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HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
8th
Gra
de:
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y
(Hu
ma
n r
epro
du
ctiv
e sy
stem
, ex
cret
ory
sy
stem
)
Ra
tio
na
l o
f th
is u
nit
It i
s duri
ng t
his
dev
elop
men
tal
stag
e th
at t
he
pupil
s st
art
to b
ecom
e cu
rious
about
or
inte
rest
ed i
n t
hei
r ex
iste
nce
bef
ore
bir
th a
nd b
y h
elpin
g t
hem
under
stan
d t
hat
hum
an d
evel
opm
ent
star
ts i
n t
he
moth
er’s
bod
y, e
ven
bef
ore
bir
th, w
ill
ensu
re s
elf-
este
em a
nd e
nhan
ce t
he
spir
it o
f re
spec
t fo
r li
fe.
When
the
pupil
s re
ach p
uber
ty,
the
gir
ls w
ill
star
t to
ex
per
ience
menstr
uation (
peri
od)
and t
he
bo
ys
wil
l
exper
ience
eja
cula
tion.
By g
uid
ing t
he
pupil
s to
appre
ciat
e th
e hum
an r
epro
duct
ive
syst
em d
uri
ng t
his
sta
ge
of
mounti
ng c
uri
osi
ty,
inte
rest
, an
d q
ues
tions
regar
din
g t
he
beg
innin
g o
f li
fe a
nd t
he
repro
duct
ive
pro
cess
, th
ey
wil
l be
able
to s
tren
gth
en t
hei
r dec
isio
n-m
akin
g s
kil
ls c
once
rnin
g s
exual
hea
lth.
Fu
rther
more
, hum
ans
bre
athe
to a
bso
rb o
xygen
and t
o e
xpel
car
bon d
iox
ide
and e
xcr
ete
was
te s
ubst
ance
s in
ord
er t
o m
ainta
in l
ife.
It
is a
lso i
mport
ant
for
the
pupil
s in
this
dev
elopm
enta
l st
age
to r
ecogniz
e th
e org
ans
invo
lved
in t
he
excr
etio
n o
f w
aste
subst
ance
s an
d t
o u
nder
stan
d t
hei
r fu
nct
ions.
Ob
ject
ives
: w
hat
pu
pil
s are
exp
ecte
d t
o a
chie
ve
in t
his
un
it
• L
earn
about
hum
an b
irth
, fe
rtil
izat
ion a
nd g
row
th i
n t
he
mo
ther
’s b
od
y, a
nd f
ost
er a
n a
ttit
ude
of
resp
ect
for
life
thro
ugh a
corr
ect
under
stan
din
g o
f th
e beg
innin
g o
f li
fe.
• L
earn
about
the
stru
cture
and f
unct
ions
of
the
skin
, lu
ngs
and k
idney
s, w
hic
h d
isch
arge
inte
rnal
was
te
subst
ance
s to
the
outs
ide
of
the
body,
and f
ost
er a
n a
ttit
ud
e of
appre
ciat
ion f
or
life
-sust
ainin
g o
rgan
s th
rough
a co
rrec
t under
stan
din
g o
f re
spir
atio
n a
nd e
xcr
etio
n m
echan
ism
s.
Inte
rrel
ati
on
of
co
nte
nts
of
each
gra
de
*
The
ord
er b
elow
is
as
show
n i
n t
he
syll
abus.
Gra
de
Wh
at
to t
each
(H
um
an
bod
y)
1st g
rade
Exte
rnal
par
ts o
f th
e hum
an b
ody (
hea
d (
eyes
, ea
rs,
nose
, hai
r, m
outh
), n
eck,
bre
asts
, upper
lim
bs
(han
ds,
elb
ow
s, f
inger
s, n
ails
), l
ow
er l
imbs
(knee
s, f
eet,
toes
, to
enai
ls))
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
2nd g
rade
Sen
ses
(olf
acto
ry s
ense
, gust
atory
sen
se,
tact
ile
sense
, vis
ual
sen
se,
audit
ory
sense
)
Usi
ng t
he
senso
ry o
rgan
s
3rd
gra
de
Vis
ual
sen
se (
far/
nea
r, l
arge/
smal
l, v
isual
pow
er)
Suit
able
ges
ture
s to
be
use
d i
n t
he
com
munit
y, i
ncl
udin
g f
acia
l an
d b
ody
expre
ssio
ns
4th
gra
de
Types
of
teet
h (
inci
sors
, cu
spid
s, p
rem
ola
rs,
mola
rs)
Funct
ions
of
the
dif
fere
nt
types
of
teet
h
Gro
wth
of
new
tee
th (
loss
of
teet
h, per
man
ent
teet
h)
5th
gra
de
Nam
es o
f th
e re
spir
atory
org
ans
(nose
, tr
achea
, bro
nch
i, l
ungs,
dia
phra
gm
)
Funct
ions
of
the
resp
irat
ory
org
ans
(nose
, tr
achea
, lu
ngs,
dia
phra
gm
)
Nam
es
of
the
dig
esti
ve
org
ans
(mouth
(t
eeth
an
d
tongue)
, oes
ophag
us,
stom
ach, sm
all
inte
stin
e, l
iver
, pan
crea
s, l
arg
e in
test
ine,
rec
tum
, an
us)
Funct
ions
of
the
dig
esti
ve
org
ans
(tee
th,
oes
ophag
us,
st
om
ach,
smal
l
inte
stin
e, l
arge
inte
stin
e)
6th
gra
de
Org
ans
of
the
repro
duct
ive
syst
em (
fem
ale
(ovar
ies,
fal
lopia
n t
ubes
, ute
rus,
vag
ina)
, m
ale
(tes
tes,
ure
thra
, pen
is))
Funct
ions
of
som
e of
the
repro
duct
ive
org
ans
Chan
ges
in a
dole
scen
ce (
chan
ges
in t
he
body (
mal
e an
d f
emal
e))
7th
gra
de
Org
ans
of
the
circ
ula
tory
syst
em (
hea
rt, blo
od, blo
od v
esse
ls)
Blo
od c
om
ponen
ts a
nd t
hei
r fu
nct
ions
(pla
sma,
red
blo
od c
ells
, w
hit
e blo
od
cell
s, b
lood p
late
lets
)
Types
of
blo
od v
esse
ls a
nd t
hei
r fu
nct
ions
(art
erie
s, v
eins,
cap
illa
ries
)
Str
uct
ure
and f
unct
ions
of
the
hea
rt (
atri
al a
uri
cle
(atr
ium
), v
entr
icle
s, b
lood
ves
sels
(ao
rta,
ven
a ca
va,
pulm
onar
y v
eins,
pulm
onar
y a
rter
ies)
)
8th
gra
de
(this
unit
)
Fer
tili
zati
on
Fet
al d
evel
op
men
t (z
ygote
, em
bry
o, fe
tus)
The
beg
innin
g o
f li
fe
Excr
etory
org
ans
and w
aste
subst
ance
s (s
kin
(ep
ider
mis
, der
mis
, sw
eat
gla
nds,
and s
wea
t as
a w
aste
subst
ance
), l
ungs
(nose
, tr
achea
, an
d c
arbon
dio
xid
e as
a w
aste
subst
ance
), k
idney
s (e
xte
rnal
vie
w o
f th
e kid
ney
s,
ure
thra
, uri
nar
y b
ladder
, an
d u
rine
as a
was
te m
ater
ial
dis
char
ged
fro
m t
he
ure
thra
))
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
Bef
ore
sta
rtin
g t
his
un
it
Cu
rren
t le
arn
ing s
tatu
s of
the
pu
pil
s
The
pupil
s hav
e le
arned
the
nam
es a
nd f
unct
ions
of
the
mal
e an
d f
emal
e re
pro
duct
ive
org
ans
in t
he
sixth
gra
de.
They
hav
e le
arned
alm
ost
all
the
nam
es o
f th
e org
ans,
bu
t th
eir
know
ledge
of
the
funct
ions
are
lim
ited
to b
rief
des
crip
tions
of
the
org
ans
(e.g
. sp
erm
cel
ls a
re p
roduce
d i
n t
he
test
es);
ther
efore
, th
e det
ails
of
“fer
tili
zati
on”,
“fet
al d
evel
opm
ent”
aft
er f
erti
liza
tion, an
d “
the
pro
cess
of
chil
dbir
th”
are
studie
d i
n t
he
eighth
gra
de.
The
pupil
s in
the
eighth
gra
de
hav
e re
ached
puber
ty,
and m
any o
f th
em h
ave
alre
ady e
xper
ience
d m
enstr
uation
(peri
od)
and e
jacu
lati
on.
Fro
m p
revio
us
studie
s, t
hey
hav
e so
me
under
stan
din
g t
hat
menstr
uation (
peri
od)
and
ejac
ula
tion a
re l
inked
to t
he
bir
th o
f li
fe,
but
hav
e not
yet
gai
ned
acc
ura
te k
now
ledge
of
the
det
aile
d m
echan
ism
and t
he
funct
ions.
The
topic
of
the
dig
esti
ve
syst
em h
ad b
een c
over
ed i
n t
he
fift
h g
rade.
How
ever
, th
e pupil
s hav
e not
yet
stu
die
d
the
excr
etory
org
ans
and i
t w
ill
be
the
firs
t opport
unit
y f
or
them
to s
tud
y h
ow
and t
hro
ugh w
hic
h o
rgan
s th
e
inte
rnal
was
te s
ubst
ance
s ar
e ex
cret
ed f
rom
the
body.
Pre
para
tory
Note
s
S
ince
“fe
rtil
izat
ion”,
“fe
tal
dev
elopm
ent”
and “
the
stru
cture
s of
excr
etory
org
ans”
can
not
be
studie
d b
ased
on a
ctual
obse
rvat
ion,
it w
ill
be
nec
essa
ry t
o p
repar
e re
fere
nce
books,
pre
senta
tion m
ater
ials
and w
ork
shee
ts
for
rese
arch
-type
less
ons.
Ob
ject
ives
to
be
ach
iev
ed b
y c
om
pete
ncy
Inte
rest
, m
oti
vati
on
, an
d a
ttit
ud
e
1.
The
pupil
s ar
e in
trig
ued
and i
nte
rest
ed i
n f
erti
liza
tion,
chil
dbir
th a
nd t
he
beg
innin
g o
f li
fe,
and a
re
acti
vel
y s
eekin
g a
nsw
ers
to t
hei
r ow
n q
ues
tions.
2.
The
pupil
s gai
n k
now
ledge
about
pre
gnan
cy a
nd t
he
poss
ibil
ity o
f tr
ansm
itti
ng s
exual
ly t
ransm
itte
d
infe
ctio
ns
and H
IV t
o t
he
fetu
s, a
nd a
re c
om
mit
ted t
o a
dopti
ng a
saf
e li
fest
yle
.
3.
Th
e pupil
s ar
e in
trig
ued
and i
nte
rest
ed i
n t
he
excr
etio
n o
f in
tern
al w
aste
subst
ance
s, a
nd a
re a
ctiv
ely
seek
ing a
nsw
ers
to t
hei
r ow
n q
ues
tions.
Sci
enti
fic
thin
kin
g a
nd
com
mu
nic
ati
on
act
ivit
ies
1.
The
pupil
s ar
e ab
le t
o c
onduct
thei
r ow
n r
esea
rch b
y m
akin
g l
inkag
es b
etw
een t
he
stru
cture
s of
the
repro
duct
ive
org
ans
and t
he
fert
iliz
atio
n m
echan
ism
or
feta
l dev
elop
men
t, a
nd a
re a
ble
to m
ake
report
s
on s
tudy c
ards
or
expla
in a
bout
thei
r fi
ndin
gs.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
2.
The
pupil
s ar
e ab
le t
o c
onduct
thei
r ow
n r
esea
rch a
bout
the
org
ans
invo
lved
in t
he
excr
etio
n o
f in
tern
al
was
te s
ubst
ance
s, i
ncl
udin
g t
hei
r fu
nct
ions,
by m
akin
g l
inkag
es b
etw
een e
ach o
rgan
.
Kn
ow
led
ge,
un
der
stan
din
g, an
d s
kil
ls i
n o
bse
rvati
on
an
d e
xp
erim
enta
tion
1.
The
pupil
s ar
e ab
le t
o u
nder
stan
d t
he
funct
ions
of
sper
m c
ells
and t
he
ovum
as
wel
l as
the
mec
han
ism
of
fert
iliz
atio
n.
2.
The
pupil
s ar
e ab
le t
o u
nder
stan
d t
he
pro
cess
of
pre
gnan
cy a
nd c
hil
dbir
th.
3.
The
pupil
s ar
e ab
le t
o u
nder
stan
d t
he
issu
es r
elat
ed t
o p
regnan
cy.
4.
The
pupil
s ar
e ab
le
to
reco
gniz
e th
e nam
es
of
the
excr
etory
org
ans
(skin
, lu
ngs,
kid
ney
s)
and
to
under
stan
d t
hei
r fu
nct
ions.
Idea
s b
ehin
d t
he
stru
ctu
rin
g t
he
un
it
As
a fo
llow
-up t
o t
he
less
ons
in t
he
sixth
gra
de,
in w
hic
h t
he
pupil
s le
arned
the
nam
es a
nd f
unct
ions
of
the
mal
e
and f
emal
e re
pro
duct
ive
org
ans,
som
e ac
tivit
ies
hav
e bee
n a
dded
to e
nhan
ce t
he
pupil
s’ u
nder
stan
din
g o
f th
e
role
and s
ignif
ican
ce o
f fe
rtil
izat
ion, by c
onsu
ltin
g t
he
refe
rence
mat
eria
ls.
Fu
rther
more
, st
udie
s ab
out
feta
l dev
elopm
ent
hav
e en
able
d
the
pupil
s to
re
cogn
ize
the
signif
ican
ce
of
fert
iliz
atio
n,
pre
gnan
cy a
nd c
hil
dbir
th i
n t
he
succ
essi
on o
f a
new
lif
e, a
nd t
o u
nder
stan
d t
he
import
ance
of
hav
ing r
espec
t fo
r li
fe.
Reg
ardin
g t
he
nam
es a
nd f
unct
ions
of
the
org
ans
invo
lved
in t
he
excr
etio
n o
f w
aste
subst
ance
s, t
he
unit
was
org
aniz
ed s
o t
hat
the
pupil
s ca
n c
once
ptu
aliz
e th
em b
y r
evie
win
g t
hei
r dai
ly l
ives
and l
earn
by r
ecord
ing t
hei
r
findin
gs.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
Un
it t
each
ing
pla
n
(9 p
erio
ds
+ 1
per
iod
for
the
Fin
al
Un
it E
valu
ati
on
Tes
t)
* T
he
num
eric
val
ue
in p
aren
thes
es r
epre
sents
the
corr
espondin
g p
erio
d (
e.g. 1)
mea
ns
the
firs
t per
iod).
*(E
valu
ati
on:
Know
ledge
and S
kill
s 1),
(E
valu
ati
on:
Inte
rest
1),
etc
. in
dic
ate
the
poin
ts a
t w
hic
h t
each
ers
can
chec
k w
het
her
the
pupil
s hav
e at
tain
ed t
he
goal
s sp
ecif
ied i
n t
he
sect
ion O
bje
ctiv
es b
ase
d o
n t
he
view
poin
t.
Su
b-u
nit
D
escr
ipti
on
1.
Lea
rn
ing
ab
ou
t fe
rtil
izati
on
(3 p
erio
ds)
1)
Fin
d o
ut
abo
ut
the
fun
ctio
ns
of
the
mal
e an
d f
emal
e re
pro
du
ctiv
e o
rgan
s, s
per
m c
ells
an
d
the
ovu
m t
hat
are
nec
essa
ry i
n t
he
succ
essi
on
of
a n
ew l
ife,
an
d m
ake
a re
cord
in
a s
tud
y c
ard
.
(Eva
lua
tion
: In
tere
st 1
)
2 -
3)
Fin
d o
ut
abo
ut
the
mec
han
ism
of
fert
iliz
atio
n a
nd
mak
e a
reco
rd i
n a
stu
dy c
ard
.
(Eva
lua
tion
: T
hin
king
and
Pre
sen
tati
on
1,
Kn
ow
led
ge
an
d S
kill
s 1
)
2.
Lea
rn
ing
ab
ou
t fe
tal
devel
op
men
t
(4 p
erio
ds)
4 -
5)
Fin
d o
ut
ho
w a
fer
tili
zed
ov
um
dev
elo
ps
in t
he
mo
ther
’s b
od
y, a
nd
mak
e a
reco
rd i
n a
stu
dy c
ard
.
(Eva
lua
tion
: K
no
wle
dg
e an
d S
kill
s 2
)
6 -
7)
Fin
d o
ut
the
role
s o
f th
e p
lace
nta
an
d u
mb
ilic
al c
ord
, an
d m
ake
a re
cord
in
a s
tud
y c
ard
.
(Eva
lua
tion
: T
hin
king
and
Pre
sen
tati
on
1)
Inte
rm
ed
iate
rev
iew
(No
tim
e al
lott
ed)
Giv
e th
e “1
st a
nd
2nd
Su
b-U
nit
Rev
iew
Tes
t.”
(H
om
ewo
rk c
an b
e giv
en d
epen
din
g o
n t
he
pro
gre
ss o
f th
e cl
ass.
)
3.
Lea
rn
ing
ab
ou
t th
e
beg
inn
ing
of
life
(2 p
erio
ds)
8)
Fin
d o
ut
abo
ut
the
pro
cess
of
chil
db
irth
and
mak
e a
reco
rd i
n a
stu
dy c
ard
.
(Eva
lua
tion
: K
no
wle
dg
e an
d S
kill
s 2
)
9)
Dis
cuss
im
po
rtan
t is
sues
rel
ated
to A
IDS
, ab
ort
ion a
nd p
regn
ancy
.
(Eva
lua
tion
: In
tere
st 2
, K
no
wle
dge
an
d S
kill
s 3
)
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
term
ed
iate
rev
iew
(No
tim
e al
lott
ed)
Giv
e th
e “3
rdS
ub
-Un
it R
evie
w T
est.
”
(Ho
mew
ork
can
be
giv
en d
epen
din
g o
n t
he
pro
gre
ss o
f th
e cl
ass.
)
4.
Lea
rn
ing
ab
ou
t th
e
excr
etory
org
an
s a
nd
th
e
wast
e su
bst
an
ces
(6 p
erio
ds)
10
- 11
) O
bse
rve
the
skin
an
d h
ow
sw
eat
com
es o
ut
of
the
po
res,
and
mak
e a
reco
rd o
f th
e
fin
din
gs
in a
stu
dy c
ard
.
(Eva
lua
tion
: In
tere
st 3
, K
no
wle
dge
an
d S
kill
s 4
)
12
- 1
3)
Fin
d o
ut
abou
t th
e m
ech
anis
m o
f re
spir
atio
n a
nd m
ake
a re
cord
of
the
nam
es a
nd
fun
ctio
ns
of
the
dif
fere
nt
par
ts o
f th
e no
se a
nd
tra
chea
.
(Eva
lua
tion
: T
hin
king
and
Pre
sen
tati
on
2,
Kn
ow
led
ge
an
d S
kill
s 4
)
14
- 1
5)
Fin
d o
ut
abo
ut
the
kid
ney
s an
d u
rin
ary o
rgan
s, a
nd
mak
e a
reco
rd o
f th
e re
levan
t
nam
es a
nd
fu
nct
ion
s in
a s
tud
y c
ard
.
(Eva
lua
tion
: K
no
wle
dg
e an
d S
kill
s 4
)
Les
son
Pla
n
4.
Lea
rnin
g a
bo
ut
the
excr
eto
ry o
rga
ns
an
d t
he
wa
ste
sub
sta
nce
s
(6 p
erio
ds:
10
th -
15
th p
erio
d)
Goals
of
this
su
b-u
nit
The
pu
pil
s ar
e in
trig
ued
abo
ut
and
in
tere
sted
in
th
e ex
cret
ory
mec
han
ism
of
inte
rnal
was
te s
ub
stan
ces,
and
are
act
ivel
y s
eekin
g a
nsw
ers
to t
hei
r o
wn
qu
esti
ons.
The
pu
pil
s ar
e ab
le to
co
nd
uct
th
eir
ow
n r
esea
rch
ab
ou
t th
e o
rgan
s in
vo
lved
in
th
e ex
cret
ion of
inte
rnal
was
te s
ub
stan
ces,
in
clu
din
g t
hei
r fu
nct
ion
s, b
y m
akin
g l
inkag
es b
etw
een
eac
h o
rgan
.
The
pu
pil
s ar
e ab
le t
o r
ecogniz
e th
e n
ames
of
the
excr
etory
org
ans
(skin
, lu
ngs,
an
d k
idn
eys)
an
d t
o
un
der
stan
d t
hei
r fu
nct
ions.
Mate
rial
Pre
para
tion
s
Do
cum
ents
, te
xtb
oo
ks
and
stu
dy c
ard
s fr
om
wh
ich
th
e p
up
ils
can
lea
rn a
bou
t th
e n
ames
an
d f
unct
ions
of
the
excr
etory
org
ans
(skin
, lu
ngs,
kid
ney
s).
Per
iod
s 1
0-1
1:
Str
uct
ure
an
d f
un
ctio
ns
of
the
skin
Lea
rnin
g f
low
an
d a
ctiv
ity
T
each
ing
hin
ts a
nd
ad
vic
e
Intr
od
uct
ion
10
min
s.
H
ow
are
the
unnec
ess
ary m
ater
ials
pro
duce
d i
n
the
bo
dy e
xp
elle
d t
o t
he
outs
ide?
A
dvis
e th
e p
up
ils
to r
efle
ct u
po
n t
he
phen
om
ena
in t
heir
dai
ly l
ives
.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
as
swea
t.
as
exhal
ed a
ir.
as
uri
ne.
E
nco
ura
ge
the
pup
ils
to d
iscu
ss f
rom
wh
ich p
art
of
the
bo
dy s
wea
t, b
reat
h,
uri
ne
and
oth
er w
ast
e
sub
stance
s ar
e d
ischar
ged
.
(Eva
lua
tio
n:
Inte
rest
3)
The
pup
ils
are
intr
igued
and
in
tere
sted
in
th
e ex
creto
ry
mec
hanis
m
of
inte
rnal
wast
e su
bst
ance
s, a
nd
are
act
ivel
y s
eekin
g
answ
ers
to t
hei
r o
wn q
uest
ion
s.
Ques
tio
n
Ob
serv
e th
e sk
in a
nd
fin
d o
ut
abo
ut
its
funct
ion
s.
A
dvis
e th
e p
up
ils
to
loo
k
clo
sely
ar
ou
nd
th
e
po
res
of
the
skin
and
to
ob
serv
e ho
w t
he
swea
t
com
es
out.
A
dvis
e th
e p
up
ils
to r
efer
to
the
do
cum
ents
and
textb
oo
ks
to c
hec
k t
he
functi
ons.
G
et t
he
pup
ils
to m
ake
a re
cord
of
thei
r fi
nd
ing
s
in t
he
wo
rksh
eet.
Inv
esti
gati
ve
Stu
dy
50
min
s.
O
bse
rve
ho
w s
wea
t co
mes
ou
t o
f th
e p
ore
s, b
y
actu
ally
ru
nn
ing.
U
se t
he
refe
rence
mat
eria
ls t
o f
ind
out
that
the
skin
has
swea
t g
land
s and
is
com
po
sed
of
two
layer
s, e
tc.,
and
make
a re
cord
in t
he
stud
y c
ard
.
Sw
eat
is p
rod
uce
d b
y t
he
swea
t gla
nd
s and
dis
char
ged
fro
m t
he
bo
dy t
hro
ug
h p
ore
s in
the
skin
.
Th
e st
ruct
ure
of
the
skin
an
d
the
dis
trib
uti
on
of
the
swea
t g
lan
ds
(Eva
lua
tio
n:
Kn
ow
led
ge
an
d S
kill
s 4
) T
he
pup
ils
are
able
to
rec
ogniz
e th
e nam
es o
f d
iffe
rent
par
ts
of
the
skin
, as
an e
xcr
eto
ry o
rgan
, and
und
erst
and
thei
r fu
nct
ion
s.
Pre
senta
tio
n
10
min
s.
F
ind
o
ut
abo
ut
the
funct
ion
o
f th
e sk
in
and
mak
e a
pre
senta
tio
n
fro
m
the
reco
rds
in
the
stud
y c
ard
.
G
et t
he
pup
ils
to m
ake
a p
rese
nta
tio
n f
rom
thei
r
reco
rds
in t
he
wo
rksh
eet.
Per
iod
s 1
2 -
13
: S
tru
ctu
re a
nd
fu
nct
ion
s of
the
lun
gs
Lea
rnin
g f
low
an
d a
ctiv
ity
T
each
ing
hin
ts a
nd
ad
vic
e
Intr
od
uct
ion
10
min
s.
H
um
ans
can
no
t su
rviv
e w
itho
ut
bre
athin
g.
What
is
hap
pen
ing?
Ox
ygen
is
taken
into
th
e b
od
y
and
ca
rbo
n
A
dvis
e th
e p
up
ils
to
refl
ect
up
on
the
phen
om
ena
in t
heir
dai
ly l
ives
.
E
nco
ura
ge
the
pup
ils
to
dis
cuss
w
her
e
AV
i
Sl
d
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
dio
xid
e is
exp
elle
d o
ut
of
the
bo
dy.
Res
pir
atio
n o
ccurs
in t
he
lun
gs.
resp
irat
ion o
ccurs
.
The
nam
es
and
fu
nct
ions
of
the
resp
irat
ory
org
ans
have
bee
n c
over
ed i
n t
he
fift
h g
rad
e.
Ques
tio
n
Fin
d o
ut
abo
ut
the
stru
cture
an
d f
unct
ion
s o
f th
e lu
ngs.
Inv
esti
gati
ve
Stu
dy
5
0 m
ins.
P
ut
the
hand
s o
n
the
ches
t an
d
chec
k
the
mo
vem
ent
of
the
chest
as
yo
u b
reat
he.
U
se t
he
refe
rence
m
ater
ials
to
fin
d o
ut
abo
ut
the
stru
cture
and
fu
nct
ions
of
the
lun
gs,
and
mak
e a
reco
rd i
n t
he
stud
y c
ard
.
Air
is
in
hale
d
and
en
ters
in
to
the
lun
gs
by
pas
sin
g
thro
ug
h
the
trac
hea
. O
xygen
is
abso
rbed
in t
he
lun
gs.
Car
bo
n
dio
xid
e is
p
asse
d
out
of
the
lung
s
thro
ugh t
he
trac
hea
and
is
exhal
ed o
ut
of
the
bo
dy a
s a
was
te m
ater
ial.
(Ref
er t
o p
g. 8
3 r
ega
rdin
g w
ork
shee
t)
A
llo
w t
he p
up
ils
to t
hin
k a
bo
ut
the
resp
irat
ory
mec
hanis
m b
y a
ctual
ly c
hec
kin
g t
he
mo
vem
ent
of
thei
r o
wn c
hes
t.
A
dvis
e th
e p
up
ils
to r
efer
to
the
do
cum
ents
and
text
bo
oks
to c
hec
k t
he
stru
cture
and
fu
nct
ion
s
of
the
lun
gs.
G
et
the
pup
ils
to
make
a re
cord
o
f th
eir
find
ings
in t
he
wo
rksh
eet.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
(Eva
lua
tio
n:
Th
inki
ng
a
nd
Pre
sen
tati
on
2
) T
he
pup
ils
are
able
to
co
nd
uct
th
eir
ow
n r
ese
arch
on
the
org
ans
invo
lved
in
th
e excr
etio
n o
f in
tern
al
wast
e su
bst
ance
s,
incl
ud
ing
th
eir
funct
ions,
b
y
mak
ing l
inkages
bet
wee
n e
ach
org
an.
(Eva
lua
tio
n:
Kn
ow
led
ge
an
d S
kill
s 4
) T
he
pup
ils
are
able
to
rec
ogniz
e th
e nam
es o
f d
iffe
rent
par
ts
of
the
lung
s, a
s an
excr
eto
ry o
rgan
, an
d u
nd
erst
and
thei
r fu
nct
ion
s.
Pre
senta
tio
n
10
min
s.
Fin
d o
ut
abo
ut
the
stru
cture
an
d f
unct
ion o
f th
e
lun
gs
and
mak
e a
pre
senta
tio
n f
rom
the
reco
rds
in t
he
wo
rksh
eet.
Get
the
pup
ils
to m
ake
a p
rese
nta
tio
n f
rom
thei
r
reco
rds
in t
he
wo
rksh
eet.
Per
iod
s 1
4 -
15
: S
tru
ctu
re a
nd
fu
nct
ion
s of
the
kid
ney
s
Lea
rnin
g f
low
an
d a
ctiv
ity
T
each
ing
hin
ts a
nd
ad
vic
e
Intr
od
uct
ion
10
min
s.
H
um
ans
dis
char
ge
exce
ss p
rod
uct
s in
the
bo
dy
as u
rine,
but
wher
e is
uri
ne
pro
duce
d?
It
is p
rob
ably
pro
duce
d s
om
ew
her
e in
the
bo
dy.
Uri
ne
is p
rod
uce
d i
n t
he
bo
dy.
A
dvis
e th
e p
up
ils
to
refl
ect
up
on
the
phen
om
ena
in t
heir
dai
ly l
ives
.
E
nco
ura
ge
the
pup
ils
to d
iscu
ss w
her
e uri
ne
is
pro
duce
d.
Ques
tio
n
Fin
d o
ut
abo
ut
the
stru
cture
an
d f
unct
ion
s o
f th
e kid
neys.
nv
esti
gati
ve
Stu
dy 5
0
U
se t
he
refe
rence
m
ater
ials
to
fin
d o
ut
abo
ut
the
stru
cture
and
fu
nct
ion
s o
f th
e kid
neys,
and
A
dvis
e th
e p
up
ils
to r
efer
to
the
do
cum
ents
and
textb
oo
ks
to c
hec
k t
he s
truct
ure
and
fu
nct
ions
Rib
s
Lu
ngs
Dia
ph
ragm
Rib
s
Dia
ph
ragm
Inh
alin
g
Exh
alin
g
Rib
s L
un
gs
Dia
ph
ragm
Ch
an
ges
in t
he t
horacic
ca
vit
y d
uri
ng r
esp
ira
tio
n
Lu
ngs
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
mak
e a
reco
rd i
n t
he
stud
y c
ard
.
Hu
man
s hav
e tw
o kid
neys.
W
aste
su
bst
ance
s
and
exce
ss w
ater
are
co
nver
ted
into
uri
ne.
Uri
ne
is tr
ansf
erre
d fr
om
th
e uri
nar
y b
lad
der
thro
ugh t
he
ure
thra
to
be
dis
char
ged
fro
m t
he
bo
dy.
of
the
kid
neys.
G
et t
he
pup
ils
to m
ake
a re
cord
of
the
find
ings
in t
he
stud
y c
ard
.
min
s.
(Eva
lua
tio
n:
Kn
ow
led
ge
and
Ski
lls
4)
The
pup
ils
are
able
to
rec
ogniz
e th
e nam
es o
f d
iffe
rent
par
ts
of
the
kid
neys,
as
an
ex
cret
ory
o
rgan
, an
d
und
erst
and
thei
r fu
nct
ions.
Pre
senta
tio
n
10
min
s.
F
ind
out
abo
ut
the
stru
cture
an
d f
unct
ions
of
the
kid
neys
and
make
a p
rese
nta
tio
n f
rom
the
reco
rds
in t
he
wo
rksh
eet.
G
et
the
pup
ils
to
make
a p
rese
nta
tio
n
fro
m
thei
r re
cord
s in
the
wo
rksh
eet.
Kid
ney
V
ein
A
rter
y
Ure
ter
Uri
nary
bla
dd
er
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
Wo
rksh
eet
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---*
To b
e use
d i
n 1
2nd-1
3rd
Per
iods
Lea
rnin
g a
bo
ut
the
stru
ctu
re a
nd
fu
nct
ion
s o
f th
e lu
ng
s
Da
te:
Cla
ss:
Na
me:
Fin
d o
ut
the
nam
es a
nd f
unct
ion
s of
dif
fere
nt
par
ts o
f th
e lu
ngs
that
pro
du
ce c
arb
on
dio
xid
e.
Alp
hab
etic
lett
er
Nam
e F
unct
ion
aT
rach
ea
Th
is i
s th
e tu
be
tha
t tr
an
sfer
s a
ir f
rom
th
e m
ou
th t
o
the
lun
gs.
bB
ron
chi
Th
ere
are
air
wa
ys
bra
nch
ing
off
fro
m t
he
tra
chea
.
cA
lveo
li
Th
ey a
re f
ou
nd
at
the
end
of
the
bro
nch
i, a
nd
oxyg
en
an
d
carb
on
d
ioxid
e a
re
exch
an
ged
w
ith
th
e b
loo
d
ves
sels
.
dD
iap
hra
gm
It
s u
pw
ard
a
nd
d
ow
nw
ard
m
ovem
ents
en
ab
le
the
lun
gs
to i
nta
ke
air
.
eN
ose
It
is
the
org
an
th
at
ma
kes
it
poss
ible
to
bre
ath
e in
air
.
*
Ple
ase
bri
ng t
his
wo
rksh
eet
to t
he
next
less
on.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
4th
Su
b-U
nit
Rev
iew
Tes
t
* T
o b
e use
d a
t th
e en
d o
f 15
th P
erio
d
Cla
ss:
Nam
e:
1.
An
swer
th
e fo
llow
ing
qu
esti
on
s re
ga
rdin
g t
he
resp
ira
tory
org
an
s.
(1)
Wh
at o
rgan
s d
o f
ish
liv
ing u
nd
er w
ater
use
for
resp
irat
ion
?
( gil
ls
)
(2)
Fil
l in
th
e sp
aces
(a)
to
(g)
wit
h t
he
app
rop
riat
e w
ord
s.
H
um
ans
use
(a)
to
bre
athe.
(a)
is
mad
e u
p o
f m
inute
sac
s, c
alle
d (
b),
co
ver
ed b
y a
th
in
mem
bra
ne.
(b
) ar
e su
rro
un
ded
by (
c),
like
a n
et.
A
n e
xch
ange
of
(d)
and
(e)
tak
es p
lace
bet
wee
n t
he
air
in (
b)
and
the
blo
od
in
(c)
.
H
um
an l
un
gs
are
loca
ted
in t
he
(f)
and t
he
(g)
and
th
e ri
b m
usc
les
work
to
get
her
to c
han
ge
the
vo
lum
e o
f th
e th
ora
cic
cavit
y, a
llo
win
g t
he
air
to m
ove
in a
nd o
ut
of
the
lun
gs.
(a)
(lu
ngs
)
(b
) (
alv
eoli
)
(c
) (
cap
illa
ries
)
(d
) (
oxy
gen
)
(e)
(ca
rbo
n d
ioxid
e)
(f)
(th
ora
cic
cav
ity
)
(g
) (
dia
ph
ragm
)
2.
Th
e d
iag
ram
on
th
e ri
gh
t sh
ow
s th
e k
idn
eys
an
d s
om
e of
the
rela
ted
str
uct
ure
s. A
nsw
er t
he
foll
ow
ing
qu
esti
on
s.
(1)
Wh
ich
alp
hab
etic
let
ter
ind
icat
es t
he
kid
ney
s?
(A
,B
)
(2)
Sel
ect
a fu
nct
ion
of
the
kid
ney
s fr
om
(a)
to (
d)
list
ed b
elo
w.
Rep
ly w
ith
an
alp
hab
etic
let
ter.
((c
) )
(a)
Ab
sorb
wat
er.
(b)
Red
uce
th
e har
m o
f to
xic
su
bst
ance
s.
(c)
Fil
ter
ou
t u
nn
eces
sary
su
bst
ance
s.
(d)
Ab
sorb
nutr
ients
.
(3)
Sel
ect
all
the
sub
stan
ces
rem
oved
by t
he
acti
on
of
the
kid
ney
s, f
rom
(a)
to (
e) l
iste
d b
elo
w.
Rep
ly
wit
h a
n a
lph
abet
ic l
ette
r.
((b
), (
d)
)
(a)
carb
on
dio
xid
e
(b)
wat
er
(c
) gly
ceri
n
(d
) u
rea
(e)
amin
o a
cids
(Vei
n)
(Art
ery)
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
(4)
Wh
at i
s st
ore
d i
n D
to
be
dis
char
ged
fro
m t
he
bo
dy?
( U
rin
e )
(5)
Wh
at i
s th
e n
ame
of
the
org
an t
hat
pro
duce
s ure
a?
( L
iver
)
(6)
In w
hic
h b
loo
d v
esse
l, X
or
Y,
is b
lood
wit
h l
ess
was
te s
ubst
ance
s fl
ow
ing?
Rep
ly w
ith
th
e
app
ropri
ate
alp
hab
etic
let
ter.
(X
)
(7)
Was
te
subst
ance
s in
th
e b
loo
d
are
also
dis
char
ged
fr
om
th
e sk
in.
In
wh
at
form
ar
e th
ey
dis
char
ged
? Is
it
mo
re o
r le
ss c
once
ntr
ated
co
mp
ared
to
wh
at i
s st
ore
d i
n D
?
(S
wea
t)
Mo
re o
r le
ss c
on
centr
ated
(L
ess
con
cen
trate
d)
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
Fin
al
Un
it E
va
lua
tio
n T
est
*D
one
at U
nit
End
Cla
ss:
Nam
e:
1.
Sel
ect
the
mis
sin
g w
ord
s fr
om
th
e b
ox b
elow
. W
rite
in
th
e co
rres
po
nd
ing
alp
ha
bet
ic l
ette
r.
(1)
Mal
e an
d f
emal
e p
hysi
cal
char
acte
rist
ics
that
ap
pea
r at
pu
ber
ty a
re c
alle
d t
he
( (e
)
).
(2)
Th
e re
leas
e of
an o
vu
m f
rom
th
e ce
lls
in t
he
ovar
y i
s ca
lled
( (f
) ).
If
the
ovu
m i
s n
ot
fert
iliz
ed,
the
ute
rine
endo
met
riu
m i
s sh
ed.
This
ph
eno
men
on
is
(
(h)
),
an
d i
t is
rep
eate
d a
pp
rox
imat
ely
on
ce a
mo
nth
.
(3)
( (d
) )
pro
du
ced
in
th
e te
stes
are
mix
ed w
ith
the
secr
eto
ry f
luid
s fr
om
th
e se
min
al v
esic
les
and
the
pro
stat
e gla
nd
to m
ake
up
a f
luid
cal
led
( (b
) ),
wh
ich
is
pro
ject
ed o
ut
of
the
bo
dy t
hro
ugh
the
ure
thra
w
hen
st
imu
late
d
by
ph
ysi
cal
or
psy
cho
logic
al
sex
ual
ex
cite
men
t.
Th
is
is
call
ed
ejac
ula
tio
n.
(4)
Wh
en e
jacu
lati
on
tak
es p
lace
in
the
vag
ina,
sp
erm
cel
ls s
wim
up
th
e u
teru
s to
war
d t
he
fall
opia
n
tub
es.
If a
n o
vu
m i
s in
the
fall
opia
n t
ub
e at
that
mo
men
t, i
t is
po
ssib
le f
or
( (g
) )
to o
ccur.
Th
e
fert
iliz
ed o
vu
m r
epea
ts c
ell
div
isio
ns
and
moves
to
war
d t
he
ute
rus
un
til
( (a
) )
on
th
e u
teri
ne
end
om
etri
um
. T
he
stat
e in
wh
ich
a l
ife
dw
ells
in
a w
om
an’s
bo
dy,
sta
rtin
g f
rom
the
fert
iliz
atio
n o
f
an o
vu
m t
o t
he
bir
th o
f th
e b
aby,
is
call
ed (
(c)
).
(a)
imp
lan
tati
on
(b
) se
men
(c
) pre
gn
ancy
(d)
sper
m c
ells
(e)
seco
nd
ary s
exu
al c
har
acte
rist
ics
(f)
ovu
lati
on
(g)
fert
iliz
atio
n
(h
) m
enst
ruat
ion
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
2.
Fil
l in
th
e sp
ace
s w
ith
th
e a
pp
rop
riate
wo
rds.
(1)
( 0
.14
)
(2)
(
Ute
rus
)
(3)
(
0.4
)
(4)
(
3
)
(5)
(
30
-35
)
(6)
(
40
-45
)
(7)
(
38
)
(8)
(
(c)
)
(9)
(
(a)
)
(10
) (
(b
) )
(11)
(
(d)
)
(12
) (
(e
) )
3.
Fig
ure
1 s
how
s a
mo
del
of
the
hu
ma
n t
ho
raci
c ca
vit
y, m
ad
e u
sin
g a
pla
stic
bo
ttle
. F
igu
re 2
show
s th
e h
um
an
res
pir
ato
ry m
ov
emen
t. A
nsw
er t
he
foll
ow
ing
qu
esti
on
s a
bou
t th
em.
The
fert
iliz
ed h
um
an o
vu
m i
s ap
pro
xim
ately
(1.
mm
)
and i
t re
main
s at
tached
to t
he
wall
of
the
moth
er’s
(2.
)
as i
t d
evelo
ps.
Fert
iliz
ed
ov
um
Eig
hth
wee
k
Fo
urt
h w
eek
(a)
The
shap
e o
f th
e hands
and
fee
t
can b
e d
isti
ng
uis
hed
cle
arly
.
(b)
The
bab
y s
tart
s to
mo
ve
acti
vely
.
(c)
The
bab
y’s
hea
rt s
tart
s p
um
pin
g.
(d)
The
bab
y’s
hai
r and n
ail
s st
art
gro
win
g.
(e)
A b
od
y l
en
gth
of
app
roxim
ately
50
cm
and
a b
od
y w
eig
ht
of
app
roxim
ate
ly 3
00
0 g
. (4.
App
roxim
ately
cm)
(9.
) T
wenty
-fo
urt
h w
eek
(5.
cm)
(10.
)
Thir
ty-s
eco
nd w
eek
(6.
cm)
(11.
)
(3. A
pp
roxim
ately
cm)
(8.
)
Ple
ase
wri
te t
he
size
of
the
fert
iliz
ed o
vu
m
or
the
len
gth
of
the
bab
y i
n (
3)
to (
6).
In (
8)
to (
12),
ple
ase
des
crib
e h
ow
th
e
fert
iliz
ed o
vum
dev
elops,
by
sele
ctin
g th
e
appro
pri
ate
answ
ers
from
(a)
to (
e) a
nd w
riti
ng in
the
corr
espon
din
g
alph
abet
ic l
ette
r.
Ap
pro
xim
ately
(7
.
wee
ks)
aft
er
fert
iliz
ati
on,
the
bab
y i
s born
wit
h
(12.
).
(2.
)
Rubb
er s
topp
er
Gla
ss t
ub
e
Rubb
er b
allo
on
Pla
stic
bott
le
wit
h t
he
bott
om
hal
f re
moved
R
ubb
er s
hee
tS
trin
g
Pu
ll d
ow
n
Rib
s
Lu
ngs
Dia
ph
ragm
Fig
ure
1
Fig
ure
2
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
(1)
Wh
ich
par
ts o
f th
e hum
an b
od
y i
n F
igure
2 d
o t
he
rub
ber
bal
loo
n a
nd
th
e ru
bb
er s
hee
t in
Fig
ure
1
rep
rese
nt?
Lo
ok a
t F
igu
re 2
an
d f
ill
in t
he
spac
es b
elo
w.
Ru
bb
er b
allo
on
(L
un
gs
)
R
ub
ber
sh
eet
(D
iap
hra
gm
)
(2)
In F
igure
1,
the
rub
ber
bal
loo
n i
nfl
ates
as
the
rubb
er s
hee
t is
pull
ed d
ow
n.
Ex
pla
in t
he
reas
on
.
( Wh
en t
he
rub
ber
sh
eet
is p
ull
ed d
ow
n,
the
inte
rnal
volu
me
of
the
con
tain
er i
s in
crea
sed
an
d t
he
pre
ssu
re i
s re
du
ced
, ca
usi
ng t
he
air
to b
e su
cked
in
sid
e th
e ru
bb
er b
all
oon
. )
(3)
Wh
ich
dia
gra
m i
n F
igu
re 2
, A
or
B,
do
es t
he
movem
ent
of
pull
ing d
ow
n t
he
rub
ber
sh
eet
in F
igu
re 1
rep
rese
nt?
An
swer
wit
h e
ith
er a
lphab
etic
let
ter.
(A
)
(4)
In t
he
hu
man
res
pir
atory
mo
vem
ent,
th
ere
is a
noth
er m
ovem
ent
that
is
not
dem
on
stra
ted
by t
he
mo
del
in
Fig
ure
1. W
hic
h b
od
y p
art
in F
igu
re 2
is
involv
ed i
n t
hat
movem
ent?
(R
ibs
)
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
Stu
den
t Q
ues
tio
nn
air
es
1.
Wh
at
kin
ds
of
stu
dy
ing h
av
e y
ou
do
ne
in t
he
past
fo
r th
e a
bov
e te
st p
rob
lem
s?
0.
No
ne
at a
ll
This
was
do
ne
10
% o
f th
e ti
me
for
all
pro
ble
ms.
1.
No
This
was
do
ne
30
% o
f th
e ti
me
for
all
pro
ble
ms.
2.
Aver
age
This
was
do
ne
50
% o
f th
e ti
me
for
all
pro
ble
ms.
3.
Yes
T
his
was
do
ne
70
% o
f th
e ti
me
for
all
pro
ble
ms.
4.
Ab
solu
tely
yes
T
his
was
do
ne
over
90%
of
the
tim
e fo
r al
l pro
ble
ms.
An
swer
ing
Qu
esti
on
s u
sin
g P
ictu
res
an
d D
iag
ram
s in
th
e T
extb
oo
k o
r Il
lust
rati
on
s D
raw
n o
n t
he
Bla
ckb
oard
1.
Th
e S
tud
ents
answ
ered
th
e q
ues
tio
ns
by w
alkin
g u
p t
o t
he
bo
ard
an
d d
raw
ing d
iagra
ms
or
wri
tin
g
word
s.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
Th
e te
ach
er a
sked
an
d a
nsw
ered
th
e qu
esti
on
s b
y d
raw
ing d
iagra
ms
or
wri
tin
g w
ord
s on
the
bo
ard
.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
Qu
esti
on
s w
ere
answ
ered
usi
ng p
ictu
res
and
dia
gra
ms
in t
he
tex
tbo
ok.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Exp
erim
ents
1.
Did
the
stu
den
ts c
on
duct
any e
xp
erim
ents
or
obse
rvat
ion
s?
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
Th
e te
ach
er c
on
du
cted
th
e ex
per
imen
ts.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4
.
3.
The
stu
den
ts c
on
du
cted
the
exp
erim
ents
by f
oll
ow
ing t
he
teac
her
’s i
nst
ruct
ions.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dis
cuss
ion
an
d T
hin
kin
g
4.
We
talk
ed w
ith
fri
end
s in
the
clas
s an
d t
ho
ugh
t ab
ou
t th
e p
roble
ms.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
We
tho
ugh
t ab
ou
t th
e p
rob
lem
s ca
refu
lly w
ith
fri
end
s an
d s
tate
d o
ur
idea
s lo
gic
ally
.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
6.
We
tho
ugh
t ab
ou
t th
e pro
ble
ms
care
full
y
wh
en
com
ing
up
w
ith
a
hyp
oth
esis
an
d
afte
r th
e
exp
erim
ent.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Un
der
sta
nd
ing
Id
eas
7.
I w
as a
ble
to
un
der
stan
d n
ew i
dea
s.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
8.
I w
as a
ble
to
see
new
vie
wp
oin
t o
f lo
okin
g a
t an
d t
hin
kin
g a
bo
ut
scie
nce
.
0.
1.
2.
3
. 4
.
9.
I w
as a
ble
to
gra
sp t
he
pri
nci
ple
s hid
den
ben
eath
th
e fa
cts.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ap
pli
cati
on
of
Kn
ow
led
ge
10
. I
was
ab
le t
o a
pp
ly t
he
new
kn
ow
led
ge
that
I l
earn
ed i
n s
cho
ol
in m
y d
aily
lif
e.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
11.
The
teac
her
has
ex
pla
ined
th
at t
he
new
kn
ow
led
ge
thin
gs
the
stu
den
ts a
re l
earn
ing i
n s
choo
l ar
e
con
nec
ted w
ith
act
ual
lif
e.
0.
1.
2.
3
. 4
.
12
. I
was
ab
le t
o l
earn
th
at t
he
new
pri
nci
ple
s an
d v
iew
po
ints
to
war
d s
cien
ce c
an b
e ap
pli
ed t
o a
var
iety
of
dif
fere
nt
phen
om
ena.
0.
1.
2.
3
. 4
.
Pu
rsu
ing K
now
led
ge
thro
ugh
Pro
ble
m S
olv
ing
13
. W
e w
ere
firs
t giv
en a
pro
ble
m a
nd
th
en w
ere
to s
olv
e th
at p
roble
m.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
14
. W
e m
ade
pre
dic
tion
s, p
ut
then
to
th
e te
st,
form
ula
te s
cien
tifi
c ex
pla
nat
ion
s, a
nd p
ut
them
to
pra
ctic
al
use
.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
15
. T
he
stu
den
ts w
ere
asked
to v
erif
y t
hro
ugh
th
e ex
per
imen
t th
at t
hey
had
cre
ated
a h
yp
oth
esis
as
wel
l
as a
pla
n f
or
the
ob
serv
atio
n.
0.
1.
2.
3
.
4.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
2.
Wh
en y
ou
lea
rned
ea
ch u
nit
fo
r th
e a
bo
ve
test
pro
ble
ms,
did
yo
u b
ecom
e in
tere
sted
in
th
e
ma
teri
al?
0.
No
ne
at a
ll
This
was
tru
e 1
0%
of
the
tim
e fo
r al
l p
rob
lem
s.
1.
No
This
was
tru
e 3
0%
of
the
tim
e fo
r al
l p
rob
lem
s.
2.
Aver
age
This
was
tru
e 5
0%
of
the
tim
e fo
r al
l p
rob
lem
s.
3.
Yes
T
his
was
tru
e 7
0%
of
the
tim
e fo
r al
l p
rob
lem
s.
4.
Ab
solu
tely
yes
T
his
was
tru
e o
ver
90
% o
f th
e ti
me
for
all
pro
ble
ms.
Inte
rest
an
d M
oti
va
tio
n
1.
I w
as v
ery i
nte
rest
ed i
n s
cien
ce l
esso
ns.
0.
1.
2
.
3.
4
.
2.
I b
ecam
e m
ore
moti
vat
ed t
o l
earn
.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
I w
as i
nte
rest
ed i
n w
hat
we
wer
e le
arn
ing f
rom
sta
rt t
o f
inis
h.
0.
1.
2
.
3.
4
.
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
an
d I
nv
olv
emen
t
4.
I w
as a
ctiv
ely e
ngag
ed i
n l
earn
ing t
he
top
ic.
0.
1.
2
.
3.
4
.
5.
I en
joyed
lea
rnin
g t
he
topic
so
much
I l
ost
tra
ck o
f ti
me.
0.
1
.
2.
3
.
4.
6.
I w
as v
ery f
ocu
sed
on l
earn
ing t
op
ic m
ater
ial
but
at t
he
sam
e ti
me,
I w
as a
lso
ver
y e
xci
ted
an
d
enjo
yed
myse
lf.
0.
1
.
2.
3
.
4.
Coop
erati
on
an
d C
oll
ab
ora
tion
7.
I en
joyed
th
e le
arnin
g p
roce
ss w
hil
e co
llab
ora
tin
g w
ith
fri
ends.
0.
1
.
2.
3
.
4.
8.
I w
as a
ble
to
lea
rn t
hro
ugh
co
op
erat
ion
an
d m
utu
al s
upp
ort
wit
h m
y f
rien
ds.
0.
1
.
2.
3
.
4.
9.
I sh
ared
my e
xp
erim
ents
and
id
eas
wit
h m
y f
rien
ds
and w
e al
l h
ad a
fun
tim
e le
arnin
g t
oget
her
.
0.
1
.
2.
3
.
4.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
Lev
el o
f E
arn
estn
ess
an
d E
njo
ym
ent
du
rin
g E
xp
erim
ents
10
. T
he
exper
imen
ts w
ere
ver
y e
njo
yab
le.
0.
1
.
2.
3
.
4.
11
. S
ince
ex
per
imen
ts n
eed
fiv
e se
nse
s, I
car
efu
lly m
oved
my h
and
s an
d e
yes
wh
en c
oll
ecti
ng t
he
dat
a.
0.
1
.
2.
3
.
4.
12
. D
uri
ng t
he
exp
erim
ents
, I
reco
rded
my o
bse
rvat
ions
accu
rate
ly a
nd
car
efu
lly.
0.
1
.
2.
3
.
4.
Sp
irit
of
Inq
uir
y
13
. I
began
to
hav
e m
ore
an
inquir
ing m
ind
to
war
d n
ew d
isco
ver
ies.
0.
1
.
2.
3
.
4.
14
.I
bec
ame
ver
y e
xci
ted a
nd
curi
ou
s ab
ou
t ch
alle
ngin
g t
he
un
kn
ow
n.
0.
1.
2
.
3.
4
.
15
. I
mad
e a
stro
ng e
ffo
rt t
o l
earn
wh
at i
s kn
ow
n b
y t
ryin
g t
o f
ind
exam
ple
s, d
raw
ing i
llu
stra
tio
ns,
an
d
thro
ugh
dis
cuss
ion
s an
d e
xp
erim
ents
.
0.
1.
2
.
3.
4
.
Lo
gic
an
d O
bje
ctiv
ity
16
. I
atte
mp
ted
to
fin
d p
len
ty o
f ev
iden
ce a
nd
fac
ts t
o c
hec
k w
het
her
my h
yp
oth
esis
hel
d t
rue.
0.
1
. 2
.
3.
4.
17
. I
was
ab
le t
o c
on
firm
th
at t
he
pri
nci
ple
s an
d c
once
pts
wer
e tr
ue
by a
pp
lyin
g t
hem
to
act
ual
lif
e.
0.
1
.
2.
3
.
4.
18
. T
he
expla
nat
ion
s w
ere
ver
y c
on
vin
cin
g a
nd
eas
y t
o u
nd
erst
and
for
the
enti
re c
lass
. I
was
ver
y
sati
sfie
d w
ith t
he
inte
rpre
tati
ons
whic
h w
ere
logic
al a
nd
acc
ord
ed w
ith t
he
tru
th.
0.
1
.
2.
3
.
4.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
Ap
pen
dix
Str
uct
ure
an
d f
unct
ion
s of
the
pla
centa
Kei
rin
kan
Pri
ma
ry Sch
oo
l Sci
ence
Tea
cher
s M
anu
al
200
5
Ed
. (P
. 65
)
Mo
st
mam
mal
s,
incl
udin
g
hu
man
s,
are
viv
ipar
ous
and
a
fert
iliz
ed o
vu
m d
evel
op
s in
to a
fet
us
wit
hin
th
e ute
rus,
un
til
it
is d
eliv
ered
. H
ence
, th
ere
is a
nee
d f
or
a sy
stem
to
ex
chan
ge
sub
stan
ces
in o
rder
to
en
sure
a l
on
g-t
erm
su
pp
ly o
f o
xygen
and
nutr
ients
in t
he
ute
rus.
Fo
r th
e m
oth
er,
ho
wev
er,
the
fetu
s
is n
ot
par
t o
f her
self
but
a fo
reig
n b
od
y.
Th
eref
ore
, th
e fe
tus
mu
st
be
iso
late
d
fro
m
the
mat
ern
al
syst
em.
Th
e sy
stem
th
at d
evel
op
ed i
n o
rder
to
fulf
ill
thes
e tw
o
con
flic
tin
g
fun
ctio
ns,
th
e ex
chan
ge
of
subst
ance
s an
d
isola
tio
n,
was
the
pla
cen
ta.
The
mat
ern
al b
loo
d a
nd
the
feta
l blo
od
are
sep
arat
ed f
rom
each
oth
er b
y th
e tr
op
hic
m
em
bra
ne
of
the
pla
centa
. T
his
mem
bra
ne
allo
ws
for
the
exch
ange
of
sub
stan
ces
so
that
ox
ygen
an
d n
utr
ients
ar
e su
pp
lied
to
th
e fe
tus
and ca
rbo
n
dio
xid
e an
d w
aste
su
bst
ance
s ar
e re
mo
ved
, w
hil
e p
reven
tin
g
the
mat
ern
al a
nd
fet
al b
lood
fro
m b
ein
g m
ixed
to
get
her
.
Th
e u
mb
ilic
al c
ord
co
nn
ects
th
e fe
tus
to t
he
pla
centa
. T
her
e ar
e tw
o a
rter
ies
and
on
e vei
n r
un
nin
g t
hro
ugh
the
um
bil
ical
co
rd,
toget
her
wit
h t
he
yo
lk s
ac l
inked
to
the
dig
esti
ve
can
al a
nd
a p
art
of
the
alla
nto
ic
mem
bra
ne
is l
iken
ed t
o t
he
uri
nar
y b
lad
der
.
Un
til
del
iver
y, t
he
fetu
s is
co
nn
ecte
d t
o t
he
pla
centa
via
th
e u
mb
ilic
al c
ord
and
is
imm
erse
d i
n t
he
amn
ioti
c
fluid
wh
ich
fil
ls t
he
amn
ioti
c ca
vit
y.
Um
bil
ical
vein
(o
ne)
Um
bil
ical
arte
ries
(tw
o) Um
bil
ical
cord
Am
nio
tic
mem
bra
ne
Sat
ura
ted w
ith m
ate
rnal
blo
od
Ute
rop
lace
nta
l ar
tery
<T
he
stru
ctu
re o
f th
e p
lace
nta
>
Am
nio
tic
mem
bra
ne
Um
bil
ical
cord
Pla
centa
Ute
rus
Am
nio
tic
fluid
Uteroplacental vein
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
Ap
pen
dix
Ro
les
of
the
am
nio
tic
flu
id
Kei
rin
kan
Pri
ma
ry Sch
oo
l Sci
ence
Tea
cher
s M
anu
al
Ed
. 200
5
(p.6
5)
Th
e am
nio
tic
fluid
is
a li
qu
id t
hat
fil
ls t
he
amn
ioti
c ca
vit
y, a
nd
it
conta
ins
var
ious
subst
ance
s in
cludin
g e
lect
roly
tes,
lip
ids,
pro
tein
s,
sever
al e
nzy
mes
,b
ilu
rin
, an
d h
orm
on
es.
The
amn
ioti
c fl
uid
has
the
foll
ow
ing f
unct
ion
s.
Du
rin
g p
regn
an
cy
A
tten
uat
es i
mp
acts
fro
m o
uts
ide
R
etai
ns
hea
t
A
llo
ws
free
movem
ent
of
the
fetu
s
P
reven
ts t
he
adh
esio
n o
f fe
tal
bo
dy p
arts
S
up
pli
es n
utr
ien
ts
Du
rin
g d
eliv
ery
E
xp
and
s th
e b
irth
can
al u
nti
l th
e w
ater
bre
aks,
mak
ing
del
iver
y
more
sm
oo
th
The
volu
me
of
the
amn
ioti
c fl
uid
is
not
const
ant.
It
is a
pp
roxim
atel
y 2
0 m
L b
y t
he
seven
th w
eek a
fter
fert
liza
tio
n,
but
incr
ease
s u
p t
o a
pp
roxim
atel
y 7
00
mL
bet
wee
n t
he
twen
ty-t
hir
d a
nd
tw
enty
-six
th w
eek
afte
r fe
rtil
izat
ion
. T
hen
th
e vo
lum
e gra
du
ally
d
ecre
ases
u
nti
l it
is
ab
ou
t 5
00
mL
n
ear
the
du
e d
ate.
Mo
reo
ver
, o
ld a
mn
ioti
c fl
uid
is
con
stan
tly b
ein
g r
epla
ced
by n
ew a
mn
ioti
c fl
uid
.
Fro
m o
vu
lati
on
to
im
pla
nta
tio
n
Kei
rin
kan P
rim
ary
Sch
oo
l Sci
ence
Tea
cher
s M
anua
l E
d. 2
005
(p
.63
)
On
ab
out
the
fourt
eenth
day
in
th
e
men
stru
al c
ycl
e, a
n o
vu
m i
s re
leas
ed
fro
m t
he
ovar
y a
nd t
ran
sport
ed t
o t
he
fall
opia
n t
ub
e b
y t
he
fim
bri
a of
the
fall
opia
n t
ub
e. I
f, b
y c
han
ce,
sper
m
cell
s ar
e pre
sen
t, t
he
ovu
m m
ay b
e
fert
iliz
ed.
Th
e fe
rtil
ized
ovu
m w
ill
spen
d t
he
firs
t fe
w d
ays
mo
vin
g s
low
ly d
ow
n t
he
fall
opia
n t
ub
e, w
hil
e th
e n
um
ber
Cir
cula
tio
n o
f a
mn
ioti
c f
luid
Ref
eren
ce:
“Igak
u/
Igak
u S
ou
ron
(Med
icin
e/ O
ver
vie
w o
f m
edic
al c
are)
II”
,
Ish
iyak
u P
ub
lica
tion
s
Ute
rus
Vag
ina
Sper
m
cell
Ovary
Fert
iliz
ed
ovu
m
Am
pull
a o
f
the
fall
op
ian
tub
e
Fert
iliz
ati
on
Fert
iliz
ed
ov
um
rep
eats
cel
l d
ivis
ion.
Fall
op
ian t
ube
Imp
lanta
tio
n
Ute
rus
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
of
cell
s m
ult
ipli
es.
By t
he
tim
e it
rea
ches
th
e ute
rus,
it
wil
l h
ave
bec
om
e a
mas
s o
f ce
lls
wit
h a
n i
nte
rnal
linin
g f
orm
ing a
sp
her
ical
sh
ape.
Th
is m
ass
of
cell
s bu
ries
its
elf
in t
he
ute
rine
end
om
etri
um
. T
his
pro
cess
is c
alle
d i
mp
lan
tati
on
.
Th
e ex
tern
al l
ayer
of
the
fert
iliz
ed o
vu
m,
imp
lan
ted
in
th
e ute
rin
e en
do
met
rium
, co
nsi
sts
of
cell
s ca
lled
tro
pho
bla
sts.
Tro
ph
obla
sts
secr
ete
a p
rote
oly
tic
enzy
me
call
ed t
ryp
sin
, en
abli
ng t
he
fert
iliz
ed o
vu
m t
o e
nte
r
dee
ply
in
to t
he
ute
rine
endom
etri
um
. (R
efer
ence
: “I
gak
u/
Igak
u S
ouro
n (
Med
icin
e/ O
ver
vie
w o
f m
edic
al c
are)
II”
,
Ishiy
aku P
ub
lica
tio
ns)
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
Ap
pen
dix
Dev
elo
pm
ent
of
the
fert
iliz
ed o
vu
m
Kei
rin
kan P
rim
ary
Sch
oo
l Sci
ence
Tea
cher
s M
anua
l E
d. 2
005
(p
.63
)
F
ou
r w
eek
s aft
er f
erti
liza
tio
n
Th
e si
ze i
s ap
pro
xim
atel
y 7
mm
. It
has
a h
ead
, b
od
y a
nd
a
tail
. T
he
hea
rt c
an b
e id
enti
fied
. T
he
yo
lk s
ac,
wh
ere
blo
od
cell
s ar
e b
ein
g
pro
du
ced
, is
vis
ible
. B
loo
d
ves
sels
ar
e
dev
elo
pin
g i
n t
he
pla
centa
.
S
ix w
eek
s aft
er f
erti
liza
tion
Th
e si
ze i
s ap
pro
xim
atel
y 1
.5 c
m.
Th
e h
ead
, b
od
y a
nd
the
yo
lk s
ac a
re a
pp
roxim
atel
y t
he
sam
e si
ze.
The
bo
ne
mar
row
is s
till
to
be
dev
elo
ped
; th
eref
ore
, th
e yo
lk s
ac i
s st
ill
the
maj
or
sou
rce
of
blo
od
cel
ls.
E
igh
t w
eek
s aft
er f
erti
liza
tio
n
Th
e si
ze
is
app
rox
imat
ely
4
cm.
By
this
st
age,
al
l th
e
feat
ure
s in
a
full
y
dev
elo
ped
h
um
an
wil
l h
ave
bee
n
esta
bli
shed
. T
he
mu
scle
s h
ave
just
beg
un
th
eir
firs
t
mo
vem
ents
.
B
etw
een
tw
elve
to f
ifte
en w
eek
s aft
er f
erti
liza
tio
n
Du
rin
g th
is p
erio
d,
the
bo
dy le
ngth
o
f th
e fe
tus
reac
hes
app
roxim
atel
y 1
6 c
m,
it h
as a
more
hu
man
-lik
e ap
pea
ran
ce,
and
it
s se
x ca
n b
e cl
earl
y id
enti
fied
. T
he
pla
cen
ta is
co
mp
lete
d an
d th
e ex
chan
ges
th
rou
gh
th
e
um
bil
ical
cord
bec
om
e sm
ooth
.
B
etw
een
six
teen
to
nin
etee
n w
eek
s aft
er f
erti
liza
tion
Th
e bo
dy l
ength
is
app
roxim
atel
y 2
5 c
m a
nd
th
e b
od
y w
eigh
t ap
pro
xim
atel
y 2
50
g.
The
hai
r an
d n
ails
star
t to
gro
w a
nd
th
e fe
tus
can
mo
ve
the
lim
bs
and
mak
e ac
tive
feta
l m
ovem
ents
.
B
etw
een
tw
enty
-fou
r to
tw
enty
-sev
en w
eek
s aft
er f
erti
liza
tio
n
Th
e b
od
y l
ength
is
appro
xim
atel
y 3
5 c
m a
nd t
he
bod
y w
eigh
t ap
pro
xim
atel
y 1
00
0 g
. L
anu
go
hai
r
gro
ws
over
th
e w
ho
le b
od
y. A
n o
ily s
ecre
tio
n f
rom
the
seb
aceo
us
gla
nd
s an
d t
he
cell
s sh
ed f
rom
th
e
skin
fo
rm a
sti
cky e
mb
ryo
nu
m t
hat
pro
tect
s th
e sk
in.
<D
evel
op
men
t a
fter
fer
tili
zati
on
>
Yo
lk s
ac
Am
nio
tic
mem
bra
ne
Bro
nchia
l
cleft
Em
bry
o
Th
ird
week
Fou
rth
week
Six
teen
th w
eek
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
B
etw
een
th
irty
-six
to
th
irty
-eig
ht
wee
ks
aft
er f
erti
liza
tio
n
The
bo
dy l
ength
is
app
roxim
atel
y 5
0 c
m a
nd t
he
bod
y w
eigh
t ap
pro
xim
atel
y 3
000
g.
Its
app
eara
nce
is
no
w m
ore
bab
y-l
ike,
an
d i
t st
arts
to
act
ivel
y d
rin
k t
he
amn
ioti
c fl
uid
. It
is
tho
ugh
t th
at t
his
pre
par
es
the
sto
mac
h a
nd
th
e in
test
ines
fo
r d
iges
tion
an
d a
bso
rpti
on
. P
ulm
on
ary r
espir
atio
n b
egin
s u
po
n b
irth
,
and
the
bab
y w
ill
be
able
to a
dap
t to
th
e ex
tern
al w
orl
d.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
Ap
pen
dix
Ex
amp
les
of
asse
ssm
ent
ques
tio
ns
whic
h i
s u
sed
in
Ken
yan
tex
t b
oo
ks
(K
LB
; P
rim
ary
Sci
ence
Pupil
s’ B
ook
for
Sta
ndard
Eig
ht
P.1
6
(Macm
illa
n;
Macm
illa
n P
rim
ary
Sci
ence
, P
upil
’s b
ook
8P.1
1
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
The
kid
ney
s
(Macm
illa
n;
Macm
illa
n P
rim
ary
Sci
ence
, P
upil
’s b
ook
8P.9
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
Ap
pen
dix
PIS
A-t
yp
e q
ues
tio
ns,
pre
pa
red
by
Dr.
Ta
kem
ura
Ever
y t
hre
e yea
rs,
an i
nte
rnat
ion
al s
urv
ey o
n t
ren
ds
in s
cien
ce s
tudie
s is
co
ndu
cted
in
man
y c
ou
ntr
ies.
Th
ere
are
an i
ncr
easi
ng n
um
ber
of
Afr
ican
co
untr
ies
par
tici
pat
ing i
n t
his
surv
ey.
Th
is s
urv
ey i
s ca
lled
th
e
Pro
gra
m f
or
Inte
rnat
ional
Stu
den
t A
sses
smen
t (P
ISA
) su
rvey
. It
is
a su
rvey
to
ass
ess
scie
nti
fic
kn
ow
led
ge
and
th
e sk
ills
for
app
lyin
g t
his
kn
ow
led
ge
to p
rob
lem
s in
dai
ly l
ife,
as
wel
l as
sci
enti
fic
met
ho
dolo
gy a
nd
logic
. R
ead
ing
com
pre
hen
sio
n
of
lon
g
scie
nti
fic
do
cum
ents
is
al
so
asse
ssed
. T
he
surv
ey
targ
ets
fift
een
-yea
r-o
ld p
up
ils.
Ken
ya
wil
l al
so b
e par
tici
pat
ing i
n t
he
nea
r fu
ture
, an
d b
y p
utt
ing t
he
nat
ion
al
edu
cati
on
sta
ndar
d u
nd
er i
nte
rnat
ional
co
mp
aris
on
, it
wil
l b
e ab
le t
o c
on
trib
ute
to
th
e im
pro
vem
ent
of
qu
alit
y o
f ed
uca
tio
nal
ser
vic
es.
So
me
PIS
A-t
yp
e q
ues
tio
ns,
whic
h a
n e
igh
th g
rad
e p
upil
sh
ould
be
able
to s
olv
e, h
ave
bee
n p
rep
ared
her
e.
Ple
ase
use
thes
e q
ues
tio
ns
as a
ref
eren
ce w
hen
dev
elo
pin
g s
imil
ar q
ues
tio
ns
by y
ou
rsel
ves
. T
yp
ical
cas
e
exam
ple
s h
ave
also
bee
n s
ho
wn
.
This
unit
wil
l o
nly
hav
e il
lust
rati
on
s an
d e
xp
lan
atio
ns,
so
it
wil
l b
e p
refe
rable
to
in
clu
de
the
foll
ow
ing
qu
esti
ons
in t
he
less
on
s, n
ot
on
ly t
o f
ost
er s
cien
tifi
c co
mpet
enci
es,
but
also
to
mak
e th
e li
nkag
es b
etw
een
bio
logic
al k
no
wle
dge
and
pra
ctic
al i
ssu
es r
elat
ed t
o c
hil
db
irth
.
PIS
A-t
yp
e S
cien
tifi
c C
om
pet
enci
es
(I)
To c
lari
fy w
hat
the
scie
nti
fic
pro
ble
ms
are
1.
Ca
refu
lly
ex
am
ine
wh
eth
er
a
scie
nti
fic
inv
esti
ga
tio
n
is
poss
ible
, a
nd
fi
nd
a
p
rob
lem
to
inv
esti
ga
te.
Cas
e ex
amp
le 1
w
hic
h o
f th
e fo
llo
win
g i
s a
scie
nti
fic
pro
ble
m?
A.
Reg
ard
ing th
e m
ort
alit
y ra
tes
of
par
turi
ent
wo
men
h
osp
ital
ized
in
th
e ob
stet
rics
d
epar
tmen
t o
f
Ho
spit
al A
an
d H
osp
ital
B,
bo
th l
oca
ted
in
lar
ge
citi
es,
a la
rge
dif
fere
nce
bet
wee
n t
he
two
ho
spit
als
was
rep
ort
ed. W
hat
is
the
reas
on
fo
r th
is d
iffe
ren
ce?
B.
Wh
y d
oes
menstr
uation o
ccu
r per
iod
ical
ly,
alm
ost
ever
y m
on
th?
C.
Am
on
g t
he
pat
ients
wh
o a
re h
osp
ital
ized
for
a lo
ng t
ime,
ho
w m
any p
atie
nts
are
th
inkin
g a
bo
ut
thei
r
dea
th?
D.
Wh
at p
erce
nta
ge
of
all
wom
en,
thin
k t
hat
men
stru
atio
n i
s u
nav
oid
able
, u
nple
asan
t, p
ain
ful
bu
t m
ust
be
tole
rate
d?
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
2.
To
det
erm
ine
the
key
wo
rds
to f
or
sea
rch
ing
fo
r sc
ien
tifi
c in
form
ati
on
Cas
e ex
amp
le 2
Art
ific
ial
inse
min
atio
n i
s a
met
ho
d o
f en
han
cin
g t
he
fert
iliz
atio
n o
f an
ovu
m b
y a
rtif
icia
lly i
nje
ctin
g s
emen
into
th
e ute
rus
of
a w
om
an s
uff
erin
g f
rom
in
fert
ilit
y d
ue
to t
he
dif
ficu
lty o
f sp
erm
cel
ls m
ovin
g t
ow
ard
the
fall
opia
n t
ub
es,
in o
rder
to
hel
p t
he
wo
man
to
bec
om
e p
regn
ant.
The
pro
ced
ure
mu
st b
e co
nd
uct
ed d
uri
ng
the
wo
man
’s o
vu
lati
on
per
iod
.
Yo
u w
ish t
o k
no
w m
ore
abo
ut
arti
fici
al i
nse
min
atio
n.
In o
rder
to s
earc
h f
or
info
rmat
ion
on
th
e in
tern
et o
r
in t
he
libra
ry,
sele
ct f
rom
th
e ab
ove
par
agra
ph
the
wo
rds
that
may
be
use
ful
in f
ind
ing t
he
nec
essa
ry
info
rmat
ion
.
A.
Sp
erm
cel
ls a
nd o
vu
m
B.
Ovu
lati
on
per
iod
C.
Pre
gn
ancy
D.
Art
ific
ial
inse
min
atio
n
3.
To
cla
rify
th
e ch
ara
cter
isti
cs o
f su
rvey
met
ho
ds
in s
cien
tifi
c re
sea
rch
Cas
e ex
amp
le 3
Th
e fo
llo
win
g l
ist
sum
mar
izes
the
imp
ort
ant
poin
ts i
n d
aily
lif
e th
at s
ho
uld
be
taken
in
to c
onsi
der
atio
n
thro
ugh
out
the
wh
ole
pre
gn
ancy
per
iod
.
(1)
En
sure
ad
equ
ate
slee
p a
nd
res
t is
tak
en,
and a
vo
id o
ver
wo
rkin
g.
(2)
Wea
r lo
w-h
eele
d s
hoes
wit
h s
lip
-res
ista
nt
sole
s.
(3)
Avo
id l
ifti
ng h
eavy o
bje
cts
and
rea
chin
g o
ut
for
ob
ject
s in
hig
h p
lace
s, a
s yo
u m
ay l
ose
yo
ur
bal
ance
and
fal
l.
(4)
Avo
id l
on
g h
ou
rs o
f tr
avel
.
(5)
Wh
en y
ou
sit
in
a c
hai
r, s
it u
pri
gh
t w
ith
yo
ur
spin
e ag
ain
st t
he
bac
k o
f th
e ch
air,
as
the
larg
e
abd
om
en t
ends
to a
rch
forw
ard
.
(6)
Mai
nta
in t
he
clea
nli
nes
s of
yo
ur
bo
dy.
(7)
Tak
e le
ss s
tap
le f
ood
s an
d s
alt,
ple
nty
of
pro
tein
an
d c
alci
um
, m
ore
iro
n a
nd
vit
amin
s, a
nd
hav
e a
bal
ance
d d
iet.
B
ewar
e o
f an
y in
crea
se in
w
eigh
t an
d cu
t do
wn
o
n st
aple
fo
od
s if
yo
ur
wei
gh
t
incr
ease
s ex
cess
ivel
y.
(8)
Go
on
wal
ks
and
un
der
take
som
e ac
tivit
ies
that
mak
e y
ou
mo
ve
yo
ur
bo
dy m
od
erat
ely.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
A r
esea
rch
er,
wh
o i
s al
so a
ph
ysi
cian
, re
com
men
ds
an “
exer
cise
for
pre
gn
ant
and p
artu
rien
t w
om
en”.
The
ph
ysi
cian
th
ou
gh
t th
at t
he
exer
cise
wo
uld
pre
ven
t fa
tigu
e ca
use
d b
y t
he
incr
ease
in
wei
gh
t an
d c
han
ge
in
the
cen
ter
of
gra
vit
y, a
nd
hel
p t
o m
ain
tain
fle
xib
le m
usc
les
and
jo
ints
fo
r an
eas
ier
del
iver
y. A
stu
dy d
esig
n
was
form
ula
ted
in
ord
er t
o p
rove
this
hyp
oth
esis
. T
he
pla
n w
as t
o c
on
du
ct a
su
rvey
over
a f
ive-
yea
r p
erio
d.
Wh
ich
of
the
foll
ow
ing i
s th
e m
ost
ap
pro
pri
ate
stu
dy d
esig
n?
A.
Tea
ch t
he
“ex
erci
se f
or
pre
gn
ant
and p
artu
rien
t w
om
en”
to a
ll t
he
elig
ible
wo
men
, an
d m
on
itor
ever
y y
ear
if t
he
pro
port
ion o
f w
om
en e
xp
erie
nci
ng e
asie
r d
eliv
ery i
s in
crea
sin
g.
B.
In o
rder
to
pre
ven
t m
isca
rria
ges
fro
m o
ccu
rrin
g,
inst
ruct
th
e el
igib
le w
om
en t
o a
dh
ere
to (
2),
(3
),
and
(4),
and
then
con
du
ct t
he
stu
dy d
esig
n A
.
C.
Giv
e in
stru
ctio
ns
on
(1
) to
(8
), t
o a
ll t
he
pre
gn
ant
wo
men
. T
each
th
e “e
xer
cise
fo
r p
regn
ant
and
par
turi
ent
wo
men
” to
hal
f o
f th
e pre
gn
ant
wo
men
an
d i
nst
ruct
th
em d
o t
he
exer
cise
. T
he
wh
ole
gro
up
of
pre
gn
ant
wo
men
sh
ou
ld b
e se
par
ated
in
to t
wo
gro
up
s; o
ne
hal
f p
erfo
rmin
g t
he
exer
cise
,
and
th
e o
ther
hal
f n
ot
per
form
ing t
he
exer
cise
. C
om
par
e th
e n
um
ber
of
wo
men
ex
per
ienci
ng e
asy
del
iver
y, i
n b
oth
gro
up
s.
D.
Co
nd
uct
th
e st
ud
y d
esig
n C
, ta
rget
ing o
nly
th
e pri
mip
aro
us
wo
men
ex
pec
tin
g t
hei
r fi
rst
bab
y.
Cas
e ex
amp
le 4
Mis
carr
iages
occ
ur
wh
en t
he
fetu
s in
th
e ute
rus
has
a w
eaken
ed p
ow
er t
o l
ive,
an
d i
s ex
pel
led
out
of
the
bo
dy a
fter
its
dea
th,
or
wh
en t
he
fetu
s is
del
iver
ed i
n a
pre
mat
ure
sta
ge
wh
ere
it i
s st
ill
inca
pab
le o
f
sust
ainin
g i
ts o
wn
lif
e an
d d
ies
afte
r bir
th.
Th
ere
are
also
so
me
case
s w
her
e m
isca
rria
ges
occ
ur
as a
res
ult
of
exte
rnal
fac
tors
, in
clu
din
g o
ver
wo
rk,
lon
g-h
ou
rs o
f tr
avel
, w
ork
ing w
ith
ou
t si
ttin
g d
ow
n,
or
fall
s.
Th
e p
hysi
cian
s of
a la
rge
ho
spit
al f
orm
ula
ted
a s
tudy d
esig
ned
to
det
erm
ine
wh
ich
of
the
thre
e m
ajor
cau
ses
of
mis
carr
iage
acco
un
ted
for
the
hig
hes
t p
erce
nta
ge
of
mis
carr
iages
. C
hoo
se t
he
mo
st a
ppro
pri
ate
stu
dy d
esig
n f
rom
th
e li
st b
elo
w.
A.
Ask
all
th
e p
regn
ant
wom
en w
het
her
they
hav
e ev
er h
ad a
mis
carr
iage.
Fro
m t
ho
se w
ho
hav
e h
ad a
mis
carr
iage,
ob
tain
det
aile
d i
nfo
rmat
ion
ab
out
thei
r li
fest
yle
at
the
tim
e, c
lass
ify t
he
life
style
s, a
nd
det
erm
ine
the
pat
tern
of
mis
carr
iages
.
B.
Sel
ect
pre
gn
ant
and
par
turi
ent
wo
men
wh
o h
ave
had
sev
eral
mis
carr
iages
an
d c
hec
k t
hei
r d
iagn
ost
ic
dat
a,
incl
udin
g
the
po
siti
on
an
d
the
size
of
the
ute
rus,
an
y
abn
orm
alit
ies,
an
d
wh
eth
er
any
mal
form
atio
n o
f th
e ute
rus
or
ovar
ian
ano
mal
ies
hav
e b
een
fo
un
d.
C.
Sel
ect
pre
gn
ant
and
par
turi
ent
wo
men
wh
o h
ave
had
sev
eral
mis
carr
iages
an
d c
hec
k t
he
dia
gn
ost
ic
dat
a o
f th
e fe
tus
lost
due
to i
ts w
eaken
ed p
ow
er t
o l
ive
for
reas
ons
such
as
gen
etic
dis
ord
ers
or
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
sever
e m
alfo
rmat
ion
.
D.
Org
aniz
e a
rese
arch
gro
up t
o i
nves
tigat
e th
e ca
use
s o
f m
isca
rria
ges
, an
d d
eter
min
e th
e n
um
ber
of
case
s b
y c
ause
: n
um
ber
of
mis
carr
iages
in
du
ced
by m
oth
er-r
elat
ed c
ause
s, n
um
ber
of
mis
carr
iages
ind
uce
d b
y f
etus-
rela
ted
cau
ses,
an
d t
he
nu
mb
er o
f m
isca
rria
ges
in
du
ced
by t
he
livin
g e
nvir
on
men
t,
mai
nly
of
pre
gn
ant
and
par
turi
ent
wo
man
. C
alcu
late
th
e p
erce
nta
ge
of
each
cat
ego
ry f
rom
th
e to
tal
nu
mb
er o
f ca
ses
in a
ll t
hre
e ca
tego
ries
.
(II)
To g
ive
a s
cien
tifi
c ex
pla
na
tio
n o
f a
ph
eno
men
on
1.
To s
cien
tifi
call
y d
escr
ibe
an
d a
na
lyze
a p
hen
om
enon
, a
nd
sta
te t
he
cha
ng
es
Cas
e ex
amp
le 5
In a
dd
itio
n t
o w
ater
an
d f
oo
d,
hu
man
s ar
e co
nst
antl
y i
nh
alin
g a
nd
ex
hal
ing a
ir.
Are
th
ere
any d
iffe
ren
ces
bet
wee
n t
he
air
that
is
bre
ath
ed i
n a
nd
the
air
that
is
bre
ath
ed o
ut?
Pre
par
e tw
o p
oly
eth
yle
ne
bag
s an
d f
ill
on
e b
ag w
ith
exh
aled
air
, an
d t
he
oth
er b
ag w
ith
air
fro
m t
he
surr
oun
din
g a
tmo
sph
ere.
In e
ach
bag
, p
ut
a
smal
l am
ou
nt
of
lim
e w
ater
, sh
ake
wel
l,
and
ob
serv
e h
ow
it
bec
om
es
clou
dy.
L
ime
wat
er
has
a
char
acte
rist
ic o
f b
eco
min
g c
lou
dy w
hen
mix
ed w
ith
car
bo
n d
iox
ide.
The
resu
lt o
f th
e ex
per
imen
t sh
ow
ed
that
a s
mal
l am
ou
nt
of
exh
aled
air
an
d a
lar
ge
amo
un
t o
f ex
hal
ed a
ir g
ave
dif
fere
nt
deg
rees
of
clo
ud
ines
s in
the
lim
e w
ater
. F
urt
her
mo
re,
a co
mp
aris
on b
etw
een a
bag
of
air
and
a b
ag o
f ex
hal
ed a
ir r
esu
lted
in
a
sign
ific
ant
dif
fere
nce
in
th
e cl
ou
din
ess
of
the
lim
e w
ater
. S
tate
yo
ur
anal
ysi
s of
thes
e ex
per
imen
tal
resu
lts.
2.
To
be
ab
le t
o a
pp
ly t
he
kn
ow
led
ge
of
na
tura
l sc
ien
ce,
in a
ny
giv
en s
itu
ati
on
(o
ne
mu
st a
lrea
dy
have
an
un
der
stan
din
g o
f th
e giv
en s
cien
tifi
c in
form
ati
on
)
Cas
e ex
amp
le 6
Ex
cret
ion
is
a m
ech
anis
m f
or
rem
ovin
g u
nn
eces
sary
su
bst
ance
s in
th
e b
od
y a
nd
ex
pel
lin
g t
hem
ou
t of
the
bo
dy.
The
kid
ney
s n
ot
only
hav
e ex
cret
ory
fu
nct
ion
s, b
ut
also
mai
nta
in a
hom
eost
atic
bal
ance
of
the
bo
dy
wat
er a
nd
mai
nta
in c
on
stan
t le
vel
s o
f sa
lt c
om
po
siti
on i
n t
he
bo
dy f
luid
s. M
ore
over
, th
e kid
ney
s h
ave
the
role
of
stri
ctly
mai
nta
inin
g a
co
nst
ant
blo
od
co
mp
osi
tio
n.
Giv
e a
scie
nti
fic
expla
nat
ion
of
the
fun
ctio
ns
of
the
oth
er e
xcr
etory
org
ans.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
3.
To
be
ab
le
to
dif
fere
nti
ate
sc
ien
tifi
call
y
(pa
tho
logic
all
y)
ap
pro
pri
ate
st
ate
men
ts
an
d
exp
lan
ati
on
s fr
om
th
ose
th
at
are
not
Cas
e ex
amp
le 7
Wh
ich
of
the
foll
ow
ing s
tate
men
ts i
s n
ot
a sc
ienti
fic
exp
lan
atio
n o
f H
IV/A
IDS
?
A.
Hu
man
-to
-hu
man
tra
nsm
issi
on o
f A
IDS
occ
urs
wh
en b
loo
d,
sem
en o
r vag
inal
flu
id c
on
tain
ing a
hig
h c
on
cen
trat
ion
of
HIV
co
mes
into
co
nta
ct w
ith w
ou
nd
s or
muco
us
mem
bra
nes
an
d e
nte
rs t
he
bo
dy.
B.
AID
S i
s a
dis
ease
cau
sed b
y H
IV i
nfe
ctio
n.
Wh
en t
he
HIV
en
ters
th
e h
um
an b
od
y, i
t in
vad
es a
nd
des
tro
ys
the
lym
ph
ocy
tes
that
pro
mo
te t
he
imm
un
e sy
stem
. T
his
is
the
mo
men
t o
f th
e o
nse
t of
the
dis
ease
.
C.
The
bo
dy l
ose
s it
s im
mun
e fu
nct
ion
, th
e re
sist
ance
to d
isea
ses
is g
reat
ly r
edu
ced
an
d t
he
pat
ient
bec
om
es su
scep
tib
le to
var
ious
infe
ctio
us
dis
ease
s (i
nd
uce
d b
y p
ath
ogen
s, su
ch as
vir
use
s an
d
bac
teri
a, e
nte
rin
g t
he
bo
dy)
that
wo
uld
no
t h
ave
affe
cted
a p
erso
n i
n a
hea
lth
y s
tate
, as
wel
l as
a
seri
es o
f oth
er d
isea
ses,
incl
ud
ing c
ance
rs.
D.
Sin
ce t
he
firs
t re
po
rted
cas
e o
f an
AID
S p
atie
nt
in t
he
Un
ited
Sta
tes
in 1
98
1,
the
nu
mb
er o
f in
fect
ed
per
son
s in
th
e w
orl
d h
as c
on
tin
ued
to
in
crea
se e
ven
am
on
g t
he
gen
eral
pu
bli
c. T
hey
are
in
fect
ed
thro
ugh
het
ero
sexu
al s
ex,
and
the
nu
mb
er o
f p
atie
nts
is
risi
ng,
esp
ecia
lly i
n A
fric
a, l
eadin
g t
o a
dec
reas
e in
th
e av
erag
e li
fe e
xp
ecta
ncy
in
so
me
cou
ntr
ies.
(III
) T
o b
e a
ble
to
use
sci
enti
fic
evid
ence
1.
To
b
e a
ble
to
co
mm
un
ica
te
(in
a
st
ate
men
t o
r d
isse
rtati
on
) th
e co
ncl
usi
on
s d
raw
n
from
scie
nti
fic
evid
ence
s
Cas
e ex
amp
le 8
In t
he
anim
al w
orl
d,
fert
iliz
atio
n s
tart
s fr
om
th
e m
atin
g d
isp
lays
of
mal
es a
nd f
emal
es.
Du
rin
g t
he
bre
edin
g
seas
on
, a
mal
e bir
d o
f a
cert
ain
sp
ecie
s w
ill
spre
ad i
ts w
ings
in f
ron
t of
a fe
mal
e b
ird
an
d p
erfo
rm a
dan
ce-l
ike
mat
ing d
ispla
y. A
s an
exp
erim
ent,
the
mat
ing d
ispla
ys
of
a m
ale
bir
d w
ere
obse
rved
usi
ng
dif
fere
nt
kin
ds
of
stu
ffed
bir
ds:
a m
ale
bir
d;
a co
lorf
ul,
sm
all,
fem
ale
bir
d;
and
a c
olo
rfu
l, m
ature
, fe
mal
e
bir
d.
Th
e n
um
ber
o
f m
atin
g d
isp
lays
per
form
ed b
y th
e m
ale
bir
d w
ithin
a
fix
ed p
erio
d o
f ti
me
was
mo
nit
ore
d.
Th
e m
ale
bir
d p
erfo
rmed
no
mat
ing d
isp
lays
in r
espo
nse
to
th
e m
ale
stu
ffed
bir
d,
thre
e ti
mes
to
the
smal
l, f
emal
e st
uff
ed b
ird
, an
d n
ine
tim
es t
o t
he
mat
ure
fem
ale
stuff
ed b
ird
. T
he
sam
e ex
per
imen
t w
as
rep
eate
d o
n t
he
foll
ow
ing d
ay,
bu
t th
e fr
equen
cies
wer
e ap
pro
xim
atel
y t
he
sam
e as
th
e p
rece
din
g d
ay.
Sta
te
the
con
clu
sio
n t
hat
can
be
dra
wn
fro
m t
he
abo
ve
scie
nti
fic
evid
ence
.
HU
MA
N B
OD
Y8
th g
rad
e
2.
Det
erm
ine
the
ba
ckg
rou
nd
h
yp
oth
eses
, ev
iden
ce
an
d
infe
ren
ces
(Sta
te
in
the
ord
er
of
con
clu
sio
n, ev
iden
ce 1
, 2
, 3
, a
nd
th
e lo
gic
al
con
seq
uen
ce)
Cas
e ex
amp
le 9
Sin
ce h
um
ans
hav
e so
ft s
kin
, m
osq
uit
oes
are
able
to p
enet
rate
the
skin
to
suck
th
e b
loo
d.
In A
sia
and
Afr
ica,
sit
uat
ed i
n t
he
tro
pic
al a
nd
su
btr
opic
al r
egio
ns,
ver
y l
arge
nu
mb
ers
of
peo
ple
die
of
mal
aria
. T
his
com
mu
nic
able
dis
ease
is
tran
smit
ted
wh
en a
per
son
is
bit
ten
by a
no
ph
eles
. T
his
is
a d
isea
se i
n w
hic
h t
he
mal
aria
l pla
smo
diu
m,
tran
smit
ted
by t
his
mo
squ
ito
, en
ters
in
to t
he
hu
man
blo
od a
nd
liv
es a
nd
mu
ltip
lies
in
the
red
blo
od
cel
ls u
nti
l th
eir
des
tru
ctio
n.
The
mal
aria
l p
lasm
od
ium
has
fo
ur
life
-cycl
es.
Fir
stly
, w
hen
a
mosq
uit
o
bit
es
a h
um
an,
the
mal
aria
l p
lasm
od
ium
en
ters
th
e h
um
an
bo
dy.
S
eco
nd
ly,
the
mal
aria
l
pla
smo
diu
m m
ult
ipli
es i
n t
he
hum
an b
od
y. T
he
red
blo
od
cel
ls a
re d
estr
oyed
an
d t
he
infe
cted
hum
an
dev
elo
ps
a h
igh
fev
er o
f ap
pro
xim
atel
y f
ort
y d
egre
es c
enti
gra
de.
Thir
dly
, th
e m
alar
ial
pla
smo
diu
m i
s
tran
smit
ted
by a
noth
er m
osq
uit
o w
hen
it
bit
es t
he
infe
cted
hu
man
. H
ence
, th
e in
fect
ion
is
tran
smit
ted
by
the
mo
squ
ito
es.
Fo
urt
hly
, th
e m
alar
ial
pla
smo
diu
m c
an a
lso
mu
ltip
ly i
n t
he
bo
dy o
f a
mo
squ
ito
. H
ow
ever
,
mosq
uit
oes
d
o n
ot
dev
elop
th
e d
isea
se.
Hum
ans
use
p
esti
cid
es t
o kil
l th
e m
osq
uit
oes
to
av
oid
b
ein
g
infe
cted
. T
he
mosq
uit
oes
ar
e kil
led
in
th
e fi
rst,
th
ird
an
d fo
urt
h st
ages
m
enti
on
ed ab
ove.
F
rom
th
is
con
clu
sio
n,
det
erm
ine
the
un
der
lyin
g e
vid
ence
an
d e
xp
lain
wh
y t
he
con
clu
sio
n w
as t
he
firs
t, t
hir
d a
nd
fou
rth
sta
ges
, an
d n
ot
the
seco
nd
sta
ge.
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