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An overview on the Cold application
throughout the world
Jacques Guilpart
Head of the Refrigeration processes engineering research unit, Cemagref, FranceFrench delegate to the International Institute of refrigeration
+ 33 1 40 96 60 26
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How would the world look like without artificial cold ?
or : the cold, a forgotten need … an evidence
For cooling … ?Just push on the
button !
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The cold : an evident application on food …
The food cold chain … from the first ages to the 1800’ths
Preservation (quality, safety, … Cf L. Bog Sorensen)
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The cold : an evident application on food …
The food cold chain … in 1900’th
Thermodynamics discovery
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CFC discovery in the 1930’th
The cold : an evident application on food …
The food cold chain … in 1950’th
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The cold : an evident application on food …
The food cold chain … today
Cf V. Silvera, M. Debord, G. Chuzel, L. de Camargo, N. Filho
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The cold : some less evident applications on food
Texturation and formulationButter and fatChocolateDairy products and other semiliquid foodsIce creams…
LyophilisationBaby foodPrepared meats
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The cold : some less evident applications on food
CryoconcentrationCryoseparationJuices and other liquid foodsTartric acid (wine)
Control of fermentationWineBeerChampaign
And some other application (Cf J. Evans & R. Masheroni)
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The cold : an evident application on food …
One can estimate that approx 60% of the food we eat in developed countries needs cold application :
530 kG/hab. year of solid foods, incl.308 kg of refrigerated food42 kg of frozen food.
Over the 4 500 Mt of the food produced worldwide, 1 500 Mt could be refrigerated to good effect … but only 350 MT are actually refrigerated.
25% up to 30% of the world food production is lost; the application of cold could save a large amount of this food.
3 million death per year are caused by unhealthy diet; the application of cold could drastically reduce this deplorable score.
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The cold : an evident application on food …
Fiction prospective …
Mean life duration in year (France)
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The cold : an evident application on food …
Fiction prospective …
Development of the cold chain …
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
Air conditioningin the 1950’th early …
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
Air conditioningand more and more today …DomesticBuildingsMobile
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
Sports and entertainment
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
Liquefaction of energetic gases
LNG, LPG
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
Liquefaction of industrial gases
N2, O2, CO2He, H2, …
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
… and the liquefied gases applications in iron industry,
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
… in aeronautics
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
… in civil engineering
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
… and in supra conduction
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
… Some medical applications for drugs processing (and preservation)
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
… and in surgery
a couple of years ago …
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But the cold throughout the world is also …
…, today and tomorrow
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The cold applications throughout the world
Relative economic weigh of the different activities related to the cold applications
1991
Air
conditioning
12% Frozen foods
25%
Chilled foods
43%Mobile air
conditioning
6%
I ndustrial
gases
6%
LNG + LPG
8%
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The cold applications throughout the world
An evidence : The cold is largely used in the food industry domain …
The cold production is mainly based on vapour compression cycles with liquid/vapour phase change (Cf R. Aguilo)
CFC, HCFC, HFCand other refrigerants
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The cold applications throughout the world
Ozone layerGlobal warming …
=> Drastic regulation on chlorinated refrigerant use
Cf S. Van der Sluis
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The International Institute of Refrigeration
All the mentioned topics are the concern of the international institute of refrigeration …
Intergovernmental organization 61 Member Countries
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Mission of the IIR
To promote expansion of knowledge and to disseminate information
• on all refrigeration technologies and • all applications • for the benefit of humanity
To promote knowledge of refrigeration technologies and all applications in order to address today’s major issues
• Food safety• Protection of the environment
– Reduction of global warming– Prevention of ozone depletion
• Development of the least developed countries– Food – Health
The International Institute of Refrigeration
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E
D
C
B
A
Air conditioning Heat pumps,
energy recovery
Refrigeratedstorage
Refrigeratedtransport
Cryobiology,cryomedicine
Food scienceand engineering
Thermodynamics and transfer processes
Refrigeratingequipment
Cryophysics,cryoengineering
Liquefaction andseparation of gases
E1
D1
C1
B1
A1
E2
D2
C2
B2
A2
The International Institute of Refrigeration
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IIR services and deliverables
The International Institute of Refrigeration
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Training Courses
Good Practice in Refrigeration
Refrigeration and Preservation of Fruit and Vegetables
Refrigeration and Preservation of Fish
Refrigeration and the Environment
Refrigeration Fundamentals
The International Institute of Refrigeration
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Working parties
Chairman
WP Phase-Change Materials and Ice Slurries L. Fournaison
WP Mitigation of GHGs P. Lundqvist
WP Preservation of Genetic Resources
WP Refrigerant System Safety L. Rolfsman
WP Data and Models (Food) B. Nicolai
WP Cold Chain in Developing Countries
WP Cold Chain Optimization N. Amos
WP Magnetic Cooling P. Egolf
WP Energy Labelling in the Cold Chain G. Panozzo
SC Test Stations (refrigerated transport) G. Johansson
SC Display Cabinets S. Van der Sluis
The International Institute of Refrigeration
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The International Institute of Refrigeration
1) 10th WFLO Education Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Feb. 5-6, 2007
2) 2nd International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature, Portoroz, Slovenia, April 11-13, 2007
3) Ammonia Refrigeration Technology for Today and Tomorrow, Ohrid, Macedonia (FYROM), April 19-21, 2007
4) LNG 15 – Liquefied Natural Gas, Barcelona, Spain, April 24-27, 20075) New Ventures in Freeze-drying, Strasbourg, France, Nov. 7-9, 20076) 4th International Conference on Cryogenics – ICCR’2008, Shanghai,
China, April 6-9, 20087) 4th Central European Congress of Food – CEFood 2008, Cavtat,
Croatia, April 9-11, 20088) 8th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids
(GL2008), Copenhagen, Denmark, Sept. 7-10, 20089) International Sorption Heat Pump Conference 2008- ISHPCO8,
Seoul, South Korea, Sept. 23-26, 2008
Organisation and sponsoring of conferences
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Welcome to the 22nd International Congress of Refrigeration
« Refrigeration creates the future »
Beijing, China, August 21-26, 2007
The International Institute of Refrigeration