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Final Report
Project code 2011EE 01
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs(PCCs(PCCs(PCCs) Management ) Management ) Management ) Management
Prepared forPrepared forPrepared forPrepared for Tetra Pak India Pvt. Ltd.
© The Energy and Resources Institute 2010
Suggested format for citation
T E R I. 2011
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. 79 pp.
[Project Report No. 2011 EE 01]
For more information
Project Monitoring Cell
T E R I Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111
Darbari Seth Block E-mail pmc@teri.res.in
IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145
New Delhi – 110 003 Web www.teriin.org
India India +91 • Delhi (0)11
TTaabbllee ooff CCoonntteennttss
BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 1
METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................. 2
REVIEW OF EXISTING RELEVANT REGULATION ................................................................................................ 2
PRIMARY SURVEY .............................................................................................................................................. 3
The Design of the Survey .............................................................................................................................. 3
Questionnaire Survey .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Analysing PCCs in mixed solid waste ......................................................................................................................... 3
The Survey Partners ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Bangalore – Sahas ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
Delhi – Development Links Foundation ...................................................................................................................... 4
Mumbai – Stree Mukti Sangathan ............................................................................................................................... 4
Chandigarh – Yuvsatta ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Pune – SWaCH Seva Sahakari Sanstha Maryadit ....................................................................................................... 4
Hyderabad – Sukuki Exnora ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Panjim – Clinton Vaz .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Cochin – Andhodaya ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Kolkata – SRG Consultancy ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Dhaka – TREE-Training Research Education for Empowerment ............................................................................... 6
Colombo - Center for Environment and Development ................................................................................................ 6
Major Findings of the Survey ........................................................................................................................ 7
Kolkata ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Bangalore .................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Dhaka ........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Mumbai ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Colombo .................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Chandigarh ................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Panjim ....................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Hyderabad ................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Pune ........................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Delhi .......................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Cochin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 33
PCC MANAGEMENT CHAIN .............................................................................................................................. 34
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................................... 35
MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 36
Methodology ................................................................................................................................................ 36
Literature review .......................................................................................................................................... 37
Computation of Recycling rate .................................................................................................................... 38
PCCs at the paper mills ................................................................................................................................ 41
PCCs going to the dumpsite ......................................................................................................................... 42
Material flow summary ................................................................................................................................ 42
RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 44
ANNEXURE 1: WASTE COLLECTORS QUESTIONNAIRE ...................................................................................... 45
4
LLiisstt ooff TTaabblleess
Table 1 Details of the survey partners ............................................................................................. 6
Table 2 Sampling results at the paper waste dealers in Kolkata ................................................. 8
Table 3 Types of paper handled at the paper mill in Kolkata ...................................................... 9
Table 4 Summary of waste sampling at the dumpsite in Kolkata ............................................. 10
Table 5 Summary of sampling results in Bangalore .................................................................... 11
Table 6 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Bangalore ....................................... 12
Table 7 Summary of sampling results at he paper waste dealers in Dhaka ............................ 13
Table 8 Summary of sampling results at mill and dumpsite in Dhaka .................................... 14
Table 9 Summary of sampling results at paper waste dealers in Mumbai .............................. 16
Table 10 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Mumbai ........................................ 17
Table 11 Summary of sampling results in Colombo ................................................................... 17
Table 12 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Colombo ....................................... 21
Table 13 Summary of sampling results at the paper waste dealers in Chandigarh ............... 23
Table 14 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Chandigarh .................................. 24
Table 15 Summary of sampling at the dumpsite in Panjim ....................................................... 26
Table 16 Summary of sampling in Hyderabad ............................................................................ 28
Table 17 Summary of sampling at the waste dealers in Hyderabad......................................... 28
Table 18 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Hyderabad ................................... 29
Table 19 Summary of sampling at the waste dealers in Pune .................................................... 30
Table 20 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Pune .............................................. 30
Table 21 Summary of sampling results at the paper waste dealers in Delhi ........................... 32
Table 22 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Delhi ............................................. 32
Table 23 Summary of sampling at the waste dealers in Cochin ................................................ 33
Table 24 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Cochin .......................................... 33
Table 25 Summary of value obtained (in Indian Rupees per Kg) on
account of dealing in PCCs ............................................................................................. 35
Table 26 Data retrieved from the literature review ..................................................................... 37
Table 27 PCC Recycling rate for the scenario when informal sector recovers
30% of the total waste paper ........................................................................................... 39
Table 28 PCC Recycling rate for the scenario when informal sector recovers
40% of the total waste paper ........................................................................................... 40
Table 29 PCC recycling rate based on the sampling at the paper mills .................................... 41
Table 30 Summary of the sampling at the dumpsites ................................................................. 42
5
LLiisstt ooff FFiigguurreess
Figure 1 Overall approach for the study ....................................................................................... 2
Figure 2 Front of Everest paper mill, Kolkata ............................................................................. 8
Figure 3 Labourers separating plastic and aluminium foil ........................................................ 8
Figure 4 Sampling at dumpsite, Mumbai .................................................................................. 16
Figure 5 Sampling at paper waste dealer, Mumbai ................................................................... 16
Figure 6 Sampling at the dumpsite in Panjim ............................................................................ 26
Figure 7 Schematic representation of the informal recycling system in India ....................... 34
Figure 8 The recycling Pyramid .................................................................................................... 35
Figure 9 Variation in the value of PCC at different levels in the informal
collection chain ................................................................................................................ 36
Figure 10 Material Flow Summary for PCCs ................................................................................ 43
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
1
PPoosstt CCoonnssuummeerr TTeettrraa PPaakk CCaarrttoonnss ((PPCCCCss))
MMaannaaggeemmeenntt
Background
Tetra Pak is a multinational company involved in developing, manufacturing and marketing
of systems for processing, packaging and distribution of food. It produces packaging materials for various food products; for example juices like Tropicana, Real, Active, still
drinks like Frooti, Slice, Mazaa and Milk and milk products for companies like Amul, Nestle
etc). The corporate office in Gurgaon takes care of the South Asia markets- comprising India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal.
The Tetra Pak carton is primarily made up of Paper (75% by weight) and the rest is
polyethylene-aluminium (25%). As part of environment initiatives, Tetra Pak has undertaken various activities for collection and recycling of these Post Consumer Tetra Pak
Cartons (PCCs) and is working with various NGO’s and the waste picker workforce to
segregate PCCs. With the aim to ensure that the PCCs are retrieved and recycled responsibly and that no carton ends up at the landfill, Tetra Pak has taken up several studies in the past
in this regard.
Introduction
With the overarching objective to explore the collection and recycling practices of PCCs in
the major cities in South Asia, a study was commissioned to The Energy and Resources
Institute (TERI) in April 2011. Following were the major objectives of the study:
� Study the current quantum of Tetra Pak cartons getting procured/ retrieved at the waste
dealers’ level.
� Assess the actual quantum of Tetra Pak cartons reaching the paper mills which recycle paper from low grade paper waste.
� Understand the value chain and the economics involved in Tetra Pak cartons collection
and recycling. � Gauge, what critical stakeholders (low grade paper waste dealers and recycling paper
mills) believe, is needed to upscale collection and recycling – economics, awareness,
infrastructure etc.
The study covered the following cities:
� Delhi
� Mumbai � Bangalore
� Kolkata
� Hyderabad � Cochin
� Panaji
� Pune � Chandigarh
� Colombo
� Dhaka
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
2
Methodology
The overall approach for the study is depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Overall approach for the study
Review of Existing Relevant Regulation
The present sets of environmental regulations cover many waste streams (municipal solid waste, e-waste and plastic waste especially thin poly bags), there is however no coverage of
wastes like PCCs. There is therefore a need for a regulatory mechanism to facilitate
segregated collection and recycling of PCCs to minimize their present environmental footprint.
Selection of study area
The 11 cities identified have been listed
in the previous section.
Data Collection
• Quetionnaire survey and waste
sampling through Survey
Partners
Review of existing relevant
regulations
Identification of PCC Management
chain
Economic analysis
Material Flow Analysis
Recommendations
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
3
Primary Survey
The Design of the Survey
The survey was designed in a way which was comprehensive and at the same time
exhaustive enough to capture the overarching scope facilitating achieving the objectives of
the study. Survey partners were identified at each of the identified cities and were provided with the following scope of work:
Questionnaire Survey
The scope of work included a questionnaire survey of the key stakeholders (rag pickers, small and large kabadiwalas (junk dealers), low grade paper waste dealers and waste paper
based paper mills). The sample size was kept to be 30 comprising of at least 10 rag pickers, 7
small level kabadiwalas, 7 medium level kabadiwalas, 5 large scale low grade paper waste dealers and 1 waste paper based paper mill. The questionnaire was prepared by TERI and
after an exhaustive inhouse deliberation and discussion with Tetra Pak, it was provided to
the survey partners. The questionnaire is attached as annexure one in this report.
Analysing PCCs in mixed solid waste
A sampling exercise was designed to be carried out at each city with the following scope:
� Five large scale low grade paper waste dealers will be identified in the city and 2 bales (1 bale = 100kgs) would be checked to find the quantum of PCCs in each of them.
� One landfill will be identified in the city. One truckload of municipal solid waste
(sourcing waste from households and market areas) brought to the landfill will be checked and sorted out to find the quantum of PCCs in that.
� One waste paper based paper mill will be identified around the city. One truckload of
waste paper brought to the paper mill will be checked and sorted out to find the quantum of PCCs in that.
The survey partners were asked to take photographs and film the critical parts of the
sampling exercise. TERI professionals visited each city to guide the survey teams and to supervise the exercise.
The Survey Partners
Bangalore – Sahas
Saahas was registered under the Society’s Act in 2001. We are based in Bangalore and
committed to finding solutions to problems related to solid waste.
The organization has studied the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling Rules) of 2000 and believes that it provides suitable guidelines for improving the existing situation
of solid waste management in the city.
They are further looking towards implementation of the Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules and reduction in use and throw products like plastic
carry bags, paper cups and tissues. They are also promoting waste segregation at source and
retrieval of recyclable material and encouraging composting of organic waste. They are also stressing on introducing safe management of e-Waste in households, companies and
schools.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
4
Delhi – Development Links Foundation
Development Links Foundation is a Non Government Organization registered under societies’ registration act 1860. It strives to link various stakeholders of society viz
corporates, educational institutes, media, NGOs CBOs and community for development of
weaker sections of society and environment.
Mumbai – Stree Mukti Sangathan
Stree Mukti Sanghatana (SMS) has been working on the domestic and social issues of
women since the past 30-35 years and has been striving to find solutions to their various problems. In 1999, SMS turned its attention to the issues of the poorest-of-the-poor segment
of society, namely the waste picker community, and thus started its movement for ‘zero-
waste neighbourhoods’. This was the true genesis of a holistic solid waste management movement and led to numerous initiatives such as - the formation of savings groups for
these women, health education programs, awareness programs about the importance of
education for children and providing educational aid, providing training on the scientific segregation of garbage, composting and gardening, educating these women on social issues
and enabling them to understand and take advantage of the various governmental schemes
available to them, literacy efforts and various other such training to make them self-reliant. Along with this, they have been trained in cleaning techniques and efforts are constantly on
to secure contracts for the same from different housing societies and companies.
These savings groups are affiliated with the larger Parisar Bhagini Vikas Sangh (PBVS) which is registered with the charity Commissioner and affiliated to Stree Mukti Sanghatana.
It is also registered with MCGM and Community Development society.
Chandigarh – Yuvsatta
Yuvsatta first started as newspaper in 1990 by like minded youngsters studying in various
Colleges and University of the city, slowly and steadily it took shape of an non-profit
organization which was formally got registered in 1996 in Chandigarh city of India.
Yuvsatta’s first project was on waste management, providing gainful employment to rag-
pickers and green environment to residents by ensuring door to door waste collection. This
programme gradually reached out to other important north India cities as well. Hence, since 1996 Yuvsatta is sincerely involved inter alia in promotion of waste management and taking
Chandigarh towards zero percent waste in near future.
Pune – SWaCH Seva Sahakari Sanstha Maryadit
Solid Waste Collection and Handling or officially the SWaCH Seva Sahakari Sanstha
Maryadit, Pune. SWaCH Coop is India’s first wholly owned cooperative of self employed
rag pickers /waste collectors and other urban poor. It an autonomous enterprise that provides front end waste management services to the citizens of Pune. SWaCH is authorised
to provide door to door waste collection and other allied waste management services by the
Pune Municipal Corporation. The scope of SWaCH includes collection, resource recovery, trade and waste processing. SWaCH seeks to provide decent livelihoods in the recycling
industry. SWaCH services 2,00,000+ (or Two lakh plus) homes across 128 municipal kothis
in 14 municipal administrative wards and the number is growing. SWaCH is promoted by Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP) that organised 6000+ rag pickers /waste
collectors to work with dignity and created a sustainable de-centralised, waste management
model in the country.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
5
SWaCH bridges the garbage gap between your door and the PMC collection points. SWaCH
also offer total solutions for wet garbage and dry garbage while enabling the rag pickers /waste collectors to keep their livelihoods as well as get trained to carry out their work
professionally.
SWaCH helps people work with the Maharashtra Non Bio-degradable Garbage Control Act 2006 and collects segregated dry and wet garbage right from your door.
Hyderabad – Sukuki Exnora
SUKUKI EXNORA is a registered NGO ( Non Government Organisation) specializing in providing useful and innovative solutions in Solid Waste Management . We are asociated
with Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad and other agencies in providing innovative and
practical solid Waste Management solutions. We are also associated with Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Administrative Staff College of India for providing inputs to the
training programme.
Panjim – Clinton Vaz
Clinton Vaz, 30 is a waste consultant that works with establishing solutions and creating
awareness on waste management mostly within Goa. Clinton worked as a waste consultant
for the city of Panjim from 2005-2009 and is currently consulting the city of Maupsa. He is also appointed on the state committee for waste management and is the secretary for the
Benaulim Environment Trust. Clinton Vaz is available at +91 9890936828 or
klintvaz@gmail.com
Cochin – Andhodaya
Sustainable development today is possible only through people in the community; in fact
the community itself. Empower the communities and they will bring development to the region, the state and to the country at large. With this aim in mind, a group of people with
like-minded philosophy gathered together and formed a Non-Governmental Organisation
(NGO) in the year 1990 - The Andhyodaya. The Organisation is registered under the Travancore Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act XII of 1955, as Reg.No.
ER. 1555/90 with Rev. Fr. Joseph Andissery as its Director and Shri. Peter Thettayil as its
Executive Director. Unlike other NGOs, our organisation decided to concentrate in four areas of development activities namely the Non-conventional Energy Promotion,
Environment Sanitation with emphasis on Water Management, Farmers Self Help Groups
and Low cost building Technology. The organisation is undertaking projects and programmes related to these areas of community development.
Kolkata – SRG Consultancy
The SRG Consultancy Marketing Planning Services was established in February 1996, conducting studies in various fields with the support of a panel of expert consultants in
different disciplines both in the Public and Private sector whose services are drawn upon as
and when necessary.
They have experience to administer the pre-designed questionnaire as well as computing the
raw data on behalf of a group of globally famous Economists. Some of the well known
figures who have assigned survey work to SRG include Dr. Arpita Mukherjee & Prof. Nisha Taneja – Professor, ICRIER, New Delhi, India; Dr. Vijaya C. Ketti – Chairman, Indian
Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi, India; Dr. Esther Duflo – Professor of MIT, USA; Dr.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
6
Abhijit Banerjee – Professor of MIT, USA; Dr. Rohini Pandey – Professor of Yale University,
USA; Dr. Maitrish Ghatak - Professor of London School of Economics, UK; Dr. Raghabendra Chattopadhyay – Professor of Indian Institute of Management, Joka, Kolkata, India; Dr.
Erica – Professor of Harvard University, USA; Dr. Lori A. Beaman – Professor of
Northwestern University, USA; Dr. Jeremy Magruder – Professor of University of Calfornia, Berkley, USA.
SRG have in house computer facilities, which are used for processing and analysis of field
data and preparation of reports.
Dhaka – TREE-Training Research Education for Empowerment
TREEb based in Dhaka, Bangladesh, focuses its activities mainly on conducting small-scale
research on environment, training and advocacy campaigns, and educative programs for the local community and schools. Altogether 30 local schools have been involved including the
following five schools - Gakulnagar High School, Dusaid AK School, Bidya Niketon, Sikder
Kindergarten and High School and Kathgora High School. All of these are the focal points.
Colombo - Center for Environment and Development
Centre for Environment and Development (CED) is a legally incorporated non-profit
making Non-Governmental Organization that operates as a think tank and concept builder, research & policy institute, watchdog and campaigner at local, national and international
levels in the field of environment including solid waste management.
Table 1 gives the list of the identified survey partners in each of the survey city with their contact details.
Table 1 Details of the survey partners
S.
No.
City Survey Partner Team Leader Contact
Number
E mail
1 Bangalore Sahaas Ms. Wilma 98801 24921 Wilma R
[wilma.saahas@gmail.com]
2 Delhi Development
Links
Foundation
Mr. Arshad
Rizvi
9868612627 Arshad Rizvi
[arshadrizvi@developmentlinks.
org]
3 Mumbai Stree Mukti
Sangathana
Ms. Kalpana
Andhare
98211 29616 Kalpana Andhare
[kalpana.andhare@gmail.com]
4 Chandigarh Yuvasatta Mr. Pramod
Sharma
98726 09816 Yuvasatta
[yuvsatta@gmail.com]
5 Pune KKPKP Ms. Maitreyi
Shankar
9765999496
maitreyi.shankar@gmail.com
6 Hyderabad Sukuki Exnora Major
ShivaKiran
9849047827
majorkiran@gmail.com
7 Cochin andhyodaya Mr Peter
Thettayil
andhyodaya@gmail.com
8 Panjim Vaz Clinton Mr. Vaz Clinton 9890936828
klintvaz@gmail.com
9 Kolkata SRG Consultancy Mr. Prasid
Chakraborty
9830233191
srgprasid@rediffmail.com,
srgprasid@gmail.com
10 Dhaka TREE-Training
Research
Education for
Empowerment
Mr. Shahid I.
Mallick
(+88)-01-
819088334
tree_bd@yahoo.com
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
7
S.
No.
City Survey Partner Team Leader Contact
Number
E mail
11 Colombo Center for
Environment and
Development
Uchita De
Zoysa
94777372206
uchita@sltnet.lk
Major Findings of the Survey
Kolkata
Questionnaire Survey
Altogether 33 players were covered including 1 Paper Mill and 1 Dumping Ground by
administering of pre-designed questionnaire. Rag pickers and Kabadiwals were selected
randomly in most concentrated zone where those players are engaged in larger numbers. Large low grade paper waste dealers and a paper mill were identified on the basis of the
information provided by stakeholders. As far as Dumping Ground is concerned Dhapa
Dumping Ground under Kolkata Municipal Corporation, was chosen for the survey and sampling.
Out of the 15 rag pickers surveyed, all of them collect PCCs. ACCORDING TO THE
SURVEY, On an average PCCs constitute about 7.37% of the total waste paper collected by rag pickers with the maximum being 11.25% and the minimum being 3.33%. However, the
reported quantity seems to be quite high primarily because the PCCs have low density
(since they are filled with air) and hence though the volume may be large, but the weight is less. The average paper waste collected by the surveyed ragpickers was about 400 kgs per
month. Since the door to door collection of waste is not practiced in Kolkata, PCCs are
collected from the streets, community bins and landfills. All the ragpickers indicated that the majority portion of the collected PCCs comes from the upper and middle class localities. All
the surveyed rag pickers indicated that the PCCs collected by them are most often soiled and
contain leftover content (juice etc.), which causes problem in handling and storage of PCCs. Most of the rag pickers indicated that they sell PCCs as mixed with other paper waste.
However some of them indicated that the PCCs are sorted out from the other waste paper
by the ragpickers and is cleaned and then sold to kabariwala. The ragpickers are paid any where between 4 to 5 rupees a kg for the PCCs by the kabariwalas. Some of the ragpickers
indicated that the price should be higher to improve the collection efficiency.
Out of the 10 kabadiwalas surveyed, all of them indicated that they collect the PCCs. On an average PCCs constitute about 5% of the total waste paper collected by the kabadiwalas with
the maximum being 7.5% and the minimum being 3%. The average paper waste collected by
the surveyed kabadiwalas was about 2900 kgs per month. Six out of the ten respondents indicated that they do collect PCCs directly from the households. All of them indicated that
they get the majority of the collected PCCs from the upper and middle class localities. All
the kabadiwalas indicated that the PCCs which they collect is devoid of any left over content. This strongly suggests that the ragpickers sort and clean the PCCs at their level and
then hand it over to the kabadiwalas. In fact the ragpickers tear off the aluminium and
polypropylene from the PCCs and store only the paper which is sold to the kabadiwalas. All the kabadiwalas sell the PCCs as a separate waste stream. The PCCs are sold to the large
scale paper waste dealers at the rate of 6 rupees a kilo. The average profit made by the
kabadiwalas ranges between .5 to .7 rupees a kg (average being .6 rupees a kg). Hence the total expenditure on dealing (storing, segregating, transporting) in PCCs ranges between .3
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
8
to 1.5 rupees akilo. Many of the kabadiwalas indicated that the collection efficiency could be
significantly improved if they could collect PCCs from a centrally designated location.
Out of the six large scale low grade paper waste dealers surveyed, all of them indicated that
they collect the PCCs. On an average PCCs constitute about .15% of the total waste paper
collected by the paper waste dealers with the maximum being .44% and the minimum being .03%. The average paper waste collected by the surveyed paper waste dealers was about 925
tonnes per month. All the paper waste dealers indicated that the PCCs which they collect is
devoid of any left over content. All the paper waste dealers sell the PCCs as a separate waste stream. The PCCs are sold to the paper mills at the rate of 7 to 10 rupees a kilo (average for
the 5 surveyed paper dealers was 8.17 rupees a kilo). The average profit made by the paper
waste dealers ranges between .35 to .90 rupees a kg (average being .65 rupees a kg). Many of the paper waste dealers indicated that the collection efficiency could be significantly
improved if they have a stable and growing market for the PCCs.
Figure 2. Front of Everest paper mill, Kolkata Figure 3 Labourers separating plastic and aluminium foil
Sampling Results
Low grade paper waste dealers:
Table 2 gives summary of the sampling results at the low grade paper waste dealers.
Table 2 Sampling results at the paper waste dealers in Kolkata
Name of Large Scale Dealer Type of Unit Quamtum of
waste paper
sampled (in
KG)
Quantum of
PCCs found
(in kg.)
Fraction of
PCCs in the
total
sampled
waste
Srimanta Bakshi Large low grade
paper waste dealer
200.0 4.0 2.00%
Pannalal Oswal Large low grade
paper waste dealer
200.0 3.2 1.60%
Pyarilal Shaw & Co. Large low grade
paper waste dealer
200.0 3.0 1.50%
Sakambari Traders Pvt. Ltd
(Tirupati Commercial)
Large low grade
paper waste dealer
200.0 3.5 1.75%
Mamuni Enterprise Large low grade
paper waste dealer
200.0 4.6 2.30%
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
9
Name of Large Scale Dealer Type of Unit Quamtum of
waste paper
sampled (in
KG)
Quantum of
PCCs found
(in kg.)
Fraction of
PCCs in the
total
sampled
waste
Subash Gupta Large low grade
paper waste dealer
200.0 4.3 2.15%
Hence on an average, PCCs constitute about 1.88% of the total waste paper coming to the
low grade paper waste dealers.
Paper mill:
Everest Paper Mills Pvt. Ltd.
Ganga Nagar, North 24parganas, Kolkata-132,
Phone number: (033) 22314792
Name of the Respondent: Mr. Prasanta Chakraborty (Works Manager)
Phone number: +91-9836088851
� The paper mill produces Papers & Boards with duplex. � It procures Waste cartoon box, waste duplex, paper waste, Craft-1 (Waste cutting of
cartoons), Craft- 2 (Waste cartoons), Mill board cutting (PCC), Lower graded color
cutting (which is basically fruits package), Gray board sheet cutting, Gray board reel by piece cutting, Laminated duplex, Duplex cutting without lamination and mixed craft
� Five large scale enlisted dealers supply raw materials.
� Location of the large scale dealers: All large scale dealers are located in commercial and business areas.
� Distances from large scale dealers to mill: Five Dealers are concentrated at Habra (nearly
60 k.m. from Mill), Barasat (nearly 6 k.m.), Shyambazar (nearly 16 k.m.) and Cossipur (nearly 20 k.m.)
� Percentage of Procurement Raw Materials
Table 3 Types of paper handled at the paper mill in Kolkata
Type of raw materials Percentage of raw materials
procured in Rainy Season
Percentage of raw materials
procured in Other Season
Craft-1 (Waste cutting of cartoons),
Craft- 2 (Waste cartoons),
Mixed craft
50% 50%
Mill board cutting including PCCs 5%
(1% mill board cutting
excluding PCC and 4%
PCC)
5%
(4% mill board cutting
excluding PCC and 1% PCC)
Lower graded color cutting
(which is basically fruit packages),
Gray board sheet cutting,
Gray board reel by piece cutting,
45% 45%
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
10
Type of raw materials Percentage of raw materials
procured in Rainy Season
Percentage of raw materials
procured in Other Season
Laminated duplex,
Duplex cutting without lamination
� Cost of raw materials: Rs. 7/- per kg. for PCC
� At present ‘Everest Paper Mill’ procures per month 600 tons of paper waste. Out of
these, PCCs constitute about 24 tonnes.
� Mill does not accept any PCC with left over content.
� There is no discouraging factor into the supply chain.
� Suggestion by Mill: Government should frame such policies for those unorganized
supply chains which will encourage the suppliers.
Dumpsite:
Table 4 gives the summary of waste sampling at the dumpsite.
Table 4 Summary of waste sampling at the dumpsite in Kolkata
Question Answer Comments
Time of Collection (indicate time. For example: 3am to 6am)
10.00 A.M. to 1.05 P.M. The waste was loaded on to the truck manually.
Areas Covered (give the name of the area, give a short description of the area in context of the exercise)
Vat near TV Center in KMC Ward No.: 95 The area is mainly a residential area (dominated by high income group) with a market area close by. The vat from which solid waste has been collected consists of wastes from residential houses and market.
Total Waste Load (in Kgs)
6580 kg Gross weight of the truck: 11,830 kg Empty weight of the truck: 5250 kg (Data source: KMC computerized weighing system at Dhapa Dumping Ground, Kolkata)
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an estimate will do)
3 kg
Total quantum of PCCs (in
Kgs) (must be precise and
based on actual weighing)
0.650 kg
Other Observations Truck No.:
WB-25 C 4154
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
11
Bangalore
Questionnaire Survey
Altogether 29 players were covered including 1 Paper Mill and 1 Dumping Ground by
administering of pre-designed questionnaire.
As far as Dumping Ground is concerned Anjanapura dumpsite, Avalahalli bande, South Bangalore, was chosen for the survey and sampling.
South India Paper Mills Limited (Address: No 1205/1206,Prestige Meridian,12th Floor,M G Road,Bangalore,560001, Phone: +91-80-41123605, +91-80-41123606, +91-80-41123603, +91-
80-41123604 ) was chosen for the purpose of this study. SIPM is a 47 year old Public Limited
Company listed on BSE. The production for 2004 was recorded to be 47219.72 MT. SIPM
primarily manufactures corrugating raw material. (Kraft, Liner board, Test Liner & Fluting).
Capacity of the plant is 150 Metric Tonne per day and the paper raw material is brought in
by trucks from all across South India and is converted to rolls of recycled paper.
Out of the 24 rag pickers surveyed, 15 of them collect PCCs. On an average about 7kgs of
PCCs are collected by rag pickers per month with the maximum being 11 kgs. DTDC of
waste is practiced in a majority of pockets of Bangalore, PCCs are collected from the streets, community bins and landfills and also during the door to door collection. All the surveyed
rag pickers indicated that the PCCs collected by them are most often empty and contain no
leftover content (juice etc.). This probably could be a reason of less quantum of PCCs being collected by the ragpickers (since they are not interested in soiled PCCs). Bangalore has a
collection center for PCCs supported by Tetra Pak. All the rag pickers indicated that the
PCCs collected by them is going to the collection center either directly or indirectly (they sell it to the kabariwala who then sells it to the PCC collection center) The ragpickers are paid
between 3 to 4 rupees a kg for the PCCs by the kabariwalas. Some of the ragpickers
indicated that the price should be higher to improve the collection efficiency.
Two low grade paper mills were surveyed and indicated that they are not collecting the
PCCs since there is no existing market for the same. Out of the 2 kabadiwalas surveyed, one
indicated that he does not collect PCCs since there is no market for them. The other kabadiwala is collecting PCCs and sending them to the collection center supported by Tetra
Pak.
Sampling Results
Table 5 summarises the sampling results in Bangalore.
Table 5 Summary of sampling results in Bangalore
Name of Large Scale
Dealer/Mill/Dumping
Ground
Type of Unit Quamtum of waste
paper (in KG)
Quantum of PCC (in
kg.)
Islam Large paper and plastic
waste dealer
200.0 0.0
Rao Traders Large low grade paper
waste dealer
200.0 <1kg
Prakash Large low grade paper
waste dealer
200 kg (approx) 4 PCC containers only
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
12
Name of Large Scale Type of Unit Quamtum of waste Quantum of PCC (in
Baba Large low grade paper
waste dealer
206 7
Arif Large low grade paper
waste dealer
188 6
South India Paper Mills
Pvt. Ltd.
Paper Mill 8510 kg (Weighbridge
net weight record total
from two truck loads)
0.0
Dumping side at
Anjanapura, Avalahalli
bande, Bangalore
Dumping site about 6000kg 13kg
Table 6 gives summary for the sampling exercise at Anjanapura dumpsite, Avalahalli bande, South Bangalore.
Table 6 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Bangalore
Question Answer Comments
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to
6am)
1PM to 1:45PM This activity failed during the first time, as it was
interrupted by heavy rain during the first time.
It was repeated on 4th may, 2011, but was delayed by
about two hours due to a break down in the Front End
Loader Machine (JCB) used to level the material at the
site.
Areas Covered (give the
name of the area, give a
short description of the area
in context of the exercise)
From market
and residential
areas in
Southern
Bangalore
Southern Bangalore between Bannerghatta Road and
Kanakapura Road.
The site was on a reasonably elevated ridge with both a
natural fall to the south and west and on the edge of a
hard rock quarry. Some quarrying of blocks for
architectural stone appeared to be still underway.
Total Waste Load (in Kgs) 6000 KG
(approx.)
The capacity of the truck, which was fully loaded.
Total Paper Load (in Kgs)
(an estimate will do)
About 2000kg
– 2500kg
The load consists of putricible waste along with plastic
and paper waste.
Total quantum of PCCs (in
Kgs) (must be precise and
based on actual weighing)
13kg The PCC was collected in a separate sack at the
dumpsite and was weighed at the scrap dealer’s shop.
Other Observations
� Due to the burning activities at the dumpsite, some PCC among the
waste deposited earlier, were found to be burnt.
� The supervisors at the site were apprehensive at the beginning and
cooperated only when I approached through a local scrap dealer.
� The waste-pickers and the nearby scrap dealers were not aware that
PCCs are recycled and were not collecting them.
Hence from the questionnaire survey and the sampling exercise, it may be concluded that no
collection of PCCs is happening through the informal sector in Bangalore other than whatever is being induced through the PCCs collection center supported by Tetra Pak.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
13
Dhaka
Dhaka city has two major waste dumping sites and among them recently Amin Bazar dumping zone became the biggest. So selection of kabadiwalas and low grade paper waste
dealers was done by random sampling in Dhaka city near the dumping site.
From the field observation it became clear that 1bale of waste paper is equal to 42-56 kgs. So about 4 bales of waste paper was sampled at each of the identified large scale low grade
paper waste dealer. It was also found that there were three types of bales (1. Fine carton 2.
Medium grade carton and thick paper and 3. Very low grade paper) in which the paper dealers deal in. PCC’s were found only in 2nd category (Medium grade carton and thick
paper) waste paper. Therefore only medium grade carton and thick paper containing bales
were analyzed.
Amin Bazaar dumpsite was identified for questionnaire and sampling purposes.
In all, 10 ragpickers were sampled. All of them indicated that they were not interested in
collecting the PCCs since there is no market for the same. However many of them mix the PCCs with other high value paper carton waste to increase the weight. Out of the surveted
rag pickers only three indicated the quantum of PCCs mixed by them into the other paper
waste. The others agreed that they do mix PCCs with the other paper waste but did not indicate any numbers. Usually PCCs comprise about 1 % of the total paper waste collected
by the ragpickers. Three out of 10 ragpickers indicated that they mix 4 to 5 kgs of PCCs in
around 450 to 500 kgs of paper waste that they collect per month. DTDC of waste is practiced in a majority of pockets of Dhaka, PCCs are mostly collected during the door to
door collection along with the other paper waste to increase its weight. Only those PCCs are
collected which are empty and contain no leftover content (juice etc.). The ragpickers are paid between 11 to 15 BDTs a kg for the PCCs by the kabariwalas. The 13 kabariwalas who
were questioned during the survey indicated that they are not interested in collecting PCCs
since the paper mills are not willing to buy them. However, they agreed that some quantities of PCCs are mixed with other high value paper carton waste to increase the weight.
Table 7 gives the summary of the sampling exercise done at the five large scale low grade
paper waste dealers in Dhaka.
Table 7 Summary of sampling results at he paper waste dealers in Dhaka
S.No Name of Large
Scale Dealer
Type of Unit Quamtum of
waste paper
(in KG)
Quantum
of PCC (in
kg.)
Quantum of
other wastage
(in kg.)
1 Masud rana Large low grade
paper waste dealer
200.0 2.60 1.30%
2 Pias Loskor Large low grade
paper waste dealer
200.0 2.68 1.34%
3 Mr. Baker Large low grade
paper waste dealer
200.0 2.80 1.40%
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
14
S.No Name of Large Type of Unit Quamtum of Quantum Quantum of
4 Rashadur Rahman Large low grade
paper waste dealer
200.0 3.40 1.70%
5 Mamuni Enterprise Large low grade
paper waste dealer
200.0 2.30 1.15%
Hence, the results of the sampling exercise at the paper waste dealers also indicate that
PCCs constitute 1 to 1.5 % of the total paper waste supplied to the paper mills.
Loba board and paper mills pvt ltd based at Savar district near Dhaka city was chosen for
the survey and sampling exercise. They collect mainly three kind of waste paper
a) low grade paper ( like waste newspaper )
b) medium grade paper ( like cigarette packets, biskit packets etc)
c) hard board/ carton ( gray color board )
In the paper mill, no sorting of the waste paper is done and the entire load is fed into the pulping unit as it is. The unpulpable components are then sorted out manually from the
liquor (similar system was witnessed being practiced in Kolkata. However, in Kolkata the
collection is better because non pulpable portion is being separated from the PCCs at the rag pickers and kabadiwala level). The PCCs are hence subjected to partial pulping and the
remaing portions are manually removed and are dumped in the neighbouring wet lands or
low lands. The paper mills are buying the paper at the rate of 15 to 20 BDTs. Paper mills are unwilling to accept PCCs and convey the same to the waste dealers. However, they still
come mixed with the other paper waste. Mills accept it because the quantity of PCCs is very
less (about 1% of the total). Another main reason is, that these kinds of paper recyclers are not well authorized by the Bangladesh government and Department of Environment (DoE)
and hence they try to work in simple ways, avoid troubles and hence don’t penalise the
paper waste dealers.
Sampling at the paper mill and dumpsite:
One truckload of waste paper brought to the paper mill contains 23 bales and the weight of each bale varies from 46.5-58 kgs. Hence 23 bales were sampled (total load of 1187 kgs) and 14.6 kgs of PCCs were found in the same.
26 individual vans of waste containing household and market areas waste were checked and dumped in the truck which went to the dumpsite. This truck contained 6730 kg of waste but only 2.45 kg of PCCs were found. Table 8 gives the summary table:
Table 8 Summary of sampling results at mill and dumpsite in Dhaka
Name of unit Type of unit Quantum of
total wate
sampled (In
Kgs)
Quantum of
PCCs found
(in Kgs)
Fraction of
PCCs in total
sampled waste
Loba board and
Paper Mills Pvt. Ltd.
Paper Mill ( one
truck load)
1187.0 14.60 1.23%
Dumping side at
Amin bazar Dhaka
Dumping side 6739.0 2.45 0.04%
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
15
Mumbai
Questionnaire Survey
This study was carried out between 22nd April to 4th May 2011. A total of 5 persons assisted
in carrying out this survey. The survey spread from Navi Mumbai to Colaba and from
Andheri to Mankhurd.
For the questionnaire survey, a briefing session was held for the investigators with Ms.
Saltanat Kazi of TERI. At this session, the importance of the survey and the meaning of the
various questions were explained. It was decided to informally collect the information from the rag pickers and subsequently fill in the questionnaires as the rag pickers would not
divulge information on seeing the questionnaires. A total of 34 questionnaires (with rag
pickers) and 7 of scrap dealers have been filled. Of the 7 questionnaires with scrap dealers, a survey of 200 kgs of paper waste was carried out with 6 scrap dealers. Deonar dumping
ground is spread across 100 acres of land and collects approximately 600 metric tons of
waste per day from all over Mumbai. The official figure for the waste pickers operating here is around 1700 which is on the lower side and can go up to around 3000 persons. Hence 3
scrap dealers sourcing part of their waste from here have been surveyed although they have
their sheds in different areas. A conscious effort was made to cover more than the prescribed sample so that incomplete data sets could be avoided. Subsequent to the filling
in of the questionnaires, each of these has been checked to ensure that all questions are filled
correctly.
Some of the observations are as follows:
1. It was difficult to ascertain the correct numbers of rag pickers and kabadiwalas operating in the area (refer to Q. 201 of the dealers questionnaire), reason being the areas are vast and it is a floating population. Rag pickers often go home for 2-3 months to their
hometowns and if the whole family is involved then the numbers decrease drastically.
2. Rag pickers can identify Tetra Paks from other similar looking cartons such as Kellogs etc although they are not aware of its name. Further, many of them are not aware that it
can be sold separately at a higher value.
3. Rag pickers are not willing to collect Tetra Paks separately as it is light in weight. Often these are not completely empty and the contents spill over the other waste material and
themselves. When it spills over the other waste paper it reduces the value of waste
collected.
4. The collection of PCC could be increased if a daily collection facility is provided to the scrap dealers and rag pickers.
Out of the total 34 ragpickers that were surveyed, 26 indicated that they collect Tetra Pak. However, the Tetra Pak is collected along with the other paper waste and is not sorted out.
On an average PCCs constitute about .5% of the total waste paper collected by rag pickers
with the maximum being 2% (The ragpicker collecting the maximum PCCs is selling it to a junk dealer who is selling it to the Tetra Pak collection center looked after by SMS. This
ragpicker was collecting about 15 kgs of PCCs per month out of the 750 kgs of the other
paper waste that he collects. He is being paid at the rate of 4 Rupees a kilo for the PCCs.) The average paper waste collected by the surveyed ragpickers was about 1500 kgs per month.
All the ragpickers indicated that the majority portion of the collected PCCs comes from the
upper and middle class localities. All the surveyed rag pickers indicated that the PCCs
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
16
collected by them are most often empty and contain no leftover content (juice etc.). This
probably could be a reason of less quantum of PCCs being collected by the ragpickers (since they are not interested in soiled PCCs). Mumbai has a collection center for PCCs supported
by Tetra Pak. The ragpickers are paid 2 rupees a kg for the PCCs by the kabariwalas. Some
of the ragpickers indicated that the price should be higher to improve the collection efficiency. All the rag pickers indicated that they sell PCCs as a mixed waste stream and
along with the coloured paper waste. Many ragpickers indicated that the problems
associated with the storage of PCCs is a big discouragement. PCCs attract ants and rats and other paper waste gets soiled.
Out of the seven large scale low grade paper waste dealers surveyed,5 sort out the PCCs and
sell them to the collection centers managed by SMS. They sell the PCCs at the rate of 8 rupees a kilo and buy mixed PCCs at the rate of 4 Rupees a kilo and mixed PCCs at the rate
of 2 rupees a kilo.
Figure 4 Sampling at dumpsite, Mumbai Figure 5 Sampling at paper waste dealer, Mumbai
Sampling of the large scale low grade paper waste dealers:
Table 9 summarizes the sampling results at the low grade paper waste dealers. Waste dealers who are not connected with the Tetra Pak collection center are collecting the
minimum amount of PCCs. However the fate of the PCCs not going to the Tetra Pak
collection center is not known.
Table 9 Summary of sampling results at paper waste dealers in Mumbai
S.No Name of
Large Scale
Dealer
Type
of
Unit
Quamtum
of waste
paper (in
KG)
Quantum of
PCC (in kg.)
fraction of
PCCs in
paper
waste
Selling sorted
PCCs to Tetra Pak
Collection Center
1 Abdul 200 6.5 3.25% no
2 Sanovar 200 7 3.50% yes
3 Naseembhai 200 8 4.00% yes
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
17
S.No Name of
Large Scale
Type
of
Quamtum
of waste
Quantum of
PCC (in kg.)
fraction of
PCCs in
Selling sorted
PCCs to Tetra Pak 4 Somnath 200 8 4.00% yes 5 M. Rafique
Khan
200 15 7.50% yes
6 Hafeez bhai 200 5 2.50% no
Sampling at the dumpsite:
Summary of the Sampling to check the quantum of PCC in truckload of waste at Turbhe
land fill Navi Mumbai is given in the table below.
Table 10 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Mumbai
Sr.
No.
Date, Day
& time of
Survey
Area Covered Weight
of truck
load in
Kgs
Weight
of
empty
truck in
kgs
Weight
of
waste
in kgs
PCC
recovered
Time
taken
for
sorting
1 22 April
2011
Friday
11.30am to
3pm
Koper Khairane Navi
Mumbai(residential
and commercial area)
11450 7435 4,015 Less then
1kg.
( 200ml.-
17pcc.
1lt - 6pcc)
2.40hrs.
2 02 May 2011
Monday
7.45 am to
12 noon
Vashi,-Inorbit,
hypercity, sector 17
(Restaurants, malls
and commercial area
with few households)
22150 10340 11,810 Approx 2.5
kgs
(200ml- 13
pcc 1lt.-
60pcc)
4hrs
As the quantum of PCCs in the first survey was very little another survey was carried out
see if there was any change in the numbers. Hence the second survey was carried out on
Monday morning from the most commercial area so to ascertain the maximum number of PPCs.
Colombo
The scope of the survey included 15 ragpickers, 7 kabadiwalas and 5 low grade paper waste dealers. None of the respondents indicated that they are collecting PCCs. According to the
kabadiwalas, sometimes amount of PCCs is found mixed with the other paper waste which
is sorted out and removed. The same was confirmed after interacting with the Neptune paper exporters. Hence, the scope of sampling was expanded to get better estimates of the
PCCs being collected from the households and going to the dumps. Entire waste is collected
through Door to Door Collection in Colombo. Tables 11 summarise the findings of the sampling exercise conducted to check the quantum of PCCs coming in the waste collected
from the households.
Table 11 Summary of sampling results in Colombo
Question Answer Comments
Tractor No.1 (49-4866)
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to 6am)
3a.m- 7 a.m noon Garbage consists of overnight collection
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
18
Question Answer Comments
Areas Covered (give the name of
the area, give a short description
of the area in context of the
exercise)
High Level Road-
from Jambugasmulla
to Wijerama junction
City areas covering main roads,
restaurants and shops
Road side collections.
Total Waste Load (in Kgs) 2200 Kgs
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
63Kgs Out of wich 15 kg Cards Boards/box
boards etc
Total quantum of PCCs (in Kgs)
(must be precise and based on
actual weighing)
1.1 kgs
Other Observations
Accuracy may not be 100% ,as the rag pickers commence work early morning in the dark, General awareness amongst rag pickers/junk dealers as well as consumers with regards to recalling and recycling is not seen . No market has being created for recalling and recycling. No incentives for the rag pickers/junk dealers for sorting out and collection of TPPCs.
Tractor No.2 (49-4860)
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to 6am)
3a.m- 7 a.m noon Garbage consists of overnight collection
Areas Covered (give the name of
the area, give a short description
of the area in context of the
exercise)
Jubilikanuwa
Junction ,Pitta Koote,
Gansabha Junction,
Kattiya Junction
Delkada Junction
City areas covering main roads,
restaurants and shops
Road side collections.
Total Waste Load (in Kgs) 2340 Kgs
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
70 Kgs Out of which 30 kg Cards Boards/box
boards etc
Total quantum of PCCs (in Kgs)
(must be precise and based on
actual weighing)
4.5 kgs Covers number of schools, tution classes
and easting outlets/snack bars a
Other Observations
Accuracy may not be 100%, as the rag pickers commence work early morning in the dark, General awareness amongst rag pickers/junk dealers as well as consumers with regards to recalling and recycling is not seen .
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
19
Question Answer Comments
No market has being created for recalling and recycling. No incentives for the rag pickers/junk dealers for sorting out and collection of TPPCs.
Tractor No.3 (49-2218)
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to 6am)
3a.m- 7 a.m noon Garbage consists of overnight collection
Areas Covered (give the name of
the area, give a short description
of the area in context of the
exercise)
High Level Road-
Left side from
Jambugamsulla
Juction to Wijerama
Juction
City areas covering main roads,
restaurants and shops
Road side collections.
Total Waste Load (in Kgs) 1650 Kgs
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
47 Kgs Out of which 32 kg Cards Boards/box
boards etc
(number of vehicle spare parts shops are
locateded)
Total quantum of PCCs (in Kgs)
(must be precise and based on
actual weighing)
3 kgs Covers number of schools, tuition classes
and easting outlets/snack bars a
Other Observations
Accuracy may not be 100% , as the rag pickers commence work early morning in the dark, General awareness amongst rag pickers/junk dealers as well as consumers with regards to recalling and recycling is not seen . No market has being created for recalling and recycling. No incentives for the rag pickers/junk dealers for sorting out and collection of TPPCs.
Tractor No.4 (49-9708)
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to 6am)
3a.m- 7 a.m noon Garbage consists of overnight collection
Areas Covered (give the name of
the area, give a short description
of the area in context of the
exercise)
High Level Road-
Left side from
Jambugamsulla
Juction to Wijerama
Juction
City areas covering main roads,
restaurants and shops
Road side collections.
(consists of number of sanitary ware ,tile
shops/ ,construction material and hard
ware shops)
Total Waste Load (in Kgs) 1990 Kgs
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
20
Question Answer Comments
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
65 Kgs Out of which 53 kg Cards Boards/box
boards etc
(consists of number of sanitary ware ,tile
shops/ ,construction material and hard
ware shops)
Total quantum of PCCs (in Kgs)
(must be precise and based on
actual weighing)
1.5 kgs Mainly business area and few eating
.restaurants /groceries etc
Other Observations
Accuracy may not be 100% , as the rag
pickers commence work early morning
in the dark,
General awareness amongst rag pickers/junk dealers as well as consumers with regards to recalling and recycling is not seen . No market has been created for recalling and recycling. No incentives for the rag pickers/junk dealers for sorting out and collection of PCCs.
Tractor No.5 (37-4543)
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to 6am)
Morning Shift,
second collection
12am to 11am
The final collections of stores were
collected during this collection.
Areas Covered (give the name of
the area, give a short description
of the area in context of the
exercise)
Railway avenue,
Nugegoda
Residential area, semi urban locality. It
also included some shops
Total Waste Load (in Kgs) 2550Kg It was a rainy day. The climate as cool
and windy
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
71 Kg’s Most of the paper were wet and in bad condition. Some companies have also contributed towards the collections (35%)
Total quantum of PCCs (in Kgs)
(must be precise and based on
actual weighing)
4.8 Kg’s Pringles (potato wafers) was separated
out. We also separated few locals brand
that had the aluminum foil.
Other Observations
The weather was
humid and it was the
rainy season when
the sampling was
conducted
The usage of TP’s was selective but the
contribution is high.
The reason to select the early morning Trucks ((3A.M-6.30A.M) for sampling was due to the
fact, the truck loads consists garbage collected after 2 P.M to the time of collection . (last
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
21
garbage collection is done between 10.30 A.M -1.30.PM). Schools interval and afternoon
collection /tuitions classes /shops eating out lets final collection falls into this category. The areas covered by the 4 trucks (Truck No 1-4) covers commercial areas ,where consumption
juice packets, Milo, Abewella and daily milk packets made out of TPCCs are high .
Table 12 summarizes the findings of the sampling exercise conducted at the dumpsite. Sampling of two truckloads of mixed waste was conducted at Burns Waste Management Site
(No:210, Ambathale Road, Sedawatte, Wellampitiya, Sri Lanka) where a significant portion
of waste collected from Colombo is dumped and segregated for composting.
Table 12 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Colombo
Question Answer Comments
Truckload 1
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to
6am)
Morning Shift, second
collection 7am to 11am
Location of sampling: Burns
Composting, Colombo
Areas Covered (give the name
of the area, give a short
description of the area in
context of the exercise)
Pittakotte Residential area, urban locality (mostly
underdeveloped areas- poor) and some
shops along the road side.
Total Waste Load (in Kgs)
2360 Kg It was a rainly day, some waste were in
a wet condition.
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
58 kgs Most of the paper were wet and in bad
condition.
Total quantum of PCCs (in
Kgs) (must be precise and
based on actual weighing)
0.8 kgs Pringles (potato wafers) was separated
out and few other local brand in the
same category.
Other Observations
The weather was humid
and it was rainy season
when the sampling was
conducted
Mostly a poor population but there
were some exceptions.
Truckload 2
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to
6am)
Morning Shift, second
collection 7am to 11am
Location of sampling: Burns
Composting, Colombo
Areas Covered (give the name
of the area, give a short
description of the area in
context of the exercise)
Kaduwella Residential area, semi urban locality.
Total Waste Load (in Kgs)
3300Kg It was a rainy day. The main load was
form the households but they picked up
waste from few shops.
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
69 Kg Most of the paper were wet and in bad
condition.
Total quantum of PCCs (in
Kgs) (must be precise and
7 kgs Pringles (potato wafers) was separated
out. We also separate few locals brand
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
22
Question Answer Comments
based on actual weighing) that had the aluminum foil.
Other Observations
The weather was humid
and it was rainy season
when the sampling was
conducted
The usage of PCCs varied according to
the user. Some bags has 15 and some
had not even one PCC.
Neptune Papers (Pvt) Ltd (No 390, Avissawella Road, Wellampitiya. (for details see
http://www.npl.lk/ ) was visited for the survey and sampling. However after interaction
with the manager, it became clear that no PCCs were coming to the mill even in the form of mixed paper waste. According to the manager, low grade paper waste & board is collected
from all over the island and exported to India and other countries. PCCs are not collected
as there is no market for it locally for recalling and recycling. If market is created, they were very much willing to initiate collection of PCCs through the local waste paper dealers.
1. The current weather prevailing in Sri Lanka was rainy and cold. Because of this weather condition consumers were less likely to use products in PCCs (Tetra Pak). Tetra Pak items, mostly liquid drinks and diary, will be consumed more during warmer days.
Therefore the sampling period may not be the most suitable period. Some other major
observations during the survey exercise are listed below.
2. The usage of PCCs is a growing trend among the young generation because of its accessibility and convenience of usage.
3. Households are switching from buying milk and coconut milk in bottles and plastic containers and switching to PCCs
4. Due to the lack of attention in disposal of PCCs, mosquitoes and other bacteria breed inside the container and spread diseases such as dengue and chikungunya.
5. According to the local responses the usage of PCCs will increase because of less costs, availability, freshness, likability and the attractive designs on the packaging.
6. Currently, there is no monetary or other value for PCCs in Sri Lanka. Hence, it gets dumped.
7. The collection and recycling could be done effectively and efficiently if the consumers, rag pickers, junk dealers, medium and large scale junk dealers are motivated by incentives or extra benefits. If a value and price is attached to recall of PCCs, then the
mindset of collection will change for good.
8. There are plenty of exporters, waste paper collectors and junk collectors willing to make business out of this opportunity.
9. There is direct link between the incentive given to them and their motivation level. It should be equal or more than then paper price current rate to kick start the process. On
average Srilankan Rs 25 will be an attractive figure for the paper waste dealers. At the ragpickers level, around 15 SLR should be a good amount.
10. The companies using PCCs for packaging are mostly from dairy industries and some juice makers. Executives in some of these big companies that were contacted on a
personal basis (based on personal contacts) had no answers to recalling their waste. It
appeared as an easy way to let the packs get dumped rather than to engage in a process of recall that may cost them more money.
11. The users of PCCs for packaging are not united in recalling PCCs. The lack of sensitivity and awareness on the environmental damage and threat to society is a major concern.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
23
12. The financial benefits of recall too are not understood adequately by the PCC users. This is due to a lack of recall/recycling industry for PCCs.
Chandigarh
Total 29 people were surveyed and Sector- 25, 41, 37, 36, 44, Naya Gaon, Sarangpur, Toga
village, Dadumajra, Mouli Jagran etc were covered.
Out of the 14 rag pickers surveyed, all of them collect PCCs. On an average PCCs constitute
about 12.4% of the total waste paper collected by rag pickers. The average paper waste
collected by the surveyed ragpickers was about 230 kgs per month. DTDC of waste is practiced in a majority of pockets of Chandigarh, PCCs are collected from the streets,
community bins and landfills and also during the door to door collection. All the ragpickers
indicated that the majority portion of the collected PCCs comes from the upper and middle class localities. Majority of the surveyed rag pickers indicated that the PCCs collected by
them are most often empty and contain no leftover content (juice etc.).. All the rag pickers
indicated that they sell PCCs mixed with the other paper waste. However, Chandigarh has a PCC collection center supoorted by Tetra Pak. Some of the rag pickers and kabariwalas are
associated with this center and send segregated PCCs to the center. The collection of PCCs
as indicated by the rag pickers seems to be high because some of the surveyed ragpickers are working for the collection center and are dedicatedly sorting out PCCs. The ragpickers are
paid any where between 2 to 4 rupees a kg for the PCCs by the kabariwalas. Some of the
ragpickers indicated that the price should be higher to improve the collection efficiency.
Out of the 17 kabadiwalas surveyed, most of them could not indicate the quantum of PCCs
that they collect. Presently the medium and large scrap dealers don’t find it lucrative to
segregate and collect Tetra Pak which comes less in quantity and is lesser in weight. They like more to deal in goods by sale of goods which are easy to collect, segregate and can be
sold with high margins. However, according to the response provided by 3 respondents,
PCCs constitute about 2% of the total waste paper collected by them. On an average the surveyed kabadiwalas deal with 5500 kgs of paper waste per day. The paper mills purchase
the paper anywhere between rupees 5 to rupees 8 a kilo.
Sampling Results:
Table 13 summarizes the results of the sampling exercise conducted at the 5 large paper
waste dealers.
Table 13 Summary of sampling results at the paper waste dealers in Chandigarh
Name of the paper
waste dealer
Location Paper waste
sampled (in
Kgs)
Weight of
PCCs found
(in Kgs)
Fraction
of PCCs
Joginder Singh sector 52 200 4.2 2.10%
Kala sector 52 200 3.4 1.70%
Jagdish dadu Majra 200 4.4 2.20%
Rinku dadu Majra 200 6 3.00%
Rajesh dadu Majra 200 7.2 3.60%
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
24
The sampling results indicate that PCCs constitute about 2.5% of the total waste paper
collected by the paper waste dealers.
Dumpsite:
The dumpsite at Dadumajra (the only dumpsite in Chandigarh) was chosen for the sampling
exercise. The findings are summarised in the table below.
Table 14 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Chandigarh
Question Answer Comments
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to
6am)
10am to 1pm Initially it was very difficult to
get the sample, but because of
already existing local contacts,
we’re able to motivate rag-
pickers and scrap dealers to
cooperate.
Areas Covered (give the
name of the area, give a short
description of the area in
context of the exercise)
Sector-37, 41, 44, 25, 52 Dadumajra,
Sarangpur and Mouli Jagran area of
Chandigarh
The sample represents
collection of data from almost
all major areas of waste
collection and disposal.
Total Waste Load (in Kgs) 3 tons in Turck
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
15 Kgs
Total quantum of PCCs (in
Kgs) (must be precise and
based on actual weighing)
4 Kgs It was collected by 8 women
which was weighed once
segregation was over.
Other Observations
Presently the medium and large
scrap dealers don’t find it lucrative
to segregate and collect Tetra Pak
which comes less in quantity and is
lesser in weight. They like moreto
deal in goods by sale of goods
which are easy to collect, segregate
and can be sold with high margins.
2. Segregation of waste Tetra Pak at
the place of origin be it household,
schoosl, canteens, Mess, Hotels,
Hospitals etc will make it easy for
the PCCs
Paper mill:
For the collection of sample from the paper mill, the place chosen was Punjab Tissue
Limited, Kurali, Distt. Ropar in Panjab where a Truck with a load of 3 tons was checked and out of 3 tons waste paper 30 Kg Tetra Pak (PCC’s) was found.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
25
Panjim
About Waste Management in Panjim
Goa’s capital, Panaji city has an estimated population of 65,000 inhabitants and an equal
floating population that visit the city for employment, tourism and government services.
The total waste generated in the city limits is 50 Metric tonnes. This city however has gone a long way in terms of waste management. Improvement of ther collection bins in 1994,
starting of door to door collection services in 2000 and removal of street bins in 2003 were
some of the initiatives that the city undertook before it lost its main dump-site at Curca, about 14 kms outside the city. Faced with a crisis, the municipal authority along with
citizens, worked on a waste awareness campaign that has installed a number of best practice
solutions. Today, waste is separated into wet (organic) and dry (recyclable) waste at source. This is then picked up and treated or processed locally. The city has over 180 compost units
where the wet waste is turned into fertilizer. The dry waste is sorted and recycled at one of
the 5 sorting stations established by the municipality. Residual waste is then taken to a nearby dump site.
Tetra Pak and Panjim
Panjim has a connection with Tetra Pak since 2005. After a number of initiatives between Tetra Pak and the Corporation of the City of Panaji (CCP), they signed aMoU in 2007 and a
baler was provided to the CCP by Tetra Pak. Today, the CCP boasts of a separate baling
shed, equipped with two balers which is used to bale all sorts of recyclable items. Waste pickers that work in alliance with door to door collection staff have been instructed to keep
aside Tetra Pak cartons. They do this and other separations (such as batteries) and in
exchange, get access to the recyclable waste that they keep for themselves. These collected Tetra Pak cartons are then transported by the municipality to the sorting sheds.
Survey Findings
During the survey, we interviewed a number of Door to Door waste pickers, kabadiwalas as well as street-side scrap shops. A pattern was established that is unique to the city. It
appears that recyclers on the street that work independently do not collect PCC and are
unaware of the value of PCC. However, on the flip side, waste pickers working with the municipality collect PCC on instruction, but are unaware of the recycle value of PCC.
About 15 rag pickers were interviewed. A majority of them are engaged with the City
Council of Panjim (as Door To Door Waste collectors).The average collection of PCCs is reported to be around 17% of the total paper waste collected by them!.on an average, the
surveyed ragpickers collect 550 Kgs of paper waste per month.
Also working with the CCP were about 5 mid sizekabadiwalas that work within the CCP’s soritng stations exclusively on collected city waste. These recyclers collect PCC, with some
even buying PCC from other sources (at Rs.4-5 per kg). They then sell this collected PCC to a
private collection agency that works with Tetra Pak collections in Goa. The value they receive from the agency varies between 4-6 per kg, depending on the quantity collected. This
refund value was established by the agency only in March 2011 and has resulted in a
significant increase of the quantum of PCC collected from Panjim city.
12 kabadiwalas were surveyed. Five of them work for the CCP sorting centers. They
reported an average collection rate for PCCs to be around 5% of the total paper waste
collected by them. The average paper waste collected by each of these Kabadiwals is around 2000kgs per month.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
26
Visits to street side kabadiwalas as well as larger size paper recyclers were done, and it was
learnt that as the value of PCC is not known, very little PCC enters their premises and therefore they appeared uninterested in starting collections of the same.
Three large scale paper dealers were interviewed. None of them is associated with the CCPs
collection centers. They indicated an average collection rate for the PCCs to be around .17%. the average paper waste collected by the surveyed dealers was around 8.2 tonnes per month.
A visit to the landfill site where the city rejects are disposed was done. This site, located at
the neighboring village of Taleigao also receives mixed, unsorted waste that is dumped into an abandoned quarry. It was noticed that the village waste contained a lot of PCC. When
examining the city’s reject waste, smaller sized (200-250ml) PCC was found in the rejects.
However, this was not much in quantity.
Figure 6 Sampling at the dumpsite in Panjim
Sampling Results
Large scale paper waste dealer
Only one large scale paper waste dealer is based in Panjim who deals with around 11 tonnes
per month of paper waste. The PCCs constituted about 1.25% of the total waste paper sampled at Radhakrishna & Company ( Merces, Panjim). A total of 400 kgs paper waste was
sampled and 5 kgs of PCCs were found in the same.
Dumpsite
Table 15 summarises the sampling results for the dumpsite.
Table 15 Summary of sampling at the dumpsite in Panjim
Question Answer Comments
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to
6am)
Sampling of waste was done
at 3-5pm. This is when one of
the collection trucks was due
to arrive. The truck arrived
approximately at 4.15pm.
Areas Covered (give the name
of the area, give a short
description of the area in
context of the exercise)
The survey site is located at
the top of the Talegao Plateau.
This site has a open quarry
within which waste is tipped.
The site is very politically
unstable. As of today, the site
has stopped accepting waste
from Panjim. (since
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
27
Question Answer Comments
The site receives about 4
truckloads of mixed waste
from Talegao village, and 10
truckloads of rejects from
Panjim city. The truck with
rejects very rarely contains
any PCC in it as it is already
manually sorted through.
25/may/11). However, when
the survey was done, it was
functioning normally. It is
likely that the city rejects will
resume once the political
problems are solved.
Total Waste Load (in Kgs)
A single truck containing
mixed waste was estimated to
contain about 2000-3000kgs of
waste)
The tuck orginated from the
village of Talegao, which
borders panjim. However, the
vehicles, staff belong to Panaji
city. In all respects, Talegao is
an extension of the city.
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
After manual sorting,
approximately 30-40kgs of
paper was extracted from the
waste within a single
truckload.
Total quantum of PCCs (in
Kgs) (must be precise and
based on actual weighing)
PCCs found to be in the
truckload of waste was found
to be about 3kgs.
However, the recyclers
operating there called me later
at 7pm to report that the next
truckload of waste contained
about 4kgs.
Other Observations
Waste originating from Panaji
city passes through a couple of
manual sorting areas. In this
process, most of the PCC is
removed, barring smaller
250ml juice cartons that have
escaped being picked out.
The waste pickers have been
incentivized at the landfill and
sorting stations. This allows
most of the PCC to be picked
out of the waste. However,
PCC collections among the
private recyclers that function
out of the municipal system,
street pickers, and door to
door kabariwallas is needed.
Conclusions
It appears that Tetra Pak recycling in Panjim is mainly functioning through the municipal collection system. Any PCC that escapes the collection is probably taken to dump sites or
burnt at kabadiwalas storage points. Very few admitted to selling PCC along with mixed
paper waste. They claim that the paper mills (located in Banda, Chiplun and Ratnagiri) in Maharashtra don’t accept them anyway.
There is a lot of potential to increase collections if awareness on the Value of PCC is spread
among the door to door collectors and street level kabadiwalas. Many of them expressed a concern that 4-6 Rs. Is a low value and would like higher refund values for better collections.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
28
Hyderabad
Interview covered the rag pickers, kabadi wals and waste dealers from various areas of the city, like somajiguda, Methodist colony, B.S. Makta, Begumpet, musheerabad, Kukatpally,
Musapet.
The survey indicated that the PCCs are being collected and are being sent mixed with the other paper waste throughout the supply chain. Most of the pockets of Hyderabad has
DTDC in place and hence a significant portion is collected by the ragpickers during DTDC.
Paper and PCCs are also collect from bins, streets and dumpsite. Ragpickers are paid between 1.5 to 2.5 rupees a kilo for the waste paper. Kabadiwals may ask for anywhere
between 2 and 4 Rupees a kilo. The paper mills may buy the waste paper anywhere between
5 to 10 rupees a kilo depending on the quality. Many of the respondents indicated that the collection is significantly reduced during the rainy season.significant quantums of PCCs ar
found in commercial areas, market places and in the vicinity of schools, colleges and
canteens. Most of the ragpickers told that majority of the PCCs contain leftover content which creates problem in collection and storage.
Most of the respondents were not able to give robust estimation of the quantums of PCCs
collected by them. Hence a sampling exercise was conducted to ascertain the quantum of PCCs at every level. The results have been summarised in the table below.
Table 16 Summary of sampling in Hyderabad
Waste collection level Paper waste
sampled (Kgs)
PCCs found
(in Kgs)
Fraction of PCCs in
sampled waste
Ragpicker 20 0.5 2.50%
kabariwala 60 1.5 2.50%
kabariwala 100 3 3.00%
waste dealer 1500 15 1.00%
Paper mill (Sampling was conducted
at ITC paper mill Hyderabad. Contact
person Mr. Apsar – +91-8008502249
16000 80 0.50%
Sampling at large scale paper waste dealers
The findings have been summarised in the table below
Table 17 Summary of sampling at the waste dealers in Hyderabad
Dealer name Location Paper waste sampled (Kgs)
PCCs found (KGs)
Fraction of PCCs
Ram Babu – 9700121378 Kukatpally 2000 11 0.55%
Kistappa - 8008813442 Prashanth Nagar 1500 13 0.87%
Karunakar1- 9000798444 Sai Baba Nagar 1000 13 1.30%
Pasha Bhai- 9866718401 Moosapet 2000 10 0.50%
Raju Goud- 9246838509 Balkampet 1000 11 1.10%
Sampling at the dumpsite
Jawahar nagar dumpyard was selected for the sampling. The findings have been
summarised below.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
29
Table 18 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Hyderabad
Question Answer Comments
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to
6am)
10.30 to 12.30 Jawaharnagar dump yard has
round the clock dumping
Areas Covered (give the name
of the area, give a short
description of the area in
context of the exercise)
Jawaharnagar Dump yard gets
Solid Waste from all parts of
Hyderabad and is located
towards North East of
Hyderabad about 40 kms
away.
About 4000 tons. Of waste is
dumped per day.
Total Waste Load (in Kgs) A sample of 5 lorry loads @ 10
tonns per lorry was observed
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
About 15 %
Total quantum of PCCs (in
Kgs) (must be precise and
based on actual weighing)
200 kgs PCC is mixed with paper and
being segregated separately
Other Observations
Subraks (Rag pickers) are
mostly picking up Metal,
Plastic, PET bottle, glass
Pune
Interview covered the rag pickers, kabadi walas and waste dealers from various areas of the city, like Kudalwadi, Pimpri, Sadashivpeth, Danderkarpul, Hadapsar, , Kothrud and
Bhawanipeth.
The survey indicated that the PCCs are being collected and are being sent mixed with the other paper waste throughout the supply chain. Most of the pockets of Pune has DTDC in
place and hence a significant portion is collected by the ragpickers during DTDC. Paper and
PCCs are also collect from bins, streets and dumpsite. Ragpickers are paid between 1 to 2 rupees a kilo for the waste paper. Kabadiwals may ask for anywhere between 2 and 4
Rupees a kilo. The paper mills may buy the waste paper anywhere between 7 to 10 rupees a
kilo depending on the quality.significant quantums of PCCs are found in commercial areas, market places and in the vicinity of schools, colleges and canteens. Most of the ragpickers
told that majority of the PCCs contain leftover content which creates problem in collection
and storage. Many of the respondents indicated that the informal sector is not very well aware of the value of the PCCs. Moreover, small volumes don’t encourage rag pickers to to
segregate these and transfer as a separate waste stream down the line.
Most of the respondents were not able to give robust estimation of the quantums of PCCs collected by them. Hence a sampling exercise was conducted to ascertain the quantum of
PCCs at every level. The results have been summarised in the table below.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
30
Table 19 Summary of sampling at the waste dealers in Pune
Dealer name Paper waste
sampled
(Kgs)
PCCs found
(KGs)
Fraction of
PCCs
Comments
Imtiyaz 400 11 0.75% 10 sacks of 40 kgs
each were weighed
Babukhan 2000 13 2.50% One truck load-- does
not bale
Satish 2458 13 3.25% One truck load-- does
not bale
Shabbir 3000 10 2.60% one truck load
Total 7858 211 2.69%
Sampling at the dumpsite
Moshy Kachra Depot, Moshi was selected for the sampling. The findings have been summarised below.
Table 20 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Pune
Question Answer Comments
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to
6am)
3pm to 5pm
Areas Covered (give the name
of the area, give a short
description of the area in
context of the exercise)
Moshi Kachra Depo,Moshi..
We segregate waste from
containers which came from
Sangvi area.
Sanghvi is a middle class area
with a lot of residential
societies. The area is serviced
by Swach that collects waste
door-to- door. So a lot of the
recyclables are already
collected by waste pickers
who dump wet waste into the
containers that are collected
and transported to the Moshi
Landfill
Total Waste Load (in Kgs) 11210kg This truck’s gross weight
was24085kg
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
100 kg Empty weight was12875kg,net
was11210kg
Total quantum of PCCs (in
Kgs) (must be precise and
based on actual weighing)
1kg
Other Observations
A large percentage of the
waste in this truck was wet.
And because of the rains, a lot
of paper waste had been
mulched with it.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
31
Delhi
Questionnaire Survey
Altogether 30 players were covered by administering of pre-designed questionnaire. Rag
pickers and Kabadiwals were selected randomly in most concentrated zone where those
players are engaged in larger numbers. The areas covered include sarita vihar, chirag delhi, lajpat nagar, sukhdev vihar, khanpur, CR park, Nehru Place, Rohini, Vasantkunj, Moti
nagar, Mongolpuri and Mahipalpur.
Out of the 11 rag pickers surveyed, all of them collect PCCs. According to the survey, on an average PCCs constitute about 5-7% of the total waste paper collected by rag pickers.
However, the reported quantity seems to be quite high primarily because the PCCs have low
density (since they are filled with air) and hence though the volume may be large, but the weight is less. The average paper waste collected by the surveyed ragpickers was about 150
kgs per month. PCCs are mostly collected from the streets, community bins and landfills. All
the ragpickers indicated that the majority portion of the collected PCCs comes from the upper and middle class localities. All the surveyed rag pickers indicated that the PCCs
collected by them are most often soiled and contain leftover content (juice etc.), which causes
problem in handling and storage of PCCs. All of the rag pickers indicated that they sell PCCs as mixed with other paper waste. The ragpickers are paid any where between 1 to 2
rupees a kg for the PCCs by the kabariwalas. Some of the ragpickers indicated that the price
should be higher to improve the collection efficiency.
Out of the 13 junk dealers (small and medium level) surveyed, majority of them indicated
that they collect the PCCs. On an average PCCs constitute about 5% of the total waste paper
collected by the kabadiwalas. The average paper waste collected by the surveyed kabadiwalas was about 13000 kgs per month. All of them indicated that they get the
majority of the collected PCCs from the upper and middle class localities. All the
kabadiwalas indicated that the PCCs which they collect is devoid of any left over content. The PCCs are sold to the large scale paper waste dealers at the rate of 3 to 6 rupees a kilo.
Many of the kabadiwalas indicated that the collection efficiency could be significantly
improved if they could collect PCCs from a centrally designated location.
Out of the 5 large scale low grade paper waste dealers surveyed, all of them indicated that
they collect the PCCs. On an average PCCs constitute about 2 % of the total waste paper
collected by the paper waste dealers. The average paper waste collected by the surveyed paper waste dealers was about 60 tonnes per month. All the paper waste dealers indicated
that the PCCs which they collect is devoid of any left over content. The PCCs are sold to the
paper mills at the rate of 6 to 8 rupees a kilo. Many of the paper waste dealers indicated that the collection efficiency could be significantly improved if they have a stable and growing
market for the PCCs.
Sampling at the waste dealers
The findings have been summarised in the table below.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
32
Table 21 Summary of sampling results at the paper waste dealers in Delhi
Name of the paper
waste dealer
Paper waste
sampled (in
Kgs)
Weight of
PCCs found
(in Kgs)
Fraction
of PCCs
Guddu 200.0 2.0 1.00%
Lala 200.0 1.2 0.60%
Yadav 200.0 1.5 0.75%
Kamran 200.0 2.4 1.20%
Arvind 200.0 1.5 0.75%
Total 1000 8.6 0.86%
Sampling at the Dumpsite
Ghazipur dumpsite was chosen to conduct the sampling. The objective was to determine
the post consumer cartons present in the same.
Methodology:
� Waste reaching the landfill via DWM truck was analysed � Material was segregated immediately upon being unloaded to prevent loss of weight due to moisture loss.
� The waste was unloaded on to large sheets, and segregated into various kinds, within the larger categories of recyclable, non recyclable and organic.
� A supervisor ensured that the segregation was thoroughly done and all the items were retrieved from the garbage.
� Each of the items was separately bundled and weighed at a single scrap store to avoid errors in weights.
� The average daily quantum of waste reaching the landfill via DWM vehicle was computed based on the actual weights at Ghazipur landfill, during the period of the study.
The sampling details and findings have been summarised in the table below
Table 22 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Delhi
Question Answer Comments
Time of Collection (indicate time. For
example: 3am to 6am)
12th May 2011, 2.pm to 4:30
p.m
Areas Covered (give the name of the area,
give a short description of the area in context
of the exercise)
Ghazipur landfill: Open dump
(landfill in delhi), close to
delhi Ghaziabad border.
Total Waste Load (in Kgs) 7.78 TONS
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an estimate will
do)
1651 kgs approx.
Total quantum of PCCs (in Kgs) (must be
precise and based on actual weighing)
127.2 kilos
Other Observations
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
33
Cochin
Sampling at the waste dealers
The findings have been summarised in the table below
Table 23 Summary of sampling at the waste dealers in Cochin
Dealer name Location Paper waste
sampled
(Kgs)
PCCs found
(KGs)
Fraction of
PCCs
Bismi Traders – 0484-
2354385
Market road,
Ernakulam
200 0 0
Ummer and sons -
9946488914
Church road,
Angamal
200 2 pieces 0
S.R. traders - 9388863021 Thamanam 200 0 0
K.I. Bawa and sons- Eddapallu 200 0 0
Vytilla traders-0484-
2341819
Vytilla 200 0 0
Sampling at the dumpsite
The sampling details and findings have been summarised in the table below
Table 24 Summary of sampling results at the dumpsite in Cochin
Question Answer Comments
Time of Collection (indicate
time. For example: 3am to
6am)
7:30 am to 2:30 PM With the help of 5 ragpickers
and 1 driver
Areas Covered (give the name
of the area, give a short
description of the area in
context of the exercise)
Thamanam, Palarivattom,
pipeline, Kalloor,edopallu bye
pass, kacharipadu, broadway,
kamasari
Residential area and markets
covered by city corporation
Total Waste Load (in Kgs) 2.5 tonnes In tempo
Total Paper Load (in Kgs) (an
estimate will do)
Around 200 kgs
Total quantum of PCCs (in
Kgs) (must be precise and
based on actual weighing)
1.7 kilos
Other Observations
Sampling at paper mills
Sree Shakthi Paper mill (contact person: Mr. Vinu Alex, 0484 23773230) based at Paliyam road, Ernakulam and Kochin Kagaz Pvt. Ltd. (contact person Mr. Jayen, General Manager,
0484 2451117) based at Angamaly, Ernakulam were covered. The permission for the
sampling was denied at both the places and hence only an interview and visual observation could be conducted.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
34
The mills primarily manufactures cartons and Kraft paper. Major sources of procurement for
waste paper incude domestic paper waste dealers and a significant amount is imported from UK, USA and Canada.
They are not using Tetra Pak because the processing of paper waste may take around 2 to 3
hours whereas the other paper waste takes only 15 to 20 minutes. Moreover the aluminium and plastic presentr in PCCs keep floating in the pulp and has to be manually separated. The
products also develop black dots if PCCs are a part of the pulp.
Shree Shakti paper mill informed that they will be buying a new dispenser in the month of September (2011), which would be capable of processing PCCs. They are then considering to
buy the PCCs from the market.
PCC Management Chain
The figure below shows the schematic of the informal recycling system in India.
Figure 7 Schematic representation of the informal recycling system in India
PCCs at almost all the surveyed cities are going mixed with the road sweep or the low grade
waste paper. The PCCs are usually picked at the following three levels:
a) Street waste picking: PCCs are recovered from the other secondary raw materials from mixed waste found on streets or extracted from communal bins before collection. This
practice probably occurs in most of the cities, and is common across south Asia.
b) Municipal waste collection crew: PCCs are recovered along with the other waste from vehicles transporting waste to disposal sites. This practice is widespread in almost all the
cities where DTDC is practiced
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
35
c) Waste picking from dumps: Waste pickers/ scavengers sort through waste before it is covered at the site of final disposal, which is still generally open dumping in almost all the Indian cities and in South Asia. This is often carried out by communities that live on
or near the dump (Rouse, 2006).
Figure below shows the recycling pyramid.
Figure 8 The recycling Pyramid
At the bottom of the chain are the ragpickers who supply the collected waste to the retailers or the low level kabadiwalas followed by the stockist or the middle level kabadiwals who in
turn supply segregated waste to the wholesalers. The Paper waste is then supplied to the
recyclers or the waste paper based paper mills.
At some of the cities, Tetra Pak has roped in a few agencies that are collecting the segregated
PCCs from the ragpickers and the kabadiwalas and are storing it. Once they collect sufficient
quantites, these agencies supply the PCCs to the paper mills which are interested in it.
Economic Analysis
The table below summarises the selling value obtained (including transport) by every agent
in the informal sector on account of dealing in the PCCs for the survey cities
Table 25 Summary of value obtained (in Indian Rupees per Kg) on account of dealing in
PCCs
Cities Rag Pickers Small
Kabadiwala
(retailer)
Medium
Kabadiwala
(stockist)
Paper waste
dealer
(wholesaler)
Kolkata 4-5 4-6 5-6 7-10
Bangalore 3-4 4-5 5-6 7-9
Mumbai 2 2-4 4-6 8
Chandigarh 2-4 3-5 3-6 5-8
Hyderabad 1.5-2.5 2-4 3-7 5-10
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
36
05
1015
Kolkat
a
Banga
lore
Mum
bai
Chand
igar
h
Hyder
abad
Dhaka
Colom
boPun
eDelh
i
Cities
Val
ue p
aid
for
RS
(in
rupe
es)
Rag Pickers Small Kabadiw ala (retailer)
Medium Kabadiw ala (stockist) Paper w aste dealer (w holesaler)
Cities Rag Pickers Small
Kabadiwala
(retailer)
Medium
Kabadiwala
(stockist)
Paper waste
dealer
(wholesaler)
Dhaka (in BDT) 9-13 11-14 13-16 15-20
Colombo (In SLR)
(expected rates)
12-15 15-18 17-20 20-25
Pune 1-2 2-4 3-7 6-10
Delhi 1-2 2-4 3-6 6-8
Figure 9 Variation in the value of PCC at different levels in the informal collection chain
Hence the selling value at the rag pickers level varies from 1 to 4 rupees a kilo, at the retailer
level it may vary from 2 to6 rupees akilo, the stockist may get anywhere between 3 to 7 rupees a kilo for dealing in PCCs and the paper mills may buy it at the rate of 5 to 10 rupees
a kilo depending on the market and the condition of the PCCs.
For Colombo, the presented figures are what are expected by the informal sector to make them interested to deal in PCCs. No collection of PCCs is at present being done in Colombo
on account of absence of a market.
Material Flow Analysis
Methodology
Literature review was done to obtain the figures for overall MSW generation (A) in each of
the 11 cities. Total paper waste generation (B) figures were then obtained for each of the cities based on the previous studies. It was also found from the literature that the informal
sector collects between 30% to 40% of the total paper waste generated in India1234. Based on
these figures, total paper waste collected by the informal sector was computed (C). Based on
1 Hadker, N. 1995. Accounting for Informal Sectors: a Case Study of Solid Waste Management Systems in Bombay. Prepared for the ESCAP project, Environmental Accounting for India. Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research: Bombay. 2 National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) 1994. Solid Waste Management in Greater Bombay. Phase I Report. Metropolitan Environmental Improvement Program, A World Bank project. Nagpur. 3 Ali, S.M., Cotton, A. and Coad, A. 1996. “Municipal and Informal Systems in Solid Waste Management. In: Nabell Hamdi and Emy Al Sherif (eds). Educating for Real Intermediate Technology (IT) Publications: London. 4 Ali, S.M., Cotton, A. and Coad, A. 1993. Informal Sector Waste Recycling. Paper presented at the 19th WEDC Conference on Water, Sanitation, Environment and Development: 153-155 Accra, Ghana.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
37
the sampling (as detailed out in the previous sections) done at the paper waste dealers at
each of the 11 cities, fraction of PCCs in the total waste paper at each location were ascertained (D). Multiplying C with D gave the total PCCs collected by the informal sector
and sent for recycling (E).
Consumption of PCCs at each city was obtained from Tetra Pak India (F). Fraction of PCCs in waste paper (G) at each city was computed by dividing B with F. Value of G for Panaji
was found to be more than 100% (probably because the figures provided by Tetra Pak were
for the whole of Goa and not specifically for Panaji) and F was not available for Colombo. Hence, F was computed for Panaji and Colombo using B and the average of G for the 9
cities.
Informal recycling rate (H) was computed by dividing E with F. Active recycling figures were obtained from Tetra Pak India (I). Active recycling rate (J) was computed by dividing I
with F. Total recycling rate was computed by adding H and J.
Literature review
Useful findings from the literature have been listed in the table below.
Table 26 Data retrieved from the literature review
Cities Total
waste
generatio
n5
(tonnes/d
ay) (A)
Percenta
ge paper
waste
out of
total
MSW
generate
d (B)
Total paper
waste
generation
(tonnes/da
y) (C=BxA)
Waste paper
recovered by
the informal
sector6 (@30%)
(tonnes/day)
(D1=30%xC)
Waste paper
recovered by
the informal
sector (@40%)
(tonnes/day)
(D2=40%xC)
MSW
collected
by ULB7
(%) (E)
MSW
going to
the
dumpsite
(tonnes/d
ay)
(F=ExA)
Kolkata 2,9708 6.25%9 185.63 55.69 74.25 70.00% 2079.00
Bangalore 282910 8%11 226.32 67.90 90.53 60.00% 1697.40
Mumbai 75612 7.52%13 568.51 170.55 227.40 70.00% 5292.00
Chandigarh 36814 6.50% 23.92 7.18 9.57 75.00% 276.00
Panjim 55.3115 7% 3.87 1.16 1.55 75.00% 41.48
Hyderabad 337916 7.26%17 245.32 73.59 98.13 65.00% 2196.35
5 www.cpcb.nic.in/wast/municipalwast/Studies_of_CPCB.pdf, acessed on 6/6/2010 6 7 CPCB 2008d 8 Master Plan on Solid Waste Management, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, accessed at http://www.keip.in/bl3/pdfFiles/master_plan.pdf 9 Kolkata Environment Improvement Project (KEIP) 2003, Master Plan on Solid Waste Management. 10 For year 2012, as per City Development Plan Bangalore, 2006, accessed at http://www.docstoc.com/docs/48998288/Bangalore-CDP 11 CPCB, 1999; accessed on “Perspectives of Solid Waste Management in India”, Kurian Joseph, Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai 12 For year 2012, as per estimates of Appraisal of City Development Plan, Navi Mumbai, June 2008, accessed at http://www.niua.org/jnnurm/CDP%20Appraisal_NAVI%20MUMBAI_NIUA.pdf 13 Paper titled “Capacity of Act in India’s Solid Waste Management and Waste to Energy Industries by Ms. Perinaz Bhada (Dec 2005) 14 Solid Waste generated in Chandigarh, Newsletter, accessed at http://chandigarhenvis.nic.in/beta/EnvisPdfFiles/nl070907.pdf 15 City Services and Utilities, accessed at http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/PanajiCdp/Chapter-6.pdf 16 Hyderabad City Development Plan, Chapter IV- Municipal Services, accessed at http://www.ourmch.com/cdp/chapter%204.pdf 17 Detailed project report for Integrated Solid Waste Management for Hyderabad (FEB 2009), by SENES consultants for GHMC.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
38
Cities Total
waste
generatio
n5
(tonnes/d
ay) (A)
Percenta
ge paper
waste
out of
total
MSW
generate
d (B)
Total paper
waste
generation
(tonnes/da
y) (C=BxA)
Waste paper
recovered by
the informal
sector6 (@30%)
(tonnes/day)
(D1=30%xC)
Waste paper
recovered by
the informal
sector (@40%)
(tonnes/day)
(D2=40%xC)
MSW
collected
by ULB7
(%) (E)
MSW
going to
the
dumpsite
(tonnes/d
ay)
(F=ExA)
Dhaka 400018 6.45%19 258.00 77.40 103.20 75.00% 3000.00
Colombo 70020 6.50%21 45.50 13.65 18.20 75.00% 525.00
Pune 124022 5%23 62.00 18.60 24.80 70.00% 868.00
Delhi 7,70024 6.60%25 508.20 152.46 203.28 65.00% 5005.00
Cochin 60026 6.50% 39.00 11.70 15.60 60.00% 360.00
Computation of Recycling rate
The table below summarises the computation of the recycling rates according the the assumption that informal sector recovers 30% of the total waste paper generated.
18 “Solid Waste Management in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Innovation in Community Driven Composting”, Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed Memon, Oct 1st, 2002; accessed at http://kitakyushu.iges.or.jp/docs/sp/swm/2%20Solid%20Waste%20Management%20in%20Dhaka.pdf 19 “Solid Waste Management” N.M. Kazi, Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, accessed at http://www.adb.org/Documents/Conference/Asian_Cities_3/vol_3no4.pdf 20 Solid Waste Management, Colombo Municipal Council 2003; accessed at http://www.environmental-auditing.org/Portals/0/AuditFiles/lk253eng03ar_ft_solidwastemgmt.pdf 21 “Solid Waste Circus in Sri Lanka” accessed at http://www.swlf.ait.ac.th/data/Case%20studies/Colombo%20Case%20Study.pdf 22 City Development Plan,2006-2012,Vol. 1,Pune Municipal Corporation, accessed at http://www.punecorporation.org/pmcwebn/informpdf/jnnurm/CDPPUNE/Pune%20CDP-Volume%201-final.pdf 23 “Municipal Waste Management in Emerging Mega Cities-A case study of Pune city”, Prof. M.R. Gidde, Dr. V. V. Todkar, Prof. K.K. Kokate; GCE 2008: Indo-Italian Conference on Green & Clean Environment, MIT College of Engineering, Pune 24 City Development Plan, October 2006, Department of Urban Development & Government of Delhi, accessed at http://ccs.in/ccsindia/pdf/00%20Executive_Summary.pdf 25 CPCB, 1999; accessed on “Perspectives of Solid Waste Management in India”, Kurian Joseph, Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai 26 Solid Waste Management- Cochin Corporation, accessed at http://www.corporationofcochin.net/urban_kb/Sloid%20Waste%20Management.pdf
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
39
Table 27 PCC Recycling rate for the scenario when informal sector recovers 30% of the total waste paper
Cities Consumpti
on of Tetra
Pak in
tonnes per
annum (for
2010)
Waste paper generation
(tonnes/annum)
Fraction
of PCC
in waste
paper
Waste paper recovered
by the informal
sector @ 30%(tonnes/
annum)
Fraction
of pcc in
paper
waste
collected
at waste
dealer
level
PCC
collected by
the informal
sector
(tonnes/year)
Informal
recycling
rate
Active
recycling
(tonnes/
annum)
Active
recycling+
inactive
recycling
Total
recycling
rate
Kolkata 999 67753.13 1.47% 20325.94 1.88% 382.13 38.25% 382.13 38.25%
Bangalore 4814 82606.80 5.83% 24782.04 1.32% 327.12 6.80% 372 699.12 14.52%
Mumbai 4700 207506.88 2.26% 62252.06 2.88% 1792.86 38.15% 790 2582.86 54.95%
Chandigarh 354 8730.80 4.05% 2619.24 2.52% 66.00 18.65% 29.5 95.50 26.98%
Panjim 40.42 1413.17 2.86% 423.95 1.25% 5.30 13.11% 5 10.30 25.48%
Hyderabad 1536 89540.12 1.72% 26862.04 0.90% 241.76 15.74% 382 623.76 40.61%
Dhaka 3400 94170.00 3.61% 28251.00 1.38% 389.86 11.47% 389.86 11.47%
Colombo 474.97 16607.50 2.86% 4982.25 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
Pune 800 22630.00 3.54% 6789.00 2.69% 182.62 22.83% 141 323.62 40.45%
Delhi 3159 185493.00 1.70% 55647.90 0.86% 478.57 15.15% 217 695.57 22.02%
Cochin 216 14235.00 1.52% 4270.50 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 96 96.00 44.44%
Total 20493.39 790686.40 2.59% 237205.919 1.43% 3866.23 18.87% 2032.5 5898.732 28.78%
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
40
The table below summarises the computation of the recycling rate assuming that the informal sector collects 40% of the total waste paper
generated.
Table 28 PCC Recycling rate for the scenario when informal sector recovers 40% of the total waste paper
Cities Consumption
of Tetra Pak in
tonnes per
annum (for
2010)
Waste
paper
generation
(tonnes/an
num)
Fraction
of PCC
in waste
paper
waste paper
recovered
by the
informal
sector @
40%(tonnes
/ annum)
fraction
of pcc in
paper
waste
collected
at waste
dealer
level
PCC
collected
by the
informal
sector
(tonnes/
year)
informal
recycling
rate
active
recycling
(tonnes/
annum)
active
recycling
+inactive
recycling
total
recycling
rate
Kolkata 999.00 67753.13 1.47% 1.93% 1.88% 509.50 51.00% 509.50 51.00%
Bangalore 4814.00 82606.80 5.83% 8.00% 1.32% 436.16 9.06% 372 808.16 16.79%
Mumbai 4700.00 207506.88 2.26% 3.22% 2.88% 2390.48 50.86% 790 3180.48 67.67%
Chandigarh 354.00 8730.80 4.05% 11.64% 2.52% 88.01 24.86% 29.5 117.51 33.19%
Panjim 40.42 1413.17 2.86% 3.51% 1.25% 7.07 17.48% 5 12.07 29.85%
Hyderabad 1536.00 89540.12 1.72% 2.47% 0.90% 322.34 20.99% 382 704.34 45.86%
dhaka 3400.00 94170.00 3.61% 4.51% 1.38% 519.82 15.29% 519.82 15.29%
Colombo 474.97 16607.50 2.86% 3.51% 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
Pune 800.00 22630.00 3.54% 3.73% 2.69% 243.50 30.44% 141 384.50 48.06%
Delhi 3159.00 185493.00 1.70% 2.28% 0.86% 638.10 20.20% 217 855.10 27.07%
Cochin 216.00 14235.00 1.52% 1.58% 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 96 96.00 44.44%
Total 20493.39 790686.40 2.59% 3.46% 1.43% 5154.98 25.15% 2032.5 7187.477 35.07%
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
41
PCCs at the paper mills
Summary of the sampling carried out at the paper mills is given in the table below. Amount of PCCs found in the sampled waste paper at the paper mills level (1.23%) was close to the
average amount found at the large scale low grade paper waste dealers (1.43%).
Table 29 PCC recycling rate based on the sampling at the paper mills
City Name of the
mill
Type of
exercise
Total paper
waste
sampled
(Kgs)
PCCS found
(kgs)
PCCs in
waste
Kolkata Everest paper
mill pvt ltd
sampling 1200 23 1.92%
Chandigarh Punjab tissues
ltd
sampling 3000 30 1.00%
Hyderabad ITC sampling 16000 80 0.50%
Dhaka Loba board
and paper mill
pvt ltd
sampling 1187 14.6 1.23%
Vapi Gayatri Shakti survey 1.50%
Bangalore South India
paper mills
sampling 0
Colombo Neptune sampling 8510 0
Cochin Shree Shakti survey 0
Average (Only the one's accepting PCCs have been counted) 1.23%
Total paper waste reaching the paper mills in India (excluding imports)
(tonnes/annum)@30%
179756
Total paper waste reaching the paper mills in India (excluding imports)
(tonnes/annum)@40%
239674
PCCs reaching paper mills (tonnes/annum)@30% 2211
PCCs reaching paper mills (tonnes/annum)@40% 2948
Consumption of PCCs in 2010 (tonnes) 20493
Recycling rate @ 30% collection 10.79%
Recycling rate @ 40% collection 14.39%
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
42
PCCs going to the dumpsite
Table below summarises the computations for the dumpsite.
Table 30 Summary of the sampling at the dumpsites
Cities Total MSW
going to the
dumpsite
(tonnes/annum)
Fraction of PCCs
in MSW sampled
at the dumpsite
(%)
PCCs going to
the dumpsite
(tonns/annum)
Kolkata 758835 0.01% 75.8835
Bangalore 619551 0.22% 1363.012
Mumbai 1931580 0.02% 386.316
Chandigarh 100740 0.13% 130.962
Panjim 15141.11 0.10% 15.14111
Hyderabad 801667.8 0.40% 3206.671
Dhaka 1095000 0.04% 438
Colombo 191625 0.12% 229.95
Pune 316820 0.01% 31.682
Delhi 1826825 1.76% 32152.12
Cochin 131400 0.07% 91.98
Average (excluding Delhi) 0.11%
The samples of the waste sampled at the dumpsites were all taken from just 1 truck load of
municipal waste and hence the amount of PCCs present in the MSW, as found by this
exercise (.11%) may not be the actual representation. Hence, it is recommended that a sampling exercise should be performed at one city and waste samples should be taken from
different trucks bringing waste from different areas and at different times to get a closer
representation.
Material flow summary
Recycling rates as computed in table 23 and 24 may be taken as the most representative
estimate for the actual recycling rates for the PCCs in South Asia. The computation is based on the sampling exercise carried out at around 55 large scale low grade paper waste dealers
(the end point of the informal sector collection chain) across 11 cities in South Asia. These 11
cities together account for about 65% of the total consumption of Tetra Pak in South Asia. About 11 tonnes of RS (Road Sweep grade waste paper) was sampled in these 11 cities to
arrive at the PCC collection rates at the low grade paper waste dealers level. Percentage of
PCC in RS (P) was determined based on the sampling. Total waste paper collected by the informal sector (W) at each of the 11 cities was estimated based on an exhaustive literature
review. The collection rate for the PCCs was calculated by multiplying P and W. No reliable
data is available to determine the fraction of RS in the total waste paper collected by the informal sector. Hence the actual PCC collection rate could be slightly higher than the
computed figures. Since, almost all the waste collected at the low grade paper waste dealers
level goes to the paper mills for recycling, the collection rate may be assumed to be equal to the recycling rate.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
43
From table 23 and 24 it may be concluded that informal recycling rate (inactive recycling
rate) for the PCCs is somewhere between 18.9% to 25.2 % in South Asia. This is lower then the informal recycling rate for waste paper which is between 30% to 40% in South Asia. The
main reasons for a lower rate, as indicated by the informal sector in the questionnaire survey
are the following:
� Most of the paper mills do not want PCCs because processing of paper waste containing PCCs may take 2 to 3 hours as against 15 to 20 minutes for the other paper waste (this is because the PCCs contain polyethylene and aluminium). The products also develop black dots if PCCs are a part of the pulp. Hence the demand for PCCs is low in the market
� PCCs have low density (high volume and less weight) and hence the informal sector does not get good profit on account of dealing in PCCs
� Often, the PCCs contain remnants (juice, milk, oil etc) and hence are difficult to store. Storing PCCs with other paper waste attract rodents and may spoil the other paper waste. The volumes are not good enough for segregating and storing them separately.
In many of the cities, Tetra Pak is managing collection centers for collecting PCCs, which are
involved in active recycling. Active recycling in South Asia accounts for around 8.6% in
South Asia27. Hence the overall recycling rate for PCCs in South Asia for 2010 is computed to be between 27.5% and 33.8%. The average of the two (30.6%) may be taken as the actual
recycling rate. Figure below graphically summarizes the material flow for the PCCs in South
Asia for 2010.
Figure 10 Material Flow Summary for PCCs28
27 According to Tetra Pak, In 2010, 2570 tonnes of PCCs were recycled through the collection centers. Total consumption of Tetra Pak in 2010 in South Asia was around 30,000 tonnes. 28 The data is for the year 2010.
T ota l G enera tion o f P C C s =
30 ,000 tonnes
A ctive ly recyc led = 2570 tonnes
(8 .6% )
In fo rm a lly recyc led = 6615 ton nes
(22 .05% )
T o ta l recyc led = 9185 tonnes
(30 .62% )
P C C s go ing in to the env ironm en t =
2081 5 tonnes(69 .38% )
T o ta l G enera tion o f P C C s =
30 ,000 tonnes
A ctive ly recyc led = 2570 tonnes
(8 .6% )
In fo rm a lly recyc led = 6615 ton nes
(22 .05% )
T o ta l recyc led = 9185 tonnes
(30 .62% )
P C C s go ing in to the env ironm en t =
2081 5 tonnes(69 .38% )
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
44
Recommendations
1. R&D should be encouraged to identify technology which can separate paper from polyethylene and aluminium in PCCs. Paper mills should also be involved in this effort
and hence more demand for PCCs should be created in the market.
2. Active recycling has significant contribution in the overall recycling of the PCCs. Hence, efforts should be made to upscale the capacity of the existing collection centers and to
install more such centers in other places.
3. Kolkata reports the highest informal recycling rate for the PCCs and many ragpickers reported that they separate paper from the PCCs before selling them to the kabadiwalas.
The management of PCCs should be further studied in Kolkata and lessons may be
replicated at other places.
4. Waste paper exporters in Colombo reported that they are planning to initiate campaigns for segregation of waste paper at the household level in Sri Lanka. Tetra Pak may
explore the opportunity to tie up with them and tap PCCs from this potential market.
5. Such an exercise (to study the management of PCCs in major cities and identify the recycling rates) may be repeated in every 3 years to assess the improvement in the
recycling rates.
6. Tetra Pak, in association with other agencies may initiate a study to identify waste paper management by the informal sector in South Asia. Special onus should be laid to identify
the fraction of RS in waste paper collected by the informal sector.
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
45
Annexure 1: Waste Collectors Questionnaire
Name of Interviewer (INT): ______________________________
Name of Supervisor (SUP): _______________________________
1. General Information
101 Name of the individual waste
collector
102 Type of waste collector (rag picker,
small kabadiwala (door to door
waste collector), medium level
kabadiwala (junk dealer), low
grade paper waste dealer)
103 Address
104 Phone number, if any ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Mobile
2. Size
201 Total area covered for
collection of waste?
(consider all types of
waste)
Area Name/Localities No. of smaller
Kabariwalas/ragp
ickers covered in
each location
1.
2.
Project : Tetra Pak PCC
management
Waste Collectors (rag pickers, door to
door waste collectors, low grade paper
waste dealers)
April 2011
Confidential for Research Purposes only
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
46
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. Others
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
202 Total paper waste
collected per month? (In
Kg)
Kg
3. Collection Pattern
301 Do you collect Tetra Pak© Post
Consumer Cartons (PCC)?
Yes ……………………………….1
No………………………………. 2
303
302 IF NO IN Q301, then why not?
MULTIPLE RESPONSES
No one returns PCCs to us……..……………. 1
There are no incentives for us………………….. 2
Other (SPECIFY)_______________________ 3.
303 IF YES IN Q301, do you pay anything to
the Rag Picker, door-to-door
Kabariwala or other kabariwala, in
return?
Yes …………………………………. 1
No ………………………………….. 2
305
304 IF YES IN Q303, then how much
In Rupees per Kg
305 IF NO IN Q303, then why not?
There is no return value for us …………….. 1
Other (SPECIFY)__________________ 2
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
47
306 Quantity of PCCs collected( per month)
In Kgs per Month
307 Sources of procurement (can be more
than one also)
MULTIPLE RESPONSES
Households ……………………………………………………….. 1
Door-to-door
kabariwala/Ragpickers……………………………............. 2
Picked from streets/wastebins/landfills…………….. 3
Others (SPECIFY) __________________________ 4
308 Is there any economic demarcation in
this?
It is collected only from upper and middle class
Localities……………………………………………………………. 1
It is collected even from poor localities…………….. 2
Commercial/business establishments/market
places……………………………………………………………….. 3
Other places (SPECIFY)_____________________ 4
309 What is the condition of the PCC that
you collect?
Most of the PCCs collected by us do not contain any
leftover content (juice etc) ………..…………………..1
Most often soiled PCCs which contain leftover content
(juice etc) only …………..…………….……..2
310 How do you sell the PCCs? As a separate waste stream………………………………… 1
As mixed waste stream (mixed with other paper
waste)………………………………………………………………… 2
311 What is the fate of the PCCs collected
by you?
MULTIPLE RESPONSES
It is handed over to a larger-scale scrap dealer…… 1
It is sent for recycling along with
other paper items, collected by us to
recyclers……………………………………..……………………… 2
It is handed over to paper mill in our
area……………………………………………………………………. 3
312 Do you get any money in return of
giving PCCs to the large-scale scrap
dealer?
Yes a ………………………….. 1
No …………………..…… 2
313
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
48
313 IF YES IN Q312, then how much
In Rupees per Kg
314 Do you get any money in return of
giving PCCs to recyclers or paper mills?
Yes ………………………….. 1
No ………………………… 2
315
315 IF YES IN Q314, then how much
In Rupees per Kg
316 What net profit do you make on
account of dealing in PCCs
In Rupees per Kg
317 Anything that discourages you from
dealing in PCCs
318 Any comments on how could the
collection of PCCs be improved
THANKS AND CLOSE
Post Consumer Tetra Pak Cartons (PCCs) Management
50
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