpAyfpy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,e;j vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G

fzdpg;gad;ghl;Lf;Fk; rhjhuz thrfUf;Fk; rpukkhdJ.

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vOj;Jg;ngaHg;Gk; vOj;njhypngaHg;Gk;

vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G (transliteration) vd;gJk; vOj;njhypngaHg;G (transcription) vd;gJk; ntt;Ntwhdit. vOj;Jg;ngaHg;gpy; vOj;J khj;jpuNk

ngaHf;fg;gLfpwJ. vOj;jpd; cr;rupg;Gg; Ngjq;fs; ngaHf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

cjhuzkhf> jkpo; wfuk;> r vd;gjd; fPo; Nfhbl;l vOj;jhf (ṟ) ngaHf;fg;gLtJ tof;fk;. Mdhy;> ,e;j wfuk; jdpnka;ahf tUk; NghJk;

,ul;bf;Fk; NghJk; t vd;w cr;rupg;igg; ngWtJ vOj;Jg;ngaHg;gpy;

(transliteration) fhl;lg;glhJ. xU nkhopapYs;s xypfSf;Fk; mk;nkhopia

vOJk; vOj;Jf;fSf;Fk; cs;s njhlHG mr;nrhl;lhdjy;y. vOj;Jf;fis

khj;jpuk; ngaHf;Fk; transliteration Nghyd;wp cr;rupg;gpd; xypfis xl;br;

nrhw;fisg; ngaHg;gJ vOj;njhypngaHg;G (transcription) MFk;.

Mq;fpy mfuhjpfspy;> nrhw;fspd; cr;rupg;ghdJ FwpaPLfSk; fpNuf;f-

cNuhk vOj;Jf;fSk; fye;jnjhU Kiwapy; fhl;lg;gl;bUg;gijg; ghHf;fyhk;.

mfuhjpiag; gad;gLj;JNthH ,e;jf; FwpaPLfspd; xyptbtq;fisj;

njupe;jpUj;jy; mtrpak;. cyf nkhopfspd; xyptbtq;fis

tuptbthf;Ftjw;fhd gd;nkhop xypnaOj;J (International Phonetic Alphabet) Kiw vdTk; xd;Wz;L. Mq;fpy mfuhjpKiw> gd;nkhop xypnaOj;J Kiw

Nghd;wit rhjhuz gad;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUe;jhjit.

tof;fpYs;s KiwfSk; rpf;fy;fSk;

rhjhuz toKiwapy;> jkpio Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJtJ gy;NtWtpjkhfTk;

nra;ag;gl;LtUfpwJ. capNuhirfisg; nghWj;jtiu> jkpopYs;s rpy

nel;Nlhirfs; Mq;fpy tof;fpy; mupjhfNth> ,y;yhkNyh ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,jdhy;> rhjhuz vOj;J tof;fpy; ,tw;iw ehk; fhl;lhkNy

tpl;LtpLfpNwhk;. c+k; Mannar (kd;dhH), Karaitivu (fhiujPT), Mutur (%JH), Achchuvely (mr;RNtyp), Vaddukkoddai (tl;Lf;Nfhl;il). jkpo;

mwpe;jpUe;jhYk; ,e;j CHfisj; njupahjtHfs; ,tw;iw kd;dH> fiuj;jPT>

Kl;^H> mr;Rntsp> tl;Lf;nfhl;il vd;Wk; gbf;ff;$Lk;.

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nka;Nahirfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJk;NghJ> n vd;w xNu Mq;fpy vOj;jhy;

efuk;> dfuk;> zfuk;> qfuk;> Qfuk; vd;w Ie;Jk; vOjg;gLtijg;

ghHf;fpNwhk;. yfuk;> sfuk;> ofuk; vd;w %d;WNk l vd;w vOj;jhy;

vOjg;gLfpd;wd. ufu wfu Ngjj;ij r vd;w xNu vOj;jhy; fhl;lKbahJ.

rpy nka;Nahirfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJtjpy; vOj;J kaf;fKz;L. ffuj;ij

vOJtjw;F k cld; c Ak;> tfuj;jpw;F v cld;w ck;; toq;fptUtJ ehk;

mwpe;jNj. afuj;jpw;Fk; Ifhuj;jpw;Fk; ,fuj;jpw;Fk;> y, ai Nghd;wtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;JtjpYk; kaf;fk; cz;L.

jkpio vOj;njhypngaHg;gjpy; ,q;F $wg;gl;ltw;iw tpl Kjd;ikahd

rpf;fy; xd;W ,Uf;fpwJ. jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; cr;rupf;fg;gLk;NghJ Vw;gLk;

xypNgjq;fNs me;jr; rpf;fy;. ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fspy; ,r;rpf;fy; ngupJk;

czug;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf ffuk;> k, g, h vdTk; rfuk; ch, s, j vdTk; lfuk; ṭ, d vdTk; jfuk; th, dh vdTk; gfuk; p, b vdTk; wfuk; t, r vdTk;

re;jHg;gj;jpw;Nfw;gg; Ngjg;glyhk;. nky;ypd> ,ilapd nka;fSf;Fg;

gpd;dhy; ,it tUk;NghJk; ,uz;L capHfSf;fpilapy; tUk;NghJk;

,g;Ngjq;fs; mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,tw;Ws; rpy Ngjq;fs; vy;yhj; jkpo; tof;fhWfspYk; xNukhjpupahf

,Ug;gjpy;iy. cjhuzkhf ffuk;> rpy tof;fhWfspy; g MfTk; rpy

tof;fhWfspy; h MfTk; cs;sJ. aho;g;ghzj; jkpo; tof;fhw;wpy; ffuk;> jfuk;>

gfuk; Nghd;wit ngUksT k, th, p vd;Nw Ngzg;gLfpd;wd. epakkhd

vOj;njhypngaHg;nghd;iwr; nra;tJ ,q;F fbdkhfpd;wJ. xU

tof;fhw;iwr; rPHtbtkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;L ,d;ndhU tof;fhw;iwg;

Gwf;fzpg;gjhfpd;wJ.

ty;ypd nka;fisr; rPHkhdkhf vOj;njhypngaHg;gjpy; NtnwhU rpf;fYk;

,Uf;fpwJ. jkpopy; toq;fptUk; tlnrhw;fs; tplaj;jpy; ,J czug;gLfpwJ.

tlnrhw;fisj; jkpo; tbtQ; nra;J cr;rupg;gJ jkpo; kuG.

gpuhfpUjq;fSf;Fk; ,e;j kuG cz;L. INuhg;gpa nkhopr; nrhw;fs; vkf;F

mwpKfkhdNghJk; ,e;j Ntiyia ehk; nra;jpUf;fpNwhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>

jkpoupilNa tlnkhopg;gad;ghl;Lld; gof;fKs;s tl;lq;fspy; Kw;$wpa

nrhw;fs; mtw;wpd; tlnkhop cr;rupg;GlNdNa Ngzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzk;:

fq;if> rq;fPjk;> jHkk;> gak; (kangkai/gangkai; changkeetham/sanggeedham; tharmam/dharmam; payam/bhayam). ,j;jifa nrhw;fis> ve;j tof;fhw;iw

mbnahw;wp vOj;njhypngaHg;gJ vd;gJ Nfs;tpahfpd;wJ.

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%y xypfSk; mirnthypfSk; (Phonemes and allophones) xU nkhopapd; xyp%yf;$Wfis> phonemes vd;gH nkhopapayhsH. ,e;j

xyp%yf;$WfSf;Fk; mirT cz;L. ,it allophones vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzkhf> p vd;Dk; xyp Mq;fpyj;jpy; xU phoneme. ,Ug;gpDk;> pin vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; ,J fhw;W Vwpa rj;jj;Jld; (aspirated/mahāprāṇa) cr;rupf;fg;gLfpwJ. Spin vd;w nrhy;ypy; cs;s p ,ypUe;J ,J NtWgLfpwJ.

,it p apd; allophones vdyhk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,e;j NtWghL tuptbtpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy;> rk;];fpUjj;jpy; ,t;NtWghL ,uz;L

NtWNtwhd vOj;Jf;fshf> p, ph vd;W nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. tuptbTfSk;

jdpahdit. ,it> rk;];fpUjj;jpy; nrhw;fspd; fUj;ij khw;wf;$bait.

vdNt> Mq;fpyj;jpy; allophone Mf ,Ug;gJ rk;];fpUjj;jpy; phonemes Mfpd;wd.

,t;thNw> rk;];fpUjj;jpy; phonemes Mf ,Uf;Fk; ty;ypd tHf;f rj;jq;fs;

(kha, ga, gha; pha, ba, bha Nghd;wit) jkpopy; phonemes my;y. ,it

allophones. ,it> jkpopy; nrhw;fis khw;Wk; typik ngw;witay;y.

rk;];fpUjj;ij vOj;njhypngaHf;Fk;NghJ ,e;j xypfisf; fhl;l Ntz;;ba

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> jkpio vOj;njhypngaHf;Fk;NghJ ,Uf;fNtz;bajpy;iy.

jkpo; cr;rupg;gpy; ,t;thwhd xyp khWghLfSf;F ,lKz;L vd;gij

tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; vOj;njhypngaHg;G ,Ue;jhy; NghJkhdJ.

xypkhWghLfs; NeHrPuw;wjhf> ,lj;Jf;F ,lk;> tof;fhw;Wf;F tof;fhW

NtWgLkhapd; mtw;iw vOj;njhypngaHg;gpy; nfhz;Ltuhky; vOj;ij

khj;jpuk; ngaHg;gJ ey;yJ.

Phonemes vd;git xU nkhopapd; xyp%yf;$Wfs; vd;gij Kd;dNu

ghHj;Njhk;. ,e;jtifapy;> ,jw;F ,d;ndhU tpsf;fKk; cz;L. cr;rupg;gpy;

tuf;$ba mOj;jk;> nkd;ik> jaf;fk;> epWj;jk;> %f;fpNdhir Nghd;w

vy;yhtifahd xypEl;gNgjq;fSk;> phonemes vd;gjpy; mlq;fptpLfpd;wd.

vdNt> xU nkhopiag; NgRgtupilNa $l> MSf;F Ms;> phonemes NtWglyhk;. xUtNu Neuj;Jf;F Neuk; NtWgLj;jpg; Ngryhk;. jkpo;nkhop

cr;rupg;gpy;> vkJ epidTf;F vl;b> phonemes ,d; xypAUkhw;wq;fis mwpa

tpUk;GNthH> ,d;iwa jpiug;glq;fs;-ghly;fis 50fspd; jpiug;glq;fs;

ghly;fSld; xg;GNehf;fpj; njupe;Jnfhs;syhk;.

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mfykhd vOj;njhypngaHg;Gk; El;gkhd vOj;njhypngaHg;Gk;

nkhopfis vOj;njhypngaHg;Gr; nra;tjpy; ,Utif cz;L. xd;W

mfykhdJ (broad transcription)> kw;wJ El;gkhdJ (narrow transcription). El;gkhd vOj;njhypngaHg;G xU xypg;gjpTf; fUtpiag; Nghd;wJ.

vy;yhtpjkhd cr;rupg;G El;gNgjq;fisAk; nfhz;Lte;Jtplyhk;.

fy;tpAyFf;Fk; nkhopapayhsUf;Fk; ngupJk; gad;glf;$baJ. vdpDk; ,J>

xUtH xU Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; vg;gbg; NgrpdhH vd;gijNa

gjpTnra;af;$baJ. xU nkhopiag; NgRNthH midtUf;Fk; nghJthdjhf

,Uf;fKbahjJ. NkYk;> ,t;thwhd vOj;njhypngaHg;igr; nra;tjw;F

vz;zpwe;j FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jNtz;b ,Uf;Fk;. ,J rhjhuz

thrpg;Gf;F cjthJ.

mfykhd vOj;njhypngaHg;gpy; xU nkhopiag; NgRNthH midtUf;Fk;

,lKz;L. Fiwe;j FwpaPLfshy; vOjg;glf;$baJ. ,jdhy;

Ntw;WnkhopahsHfs; gad;gLj;Jk; mfuhjpfspy; ,J ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ.

,j;jifa mfuhjpfspy; allophones, Njit jtpHf;fKbahky; ,Ue;jhyd;wp>

jdpf;FwpaPLfshy; fhl;lg;gLtjpy;iy. mit> cr;rupg;G Kd;Diuapy;

nrhy;yg;gl;LtpLk;. nkhopapay; Ma;TfspYk;> Kjypy; mfykhd

vOj;njhypngaHg;igf; nfhLj;J> gpd;dH Njitia xl;bNa El;gkhd

vOj;njhypngaHg;igf; nfhLg;gJ tof;fk;.

jkpo;new; vOj;njhypngaHg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

jkpo;new; vOj;njhypngaHg;G> Kf;fpakhf Clfj;NjitiaAk;

fzdpg;gpuNahfj;ijAk; kdjpw;nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo;new;

Nghd;w Mq;fpy Clfj;jpy; md;whlk; vz;zpwe;j jkpo; ,lg; ngaHfisf;

ifahsNtz;bapUf;fpwJ. ,lg;ngaHfspd; nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; rpijahky;>

Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,ad;wsT vspikahfj; jUtJ vg;gb> vd;w Nfs;tpapy;

gpwe;jNj ,e;j vOj;njhypngaHg;G. ,ijAk;> rhjhuz fzdp

tpirg;gyifapd; xNu jl;bNyNa mr;rpaw;Wk; xOq;Fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; rpy vOj;njhypngaHg;G Kiwfspy; ngupa

vOj;Jf;fSk; rpd;d vOj;Jf;fSk; fye;jpUg;gJ> vOj;jikjpf;Fj;

jpUg;jpfukhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

jkpo;new; Kaw;rpapd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;> vOj;njhypngaHg;igAk;

kPsj; jkpOf;Fg; ngaHg;gijAk; fzdpj; jd;dpaf;fk; (computer automation)

nra;tJ. ,j;NjhL> nrd;id jkpo; mfuKjyp vOj;Jg;ngaHg;igAk;

,izj;Jj; jd;dpaf;fk; nra;tJ gaDilajhfj; Njhd;wpaJ. ,tw;iwr;

nra;tjw;F> vOj;njhypngaHg;Gf;fhd FwpaPLfSk; tpjpKiwfSk;

rPHkhdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gl;l thrfj;jpw;F jkpo;

vOj;Jf;fSldhd njhlHGk; rPHkhdkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,j;jifa

Kaw;rpf;F> mfykhd vOj;njhypngaHg;G KiwNa (broad transcription) nghUj;jkhdjhf mike;jJ.

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jkpo;new; vOj;njhypngaHg;gpd; Kf;fpa msitfs;

• capnuOj;Jf;fspd; Fw;nwOj;Jf;fSk; nel;nlOj;Jf;fSk;

NtWgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• capnuOj;Jf;fspd; xypNgjq;fs; (Fw;wpaYfuk;> Vfhuj;jpy; cs;s

NtWghL Nghd;wit) jdpf;FwpaPLfshy; fhl;lg;gltpy;iy.

• nka;naOj;jpd; ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fspy; rfuj;Jf;Fk; wfuj;jpw;Fk;

Vw;gLk; xypNgjq;fs;> mit vg;nghOJk; kaf;fkpd;wp

,lk;ngWtjhy;> vOj;JNtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• Vida ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fspy; Vw;gLk; xypNgjq;fspy; tof;fhw;W

xw;Wikapd;ik ,Ug;gjhy;> mit jdp vOj;Jf;fshy;

fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. vOj;Jf;fs; khj;jpuNk ngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• nka;naOj;Jf;fshd wfuk;> qfuk;> Qfhuk; zfuk;> ofuk;> sfuk;

Nghd;wit vOj;Jf;fshNyh my;yJ FwpaPLfshNyh

NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• efuj;jpw;Fk; dfuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s El;gkhd xypNgjk;

,yf;fzEy;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L> mit NtWNtW vOj;Jf;fshfj;

jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> Mq;fpy thrfUf;F mJ mtrpakw;wjhy;>

xNu vOj;jhNyNa vOj;njhypngaHg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• fpue;j vOj;J xypfs; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ty;ypd

nka;fspy; tUk; xypNgjq;fshd> s, h Nghd;witAk; ,tw;Wf;Fr;

rkkhd fpue;j XirfSk; xNu vOj;Jf;fshNyNa

vOj;njhypngaHg;gpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ty;ypd nka;fspd; allophones, kPs; vOj;njhypngaHg;gpd;

fzdpj;jd;dpaf;fj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjhtJ ,e;j

allophones I Mq;fpy vOj;njhypngaHg;gpy; vOjpdhYk; mit

fzdpj;jd;dpaf;fj;jpy; mtw;Wf;Fupa jkpo; vOj;Jf;fshf khw;wg;gLk;.

• efuk; dfuk; ,uz;Lk; vOj;njhypngaHg;gpy; xNu n My;

fhl;lg;gl;lhYk; jkpo; kPs;ngaHg;Gf;Ff; fzdpj; jd;dpaf;fk;

nra;Ak;NghJ> ,lk; fUjp> jhdhfNt efukhfTk; dfukhfTk;

fhl;lg;gLk;. rpy Fwpj;j ,lq;fspy; khj;jpuk;> efuj;ij NtWgLj;Jk;

FwpaPL nfhLf;fNtz;bapUf;Fk;.

• fpue;j vOj;Jf;fSk; ty;ypd allophone fSk; xd;whf ,Uf;Fk; s, h

Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;> mtw;Wf;Ff; tpjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;

jdpf;FwpaPLfisf; nfhLj;J> fpue;j vOj;Jf;fshf jkpo; kPs;ngaHg;Gr;

nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

8

jkpo;new; vOj;njhypngaHg;G> Clfj;NjitfSf;fhf

cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; md;whlg; gad;ghl;by; vtUNk> mr;rpaw;wy;

NjitfSf;Fk; ,izaj; njhlHG> ifg;Ngrpj; njhlHG Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fk;

gad;gLj;jf;$baJ. vOjg;gl;l jfty; njhlHghd Njitfspy;> vy;yh

,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fspYk; gprfpd;wpg; Ngha;tuf;$baJ.

fzdpj; jd;dpaf;fj;jpw;Fupa msitiaAk; fUtpiaAk; jkpo;new;

cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,J> jw;NghJ jkpo;new;wpd; Clfj; NjitfSf;F

khj;jpuk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vLj;Jf;fhl;L>

thrfHfspd; ghHitf;F ,izaj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. nghUj;jkhd

nkd;nghUl;fisj; jahupg;gjd; %yk;> vtUk; gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf>

,ijf; nfhz;Ltuyhk;. jkpo;new; Kiwf;fpzq;f nkd;nghUs; jahupf;f

Kd;tUNthUf;F msitiaf; nfhLj;Jjt jkpo;new; jahuhfTs;sJ.

9

§∑¨ÿ⁄•ú ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ: Ååû´π‹†-1.0

1 .0 ±Æî∂®òÊûõ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.0 ¶®ù¶Ÿê‚åûŸØ ÄæÎÓí§òûõ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.1 §∑ºò Äé±®úæ, Åç∞™í¥ú‡í §Ÿø®ç∞

ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊé ⁄†ñËï Á‹Æ......................................................................................12

2.2 §∑ö ´Ÿ†ûí¥ú‡π® §Ÿø®ç∞ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ ......................................................12

2.3 Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò §∑ö ´Ÿ†ûí‹§ Äé±®úÆò..........................................................12

2.4 Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò Äé±®úæ®‹§ §∑Ïå‡í §ùø®åûè⁄†ñ§ò......................13

2.5 ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫ ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®óî∂ú‡ §ùø®åûè ⁄†ñ§ò: .......................13

3.0 vOj;njhypngaHg;G ml;ltizfs ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1 jkpopypUe;J cNuhkd; vOj;Jf;fSf;F: vOj;njhypngaHg;Gk; jd;dpaf;fKk; ....... 14

3.1.1 capnuOj;Jf;fs; ............................................................................................................................... 14

3.1.2 Ma;jk;...................................................................................................................................................... 15

3.1.3 nka; vOj;Jf;fs; ................................................................................................................................ 15

3.1.3.1 ty;ypdk; ...................................................................................................................................... 15

3.1.3.2 nky;ypdk;.................................................................................................................................... 17

3.1.3.3 ,ilapdk; .................................................................................................................................. 18

3.1.4 fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; ............................................................................................................................ 19

3.2 cNuhkdpypUe;J jkpOf;F: jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G............................................................ 20

3.2.1 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: capnuOj;J................................................................ 20

3.2.2 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: Ma;jk;............................................................................ 20

3.2.3 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: nka;naOj;Jf;fs;..................................................... 21

3.2.3.1 ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs;................................................................................................................ 21

3.2.3.2 nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; ............................................................................................................. 22

3.2.3.3 ,ilapd vOj;Jf;fs;............................................................................................................ 23

3.2.4 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;.................................................... 24

4.0 jkpo;-cNuhkd; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G: nrd;id jkpo; mfuKjyp Kiw 25 4.1 capH ............................................................................................................................................................. 25

4.2 Ma;jk; .......................................................................................................................................................... 25

4.3 nka;naOj;Jf;fs; ................................................................................................................................... 26

4.3.1 ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; ........................................................................................................................... 26

4.3.2 nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fs;......................................................................................................................... 26

4.3.3 ,ilapd vOj;Jf;fs; ....................................................................................................................... 26

4.4 fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; .................................................................................................................................. 27

5 .0 Mtz tuyhW .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

10

1.0 ±Æî∂®òÊûõ

• §∑öé⁄†Ÿúû‹≠ Ä´úæù ´≤´ï ±‹§®Ÿßò, Ç®ùÆ´‹© Ñé†πîÊï

∂‹¨åûŸßò, Åç∞™ ´Ÿ†ûóûÌå‡ Ä´óûõ ¶®ù¶‚í‰ï Ñ¤©Ÿß

ÜÏí‰åûΩò, ÜΩ‹ß®Ÿû ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óí‰í §È´¤§ Çï

Á®ú±∏ù ¤•Ÿåûï.

• Çì§ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óî‹¶ §∑ºò ÇÈì‰ Åç∞™í¥ú‡ï

Åç∞™í¥∫Èì‰ §∑Ïå‡ï ÇÈ´º®ŸûÎï û£øí§ùø®åûï

⁄†ñ®™Ÿï.

• §∑ö ÜÏí‰åû‹≠ Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûÌå‡ ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®óî¶‹§ ßê‚ï

⁄†ñËï Á‹Æ âùÓ ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫¯¢Ÿû ÄæÁûßŸ∞,

⁄•‚çûŸ™ßŸû ´¨å∞Íõ≠‰. §∑ö⁄•ú ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óî‹¶

⁄†ù‹Øí §∑ö Äû©Á§∫ Á‹Æå‡ï û£øí §ùø®åûï ⁄†ñ®™Ÿï.

• §∑öé⁄†Ÿúûõ Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫

⁄¶®óåûî¶‚ï⁄¶ŸÏ‰ û£ø∏ò §û´ú¶¥Îï ¤§¢Íï ÜΩ‹ß®Ÿ‡ï

´ŸñîÊë‚.

• §∑¨æì¤§ŸÈï ∑ùø®ò Ö¢ûçûΩò Åç∞™í‹§î ¶®ù¶‚í‰ï

µ‹™ ÇùÓ Ñõ≠‰. ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ Á‹Æ®Ÿò ∑ùØè†ò,

‹ûî¤¶± Äè†ò N¶ŸùÆ´úæò §∑ö ⁄ßŸºî¶®ù¶Ÿê‹¢

Öå‡ªåû™Ÿï.

• û£ø∏ò §∑ö Äé±®úÆí ⁄§π®Ÿ¤§ŸÈï §∑ö ⁄ßŸº ⁄§πì‰ï §∑ö

ÜÏ§í ⁄§π®Ÿ¤§ŸÈï §∑ö⁄•ú ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ Á‹Æ∏ò Ñ¤©Ÿß

ÜÏí¥ò Äé±®úæ, §∑Ïå‡í §ùø®åûï ⁄†ñ‰⁄ûŸõ≠™Ÿï.

11

2.0 ¶®ù¶Ÿê‚åûŸØ ÄæÎÓí§òûõ

2.1 §∑ºò Äé±®úæ, Åç∞™í¥ú‡í §Ÿø®ç∞ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊé ⁄†ñËï Á‹Æ

• §ú¤¶Ÿ‹§å‡ ‘¶Ÿ∑ø’ ÜÏí‰Èªò ßŸí¥©ï Äé±®úÆÎï.

• ¶Ÿ∑ø ÜÏí‰È Çò™Ÿ§´óûõ Ç‹£®í¥∫Èì‰ Çì§ ÜÏí‰È‹´

ÇÆå∞å⁄ûŸõ≠™Ÿï.

• ¶Ÿ∑ø ÜÏí‰Èªò ¤¶ŸùÆ Äπ¥ú ¶®ù¶‚ï ÜÏí‰åûõ

Çò‹™ Üù¶‹§å û´Øí¥ú ⁄ûŸõ≠Îï.

• ûŸ™î¤¶Ÿå∞ò, ‘¯øå¤ûŸê’ àËï ßúÓï ¶©´™Ÿûî ¶®ù¶‚ï ∂Æ

ÜÏí‰Èåû‹≠Ëï ¢ Ñ¶¤®Ÿ∞åûå≤®§Ÿû §∑ö⁄•ú

ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ ⁄†ï‹ßî¶‚í§î¶‚ï.

• §∑ºò Äé±®úÓï¤¶Ÿ‰ Ç¢î¶‚ï âô⁄´ŸÈ ÁúÓîÊõΩ∏ù ∂ù

´Èï Á§™Ÿ´‰ ÜÏí‰, Ä§Ÿ´‰, ÁúÓîÊõΩ∏ù ∂ù âÈ

Ç‹¢⁄´Ω ªê‚ ´Èï Ä‚í§ ´†Øí¥ù Á§ò ÜÏí‰, Åç∞™

ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óî∂ò §ŸØŸû¤´ ⁄¶π® ÜÏí§Ÿû (capital) ßŸúÆî¶‚ï.

¤§‹´î¶¢Ÿ§⁄¶ŸÏ‰ §Ÿø®ç∞∏∫Èì‰ Çô´†¥‹® ≈å∞ª¢™Ÿï.

• ´Ÿå∞®í ⁄§Ÿ¢åûí¥ò Äò™Ÿßò ¤´Ó á§Ÿ´⁄§ŸÈ Ç¢í¥ò ⁄¶π®

ÜÏí‰ (capital) ¤§‹´î¶ê¢Ÿò, §∑ºò Äì§ ÜÏí‹§

Äé±®úÓï¤¶Ÿ‰ Äì§ ÜÏí¥ú‡ Ñ¢Ø≤ ÁùØŸû âÈ ÁúÓîÊõΩ

Ç¢Îï. Ç‹¢⁄´Ω®úÆ ÇîÊõΩ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óî∂ò ⁄§π® ´©Ÿ‰.

12

2.2 §∑ö ´Ÿ†ûí¥ú‡π® §Ÿø®ç∞ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ

• ÇïÁ‹Æ¯¢Ÿû Üí§‹û® §∑ö ´Ÿ†ûí‹§Ëï §Ÿø®ç∞

ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊé ⁄†ñ®™Ÿï.

• Çì§ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óî¶ŸØ‰ Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò ÇÈì§ŸÍï

Ñé†πî∂ò ⁄¶π‰ï Åç∞™ ´Ÿ†ûóû‹≠ ßØ¥ú⁄ûŸë¤¢

ÑÈ´Ÿåûî¶ê¢‰. Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åû‹≠î ¶®ù¶‚í‰ï ∂Æ à¤©Ÿî∂®

⁄ßŸºûΩù Ñé†πîÊ Á‹Æ ¤´ÆŸØ‰.

• Çì§ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ Á‹Æ‹®Ëï, §Ÿø®ç∞‹®Ëï, ¶®ù¶‚í§

ªÈïÊ¤´Ÿó ∂ùØŸò §©î¶ê≤Èå‡ï Äê¢´‹£ûΩò ÜÏí‰åûÌï

â∫ûÌï ‹û®Ÿ≠î¶ê≤Èå‡ï Á‹Æ‹®î ¶¨∞å⁄ûŸõ≠ ¤´ë‚ï.

2.3 Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò §∑ö ´Ÿ†ûí‹§ Äé±®úÆò

• Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩ∫Èå‡ï Üì§å û£ø ª‹†î¶™‹û‹®Ëï Ç§ú‡î

¶®ù¶‚í§™Ÿï.

• Äé±®úÆ ÁùØó Äê¢´‹£û‹≠î ¶≤í‰ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫ßŸúÆ

Á‹Æ‹®î Êπì‰⁄ûŸõ´‰ Ä´±®ï.

• Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò §∑ö ´Ÿ†ûï âù‹Æ Äé±®úæ, Ä‹§í §∑Ïå‡

§ùø®åûï ⁄†ñËï ⁄¶ŸÏ‰, Ç‹¢∏ò âÈ Åç∞™é ⁄†Ÿò‹¤®Ÿ

´Ÿ†ûí‹§¤®Ÿ ⁄ûŸ‚åûªÈï∂ØŸò, Äî¶Ÿûí¥ù ÇÈÊÆÁï Ç©ê‹¢

@@ ‡æ»‚⁄ûŸ‚åûÎï. Ñ-ï: Aanaiyi'ravu @@(Elephant Pass)@@ paravaik

kadal. §∑Ïå‡í §ùø®åûè ⁄†ñ®î¶‚ï⁄¶ŸÏ‰ Ç‰, Å‹Ø∏ÆÎ

(Elephant Pass) ¶©‹´å û¢ò, ÜØ ´Èï. @@ ‡æ»‚ ⁄§π®Ÿ‰.

13

2.4 Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò Äé±®úæ®‹§

§∑Ïå‡í §ùø®åûè⁄†ñ§ò • Äê¢´‹£ûΩò ûŸ£î¶‚ï §∑ö⁄•ú ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ Á‹Æ∏ò

Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí¥ò Äé±®úÆî¶‚ï Üì§ âÈ ´Ÿ†ûÁï §Ÿø®ç∞¯¢Ÿûí

§∑Ïå‡ ßŸúÆî¶¢å ≤®‰.

• Çô´ŸÆŸû §∑Ïå‡ ßŸúÆî¶‚ï ´Ÿ†ûï §ú¤¶Ÿ‰ ¶Ÿ∑ø, ¯ø¤ûŸê,

ÜùÆ ÇÈ ÜÏí‰ÈåûÌå¢Ÿûå ûŸê¢î¶‚ï. ûŸ™î¤¶Ÿå∞ò, TSCII

ÜÏí‰ÈªÍï ûŸê¢î¶‚ï.

• ¶Ÿ∑ø, ¯ø¤ûŸê ÜÏí‰Èåû‹≠ Ç‹£®í¥ò ÇÈì‰

ÇÆå∞å⁄ûŸõ≠™Ÿï.

• Windows, MacOS X, Linux ¤¶ŸùÆ ´¨å∞Íõ≠ ⁄¶Èï¶Ÿ™ŸØ Ç®å∞ûõ

¯ø¤ûŸê‹¢ Ç®ò¶Ÿû¤´ ûŸê¢å≤®‹´. ÇÈî∂Ôï ≈çûõ

¶®ù¶‚í‰ï û£ø §∑ö ÜÏí‰Èåû‹≠å ûŸê¢å≤®§Ÿ Üù¶‹§

ÑÓ¥î¶‚í¥å⁄ûŸõ≠Îï.

2.5 ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫ ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®óî∂ú‡

§ùø®åûè ⁄†ñ§ò: • Üì§ âÈ §∑ö ´Ÿ†ûí‹§¤®Ÿ Äò™‰ §∑ö⁄•ú Á‹Æ∏ò

ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ ⁄†ñ®î¶ê¢, Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí¥ò Ñõ≠ §∑ö

´Ÿ†ûí‹§¤®Ÿ §∑ö⁄•ú §Ÿø®ç∞¯¢Ÿû ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫

ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®óî∂ú‡í §ùø®åûè ⁄†ñ®Á≤Ëï.

• Çô´ŸÆŸûí §ùø®åûè ⁄†ñ®î¶‚ï ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫

ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®óî¶ŸØ‰ §∑ö ´Ÿ†ûí‹§¤® Ä≤î¶‹¢®Ÿûå ⁄ûŸë¢‰.

Ä§Ÿ´‰ Ñ¤©Ÿß ÜÏí¥Íõ≠ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊï Á§∫ò §∑Ïå‡î

⁄¶®óåûî¶ê¤¢ ∂ùØó ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫ ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®óîÊå‡

ßŸúÆî¶‚ï.

14

3.0 vOj;njhypngaHg;G ml;ltizfs;

3.1 jkpopypUe;J cNuhkd; vOj;Jf;fSf;F: vOj;njhypngaHg;Gk; jd;dpaf;fKk;

3.1.1 capnuOj;Jf;fs;

Uyir/vowels jkpo;

vOj;J cNuhk

vOj;J cr;rupg;G topfhl;b jkpo;r;

nrhy; vOj;njhyp ngaHg;G

m a as u in nun. near to a in apple

mwpT

muprp a'rivu arisi

M aa as a in arm ML aadu

, i as i in ink as i in imp

,iy

,O ilai izhu

< ee as ee in see <uk; eeram

c u as u in put. Half u is possible at certain instances of the end of words

cwT

MW

u'ravu aa'ru

C oo as oo in loop CH oor

v e as e in enter. as a in among

vr;rk;

vWk;G echcham e'rumpu

V ea as ea in early. In certain instances, elongated sound of e or a as in end, angel etc., is possible. There is no exact equivalent in English pronunciation.

Vzp

Vd;

ea'ni ean

I ai as i in ivory ItH aivar

x o as o in on xl;lfk; oddakam

X oa as oa in loan Xl;lk; oaddam

xs au as ow in cow xsit auvai

15

3.1.2 Ma;jk; Aaytham

jkpo;

vOj;J cNuhk



/ :h near to consonant h v/F e:hku

3.1.3 nka; vOj;Jf;fs;

Mey/ Consonants

3.1.3.1 ty;ypdk;

Vallinam / Hard Consonants jkpo;

vOj;J cNuhk



f; k as c in cat. Pronunciation may shift towards g or h in certain instances. This is not differentiated in transcription due to ambiguity and dialectal differences (Ex: akam: aham/agam; Thangkam/ Thanggam).

fy;

gf;fk;

mfk;

jq;fk;

kal pakkam akam thangkam

r; ch/s as ch in chin. Pronunciation may shift to s in certain instances which will be shown in the transcription. Shift to s in the beginning of words and shift towards j when ch follows gn are not transcribed due to ambiguity and dialectal differences. Ex.: cheeppu /seeppu and vagnchi / vagnji.

rup

mr;rk;

murd;

tk;rk;

rPg;G

tQ;rp

chari achcham arasan vamsam cheeppu vagnchi

l; d as d in did or near to tt in putt

glk;

gl;lk; padam paddam

j; th near to th in thin. Pronunciation may shift towards dh (ð) as th in then in certain

japH

rj;jk;

thayir chaththam

16

instances. This is not differentiated in transcription due to ambiguity and dialetcal differences. Ex.: aanthai / aandhai; tharmam / dharmam; patham/padham)

Me;ij

jHkk;

gjk;

aanthai tharmam patham

g; p as p in put. The pronunciation shift towards b in certain instances is not transcribed due to ambiguity and dialectal differences. Ex: ampalam/ambalam and payam/bayam.

gzk;

mg;gh

mk;gyk;

gak;

pa'nam appaa ampalam payam

w; 'r / t near to r in rat. This is a retroflex r, produced by the tip of the tongue touching the deeper part of the palate in a raised position. When doubled and when occurs as a single consonant the pronunciation becomes similar to t, which will be shown in the transcription.

gwit

Fw;;wk;

,aw;if

pa'ravai kuttam iyatkai

17

3.1.3.2 nky;ypdk;

Mellinam/Soft Consonants jkpo;

vOj;J cNuhk



q; ng as ng in ring gq;F pangku

Q; gn as ñ in spanish señor

QhapW

gQ;R gnaayi'ru pagnchu

z; 'n Retroflex sound of n. Near to ne in one

gzk;

tz;zk; pa'nam va'n'nam

e; n (Tamil -> Roman) :n (Roman -> Tamil)

as n in no. As a single consonant, when followed by th, it is pronunced similar to n in month. This is not differentiated in transcription.

epyk;

ge;J

nilam panthu

k; m as m in man kjp

mk;kp mathi ammi

d; n pronunciation is similar to n in sand. The subtle difference in pronunciation between d;; and e;, outlined in the grammatical texts is not shown in the transcription.

kdk;

td;dp manam vanni

18

3.1.3.3 ,ilapdk;

Idaiyinam / Medium Consonants jkpo;

vOj;J cNuhk



a; y as y in yard tay;

gha; vayal paay

H r/t The palatal sound of r, produced by the tip of the toungue stroking the front part of the palate. No exact equivalent in English. In certain instances, when preceded by n, it may be pronounced as t.

ePH

kuk;

vd;iu

neer maram entai

y; l as l in love ,y;yk; illam

t; v as v in voice ts;sk;

ntsthy; va'l'lam vauvaal

o; zh Retroflex sound of l, produced by the tip of the tongue touching the deeper part of the palate in a raised position. No equivalent in English or in Indian languages other than Tamil and Malayalam.

gok;

tho;f;if

jkpo;

pazham vaazhkkai Thamizh

s; 'l Palatal sound of l, produced by the tip of the tongue, gently touching the palate. Near to l in temple

Fsk;

gs;sk; ku'lam

pa'l'lam

19

3.1.4 fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;

Granta characters [; j as j in June n[ak; jeyam

]; s (Tamil -> Roman)

's (Roman -> Tamil)

as s in sing t];J vasthu

\; sh as sh in crash G\;gk; pushpam

; h (Tamil -> Roman)

'h (Roman -> Tamil)

as h in hat `up hari

Ñ; ksh combination of k and sh

yÑ;kp lakshmi

= s'ree (Tamil -> Roman)

s'ree/sree (Roman -> Tamil)

combination of palatal 's', r and ee

=y = s'reela s'ree

20

3.2 cNuhkdpypUe;J jkpOf;F: jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G

3.2.1 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: capnuOj;J

cNuhkd; jkpo; a m aa M i , ee < u c oo C e v ea V ai I o x oa X au xs

3.2.2 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: Ma;jk;

cNuhkd; jkpo; Fwpg;G :h / Used rarely in classical Tamil.

goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpy ,lq;fspy; nrhw;fs; msngLj;J vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;. c+k;: M^c (aadoou). ,jpy; ^ vd;gjpy; cs;s C tpw;F ,d;ndhU khj;jpiu $l;b cr;rupf;fNtz;Lk;.

21

3.2.3 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: nka;naOj;Jf;fs;

3.2.3.1 ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; cNuhkd; jkpo; Fwpg;G

k kh g gh h

f; jug;gl;Ls;s cNuhkd; vOj;Jf;fspy; vij mr;rpaw;wpdhYk; f; (k) vd jkpopy; kPs;ngaHg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;. nrhw;fspd; KjypYk; jdp nka;ahfTk; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; h jkpo; kPs;ngaHg;gpy; `; MFk;. Vida ,lq;fspy; f; MFk;. vt;thwhapDk; jkpopy; ,Ue;J cNuhkDf;Fg; ngaHf;fg;gLk;nghOJ> f vg;NghJk; (k) vd;Nw ngaHf;fg;gLk;.

ch s

r; ch vg;NghJk; r; vd jkpopy; kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. jdpnka;ahf tUk; s jkpopy; ]; vd kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. Vida ,lq;fspy; ,J r; MFk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; rfuk; ,U capHfSf;fpilapy; tUk;NghJk; nky;ypd ,ilapd nka;Af;;Fg; gpd;dhy; tUk;NghJk; s vd cNuhkdpy; ngaHf;fg;gLk;.

d l;

th dh

j; jug;gl;Ls;s ve;j vOj;Jk; jkpopy; j; vd kPs;ngaHf;fg;gLk;. Mapd;> jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; j; MdJ th vd;W khj;jpuNk cNuhkDf;Fg; ngaHf;fg;gLk;.

p ph b bh

g; jug;gl;Ls;stw;Ws; vjid mr;rpaw;wpdhYk; g; vd jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. Mapd;> jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; g; MdJ p vd;W khj;jpuNk cNuhkDf;Fg; ngaHf;;fg;gLk;.

'r t

w; capHnka;ahd re;jHg;gq;fspy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; 'r w> wh vd;wthW jkpopy; kPs;ngaHg;hFk;. jdpnka;ahf ,Uf;Fk;nghOJk; ,ul;bf;Fk;nghOJk; t I mr;rpaw;wpdhy; w; vd;W jkpopy; kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. ,ul;bf;Fk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; w; Ij; njhlHe;JtUk; capHnka; wfuKk; tt vd;W mr;rpaw;Wtjhy; kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. gpioahf ,Ug;gpDk;> 'r my;yJ 'r'r $l w;> w;w vd;wthW kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; wfuk; jdp capHnka; vOj;jhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ 'r vdTk; jdpnka;ahfNth ,ul;bj;Njh tUk;nghOJ t my;yJ tt vdTk; cNuhkdpy; vOj;njhypngaHg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;.

22

3.2.3.2 nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fs;

ng q;

gn Q;

'n z;

n :n

e; nrhw;fspd; KjypYk; jfuj;Jf;F Kd;dhy; jdpnka;ahfTk; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; n MdJ efukhf jkpopy; kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. Vida re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,J dfukhf jkpOf;Fg; ngaHf;fg;gLk;. nte;ePH Nghd;w $l;Lr;nrhw;fspYk; me;epaH> tpGyhee;jH Nghd;w nrhw;fspYk; efuk; nrhw;fspd; kj;jpapYk; ,lk;ngwyhk;. ,t;thwhd ,lq;fspy; :n I mr;rpaw;wp efuj;Jf;Fg; ngaHj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;Wk; efuk;> dfuk; ,uz;LNk cNuhkdpy; n vd;W khj;jpuNk vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.

m k;

n d; nrhw;fspd; njhlf;fkhfNth my;yJ jfuj;Jf;F Kd; jdpnka;ahfNth ,y;yhtpbd; cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; n MdJ dfukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. Nkw;$wpa re;jHg;gq;fs; jkpopy; dfuj;Jf;F ,y;iyahjyhy; n MdJ dfukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHf;fg;gLtjpy; vt;tpj rpf;fYk; ,Uf;fg;Nghtjpy;iy. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; dfuKk; efuKk; n Mf cNuhkdpy; vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.

23

3.2.3.3 ,ilapd vOj;Jf;fs;

y a; r t

H cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; r, vg;nghOJNk ufukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; d; Ij;; njhlHe;J tUk; ufuk; t Mf cr;rupf;fg;gLtJz;L. c+k; mtd;iu> vd;iu (avantai, entai). ,t;thwhd ,lq;fspy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; t Ak; $l ufukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; ufuk; r vd cNuhkdpy; vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;. jkpopy; d; Ij; njhlHe;J mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; ufuk; t vd cNuhkdpy; vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.

l y;

v w

t; cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; v, w ,uz;LNk tfukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHf;fg;gLk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; tfuk;> v vd;W khj;jpuNk cNuhkDf;F vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.

zh o;

'l s;

24

3.2.4 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;

Grantha characters j [; 's s

]; cNuhkdpy; 's I mr;rpaw;Wtjd; %yk; vy;yhr; re;jHg;gq;fspYk; ]fuj;ij jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. jdpnka;ahf mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; s ck; ]; Mf kPs;ngaUk;. kw;w ,lq;fspy; s, rfukhf kPs;ngaUk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; ]fuk; vg;nghOJNk cNuhkDf;F s vd vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.

sh \;

'h h

; cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; 'h, vy;yhr; re;jHg;gq;fspYk; `fukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. nrhw;fspd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; jdpnka;ahfTk; cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; h ck; `fukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaUk;. kw;w ,lq;fspy; h, ffukhf kPs;ngaUk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; `fuk; vg;nghOJNk hMf cNuhkDf;F vOj;njhyp ngaHf;fg;gLk;.

ksh f\;

s'ree sree

= cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; s'ree, sree ,uz;LNk

jkpOf;F = vd kPs;ngaHf;fg;gLk;.

jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; => cNuhkdpy;; s'ree vd;W khj;jpuNk vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.

25

4.0 jkpo;-cNuhkd; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G: nrd;id jkpo; mfuKjyp Kiw

4.1 capH

Vowels jkpo; vOj;J cNuhkdpy; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G

m a

M ā , i < ī c u C ū v e V ē I ai x o X ō xs au

4.2 Ma;jk;

Aaytham jkpo; vOj;J cNuhkdpy; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G

/ ḵ

26

4.3 nka;naOj;Jf;fs;

Consonants

4.3.1 ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs;

Consonants: hard jkpo; vOj;J cNuhkdpy; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G

f; k r; c l; ṭ j; t g; p w; ṟ

4.3 .2 nky;ypd vOj;Jf ;fs;

Consonants: soft jkpo; vOj;J cNuhkdpy; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G

q; ṅ Q; ñ z; ṇ e; n k; m d; ṉ

4 .3 .3 ,ilapd vOj;Jf;fs;

Consonants: medium jkpo; vOj;J cNuhkdpy; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G

a; y H r y; l t; v o; ḻ s; ḷ

27

4.4 fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;

Grantha characters [; j ]; s

\; ṣ ; h

f\; kṣ = sri

5.0 Mtz tuyhW

Document History Date Version Comment April 28, 2007 Beta 1 Trial June 01, 2007 1.0 Improved and modified

after feedbacks June 02, 2007 1.0 Typo in A'risi. Changed to

Arisi in table 3.1.1 June 12, 2007 1.0 Tamil version of the

document released

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