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xt -5, 7aHe ;ao mY @_} W_} @WW * g fUvo d aopk 7D lD @WW * dkoltdqf|aElU]k; Grammaire lao Règles syntaxiques des consonnes dans une syllabe ]y0fyf ohvp [klY 7=kcr; r6gra-i%]yomve

@WW dkoltdqf|aElU]k; aopk 7Dlaocom.free.fr/01_Banniere/Phab_lao/archives/Debat_Ve_29-09-2006_V4.pdf · mBwIsI aIdjObXQmBcId LtQvQImBcIdjOtWaNmBwIsIcId uQINLnQnan tIetFv LlO hPBgbXHdW

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mBwIsI aIdjObXQmBcId LtQvQImBcIdjOtWaNmBwIsIcId uQINLnQnan tIetFv LlO hPBgbXHdW KwIOsOnEWn kWIwOKjFWIjAQNkXsEnrOKsBnaFNgInjEdtEWN LlObVgqFnaIvVJszUQsFnGj nXIwIsIlIv GnpOcIqFmlIvtQINLdn oBQkWIwOKjFWIHdWwFvwEnnXI qD :

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pIrB - pOKodxrEQNKsd 27/01/2007

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djvodkoxt8yi6[dkoltdqf.fM gIqk7;o,veg[yJerYJohvewm]k;0hke[hkocsjextgmf wmp%gxao8qHo -uJe,Y7;k,dhk;|hkwxwdd;jk7qo]k;^kp mkefhkodkoludlk c]t,Ydkoxkd g;qHkc[[fP;daovYdfh;p 4hkskd;jk ]k;da[wmp%ltdqfc[[fP;daoc]t.-hvadlvoco;fP; dao oad0Po]k;lk,kflqJexuH,wx9=k|jkp0kp.oxtgmfwmp% -uJegxaoxtgmfmYJ,Y]6d7hk^kp d;jkxtgmf]k; djP;da[fhkodko.-hxaopk0Yf0Po grkt;jk xt-k-qolvextgmfoYH xkdg;qHk c[[fP;daoc]t,Y8q;vadlvo7hkp7UdaoD ]k;lk,kfvjko|aelUwmp%wfh1jkelt[kp c]twmp% d=lk,kfvjko|aelU]k;wfh xal9kddkog7YpI=JkIPo,kdjvoD ltoaHo dkoltdqf|aelU]k; 7;o .sh,Y7;k,c8d8jkedao^kpgdYowx3rf^U[=J da[dkoltdqf|aelUwmp%D

rklkvyof6163ixdt XGroupe de langues indo-européennes?

vjko;jk vyof6163ixtdtD dt ,k9kd[k]Y -uJecx;jk r;dF \;fF \6jF dveF 7otF xtdkoD vyof6 \kpg4ye vyogfaPF 163ix \kpg4yemt;Y[ 163i[ ^U gvY3i[ -uJegxaoc^je7;k,lY;yw] -k;zy;0k; c]t gxao[jvom=k,kskdyomYJg8a,wxfh;p-k;zy;0k;D

-k;zy;0k;csjemt;Y[163i[ ^U -k;8t;ao8qd3fpmqJ;wx 4Ugvqk Ikd(Racine/radical,

Root) U «7=kIkd» XIkd0ve7=kg7qHk? mYJlU[,k9kd7;k,lY;yw]0veg0qkg9qHkgxao^ad .odko xtlq,7=k ^U .odkoc8je7=kla[0uHo.\jfaJe7=kxtlq,8=JwxoYH X^U 7=kztlq,? G

• Biologie = bios(-Y;yf) + logie(lyd0k) ,k9kd7=kgdid logia(mylfY), logos(7k4k),

• Graphologie = grapho ,k9kd7=kgdid graphein(0Po) + logie,

• Pentagone = penta(xao9t " shk) + gone(0hke). Octogone = octo(cxf) + gone(0hke),

• Octobre(gfUvocxf -uJedkp,kgxaogfUvoly[D cxf.o7=k[k]Y;jk va8è4èt[at èt èha]),

• Crime ,k9kd7=k]k8yo crimen cx;jk accusation(dkodjk;sk). 7=kxtlq,8=JwxoYH 4Ugvqk Ikd(radical, root)[Crim] gxao^ad.odkoxtdv[7=k^Udkoc8je7=k.\j0uHo -uJer;dgIqk Ihveg7qHk7Udao; criminel(elle), criminaliser, criminellement, criminologisme, criminalité,

criminalistique, criminalisation, criminologie, ciminologiste ^U criminologue.

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• di[kar]F dtiXt? ^U dkiXt?D ]k;gIqkvjko;jk dko ^U dvo c]t ,ad0Po gvqkw,hdtiao dqf.ljgmyesq;0ve8q;i=.og,UJvvjkovvdlPEvtrPEg7yJefP; Xdki%? grkt;jk rpao-ot ma,m5d8q;vjkovvdlPEvt xal9kddkogvqklitvt,kltdqf.ljrpao-otD di[kar]=

(faire, to do) cx;jk gIafF dtm=kD 4hkdkp,kgxao7=kxtlq, 9txtdv[daogxao da,,t +di"da,,%diF kara[diF dki%], karonti[dtiqo8y], kātum è[dk85eè], katva[da8;t].

• ;appk[veyyā]+dioèaeè[karan èam è]+µt[a] = ;apèpkdi3oè[veyyākaran èo], oad;apptdvo ^U ;appkdvo(a grammarian) c]t vjko;jk ;appkdtit3o[w;pkdtit3o] Xg;Yppk d=;jk?D

• ;appk;a99t[veyyāvacca]=Service, ji+a=jaya(victoire,victory) w-p% ^U w--otF glokmy{ dko"glokXdvema[?+vtmydkoXvtmy+di? -uJe vtmyXcsje .sPj g|Uv gmye wmh?D

7=k,6o.orklk]k; \kpg4ye7=k]k;cmhMmYJ,YrpkefP; -uJe,Yd=kgoYfgdYf,kdjvol,ap vYJ x6jm;fvYJpjkm;f0vegIqk X[=JI6h;jkfudf=k[ao g]YH,9kdc8jla8;af.f,k 9yJe[=Jwfh.-h?D 7=kxtlq, mYJgxao7=k]k; gxao7=kmYJ,k9kd7=k,6om5d7=k 8q;1jke 7=kxtlq,Xs6d;ke? ,k9kd 7=k,6oXs6?+7=k,6oXd;ke? c8j;jk 7=kXs6d;ke? [=Jc,jos60ved;ke0ve2koc8j1jke.f c8jgxao-UJ8qHow,h8jkeskdD

fh;pdkomYJgvqkIkd0ve7=kg7qHk,kxtdv[8=JMdaog0qHkgxao7=k.\jwfh .orklk[k]Y c]t.o rklk/çaJevaedyf faJe 7=k[crime] c]t 7=k Xdi[kar]? gryJo9yJe9af9=kr;dlverklkoYH gxaorklk vyof6163ixdt c8jgIqk9tgvqk7=k,6o,kc8jegxao7=kxtlq,c[[lve7=k0hkegmyeoYH[=JwfhD

[k]Y ^U xk]Y cx8k,vadlvo;jk c4;(Ligne, line) ^U;jk |aelU(Texte, text) djvo9tdkp,k gxaorklk \kp7;k,;jk|aelUmYJ0Pogxao7=k8yfM8=Jdaowxgxaoc4;M g\UvofaJegIqk0Po|ae lU]k;D lj;o8q;vadlvofaHegfY,[k]YcmhMoaHo pae[=J,Yoadxkfz6h.flk,kfo=kgvqk0=HvhkevYe ,k ltcfegxaos]ad4kowfhD ltoaHo c8j]txtgmfmYJoa[4Ur5mlklok 9yJe0Po ma,,t 0vevqe la,,kla,r5mg9qHk fh;p8q;vadlvoc8d8jkedao9qo\qfD ritlqe]k; .-hvadlvoma,^U|ae lUma, 0Po[qfma,,t grUJvdkoludlkritr5mlklok16j.o]k;D -UJcmhM0ve[k]Y 7qe9tc,jo ,k7tmY[Māgadhī, Māghadhī] grktgxaorklk mYJritr5mg9qHk .-h .odkolvoma,,tc]tpae gxaorklkxkdg;qHk0ve-k;g,Uve ,t7tmt[Magadha] vYdfh;pD

0Po8k,g7qHk 0Po8k,lPE 0Po8k,.9 0Po8k,.z

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dkod=koqf7;k,\kp7=kla[Xdéfinition d’un mot?

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XW@? dqfdt-;ema,,dki ;jkfh;pdkic8je8aHe c]t ;ke^adl68i%dkiIPo0ve3IeIPorçtxiy pa88yma,,% csjerçtik-vkok9ad]k;F l[a[g]0mYJ #!}C ]qe;aomYJ $ v58 !_&WF ;PE9aoF ;aomYJ ! lyesk7q, rDlD @$_&F !_&@F #@ |hk X0Po,U?D

XW#? Dictionnaire français-lao, Somchine Pierre NGINN, Institut de l’Asie du Sud-Est

(I.D.A.S.E.), Paris, France, 1980, 910 pages. ;a9oko5dq, /iaJeglf{]k;F lq,9Yo xD eyoF lt4k[ao vk-Yvk7tgoF 7DlD !_)WF _!W |hkD

XW$? Dictionnaire laotien-français, Marc Reinhorn, 2 tomes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1970, Paris, France, 2150 pages.

XW&? Concise Pali-dictionary, A.P. Buddhadatta Mahāthera,Motilal Banarsidass, 1957, reprint 1989, Delhi, India. ISBN 81-208-0604-2 (Cloth) & 81-208-0605-0 (Paper).

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