Index

AAberrant crypt foci (ACF), 29Abrasive wound model, 546Acacia nilotica, see Babool (Acacia nilotica)ACANIL, 106Accelerated stability test, 770–772Acceptable daily intake (ADI), 802Acetaminophen, 107Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, 78Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 139Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, 75Acetyl-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), 374AChE-inhibiting peptides, 405Acid detergent fibre (ADF), 42Actaea racemosa L., see Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.)Action potential (AP), 74Active immunity, veterinary vaccines for, 245–246Acyl-CoA synthase, 75Adaptive immune system, 245Adenium obesum, 485, 563Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 75Adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), 58, 75, 197Adulticides, 625Advanced periodontitis, 449Adverse events (AEs), 148Affinity, 247Aflatoxin, 95Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 85, 760Aggression, 182Aging

characteristics, 383Drosophila melanogaster, 687external factors, 383free radical theory, 384–385immunologic theory, 385–386internal factors, 383in vivo model, 385–386mitochondrial decline theory, 385nutrition effect, 383quality of life, 384scientific data, 384signs, 384–386stochastic theory, 385ubiquitin proteasomal system decline theory, 385

Aglycone metabolites, 114‘AGMARK’ standards, 358Agnus castus, 485Agricultural remedies, 846Aktivait®, 408Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 41Alcohol extraction, 38

Algaecattle health and diseases, 642–643cultures and extracts, 503

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 143Alkali-treated neem seed cake (ATNSC), 44Alkaloids

Allium sativum, 571cancer, 607feed additive, 355gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471plant-derived immunomodulators, 594

Allergic asthma, 16Allergic dermatitis, 566Allergic reactions, see Hypersensitivity disordersAllergy, 16–17Allium cepa, see Onion (Allium cepa)Allium sativum, see Garlic (Allium sativum)Allium ursinum, 571, 628Aloe vera

dermatitis, 564, 565gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 468periodontal disease, 457–458wound healing, 565

Alpha (α)-linolenic acid (ALA), 124, 403–404, 677α-pinene, 139, 575Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 395, 688

berberine, 74cannabinoids, 131epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 196

Amebiasis, 239American Feed Industry Association (AFIA), 356, 358American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, 143American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC), 447American Veterinary Medical Association, 777Amino acids (AAs), 834

cancer, 613–614equine medicine, 653–654gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 472–473inflammation, 590

2-Aminobutyric acid (2-AB), 428Amla, antiaging, 386Amylases, 303, 304Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 74, 196Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 688Anandamide, 125Anchovy (Coilia mystus), 394Anchovy peptides, 405Andrographis paniculata, 470Androstene, 106Anethofuran, 165Anethole, 93

# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019R. C. Gupta et al. (eds.), Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8

849

Anethum graveolens L., 165Angelica archangelica, 398Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, 429Animal feed

hemp in, 124–125neem

leaves, 42oil, 43seed, 43

Animal modelssafety and toxicity studies, 678

cytotoxic power, 681foundations, 678–679problems and alternatives, 679–681

toxic actions, 677–678unresolved issues, 681–682

Animal productionantibacterial alternatives, in animal health and disease, 323, 325ESM for growth promotion in, 230nanoparticles

developmental consequences, 756–759gastrointestinal function, 754–755growth, 752–754reproduction, 755–756

Animal welfare, 320Anthelmintic activity, in fenugreek, 30Anthelmintics, 352Anthocyanins, 191, 469Antiaging

adaptogens, 386–387carotenoids, 389–390coenzyme Q10, 387polyphenols, 387–388probiotics and prebiotics, 387vitamins, 388–389

Antibacterial activityisothiocyanates, 115lactoferrin, 238–239Nigella sativa, 94–95ovotransferrin, 238–239phytogenic feed additive, 353–355

Antibacterial alternatives, in animal health and diseaseantibiotic use

“Alliance to Save our Antibiotics,” 325in animal production, 323, 325antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 324EU new one health action plan, 323interventions, 324“One Health approach,” 323preventive disease strategies, 324reduce disease, 325reduction, 324vaccines, 325veterinarians and farmers, 324, 325

antimicrobial peptides, 334–335bacteriophages

in broiler chicken, 337cocktail, 336endolysins, 336lysins, 336phage lytic enzymes, 335PLEs, 336preparations, 335temperate phages, 335therapy, 335virulent phages, 335

biosecurityanimal welfare, 320cleaning and disinfection, 320–321definition, 319disease prevention, 320global efforts, 320good hygiene practices and environment, 321high level, 319immunity, 321–322management, 322nutrition, 322in pig farming, 319risk-based weighted, 319stress, 322–323

essential oils, 332immunomodulatory compounds, 337organic acids

antibacterial activity, 328beneficial effects, 327butyrate, 329butyric acid, 328–329dietary acids inclusion, 327in drinking water, 327in food-producing animals, 327–328intestinal mucosal surface, 329mechanism of action, 327medium-chain fatty acids, 327short-chain fatty acids, 327, 328toll-like receptors, 329undissociated form, 328

phasing out animal growth promoters impact, 317–319phytobiotics

antibacterials, 334antimicrobial activity, 330, 331dietary phytochemicals, 330eucalyptus oil, 333feature, 331flavonoids, 330–331MCFA, 333minimal inhibitory concentration, 331modes of action, 331phytochemical medicines, 330plant-based compounds, 331plant extracts, 332possible influence, 334primary components, 330principal use, 332quorum sensing, 332SCFA, 334

phytogenics, 331Antibacterial effects, fenugreek, 29–30Antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal signs (AAGS), 297Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), 266Antibiotics, 351Antibloat compounds, feed additives, 352Antibodies, 246

classes, 246–247monoclonal, 253–254products, 250–251Y-shaped molecule, 246

Antibody-antigen interactions, 247Anticaking agents, 349Anticancer

Acacia nilotica, 108Drosophila melanogaster, 686–687isothiocyanates, 115

850 Index

Nigella sativa, 95–96Anticholinesterase effects, Acacia nilotica, 107Anticoccidials, 352Anticonvulsant activity, Nigella sativa, 98Anti-diabetic effects, Acacia nilotica, 107Antidiabetic effects, berberine, 76Antifertility activity, Nigella sativa, 96Antifungal activity

lactoferrin, 239Nigella sativa, 95ovotransferrin, 239

Antifungal additives, 352Antifungal effects, fenugreek, 29–30Antihyperglycemic effects, berberine, 76Antihyperlipidemic effects, berberine, 75–76Antihypertensive activity

Acacia nilotica, 107–108food-derived immunomodulators, 597

Anti-inflammatory activityFlavonoids, 195Nigella sativa, 96–97phytogenic feed additive, 355polyphenols, 195

Anti-inflammatory drugs, 588–589Anti-inflammatory effects

Acacia nilotica, 104–106chamomile, 164glucosinolates, 115omega fatty acids, 176–179

Antimicrobial activity, 315Acacia nilotica, 106berberine, 77–78flavonoids, 195–196isothiocyanates, 1152-Phenylethylisothiocyanate, 115, 116polyphenols, 195–196sinigrin, 115, 116

Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs), 266–271, 303, 315Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), 334–335, 642Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), 315–317Antimutagenic effects, Acacia nilotica, 108Antioxidant(s), 207–210, 348

Acacia nilotica, 104–106biomarkers, 694–695cardiovascular diseases, 428cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 402–403defense mechanisms, 207–208endocannabinoid system, 130–131enzymes, 208flavonoids, 195of flavonoids, 193food-derived immunomodulators, 597–598ginger as, 56–57hepatic injury, 437hierarchy, 384, 385mastitis, 570Nigella sativa, 93–94in non-neurodegenerative diseases, 207phytogenic feed additive, 355polyphenols, 195resveratrol, 221stability test, 769sulforaphane, 115technological additives, 833

Antioxidant response element (ARE), 115Antiparasitic activity

lactoferrin, 239ovotransferrin, 239

Antithyroid effects, of glucosinolate, 116Antitumor activity, resveratrol, 218–221Antiviral activity

lactoferrin, 239–241ovotransferrin, 239–241resveratrol, 221–222

Anxiety disorderscalming

dietary supplements, 420–421herbal extracts, 421–422

chamomile, 164endocannabinoids, 128–129herbal extracts and dietary nutrients, 418hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 417, 420neurotransmitters and neuropeptides

cholecystokinin, 419dopamine, 419γ-aminobutyric acid, 418norepinephrine, 419oxytocin, 419serotonin, 418–419vasopressin, 419–420

pathogenesis, 417Apis mellifera (honey bee), 456–457, 573–574Apoptosis, 221, 438Apple polyphenol, antiaging, 387Apricot, 85–87

feed formulation, 88nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87–88phytomolecules, 85plant-based feed formulation, 88on poultry, 87

Aquaneem, 39Arachidonic acid (AA), 176, 403–404Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA), 1252-Arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), 125N-Arachidonoylphenolamine (AM-404), 130Arctigenin, 617Area under the curve (AUC), in homeopathy, 576Arthritis, 230, 365Arugula (Eruca sativa), 504Ascorbic acid, 403Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), 422Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 41Aspergillus ficuum, 309Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), 122, 123,

467, 649, 779–780, 783, 787Astaxanthin, 389Atazanavir, antidiabetic drugs, 96Atherosclerosis, 181Atopic dermatitis (AD), 178, 564, 566Atopic eczema, chamomile, 164Atractylodis macrocephalae Koidz., 572Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG), 825Australia regulatory guidelines, 783, 810

complementary medicine, 825novel food, 826–827therapeutic goods, 823–825

Autophagy, 221Avena sativa (oats), 795Avocado (Persea americana), 504, 519Avocado and soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), 372Ayurveda, 4, 44Ayurvedic herb, 589

Index 851

Azadirachta indica, see Neem (Azadirachta indica)Azadirachta leaves, 189Azadirachtin, 39, 40, 42Azadirachtin A, chemical structure of, 626, 628

BBabool (Acacia nilotica), 454–455

analgesic effects, 107anticancer effects, 108anticholinesterase effects, 107anti-diabetic effects, 107antihypertensive effects, 107–108antimicrobial effects, 106antimutagenic effects, 108antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, 104–106antiplasmodials, 106–107antipyretic effects, 107antispasmodic effects, 107–108chemical constituents, 103–104extract, 104hypoglycemic effects, 107hypolipidemic effects, 107methanolic extract of, 105nutritional value, 104phytoconstituents, 105secondary metabolites, 104toxicity and safety, 108

Bacillus subtilis, 289, 292Bacopa monnieri, 398Bacopasides, 398Bacteria, 262Bacterial diseases, neem oil, 39Bacteriocins

antibiotic infusion, 578antibiotic resistance, 577, 578haptoglobin, 578–579intramammary infusion, 578Lactococcus lactis LMG 7930 strain, 579milk amyloid A, 578–579milk SCC, 578nisin, 579–580non-aureus staphylococci, 577peptides, 577

Bacteriophagesin broiler chicken, 337cocktail, 336endolysins, 336lysins, 336mastitis, 580phage lytic enzymes, 335PLEs, 336preparations, 335temperate phages, 335therapy, 335virulent phages, 335

Bacteroidetes, 638Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), 454Bark extract, 39Bark powder, 39Barley (Hordeum vulgare), 795Basil oil, 163Bax, 40B cells, 246, 247Bcl-2-associated death promoter protein (Bad), 40Bees (Apis mellifera L.), 456–457

Beeswax, 576Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 486–487Benzodiazepine (BZD), 418Benzyl isothiocyanate, 115, 116Berberine (BBR), 505

breast cancer, 482chemical structure, 71, 72cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 401diabetes, 525, 528–529mastitis, 573metabolites, 72, 73oral bioavailability, 72pharmacodynamics, 72–73pharmacokinetics, 72–73pharmacological and therapeutic potential

antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic effects, 76antihyperlipidemic effects, 75–76antimicrobial effects, 77–78cardiovascular effects, 74–75hepatoprotective effects, 77neurodegenerative diseases, 73–74osteoarthritis, 78

in rat noncompartmental model, 72safety and toxicity of, 78sulfate salt, 78vasodilatory and hypotensive actions of, 74

Berberis vulgaris (barberry), 454Berberrubine, 72β-caryophyllene (BCP), 130, 138, 460β-pinene, 130Beta-secretase (BACE1) enzyme, 196Beta-sitosterol, 39Bharangin, 605Bifidobacteria, 238Bifidobacterium, 262, 264, 289Bile aids, 52Bioactive peptides, food-derived immunomodulators, 596

antihypertensive activity, 597antioxidant activity, 597–598biological activities, 597–598cytomodulatory and anticancer activities, 598eggs, 600enzymatic hydrolysis with digestive enzymes, 596food proteins with proteolysis starter culture fermentation, 596–597functional ingredients, 598–600milk components, 598–599mushrooms, 599–600proteolysis, 597

Bioavailable trace minerals, camelids, 658–659Biological antioxidant potential (BAP), 420Biomarkers

analgesic activity, 695anti-inflammatory activity analysis, 695antioxidant activity analysis, 694–695dietary ingredients, 693foods

complexities, 694functional and contaminants, 695, 696plant extracts, marine organisms, and nutraceuticals, 697–703

necessity and importance, 693of oxidative stress, 206polyphenols

absorption, 704blood/urinary metabolites, 704excretion, 704nutraceutical-gut microbiota interaction, 703

852 Index

rationale, 695, 696tissue exposure, 704total phenolic content, 696

toxicity and safety evaluation, 704–705toxic potential, 705

Biosecurityanimal welfare, 320cleaning and disinfection, 320–321definition, 319disease prevention, 320global efforts, 320good hygiene practices and environment, 321high level, 319immunity, 321–322management, 322nutrition, 322in pig farming, 319risk-based weighted, 319stress, 322–323

Bisabolol, 163Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), 14Bitter melon (Momordica charantia), 532Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.), 712Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.), 492Black currant fruit, 188Black lentils (Vigna mungo), 517–518Black rice anthocyanins, antiaging, 388Black seed, see Nigella sativaBlack truffles, 137Blood-brain barrier (BBB), 406Blueberry extract, antiaging, 387–388Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), 492Blue-green algae, 471BMLs, see Bone marrow lesions (BMLs)Bone marrow lesions (BMLs), 366Boswellia serrata

cancer, 605extract, 374

Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), 516–517Botulinum toxin A (BoNT A), 376Bovine

cardiovascular diseases, 432–433lactoferricin, 376

Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 598Boxer, 433Brahmi

antiaging, 386cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 398

Brain development, docosahexaenoic acid, 176Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), 653–654Brassica spp., 113, 117–118Brazil regulatory guidlines, 782Breast cancer, 482–484British Journal of Pharmacology, 139Broiler chickens, 664Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells, 177Brown rice (Oryza sativus), 405Brown seaweed by-products (BS643B)Buffalo, 571Buffers, 349Bulls, 493Bunium persicum, 571Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD), 839Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 358Burmese cats, 523Butein, 594

Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), 57Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), 57Butyrate, 272, 329Butyric acid, 328–329

CCachexia, fish oil treatment, 175CADES, see Canine Dementia Scale (CADES)Caenorhabditis elegans, 385Calabar bean (Physostigma venenosum), 394Calciferol, see Vitamin DCalcitriol, 614Calcium, 659Calcium-buffering proteins, 402Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), 227Calcium ions, 292Calendula Officinalis (pot marigold), 450Calendula oil, 576Calicivirus, 240Camelids

bioavailable trace minerals, 658–659calcium, 659digestible milk proteins, 659digestive capacity, 657galactolipid natural emulsifiers, 658glutamic acid, 659methylsulfonylmethane, 659microscopic toxin binder, 659milk, 658natural buffering material, 659nucleotides, 659–660nutraceuticals effectiveness and dosage, 658oat-derived beta glucans, 658oligosaccharides, 659omega-3 fatty acids, 659phospholipids, 658phosphorus, 659prebiotics, 659tocotrienol antioxidants, 658vitamin C, 660vitamin D3, 659yeast cultures, 659

Camellia sinensis, see Tea (Camellia sinensis)Canada regulatory guidelines, 810Cancer

characteristics, 611chemotherapy, 611curcumin, 17–18drugs, 604endocannabinoid system, 129epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 612, 615

with arctigenin, 617with Cruciferex™, 617with curcumin, 615–617with genistein, 616with inositol, 616–617with phytic acid, 616–617with quercetin, 616, 617with resveratrol, 615, 617with sulforaphane, 616, 617with vitamin E, 617

fenugreek, 29fruits and vegetables, 611ginger, 59–61incidence and death, 604

Index 853

Cancer (cont.)lifestyle factors, 604mouse model, 611–612neem, 40nutraceuticals, 604

anticancer activities, 605–607clinical potential, 606–607

nutrient combination, 617–618angiogenesis inhibition, 618–619anti-inflammatory effects, 620metastasis and invasion inhibition, 618pro-apoptotic effects, 619–620therapeutic effects, 620xenografts, 618

“ nutrient synergy ” approach, 612omega fatty acids, 182prevention, 604risk, 604scientific research, 612somatic mutation theory, 196therapy, 604treatments, 604, 611vitamin C, 612

with amino acids and plant extracts, 613–614with calcitriol, 614with carotenoids, 614–615with copper, 612with glutathione, 613with lysine, proline, and green tea, 614with methylsulfonylmethane, 613with quercetin, 613with retinoic acid, 613–615with selenium, 612with vitamin E, 614, 615with vitamin K3, 614

Candida spp., 239Canine b/d®, 408Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), 142Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), 394

See also Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS)Canine Dementia Scale (CADES), 395Canine distemper (CD), 198Canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI), 178Canine leishmaniosis, 565Cannabichromene (CBC), 134Cannabicyclol (CBL), 134Cannabidiol (CBD), 123, 127, 134–135, 142Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), 134, 135Cannabielsoin (CBE), 134Cannabigerol (CBG), 134, 135Cannabimimetics, 137Cannabinoid, 125, 127

in cancers, 129inflammation, 129–130

Cannabinoid and terpene potency testing, 149Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), 127Cannabinoid receptor, 121, 128

anatomical localization in dog, 132–133dimerization, 128

Cannabinol (CBN), 134, 135Cannabis sativa

animal studies and veterinary clinical trialsclinical efficacy for treating osteoarthritis and refractory epilepsy

in dog, 142–143comparative pharmacokinetic study in beagle dog, 142demographics and dog owner perceptions, 140–141

evaluation of trends in marijuana toxicosis in dogs, 142pet owner experiences with hemp products, 140pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy in osteoarthritic

dogs, 141–142safety of high-dose long-term exposure in dogs, 141

cannabinoid, 125chemical components, 134chemistry

cannabimimetics, 137cannabis terpenes, 137–139chemotaxonomy, 136–137entourage/ensemble effect, 139–140phytocannabinoids, 134–136

Controlled Substance Act, 123current good manufacturing practices, 149–150endocannabinoid

chemistry, 125–127feedback loop, 126in health and disease, 128–132non-cannabinoid receptor interactions and dimerization, 127–

128phasic signaling, 126tonic signaling, 126veterinary, 132–133

hemp in animal feed, 124–125nutritional value, 124regulatory and legal considerations, 1222018 US Farm Bill, 123veterinary cannabis products in US Market

dosing considerations and strategies, 147–149formats and delivery methods, 144–146zero-THC hemp extracts, 146

Cannabis seed, 124Cannabitriol (CBT), 134Cannabivarins, 134Canola, 114, 117Capillary electrophoresis (CE), 427Capsaicin

cancer, 607cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, 127gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 469plant-derived immunomodulators, 596

Capsicum (Capsicum annuum), 519–520Capsules, 144Captopril, 75Carbofuran (CF), 206Carbohydrases, 309–310Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 740–741

See also Nanoparticles (NPs)Carcinogenesis, 604Cardamom oil, 166Cardiac hypertrophy, captopril, 75Cardiomyopathy, 433Cardiovascular activity, Nigella sativa, 97Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)

anti-inflammatory effects, 428antioxidants, 428capillary electrophoresis, 427cardiac biomarkers, 432carotenoids, 431in cats and dogs, 433coenzyme Q10, 431colostrum, 431curcumin, 430–431epigallocatechin gallate, 431fenugreek in, 29

854 Index

flavonoids, 196–197, 429–430in horses and bovine, 432–433ingredients, 428, 429lipidemia, 427minerals, 430NF-κB regulatory network, 428Nrf2, 428nutraceuticals, 427omega fatty acids, 181–182polyphenols, 196–197, 429polyunsaturated fatty acids, 430resveratrol, 431seaweed, 431–432soy protein, 432vitamins, 430

Cardiovascular effectsberberine, 74–75endocannabinoid system, 130

Carnitine, 653L-Carnitine, 433β-Carotene, 209, 389, 503Carotenoids, 503

antiaging, 389–390cancer, 614–615cardiovascular diseases, 431

Carprofen, osteoarthritis, 179Carvacrol, 93, 162Casein, milk components, as immunomodulators, 598Casein phosphopeptides (CPPs), 641Caspases, 40Cat(s)

cardiovascular diseases, 433periodontal diseases (see Periodontal disease)

Catalase (CAT), 56, 208, 384, 385Catalpol, diabetes, 531Cat-anionic vesicles, 742–743Catechin(s), 104, 194, 198Cattle

anionic peptides, 642dietary lipids, 640–641ginger products, 62–63mastitis, 571microalgae and macroalgae, 642–643nutraceuticals, 637–638phytonutraceuticals, 643–644prebiotics, 639–640preventive medicine, 637probiotics, 638–639proteins and peptides, 641–642risk assessment, 637synbiotics, 640

Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh), see Blue Cohosh(Caulophyllum thalictroides)

CB2 cannabinoid receptor, 125CB1 receptor, 127CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), 75CDS, see Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS)Cedar oil, 630Celastraceae, 137Cell membrane, 223

resveratrol and, 222Centaury (Centaurium erythraea Rafn.), 506Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), 778, 786, 787Center for Veterinary Medicine of the Food and Drug Administration

(FDA-CVM), 122–123Centralized Procedure (CP), 800

Cervical cancer, 484Chalcones, 191Chamazulene, 163Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines (CHIPI), 839Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), 163–164, 460Chelates, 349–350Chicken

gastrointestinal function, 755growth, 753–754immunity, 759–760reproduction, 756

Chicken Gene Nomenclature Consortium, 236Chile regulation rules, 782Chinaberry tree (Melia azedarach L.), 628China regulatory guidelines, 783

classification, 816current version, 818–819Epimedii folium, 817–818Eucommia ulmoides leaves, 816–817feed additive, 819–829

approved, 819import, 819–820management, 819product, 819safe uses for, 819

garlic, 816Ministry of Agriculture, 815perilla seed, 818tea polyphenols, 816World Trade Organization, 815

Chinese Club Moss (Huperzia serrata), 401Chitosan, 455Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), 680Chlorogenic acid (CGA), 190, 195Cholecystokinin (CCK), 419Chondroitin, 368–369, 732–733Chondroitin sulfate (CS)

equine medicine, 651–652stability test, 768

Chromatographic techniques, 38Chromium, 534Chromolaena odorata, in wound healing

application, 555chemical constituents, 549–551chemical research, 554common vernacular, 549description, distribution and pharmacological uses, 548eupolin, 555flavonoids, 555fresh leaves, 554herbal medicines, 556inflammation, 556in vitro wound assay and in vivo studies, 555–556natural cascades, 556pharmacological activities, 550–553phenol, 555phytochemicals, 548, 549plant-derived agents, 551–554proinflammatory cytokines, 556secondary metabolites, 549volatile oils, 547

Chronic constriction injury (CCI), 12Chronic valvular heart disease (CVHD), 433Chuanxiong rhizome (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), 572Cimicifuga racemosa, 718Cinnamaldehyde, 164, 168

Index 855

Cinnamon, 164, 530–531Cinnamyl acetate, 164Cisplatin, 53Cis-resveratrol, 216, 217Cis-trans isomer transition, 216Citronellal, 628–629Citronella winterianus, 628Citrus aurantium, see Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.)Citrus lemon oil, 165Citrus limon, 165c-June N-terminal kinase (JNK), 40, 366Classical type A chemical-driven hepatotoxicity, 712Classical type B hepatotoxicity, 712Classical type B idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, 712Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD), 131–132Clostridium difficile, 317Clostridium perfringens, 269, 272, 289, 310, 311Clove flower, 188Clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata/Syzygium aromaticum), 165,

459–460, 630Coacervates, 547Coccidiosis, 265Coccidiostats, 347, 835Cocoa, 188Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), 500–501Codes of Good Labelling Practice, 799Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), 812Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

antiaging, 387cardiovascular diseases, 431metabolic diseases, 590periodontal disease, 461

Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS)brain changes, 393cholinergic system and cognition, 394cognition impairment, 394diagnosis, 395neurodegenerative changes, 393–394oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration,

394–395pathological changes, 395pathophysiology, 394plant extracts, 394prevalence, 393prevention and treatment

blood-brain barrier protection, 407calcium-buffering proteins, 402invertebrates, for bioactive substances, 405–406mitochondrial protection and activation, 407–408monoamine oxidase B inhibitors, 402nutraceuticals with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and

neuroprotective properties, 402–405plants extracts and ingredients, 395–402therapeutic diets/prescription diets, 408vertebrates, for bioactive substances, 406–407

Coilia mystus, 394Colgate herbal toothpaste, 461Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), 9College of Veterinary Medicine, 140Colombia regulatory guidelines, 783Colony collapse disorder, 279Colorants, 834Colostrum, 247–249, 472

bovine, 249cardiovascular diseases, 431

hyperimmunized, 249IgG, IgA and IgM in, 247, 248programs, 249–250quality, 249spray-dried, 249supplement, 249vaccination of newborn animals, 250

Commiphora myrrha, 458–459Commission Regulation (EU) No 37/2010 (EU 2010), 794Commission Regulation (EU) No 68/2013 (EU 2013), 795Communiqué, Turkey regulatory guidelines, 831Complementary Medicines Act, 847Compliance Policy Guide (CPG), 780Compound annual growth rate (CAGR), 809Coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea), 450, 454Congestive heart failure (CHF), 74Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 641, 668Conjugates, 547Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), 78Controlled Substance Act, 123Copper, 612Coriander oil, 166Coriandrum sativum, 166Corn oil, 182Coronary heart disease, 433Corticosteroids, 179Cortisol, stress, 417Corynebacterium bovis, 577Costus igneus, 533Costus pictus, 533C-phycocyanin, 375Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.), 504–505Creatine, 653Crisping agents, 349Critical temperature, 84Crocus sativus, see Saffron (Crocus sativus)Crofelemer, 195Crohn’s disease, 8Cruciferex™, 617Cryogenic grinding (CG) method, 92C-telopeptide type II collagen (CTX-II), 230Cumin, 574Curcumin (Curcuma longa), 3, 4, 199, 371

allergy, 16–17in Alzheimer’s disease, 4antiaging, 386beneficial properties, 589bioavailability, 7breast cancer, 483cancer, 17–18, 605, 615–617cardiovascular diseases, 430–431chemical structure, 4, 5CNS effects, 14cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 398common cold and infections, 10diabetes, 14–15, 529–530dietary administration, on canine transcriptome, 7doses, 4inflammatory bowel disease, 8–10influenza A virus, 10kidney stones, 17liposomal, 9liquid micellar formulation, 7long-term effect, 8mechanism of action, 7–8

856 Index

metabolic disorders, 515–516metabolic syndrome, 15–16nanoparticle, 9oral administration, 7osteoarthritis, 10–12pain, 12–13pharmacokinetics, 6–7PK/PD modeling, 6plant-derived immunomodulators, 595psoriasis, 17retinopathies, 16safety, 6sports medicine, 13–14tetrahydrocurcumin, 7in vitro and in vivo activity, 19

Curcuminoids, 3, 4, 398, 589Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), 149–150Curry tree (Murraya koenigii), 517Cyclanoline, 74Cyclooxygenase (COX), 195, 199Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), 57Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 57, 164Cymbopogon citratus, 167Cymbopogon martinii var., 166Cymbopogon nardus, 628Cytochrome P450, 72Cytofluorimetric analysis, 221Cytokines, 599Cytoprotective effect, fenugreek, 30Cytosolic β-glucosidase (CBG), 194Cytotoxicity, 740Cytotoxic power, 681

DDammarane-type saponins, 399Danielone, 216Death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), 220Decentralized Procedure (DCP), 801Decoctions, 572Defensin(s), 29Defensin-like peptide, 29Degenerative disease, 589–590Degradative force, 228Dehydrozingerone, 52Demethoxycurcumin (DMC), 14Demethyleneberberine, 72Dendritic cells, 17Deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC), 44Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Animal Industry, 839Department of Budget and Management (DBM), 839Department of Health-Food and Drug Administration (DOH-FDA), 837Department of Science and Technology-Food and Nutrition Research

Institute (DOST-FNRI), 839Depression, 182Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs), 420Dermatitis, 563–564

allergic/atopic, 564, 566Aloe vera, 565antibiotics, 564–565diet supplement, 565honey, 565infectious and noninfectious agents, 564physical agents, 564–565plant-based nutraceuticals, 565

plant products, 565treatment, 564

Dermatological disorders, 563See also Skin disorders

6-Desacetylnimbin, 39Desmosine, 229Destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM), 11Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens), 374–375, 718Dexamethasone, 16Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), 9Diabetes

Burmese cats, 523chamomile, 164experimental models, 524–525fenugreek in, 27–29monitoring, 525pancreas, 443–444pathophysiology, 524plant extracts, 524prevention and management, 525

antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic potential, 525–533herbo-mineral/metal nutraceuticals, 533–534

therapeutic drugs, 523traditional management, 523

Diabetes mellitus (DM), 524ginger, 57–58

Diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), 125Diarrhea, 297Diarylheptanoid from C. kwangsiensis (DCK), 17Dietary flavonoids, 190Dietary lipids

cattle health and diseases, 640–641gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471–472genitourinary diseases, 493–494

fish meal and oils, 494–495polyunsaturated fatty acids, 494vegetable oils, 495–496

Dietary peptidesgastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 472–473inflammation, 590

Dietary polyphenols, 194Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), 122, 650,

676, 772, 777–778, 783, 786–787Dietary supplements, 809Dietary synbiotic, 291Digestible milk proteins, 659Digestive system, 467Dihydroberberine (dhBBR), 72Diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP), 206Dilinoleoylphaphatidyl choline (DLPC), 442Dill seed oil, 165Diltiazem, 97Dimethyl sulfone, see Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 16, 117Dimethyltryptamine, 1042,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), 206Diosgenin, 27–29Diosmin (diosmetin 7-rutinoside), 532“Direct-fed microbial products (probiotics)”, 780Direct-feed microbial (DFM), 272Directive 2001/82/EC (EC 2001), 799DISHA (Disorientation, Interaction changes, Sleep/wake cycle, House

soiling, Activity level changes), 395Dithymoquinone, 94Dithymoquinonene, 93

Index 857

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 176, 206, 403–404Dog(s)

cardiovascular diseases, 433ginger extract, 63periodontal diseases (see Periodontal disease)retinoids, 567

Dog-appeasing pheromone (DAP), 421Dopamine, 419Doxorubicin, 77D-pinitol, 104Drosophila melanogaster, 631

aging, 687anticancer potential, 686–687model organism, 686neurodegenerative diseases, 687–688nutraceuticals, 685–686safety and efficacy assessment, 690toxicity evaluation, 688–689

Drug–drug interactions, 712, 714–717Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 123Drug Enforcement Agency, 123Drugs, 649Drum stick tree, see Moringa oleiferaDry cow therapy, 575–576Dry socket (alveolar osteitis), 13Dry steam distillation (DSD), 94DSHEA, see Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)Dysbiosis, 262Dysentery, 839

EEagle 20, 149Early warning system (EWS), 359Echinacea, 137Echinacea purpurea, 450, 454ECS, see Endocannabinoid system (ECS)Ectoparasites

cedar oil, 630citronella and citronellal, 628–629clove oil, 630D-limonene, 629enzymes inhibition, 626garlic, 628geranium oil, 630insect repellent chemicals, 625lavender oil, 629lemon eucalyptus oil, 630Melia azedarach L., 628neem extract, 626–628onion, 628peppermint oil, 629–630pet products, 625pine oil, 630plant extracts, 626Senna italica ssp. arachoides, 628soybean oil, 630synthetic insecticides, 625thyme oil, 631

EGCG, see Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)Eggs, 227

antibodies, 251food-derived immunomodulators, 600from hyperimmunized hens, 253as natural source of immunoregulatory factors, 251–253spray-drying, 252

Eggshell, 227Eggshell membrane (ESM), 376

amino acid, 229collagen, 228components, 229for growth promotion in production animals, 230inner shell, 228, 229joint inflammation treatment

in animals, 229–230in humans, 229

nutritional effects, 231outer shell, 228, 229separation methods, 228structure, 227–228supplements on chicken performance and immunity, 231uses, 231

Egg white, proteins in, 236Egg yolk immunoglobulin IgY, 582Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 176, 403–404Electroshock technique, 96Electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS)

technologies, 731Elettaria cardamomum, 166Ellagic acid (EA), 104, 677Ellagitannins (ETs), 190, 677Emblica officinalis, see Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis)Emu oil, 167–168Endo-β-xylanase, 306Endocannabinoids (eCBs), 125–126Endocannabinoid system (ECS)

chemistry, 125–127feedback loop, 126in health and disease, 128–132

antioxidants and neuroprotection, 130–131anxiety and stress, 128–129cancer, 129cardiovascular effects, 130clinical endocannabinoid deficiency, 131–132inflammatory conditions, 129–130limitations, 132memory, 131obesity and metabolic diseases, 129pulmonary effects, 130sleep, 128

invertebrate, 133non-cannabinoid receptor interactions and dimerization, 127–128phasic signaling, 126tonic signaling, 126veterinary, 132–133

Endocannabinoid tone, 125Endocrine pancreas, 443Endolysin gene sequence (trx-SA1), 580Endolysins, 336Endometriosis, 485Endothelial NOS (eNOS), 76, 205Endothelin-1, 76End products, 188Entameba histolytica, 239Enterococcus faecalis, 577Enterococcus faecium, 291, 294Enzymes

choice of, 350–351feed additives, 350–351pancreas, 443protein nature of, 304

Epidiolex, 123

858 Index

Epigallocatechin, 104Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), 196, 677

cancer, 605, 612, 615with arctigenin, 617with Cruciferex™, 617with curcumin, 615–617with genistein, 616with inositol, 616–617with phytic acid, 616–617with quercetin, 616, 617with resveratrol, 615, 617with sulforaphane, 616, 617with vitamin E, 617

cardiovascular diseases, 431Epilepsy, 98, 142–143Epimedii folium, 817–818Epitope, 247Epstein-Barr virus, 221Equine

dietary ingredient, 650–651ginger extract, 63joint supplements, 651–652nutritional supplements, 654–655performance boosters, 652–654polyphenols and flavonoids, 199regulations, 650

Erucic acid, 113, 117Erythematous pinnae, 141Escherichia coli, 262, 289, 294, 296, 571–573, 640Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), 176Essential fatty acids (EFAs), 124, 176

cardiovascular diseases, 430gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471–472

Essential oils (EOs)antibacterial alternatives, in animal health and disease, 332basil oil, 163cardamom oil, 166cattle health and diseases, 644chamomile oil, 163–164chemical constituents, 158–162cinnamon oil, 164citrus lemon oil, 165clinical applications, 158–162clove oil, 165coriander oil, 166dill seed oil, 165emu oil, 167–168eucalyptus oil, 165feed additive, 355geranium oil, 167hemp/CBD/cannabis oil, 166lavender oil, 165–166lemon grass oil, 167as modifiers of rumen fermentation, immune system,

and lactation, 168Myrrh oil, 167Oregano oil, 163ozonated olive oil, 167palmarosa oil, 166peppermint oil, 166rosemary oil, 162–163safety, 168Sage oil, 166Sideritis hirsuta oil, 167tea tree oil, 167thyme oil, 162

Ethnoveterinary medicine, 507–509Ethyl acetate extract, 570Eucalyptus, 165, 333, 460, 576Eucalyptus citriodora, see Lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora)

oilEucommia ulmoides, 816–817Eugenia caryophyllata, see Clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata)Eugenol, 164, 168Eupolin, 555European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 782, 798European Medicine Agency (EMA), 319–320, 799European Union

feed additivenutritional additives, 338sensory additives, 338technological additives, 337–338unresolved issues, 339zoo-technical additives, 338–339

regulatory guidelines, 782, 793–794, 810animal feed labels, 799feed additives, 794–798feed legislation, 794–795feed materials, 794, 795veterinary medicinal products, 794–795food-producing or companion animals, 801–802marketing authorization procedure, 799–801

Ewes, 491Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), 443Exocytosis, 238Exogenous enzymes, 306, 665–666Exons, 237Expert Advisory Committee on Veterinary Natural Health Products

(EAC-VNHP or EAC), 788Extracellular matrix (ECM), 299, 366

FFailure of passive transfer (FPT), 248Farm Feeds Act, 847–848Fasciculins, 405–406Fatty acid, 176Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), 125, 130, 137Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP), 127n-3 Fatty acids, see Omega-3 fatty acidsFatty acid synthase, 75FDA/CVM, see Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary

Medicine (FDA/CVM)Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 122Feed Additive Petition (FAP), 124Feed additives

China regulatory guidelines, 819–829approved, 819import, 819–820management, 819product, 819safe uses for, 819

classification, 346consumers, 346costs, 345definition, 346European Commission Regulations, 345, 347European Union regulatory guidelines, 794–798Holistic Approach

feed stability, manufacturing and properties, 347modify animal growth, feed efficiency, metabolism and

performance, 347–348

Index 859

Feed additives (cont.)modify animal health, 348modify consumer acceptance, 348

importance, 346nutrients, 346origin and function

digestion and absorption, 349–350enzymes, 350–351feed intake, 348–349growth and production, 351–352livestock health status, 352metabolism, 352phytogenic, 352–356quality and acceptability, 349

quality standardsassurance, 356–357chemical evaluation, 357Indian feed industry legislations, 358ingredient specifications, 357–358latest developments, 358–360necessity, 357nutritive value, 356physical evaluation, 357program, 356quality control, 357

Turkey regulatory guidelinesanimal nutrition, 831–832coccidiostats and histomonostats, 835nutritional additives, 834sensory additives, 834technological additives, 832–834zootechnical additives, 834–835

in USA regulation rules, 787Feed Control Officials (FCOs), 122Feed conversion ratios (FCR), 265, 269Feed enzymes

in animal, 303carbohydrases, 309–310dietary substrates, 307–308effectiveness, 305extraction from microorganisms, 303feed digestion by, 306β-galactomannans, 312and gastrointestinal microbiota, 305–306in industry, 308mode of action, 306–307phytase, 308–309in poultry, 303–304proteases, 310–311reaction conditions

concentration, 305moisture content, 304pH, 304–305substrate concentration, 305temperature, 304

role of, 304supplementation, 304types, 307–308unique feature of, 304variety of, 303xylanase, 311

Female reproductive disordersAdenium obesum, 485Agnus castus, 485breast cancer, 482–484causes, 481–482

cervical cancer, 484ovarian cancer, 485uterus, 484–485

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)amino acids, 27in animal health

antibacterial and antifungal effects, 29–30cancer, 29cholesterol lowering and cardiovascular protection, 29cutaneous wound healing, 30diabetes, 27–29gastroprotection, 30toxicity amelioration, 30

diabetes, 530ethnohistorical uses, 27fish production, 31livestock production, 31metabolic disorders, 517minerals, 27phytochemicals, 25, 28phytoconstituents

leaves, 26seeds, 26, 27

poultry production, 31proteins, 27pyridine alkaloids, 26sapogenins, 26saponins, 26scientific classifications, 26toxicology and safety profile, 32vitamins, 27

Fenugreek seed meal (FSM), 31Fenugreek seeds powder (FSP), 30Fermentation, 114Ferrets (Mustela nigripes), 502Fertilisers, 846Few-layer graphene (FLG), 744Fiber, 639Firmicutes, 638Firming agents, 349Fish, 118

ginger extract, 63meal and oils, 494–495neem, 44production, 31

F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), 206–208Flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS), 525Flavanols, 190–191Flavones, 191Flavonoids, 28, 29

anthocyanins, 191antiaging, 387B ring, 190cardiovascular diseases, 429–430chalcones, 191chemical structures, 191Chromolaena odorata, in wound healing, 555classes and subclasses, 192in common plants, 192–193C ring, 190extraction, 193–194flavanols, 190–191flavones, 191flavonols, 190, 191in human medicine

cardiovascular diseases, 196–197

860 Index

neoplasms, 196neurodegenerative disorders, 196

isoflavones, 191natural sources, 192pharmacokinetic attributes, 194–195pharmacological attributes

anti-inflammatory activity, 195antimicrobial activity, 195–196antioxidant activity, 195

plant-derived immunomodulators, 594–595rich plants in animal feeding, 199–200structural activity relationship, 193toxicity, 200in veterinary medicine

companion animals, 198–199equine sector, 199laboratory animals, 199piggery sector, 198poultry sector, 197

Flavonols, 190, 191Flavopiridol, 607Flavoring agents, 348–349Flax (Linum usitatissimum), 178, 492, 504, 572Fleas, 625Flos Carthami, 572F4-neuroprostanes (F4-NeuroPs), 206–208Folic acid, 460–461Food, 27Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 838Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 786Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary Medicine

(FDA/CVM), 778–779, 781, 783Food-derived immunomodulators

bioactive peptides, 596antihypertensive activity, 597antioxidant activity, 597–598biological activities, 597–598cytomodulatory and anticancer activities, 598eggs, 600enzymatic hydrolysis with digestive enzymes, 596food proteins with proteolysis starter culture fermentation, 596–

597functional ingredients, 598–600milk components, 598–599mushrooms, 599–600proteolysis, 597

clinical applications, 600effects, 598

Food for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU), 783Foodomics, 732–734Food-responsive diarrhea (FRD), 178Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA), 782–783, 812Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), 149Food security, 346FOSHU, see Food for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU)Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM), 383Free radical, 205

theory, 384–385“French Paradox,” 407Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), 266, 269, 270, 288Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), see Drosophila melanogasterFruits, 611Full fat NSM (FFNSM), 44Full-thickness wound models, 546Functional foods, 785Fungal diseases, 40

Furostanol, 27Fusarium, 45

GGalactans, 266Galactogogue, 27Galactolipid natural emulsifiers, 658β-Galactomannans, 312Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), 266, 288Galanthus nivalis (snowdrop), 394Gallic acid, 104, 190Gallotannins, 190Gallus gallus, 236γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 418γ-globulin, 598γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, 41Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), 124γ-Oryzanol (GO), 654Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen ), 483Garlic (Allium sativum), 168, 571

china regulatory guidelines, 816ectoparasites, 628

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, 92Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, 294Gastrointestinal (GI) conditions

chamomile, 164dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, 471–472dietary peptides and amino acids, 472–473medicinal plants, 468multifaceted microorganisms, 467phytochemicals

alkaloids, 471Aloe vera, 468Andrographis paniculata, 470anthocyanin, 469blue-green algae, 471capsaicin, 469flavonoids influence and regulate, 468fruits and vegetables, 469ginger, 469isoflavonoids, 469–470L-glutamine, 471Oregano vulgare, 470–471Pistacia lentiscus, 470plants, 468polyphenols, 470quercetin, 470tea, 470turmeric, 468–469

prebiotics, 475probiotics, 473–475synbiotics, 475, 476

Gastrointestinal disorders, 52–56Gastrointestinal microbiota, 261–266, 305–306Gastrointestinal microflora

animal diet, 326antibiotic growth promoters, 326, 327disease-causing microorganisms, 325eubiotics, 326immune system, 325multi-phase feeding systems, 325national veterinary associations, 326–327in pig, 326prebiotics, 326probiotics, 326

Index 861

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT), 247, 261Gastroprotection, 30Gastroprotective activity, Nigella sativa, 97Generally regarded as safe (GRAS), 787Genistein, 616Genital warts, 195Genitourinary diseases

ancillary nutraceuticals, 503black cohosh, 492blue cohosh, 492carnitine

blood, 495bovine, 497equine, 497–498feeding hens, 496OCTN2 transporter, 495oocytes, 500porcine, 498–499poultry, 499semen, 499–500

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), 500–501dairy cows, 490dietary lipids, 493–494

fish meal and oils, 494–495polyunsaturated fatty acids, 494vegetable oils, 495–496

ethnoveterinary medicine, 507–509flax, 492Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers), 493melatonin, 491nutraceutical recipes and candidate nutraceuticals, 506–507probiotics, 507quercetin, 501raspberry, 491–492seasonal breeders, 491vitamins and selenium, 502–503

Geranium oil, 167, 630Geranium sylvaticum, 398Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, 57as antioxidant, 56–57breast cancer, 483–484cancer, 59–61, 607in cardiovascular disorders, 62clinical studies, 58–59clinical trials, 54–55in CNS disorders, 61–62in diabetes, 57–58in gastrointestinal disorders, 52–56, 469in obesity, 59pharmacological effects, 56phytochemical composition of, 52safety profile, 63–64veterinary use of, 62–63

Gingerols, 52, 59Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)

antiaging, 386anxiety and stress disorders, 421cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 399–400

Ginseng (Panax ginseng)antiaging, 387anxiety and stress disorders, 422cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 399diabetes, 532–533mastitis, 574–575

Ginsenoside-Rh1has, 399

Ginsenosides, 399, 574Glioblastoma, 17Glioma, 17Glomerulosclerosis, 180Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), 294, 523–524β-Glucanase, 307Glucobrassicin, 114, 116Gluconasturtiin, 116Glucooligosaccharide, 266Glucoraphanin, 114Glucosamine, 229, 368–369

equine medicine, 651–652nutriproteomics, 732–733stability test, 767–768

Glucose, 404Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), 294Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), 57Glucosinolates

adverse effects, 116–117benefits, 115–116β-D-glycopyranose, 113effects of, 115–118fermentation, 114glucobrassicin, 114glucoraphanin, 114heat treatment, 114indole, 113isothiocyanates, 115metabolism of, 114metabolites, 114–115in oil seed meals, 114progoitrin, 114–115R-group, 113sinigrin, 115sulfonated oxime, 113

Glutamate, 131Glutamic acid, 659L-Glutamine (GLN), 471Glutathione (GSH), 208, 613Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), 56, 208Glutathione reductase, 208Glutathione S-transferases (GST), 689Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 236Glycoraphanin, 115Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 229Glycosylated quercetin moiety, 194Glycyrrhiza glabra, 386–387Goats, 574Goitrogen, 118Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), 457, 505Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), 149Good manufacturing practices (GMP), 772, 790GPR18, 127GPR55, 127GPR119, 127G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), 125Grain, 124Gram-negative bacteria, 95Gram-positive bacteria, 95Grape(s), 188Grape pomace, 503Grape seed extract (GSE), 458Graphene, 743Green-lipped mussel (GLM), 373Green tea, 200, 459, 614, 678Green tea extract (GTE), 677

862 Index

Green tea polyphenol (GTP) produces, 688Grit, 349Growth-promoting property, phytogenic feed additive, 355–356Growth-stimulating hormone (GSH), 98Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), 248Gut flora stabilizers, 835Gut microbiota, 263

HHA, see Hyaluronic acid (HA)Haematococcus pluvialis, 503Hard biscuits, 145Harm-benefit analysis (HBA), 682Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil’s claw), 718Health supplement, 845Heart failure (HF), 427Heat treatment, 114Heavy metal contamination, 150Heinz body anemia, 117Helichrysum umbraculigerum, 137Helicobacter pylori, 55Hemorrhage, 117Hemp, 123

in animal feed, 124–125seed oil, 124

Hemp/CBD/cannabis oil, 166Hemp Industries Association of Colorado, 124Hepatic injury and repair

lecithin, 442α-lipoic acid, 442mechanisms, 437–438N-acetylcysteine, 440response to injury, 438–439S-adenosylmethionine, 439–440silymarin, 440–441ubiquinol, 442–443ursodeoxycholic acid, 443vitamin C, 441vitamin E, 441

Hepatic lipid metabolism, 30Hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α), 76Hepatoprotective activity, 440Hepatoprotective effects, berberine, 77Hepatotoxicity, 711–712Hepatotropic virus, 438Herbal, 444

extractsashwagandha, 422Ginkgo biloba, 421ginseng, 422St. John’s wort, 421–422valerian, 422

products, 533Herbs, 353Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 221, 240Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), 40Hesperidin, 198Hexane extraction, 38Hexosamines, 229Hibiscus sabdariffa, 518–519High-altitude environment

apricot, 85–87nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87–88plant-based feed formulation, 88

diseases and clinical conditions of poultry at, 84

nonconventional sources for poultry feeding at, 84poultry production at, 84sea buckthorn, 84–86

nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87–88plant-based feed formulation, 88

High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 197Highly water pressurized brown rice (HPBR), 405High-throughput sequencing (HTS), 265Hippocampal CA1 dendritic system, 207Hippophae rhamnoides, Sea buckthorn (SBT)Histomonostats, 347, 835Histone deacetylases (HDACs), 367Homeopathic Materia Medica, 789Homeopathic veterinary medicinal products, 802Homeopathy, 576–577Honey, 456, 565, 573–574Honey bee (Apis mellifera), 456–457, 573–574Hordeum vulgare (barley), 795Horses, 117–118, 432–433Human plasma proteins (HAS), 222Humectants, 349Humulene, 139Huperzia serrata, see Chinese Club Moss (Huperzia serrata)Hyaluronan, 369–371Hyaluronic acid (HA), 179, 229, 369–371, 461Hydra, 121Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), 457, 505Hydrodistillation (HD), 94, 163Hydrogels, 547Hydrogen peroxide, 208Hydroxybenzoic acid, 1908-Hydroxy-2¢-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 206β-Hydroxy β-Methyl Butyrate (HMB), 653–654Hydroxycinnamic acid, 1904-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL), 283-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), 75, 168, 197Hypercholesterolemia, 181Hyperglycemia, 28, 164, 523, 525Hypericum perforatum, see St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)Hyperlipidemia, 181Hypersensitivity disorders, 590Hypertriglyceridemia, 181Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), 489Hypoglycemic effects, Acacia nilotica, 107Hypokalemic encephalopathy, 718Hypolipidemic effects, Acacia nilotica, 107Hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, 417, 420Hypothyroidism, 116

IIdioblasts, 114IFOMA, 250Immune disorders

anti-inflammatory drugs, 588–589degenerative disease, 589–590hypersensitivity disorders, 590metabolic diseases, 589–590nutritional deficiencies, 588

Immune response, 245Immune system, 588Immunity

animals, 760–761chickens, 759–760

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), 247, 248, 251Immunoglobulin D (IgD), 247

Index 863

Immunoglobulin E (IgE), 247Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 231, 247, 248, 251Immunoglobulin M (IgM), 231, 246–248, 251Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), 251, 252Immunohistochemistry, 132Immunologic theory, 385–386Immunomodulators, phytogenic feed additive, 356Immunomodulatory activity

glucosinolates, 115Nigella sativa, 97

Immunosaccharides, 270Immunotherapy, 178, 582Indian Frankincense, see Boswellia serrataIndian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis)

antiaging, 386metabolic disorders, 517

India regulatory guidelines, 782, 807–808animal feed, 811–812benefits, 813Commitment Towards International Standards, 812current trends, 809–810disadvantages, 813government and public sector institutes roles, 813historical background, 808livestock sector, 808–809product evaluation, 812–813requirements, 812

Inducible NOS (iNOS), 205Industrial hemp, 140Inflammation

endocannabinoid system, 129–130neem, 40

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)Crohn’s disease, 8curcumin, 8–10omega fatty acids, 177–178turmeric, 8–10ulcerative colitis, 8

Inflammatory diseases, 590Inflammatory disorders, 57Influenza A virus (IAV), 10Inhalation, 146Inositol, 616–617Insulin plants, 533Insulin resistance, 523, 524Insulin sensitivity, 525Inter-Agency Coordination Group (IACG), 323–324Interim Notification Pilot Program (INPP), 788–789Interleukin-10 (IL-10), 17, 40Interleukin (IL), 78Interleukin-17F (IL-17F), 15International Conference on Harmonization (ICH 2003), 773International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements

for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products, 844International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, 274Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), 53Intestinal bacteria, 72, 262Intestinal microbiota, 262Intestinal microorganisms, 288Intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM), 129Inulin, 266, 288, 291“ipê roxo,” see Pau d’Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa)Isodesmosine, 229Isoflavones, 191

breast cancer, 482–483cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 401–402

Isoflavonoids, 469–470Isomalto-oligosaccharide (IOS), 263, 288Isoquercetin, 198Isothiocyanates, 115, 117

antibacterial activity, 115anticancer activity, 115antimicrobial effects, 115epigenetic effects, 115

JJapan regulatory guidelines, 783, 810Jatrorrhizine, 72Joint inflammation

in animals, 229–230in humans, 229

Joint protectants, 767Juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), 280

KKaempferol, 104

antioxidative activity, 104–105cancer, 196

Kainic acid (KA), 206Kalonji, see Nigella sativaKennel cough, 10Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), 177Kidney stones, 17Klebsiella spp., 238

Lα-Lactalbumin (αLA), 598Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH), 194Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 270, 288Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), 221Lactitol, 266Lactobacillus, 238, 262, 264, 275, 289, 577Lactobacillus acidophilus, 296, 297Lactobacillus casei, 294Lactobacillus paracasei, 295Lactobacillus plantarum, 296Lactococcus lactis, 272, 293, 577–580Lactoferrin (LF), 235, 337, 598–599, 642

antibacterial activity, 238–239antifungal activity, 239antiparasitic activity, 239antiviral activity, 239–241apo, 236bioavailability, 237–238characteristics, 236C-lobe, 236functional properties, 238genes, 236–237holo, 236milk components, as immunomodulators, 598N-lobe, 236receptors, 236structure, 237

Lactoferrin receptors (LFR), 235, 236β-Lactoglobulin, milk components, as immunomodulators, 598Lactoperoxidase (LP), 598Lactulose, 266, 288, 296, 639Lagenaria siceraria, see Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)Larvicides, 625

864 Index

Lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia), 165–166, 629Lead, 77Lecithin, 442Lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) oil, 630Lemon grass oil, 167Lepidium meyenii Walpers (maca), 493Leptospermum scoparium (manuka honey), 574Leukotriene biosynthesis, 57Levisticum officinale Koch. (lovage), 506LF, see Lactoferrin (LF)Lignans, 190, 192, 470Lignins, 42Lignocellulose A, 267Limonene, 138–139, 165, 354D-Limonene, 629Limonoids, 39Linalool, 139, 165–166Linalool acetate, 165–166Linoleic acid (LA), 124Linolenic acid (LA), 403–404Linseed, 192, 572Linum usitatissimum, see Flax (Linum usitatissimum)Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), 752Lipid peroxidation, 28, 40Lipoic acid, 505–506α-Lipoic acid, 442Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 573Lipoprotein lipase, 75Liposaccharide (LPS), 231Liposomal curcumin, 9

See also Curcumin (Curcuma longa)Liposomes

nanoparticles, 751nanoparticles and molecular delivery system, 742

5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), 57Liquorice, 386–387Listeria monocytogenes, 336Listerine, 162Liver, 437Liverwort (Radula marginata), 137Long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (LCPUFA), 124Longifolene, 92α-Longipinene, 92Long-term depression (LTD), 131Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.), 506Lovastatin, 77Low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF), 525Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 197, 428Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 62, 75Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), 755-Loxin®, 374Luzon, 838Lycopene, 390, 403, 431Lymphocytes, 248Lymphoid, 248Lysine, 614Lysins, 336Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), 127Lysostaphin, 577Lysozyme, 641

MMaca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers), 493Maceration, 38Macleaya cordata, 588

Macroalgae, see SeaweedsMacro-dosages, 140Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), 227Magnesium oxide and silicon oxide (MgO-SiO2), 760–761Maintains balance of healthy microflora, 789Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), 405–406Male reproductive disorders, 486–487Malondialdehyde (MDA), 206Manganese (Mn), 207, 430, 659Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), 483Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), 266, 269, 288, 289Mannose, 506Manufacturing environment, 765Manuka honey (Leptospermum scoparium), 574MAPK, see Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)Marijuana toxicosis, in dogs, 142Mastitis

acute and chronic infections, 570alternative therapies

candidate and proprietary herbal remedies, 575essential oils treatment, 573ethnic phytoremedies, 570, 571ginseng root, 574–575herbal remedies, 570holistic medicine, 570honey, 573–574plant extracts, 570–572traditional Chinese medicine, 572–573

antibiotic resistance, 570antimicrobial resistance, 570bacteriocins

antibiotic infusion, 578antibiotic resistance, 577, 578haptoglobin, 578–579intramammary infusion, 578Lactococcus lactis LMG 7930 strain, 579milk amyloid A, 578–579milk SCC, 578nisin, 579–580non-aureus staphylococci, 577peptides, 577

bacteriophages, 580biomarkers, 570cows with, 569dry cow therapy, 575–576homeopathy, 576–577human medicine experience, 580immunotherapy, 582infectious, 569Lactococcus lactis, 577–580organic farming and economics, 570pathogenesis, 569–570probiotics, 577teat duct, 581treatment, 569vitamin and mineral supplementation, 580–581

Matricaria chamomilla L. (Chamomile), 460Matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight tandem mass pectrometry

(MALDI/MS/MS), 731Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), 16, 78, 230, 606Maximal electroshock (MES), 98Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, 13–14McConnell amendment, 123Medicago sativa, 795Medical device, 845Medicated feeding stuffs, 795

Index 865

Medicines Act, 844Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), 327, 333Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), 404Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), 207α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), 129Melatonin, 209

cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 404–405genitourinary diseases, 491

Melia azedarach, 628Memory

cannabis, 131Nigella sativa, 97–98

Mentha piperita, see Peppermint (Mentha piperita)Mentha x piperita L., 571Mercury, 77Mesalamine, 8Metabolic diseases, 589–590Metabolic disorders

avocado, 519black lentils, 517–518bottle gourd, 516–517capsicum, 519–520curcumin, 515–516curry tree, 517fenugreek, 517Hibiscus sabdariffa, 518–519Indian gooseberry, 517rosemary, 520St. John’s wort, 519tea, 518

Metabolic syndrome, 15–16Metallic nanoparticles, 750Methane, 116Methionine, 506Methotrexate, 775-Methoxydimethyltryptamine, 104Methylnitrosourea, 96N-Methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 30Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), 371–372

camelids, 659cancer, 613stability test, 768

Mexico regulatory guidelines, 783Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), 270Microbiological contamination, 149–150Microbiome, 261–266Microdoses, 147Microparticles, 547MicroRNAs (miRNAs), 376Microwave steam distillation 1 (MSD1), 92Microwave steam distillation 2 (MSD2), 92Milk somatic cell counts (SCC), 573Mindanao, 838Minerals

cardiovascular diseases, 430stability test, 769

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 94, 95Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), 815Mink, 503Mitochondrial decline theory, 385Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 127, 196, 366Mitophagy, 8Momordica charantia, see Bitter melon (Momordica charantia)Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), 125, 137Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors, 402

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 253–254Monoterpene hydrocarbons, 92Monoterpenoids, 52Monsonia angustifolia, 400–401Moringa oleifera, 189, 199, 200, 532Morphine tolerance, 12Mosquitoes, 625Mother Nature, 685MSM, see Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)Mucin 2 (MUC-2), 273Mucin 3 (MUC-3), 273Multidrug resistance protein (MRP), 194Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, 10Murraya koenigii, see Curry tree (Murraya koenigii)Musculoskeletal pain, 13Mushroom

factors influencing bioactivity, 599polysaccharides, 588, 600

Mustela nigripes (ferrets), 502Mutual Recognition Procedure (MRP), 800Myeloid cells, 248Myrcene, 138α-Myrcene, 130, 138Myrosinase, 114Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha), 167, 458–459

NNabilone, 125N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 78, 440N-acylethanolamines (NAE), 137Nanocapsules, 751Nanocrystals, 752Nanoemulsions, 751–752Nanoparticles (NPs), 547

advanced therapeutic strategies, 741–742animal production

developmental consequences, 756–759gastrointestinal function, 754–755growth, 752–754reproduction, 755–756

anti-inflammatory activity, 759carbon nanotubes, 740–741cat-anionic vesicles, 742–743classification, 749–750complexity, 737drug vehiculation, 738–739embryonic and developmental effects, 757–758immunity

animals, 760–761chickens, 759–760

lipid, 752liposomes, 742, 751metallic, 750nanocapsules, 751nanocrystals, 752nanoemulsions, 751–752nanosupplement delivery, 750nanotubes, 743–744natural, 750oocyte function, 759polymeric, 751polymeric micelles, 750–751properties, 749risks and challenges, 761

866 Index

sperm function, 758–759transport into reproductive tissues, 756–757vesicles and related aggregates, 739–740

N-arachidonoylglycine (NAGly), 127N-arachidonyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), 125NASC Adverse Event Reporting System (NAERST), 123National Animal Supplement Council (NASC), 122, 123, 149, 650, 781National Codex Contact Point (NCCP), 812National Procedure (NP), 800National Research Council (NRC), 787, 788Natural nanoparticles, 750Natural plant products, 587Necrotic enteritis, 265Neem (Azadirachta indica)

alcohol extraction, 38as animal feed

leaves, 42oil, 43seed, 43

chromatographic techniques, 38ectoparasites, 626–628extracts of, 38as fish feed, 44hexane extraction, 38kernels, 39maceration, 38medicinal uses

bacterial diseases, 39cancer, 40fungal diseases, 40inflammation, 40oxidative stress, 40reproductive health and fertility, 40–41ulcer, 40viral diseases, 39–40

as nutraceutical, 44–45oil, 41, 43phytoconstituents, 39as poultry feed, 43safety, 45–46seed cake, 44toxicity, 46–47water extraction, 38

Neem kernel cake (NKC), 38Neem leaf meal (NLM), 45Neem seed cake (NSC), 43, 44Neem seed meal (NSM), 44Nelfinavir, 96NEM®, 376Neonatal nutrition, 317Nerium oleander, 565Neurodegeneration

cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 394–395oxidative stress and, 206–207

Neurodegenerative diseasesberberine, 73–74Drosophila melanogaster, 687–688

Neuronal NOS (nNOS), 205Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 42Neutralizers, 349Neutricks®, 408Neutrophils, 235New animal drug application (NADA), 650New Zealand

green-lipped mussel, 373regulatory guidelines

novel food, 826–827therapeutic product, 825–826

Next amino acid, 310Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), 205Nigella sativa

antibacterial activity, 94–95anticancer activity, 95–96anticonvulsant activity, 98antidiabetic properties, 96antifertility activity, 96antifungal activity, 95anti-inflammatory activity, 96–97antioxidant activity, 93–94cardiovascular activity, 97chemical constituents, 92–94essential oil from, 92flowers, 91–92gastroprotective properties, 97geographical location, 92immunomodulatory activities, 97memory and learning activities, 97–98seed of, 91–93taxonomical classification, 92toxicological properties, 98volatile constituents, 95

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 280Nimbidin, 39, 40Nimbidiol, 45Nimbin, 39Nimbinin, 39Nimbolide, 40N-isobutylamide, 137Nitric oxide (NO), 430–431Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 205Nitriles, 116, 117Nitrogen dioxide, 116N-methyl stepholidine, 74N-methyltryptamine, 104NOD-like receptors (NLRs), 263Nonadaptive immune system, 245Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 77Non-cannabinoid receptor interactions, 127Non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL), 75Non-neurodegenerative diseases, 207Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), 263, 266, 306

anti-nutritive effects, 306dietary enzymes, 306hydrolysis, 310negative effects, 306

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 10, 130, 365–366Nonvolatile pungent components, 52No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), 679Norepinephrine, 419Norovirus, 239North American Veterinary Nutraceutical Council (NAVNC), 122, 649,

657, 780Novifit®, 408Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 factor (NFE2L2), 115Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins, 273Nutraceutical Research Laboratory (NRL), 840Nutraceuticals, 587

categories, 587classification, 193defined, 188

Nutramind®, 408Nutrient combination (NM), cancer, 617–618

Index 867

Nutrient combination (NM) (cont.)angiogenesis inhibition, 618–619anti-inflammatory effects, 620metastasis and invasion inhibition, 618pro-apoptotic effects, 619–620therapeutic effects, 620xenografts, 618

Nutrients, 649Nutriproteomics, 732

glucosamine and chondroitin, 732–733omega-3 fatty acids, 733S-Adenosylmethionine, 732

Nutritional additives, 338, 347, 834Nutritional interventions, 593Nyctanthes arbortristis, 200

OOA, see Osteoarthritis (OA)OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs), 78Oat-derived beta glucans, 658Oats (Avena sativa), 795Obesity, 467

endocannabinoids, 129ginger, 59See also Metabolic disorders

Ocimum basilicum L., 163Oligofructose, 266Oligosaccharides, 267, 268, 659Olive oil, 576Omega-3, 124Omega-6, 124Omega fatty acids

adverse effects, in dogs and cats, 183aggression and depression, treatment of, 182anti-inflammatory effects, 176–179beneficial effects, 176brain and retina, development of, 176in cardiovascular diseases, 181–182cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 403–404in hyperlipidemia, 181osteoarthritis treatment, 179–180preterm labor, prevention of, 182–183renoprotective effects, 180–181therapeutic role against cancer, 182

Omega-3 fatty acids, 175, 176, 373–374camelids, 659nutriproteomics, 733

Omics-based methodologies, 682Onion (Allium cepa), 574, 628Open-chain flavonoids, 191Opiate-cannabinoid receptor dimerization, 128Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), 13Oral health, in dogs and cats, 467Oregano oil (Origanum vulgare), 163, 572Oregano vulgare, 470–471Organic acids

antibacterial activity, 328beneficial effects, 327butyrate, 329butyric acid, 328–329dietary acids inclusion, 327in drinking water, 327in food-producing animals, 327–328intestinal mucosal surface, 329mechanism of action, 327

medium-chain fatty acids, 327poultry, 666–667short-chain fatty acids, 327, 328toll-like receptors, 329undissociated form, 328

Organic chelates, of mineral elements, 349Organosulfur compounds (OSC), 677Origanum majorana, 571, 572Origanum vulgare, 163, 457, 571Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), 16Ortolani Maneuver, 367Oryza sativa, 571Oryza sativus, see Brown rice (Oryza sativus)Osteoarthritis (OA)

berberine, 78botulinum toxin A, 376bovine lactoferricin, 376characteristics, 365clinical efficacy of CBD, 142–143C-phycocyanin, 375curcumin, 10–12diagnosis

biochemical biomarkers, 368Ortolani and cranial tibial drawer examination, 367pain measurement, 367, 368

in dogs, 10–11eggshell membrane, 376etiology, 365IL-1β, 78management

avocado and soybean unsaponifiables, 372Boswellia serrata extract, 374chondroitin, 368–369collagen, 372curcumin, 371Devil’s claw, 374–375glucosamine, 368–369green-lipped mussel, 373hyaluronan, 369–371methylsulfonylmethane, 371–372Naturally Preferred Holistic Frozen Dog Treats, 373omega-3 fatty acids, 373–374sauchinone, 375shilajit, 374

microRNAs, 376omega fatty acids, 179–180pathogenesis, 11pathophysiology, 366–367pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy of CBD treatment,

141–12resveratrol, 375–376signs and symptoms, 365spermidine, 376–377

Otitis externa, 564Ovalbumin (OVA), 16, 641Ovarian cancer, 485Ovicides, 625Ovomucin, 641Ovomucoid, 641Ovotransferrin (OVTF), 229, 235, 641

antibacterial activity, 238–239antifungal activity, 239antiparasitic activity, 239antiviral activity, 239–241bioavailability, 237–238characteristics, 236

868 Index

C-terminal lobe, 236functional properties, 238genes, 236–237iron bound, 236iron-free, 236N-terminal lobe, 236receptors, 236structure, 237

Ovum, 492Oxidative damage, 206Oxidative stress, 28, 56, 83

anxiety and stress disorders, 420biomarkers, 206cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 394–395dairy cows, 490neem, 40and neurodegeneration, 206–207in non-neurodegenerative diseases, 207

Oxytocin (OT), 419Ozoderm, 167Ozonated olive oil, 167

Pp53, 40Packing constraint (PC) theory, 739Paclitaxel, 138Paclobutrazol, 149Pain, curcumin, 12–13Palatability influence, phytogenic feed additive, 356Palmarosa oil, 166Palmitic acid, 124Panax ginseng, see Ginseng (Panax ginseng)Pancreatic dysfunction, 443Paradols, 52Parkinson’s disease (PD), 688Parodontax®, 461Partial thickness wound models, 546Particular Nutritional Uses (PARNUTs), 676Passive immunity, 245, 246

colostrum and, 247–249by egg antibodies, 251

Passive immunization, 246Pasteurella multocida, 311Pattern recognition receptors (PRR), 270Pau d’Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa), 450p-cymene, 93Pears (Pyrus spp.), 504–505Pecans, 188Pelargonium graveolens L., 167Pellets, 145Peltogynoids, 106Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), 98Peppermint (Mentha piperita), 166, 458, 629–630Peptides, 231, 641–642Performance-enhancing nutraceuticals, 593–600Perilla seed (Perilla frutescens L.), 818Perillyl alcohol, 139Periodontal disease

Aloe vera, 457–458babool, 454–455barberry, 454Calendula Officinalis, 450β-caryophyllene, 460chamomile, 460chitosan, 455

cinnamon powder, 457clove, 459–460coenzyme Q10, 461colgate herbal toothpaste, 461diagnostic markers, 448dogs and cats, 447Echinacea purpurea, 450, 454Eucalyptus, 460folic acid, 460–461grape seed extract, 458green tea, 459hyaluronic acid, 461Hydrastis canadensis, 457myrrh, 458–459nutraceuticals, 450–453oregano, 457Parodontax®, 461pathophysiology, 448–449Pau d’Arco, 450peppermint, 458plant extracts and products, 447probiotics, 461–462propolis, 456–457rosemary, 454royal jelly, 456sage, 457sodium Hexametaphosphate, 461stages, 448–449thyme, 460treatment, 447

Periodontitis, 448Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), 7Peripheral neuropathy (PN), 12Peroxidases, 384, 385Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g (PRAR-g), 75Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), 205Persea americana (avocado), see Avocado (Persea americana)Peyer’s patches, 248P54FP, 11P-glycoprotein (P-gp), 72, 194Phage lytic enzymes (PLEs), 336Phage therapy, 335, 337, 339Phellandrene, 165Phenolic acids, 190Phenols, 5552-Phenylethylisothiocyanate, 115, 116Phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), 209Pheromones, 421Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care

(PITAHC), 839Philippine Natural Health Products Industry (PNHPI), 839Philippines regulatory guidelines

bureaus and research agencies, 838Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines, 839Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Animal Industry, 839dysentery, 839Food and Agriculture Organization, 838gastrointestinal disorders, 837Luzon, 838medicinal plant species, 837–838Mindanao, 838Nutraceutical Research Laboratory, 840Philippine Natural Health Products Industry, 839Philippine Statistics Authority, 838PITAHC, 839product information and requirements, 839

Index 869

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), 838Phlorizin, see FlavonoidsPhlorotannins, 643Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), 606Phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (pTEN), 40Phosphatidylserine, 404Phospholipase C (PLC), 125Phospholipids, 658Phosphorus, 308–309, 659Photoisomerization, 216Physostigma venenosum (calabar bean), 394Phytase, 308–309Phytic acid, 309, 616–617Phytoalexins, 215–217Phytobiotics

antibacterials, 334antimicrobial activity, 330, 331dietary phytochemicals, 330eucalyptus oil, 333feature, 331flavonoids, 330–331MCFA, 333minimal inhibitory concentration, 331modes of action, 331phytochemical medicines, 330plant-based compounds, 331plant extracts, 332possible influence, 334poultry, 668–669primary components, 330principal use, 332quorum sensing, 332SCFA, 334

Phytocannabinoids, 134–136Phytochemicals (PCs), 188–189, 809

fenugreek, 25, 28ginger, 52, 53

Phytoconstituents, neem, 39Phytoestrogens, 200Phytogenic feed additive

in animal feeding, 352–353antibiotic restrictions, 353awareness, 353classification

antibacterial activity, 353–355anti-inflammatory action, 355antioxidant activity, 355growth-promoting property, 355–356gut function, 356immunomodulators, 356palatability influence, 356

compounds, 353plant secondary metabolites, 353reasons for use of, 354research studies, 353

Phyto-Mast15, 575Phytonutraceuticals, 643–644Phytopharmaceutical, in traditional Oriental traditional medicine, 574Pichia pastoris, 272, 310Pig farming, in proteases, 311Piggery sector

flavonoids, 198polyphenols, 198

Pigs, 752–753PI3K/AKT pathway, 524PI3-kinase signaling pathways, 196

Pinene, 93Pine oil (Pinus longifolia), 630Piperine, 7Piper methysticum, 137Piper species, 398Pistacia lentiscus, 470Plant antioxidants, 131Plant-derived immunomodulators

alkaloids, 594capsaicin, 596chemical structures, 595compounds, 594curcumin, 595flavonoids, 594–595medicinal plants uses, 594quercetin, 595–596resveratrol, 595terpenoids, 595

Plant extracts, 355cancer, 613–614cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 394ectoparasites, 626mastitis, 570–572

Plant food supplements (PFS), 680Plant secondary metabolites (PSM), 353PLGAcurcumin nano-formulation, 13Polyclonal antibody, 253Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC), 442Polygonum cuspidatum, 220Polygonum hydropiper, 395, 398Polymeric micelles, 750–751Polymeric nanoparticles, 751Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), 235Polyphenols, 83

antiaging, 387–388bacterial enzymatic degradation, 194biomarkers

absorption, 704blood/urinary metabolites, 704excretion, 704nutraceutical-gut microbiota interaction, 703rationale, 695, 696tissue exposure, 704total phenolic content, 696

cardiovascular diseases, 429classification, 190in common plants, 191–192conjugation pathways, 194extraction, 193–194flavonoids, 190–192in flora and fauna and human health, 193–196gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 470in human medicine

cardiovascular diseases, 196–197neoplasms, 196neurodegenerative disorders, 196

inflammation, 589lignans, 192pharmacokinetic attributes, 194–195pharmacological attributes

anti-inflammatory activity, 195antimicrobial activity, 195–196antioxidant activity, 195

phenolic acids, 190rich plants in animal feeding, 199–200stilbenes, 192

870 Index

structural activity relationship, 193toxicity, 200in veterinary medicine

companion animals, 198–199equine sector, 199laboratory animals, 199piggery sector, 198poultry sector, 197

Polyphenon E, 195Polysaccharopeptide (PSP), 599Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, 179Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 167, 179, 206, 373

cardiovascular diseases, 430cattle health and diseases, 640cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 403–404gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471–472genitourinary diseases, 494poultry, 667–668stability test, 770

Pomegranate, 486Poria cocos, 505Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 131Potassium bromide (KBR), 143Pot marigold (Calendula Officinalis), 450Poultry, 117

dynamic balance, 661exogenous enzymes, 665–666farming, 661feed, 43, 303, 350ginger extract, 63intestinal mucosa functions, 661organic acids, 666–667parenteral applications, 662phytobiotics, 668–669polyunsaturated fatty acids, 667–668prebiotics, 663–664probiotics, 662–663production, 31synbiotics, 664–665

Powders, 145Prebiotic index, 266Prebiotics, 266–271, 287

antiaging, 387broiler chickens, 664camelids, 659cattle health and diseases, 639–640defined, 266dogs and cats, 271farmed aquatic species, 271feed additives, 351, 352fermentation, 267gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 475gut flora stabilizers, 835horses, 270–271as immunostimulants in aquaculture, 271in livestock nutrition, 288pigs, 270poultry, 269–270, 663–664ruminants, 270sources, 288

Primary idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia, 181Pristine carbon nanotubes, 741Proanthocyanidins, 194, 504Probiotics, 271–279, 287, 489, 809

antiaging, 387aquaculture, 278–279cattle health and diseases, 638–639classification, 273competitive exclusion, 273defined, 272dietary supplementation, 273dogs and cats, 278feed additives, 351–352foodomics, 733–734gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 473–475genitourinary diseases, 507honey bee, 279horses, 277–278immunoregulatory, 273immunostimulatory, 273livestock, 272MAMPs, 273mastitis, 577mechanisms of action, 272–273microorganisms, 288periodontal disease, 461–462pigs, 275–276poultry, 274–275, 662–663rabbits, 278ruminants, 276–277

Progoitrin, 114–115Programmed cell death, see ApoptosisProgrammed electrical stimulation (PES), 74Proinflammatory cytokines, 556Pro-inflammatory cytokines, 366Prolactin, 599Proline, 614Prophylactic antibiotics, 323Propolis, 456–457Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), 139Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 176Prostaglandins (PGs), 206Prostate gland disease, 486–487Proteases, 304, 310–311Protein(s), 231

cattle health and diseases, 641–642hydrolysates, 421stability test, 769

Protein kinase C (PKC), 76Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), 367Proteolysis, 597Proteomics

foodomics, 733–734mass spectrometers, 731measurable changes, 731nutriproteomics

glucosamine and chondroitin, 732–733omega-3 fatty acids, 733S-adenosylmethionine, 732

Proteus spp., 238Prototheca zopfii, 571Prunus armeniaca, see ApricotPruritus, 178Psoriasis, 17Pueraria flower, 485Pulverized turmeric root, 3Pumpkin seed, 486Purina Pro Plan Bright Mind®, 408

Index 871

“Purple lapacho,” see Pau d’Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa)Pyridine alkaloids, 26Pyrodextrins, 263, 288Pyrophosphate index, 680Pyrus spp., see Pears (Pyrus spp.)

QQuality by design (QbD), 773Quality control (QC) testing, 149Quality standards, of feed additives

assurance, 356–357chemical evaluation, 357Indian feed industry legislations, 358ingredient specifications, 357–358latest developments, 358–360necessity, 357nutritive value, 356physical evaluation, 357program, 356quality control, 357

Quercetin, 195, 594antioxidant activity, 199antiviral activity, 198cancer, 613, 616, 617cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 408gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 470genitourinary diseases, 501in hyperglycaemic pigs, 198in meat quality of broiler chickens, 197plant-derived immunomodulators, 595–596procarcinogenic effect, 200

Quil A, 644

RRabbits, 118Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (red sage root), 572Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO), 293Rams, 491Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), 491–492Ratio dosing, 148RDP-modified liposome (RCL), 17Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), 56, 195, 205Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 56, 83, 195, 205

mitochondrial cellular respiration, 438periodontal pathogens, 448physiological functions, 489

Real-time stability test, 770–772Red sage root (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae), 572Red yeast rice (RYR), 677–678Reference concentration (RfC), 679Reference dose (RfD), 679Reference Member State (RMS), 801Refined functional carbohydrates (RFCs), 270Regional Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia andthe

Pacific (APHCA), 838Regulation (EC) 767/2009 (EC 2009a), 799Regulation (EC) No 429/2008 (EC 2008b), 796Regulation (EC) No 767/2009 (EC 2009b), 795Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (2003a), 798Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (EC 2003a), 798Regulatory guidelines

AFFCO, 779–780, 783in Australia, 810

complementary medicine, 825

novel food, 826–827therapeutic goods, 823–825

in Canada, 810adverse effects report, 790compliance and enforcement, 790Expert Advisory Committee on Veterinary Natural Health

Products, 788health guidelines, 789–790included and excluded products, 789Interim Notification Pilot Program, 788–789manufacturing requirements, 790Veterinary Drugs Directorate, 788veterinary health products, 788

in Chinaclassification, 816current version, 818–819Epimedii folium, 817–818Eucommia ulmoides Leaves, 816–817feed additive, 819–829garlic (Allium sativum L.), 816Ministry of Agriculture, 815perilla seed, 818tea polyphenols, 816World Trade Organization, 815

DSHEA, 777–778, 783European Union, 793–794

animal feed labels, 799feed additives, 794–798feed legislation, 794–795feed materials, 794, 795veterinary medicinal products, 794–795, 799–802

in European Union, 810FDA/CVM, 778–779, 783in India, 807–808

animal feed, 811–812benefits, 813Commitment Towards International Standards, 812current trends, 809–810disadvantages, 813government and public sector institutes roles, 813historical background, 808livestock sector, 808–809product evaluation, 812–813requirements, 812

in Japan, 810legally marketed for animals, 781–782manufacturers face, 783in New Zealand

novel food, 826–827therapeutic product, 825–826

in Philippinesbureaus and research agencies, 838Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines, 839Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Animal Industry, 839dysentery, 839Food and Agriculture Organization, 838gastrointestinal disorders, 837Luzon, 838medicinal plant species, 837–838Mindanao, 838Nutraceutical Research Laboratory, 840Philippine Natural Health Products Industry, 839Philippine Statistics Authority, 838PITAHC, 839product information and requirements, 839

probiotics claims, 780

872 Index

rules in different countries, 782–783in South Africa, 843

legislative framework, 843–846veterinary nutraceuticals control, 846–848

trade organizations related, 780–781in Turkey

animal-breeding targets, 829Communiqué, 831feed, 829feed additives, 831–835feed and food official control, 831feed hygiene regulation, 830–831legislation, 830livestock production, 829market and feed use, 831

in USA, 785DSHEA, 786–787FDA, 786feed additives, 787pets, 787–788safety concerns, 788

Renal pelvis, 504Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, 180Reproductive disorders

femaleAdenium obesum, 485Agnus castus, 485breast cancer, 482–484causes, 481–482cervical cancer, 484ovarian cancer, 485uterus, 484–485

male, 486–487Resveratrol, 192, 375–376

administration, 223adverse effects, 224antiaging, 387aromatic rings, 216biological actions

antioxidant activity, 221antitumor activity in mammals, 218–221antiviral activity, 221–222cell death, 221and cell membrane, 222

breast cancer, 482cancer, 605, 607, 615, 617cardiovascular diseases, 431as chelator of copper in blood of pigs, 198cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 407commercially available commodities, 219in cosmetic industry as anti-ageing substance, 198molecular weight, 216occurrence in nature, 218pharmacodynamics, 222–223pharmacokinetics, 222–223phytoalexins, 215–217plant-derived immunomodulators, 595synthesis, 216–219

Resveratrol synthase, 216Retina, 16Retinoic acid, 613–615Retinoids, 567Retinol, 390Retinopathies, 16Reverse pharmacology, 193Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 365

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuanxiong rhizome), 572Rhizome (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati), 572Rhododendron, 137Rimonabant, 132Rojelexin™, 456Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), 162–163, 454, 520Rosmarinic acid (RosA), 162–163, 405Rosmarinus officinalis, see Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)Rotavirus, 239Royal jelly (RJ)

cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 405–406periodontal disease, 456

Rubus idaeus, see Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)Rumen, 276Ruminants, 118

gastrointestinal function, 754–755growth, 753reproduction, 755–756See also Cattle

Rutin, 104, 198

SSaccharomyces cerevisiae, 289S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe)

cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 404hepatic injury and repair, 439–440nutriproteomics, 732

Safflower (Flos Carthami), 572Saffron (Crocus sativus), 400Sage (Salvia officinalis), 166, 457, 573St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), 421–422, 519Sakuranetin, 216Salannin, 39Salmonella enteritidis, 312Salmonella spp., 264, 274Salvia officinalis, 166, 457Sanguinarine, 605Sapogenins, 26Saponins, 26, 27, 29, 644Sauchinone, 375Scaffold, 547SCFAs, see Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)Schizophyllan (SPG), 599Sea buckthorn (SBT), 84–86, 189, 199

feed formulation, 88nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87–88phytomolecules, 84plant-based feed formulation, 88on poultry, 85, 86

Seaweeds, 431–432, 643Secondary lipid disorders (SLDs), 181Seizure-induced cerebral oxidative damage, 207Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), 419Selenium (Se)

bioavailability, 659cancer, 612genitourinary diseases, 502–503immune disorders, 588nanoparticles, 756

Senilife®, 408Senna italica ssp. arachoides, 628Sensory additives, 338, 347, 834Sequestrants, 349Serotonergic system, 128Serotonin (5-HT), 418–419

Index 873

Serratia spp., 576Serum amyloid A (SAA), 588Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 92Sesquiterpenoids, 52Sheep, 574Shilajit

diabetes, 533–534osteoarthritis, 374

Shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL), 17Shogaols, 52Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 261, 263, 269, 279, 288, 327, 328Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS), 271Sialic acid, 229Sideritis hirsuta oil, 167Silage additives, 833–834Silymarin, 440–441Single-walled concentric CNTs (SWCNTs), 743Sinigrin, 115SIRT-1 gene, 220Skin (cutaneous) cancer, 566–567Skin disorders, 563–564

allergic/atopic, 564, 566Aloe vera, 565antibiotics, 564–565diet supplement, 565honey, 565infectious and noninfectious agents, 564otitis externa, 564physical agents, 564–565plant-based nutraceuticals, 565plant products, 565treatment, 564

Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), 394Sodium butyrate, 667Sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1), 194Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), 461Sodium nimbidinate, 41Soft-chews, 145Soluble dietary fiber (SDF), 27Solvent extraction (SE), 94Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) method, 163South Africa regulatory guidelines, 843

legislative framework, 843–844Medicines Act, 844–846Stock Remedies Act, 846

veterinary nutraceuticals control, 846–848Soy, 432Soya-oligosaccharide, 266Soybean oil, 630Soybean oligosaccharides, 266Soybean peptides, 401–402, 641Soy-genistein, 198Soy oligosaccharides (SOS), 288Spermidine, 376–377Spices, 353Spirulina platensis, 503Spleen, 246Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 130Sports medicine, 13–14Spray-drying eggs, 252Stability test

accelerated, 770–772categories, 767–770factors affect, 765–767nutraceutical products, 765

real-time, 770–772reasons for, 765regulatory guideline aspects, 772–773in USA, 765

Stallions, 493Standardized turmeric (ST), 4

doses, 4efficacy and safety of, 5traumatic muscular injuries, 13

Statins, 29Steam distillation (SD), 94Steam-distilled neem oil, 41Stearic acid, 124Stearidonic acid (SDA), 124Stepharanine, 74Steroid-sparing effect, 178Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), 75Stevia rebaudiana, 531Stilbenes, 190, 192, 216

See also ResveratrolStochastic theory, 385Stock Remedies Act, 846Streptococcus faecium, 294Streptozotocin (STZ), 524–525Stress

endocannabinoids, 128–129in endoplasmic reticulum, 490See also Anxiety disorders

Stressful public speaking test (SPST), 129Structural activity relationship (SAR), 193Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), 277Sulfasalazine, 8Sulforaphane, 115

antioxidant activity, 115cancer, 616, 617in vitro bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal activity, 116

SUMOylation, 394Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE-SD), 94Superoxide, 205Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 56, 77, 208Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), 687Superoxide radical, 208Sweeteners, 349Swine, 117

feed, 303Synbiotics

aquaculture, 280cattle health and diseases, 640for companion animals, 296–297dogs and cats, 280gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 475, 476for pigs, 295–296poultry, 279, 289–294, 664–665for ruminants, 294–295

Syzygium aromaticum (Clove), 459–460

TTabebuia impetiginosa (Pau d’Arco), 450Tablets, 769Taiwan regulatory guidelines, 782Tannic acid, 107, 355Tannins, 107, 643–644“Tape stripping,” 546Tea (Camellia sinensis), 459, 470

874 Index

catechins, 388leaves, 188metabolic disorders, 518

Tea polyphenols (TPs), 816Teat duct, 581Tea tree oil, 167, 576Technological additives, 337–338, 347, 832–834Terminalia chebula, 570–572Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), 269Terpenes, 133, 137–139Terpenoids, 139, 5954-Terpineol, 93Terpinolene, 139Testicles, 494Tetrahydrocannabinol, 134–136Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), 135–136Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), 7, 9, 123, 144Thalifendine, 72Theaflavins, 388Therapeutic Goods Act 1989, 824, 825Therapeutic Goods Administration, 825Thermodynamics, 738Thiamine, 408Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 206Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 355Thiocyanates, 118Thiouracil, 117, 118Th2-mediated allergic responses, 16Three-dimensional (3D) tissue models, 681Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris), 162, 460, 571, 631Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), 16Thymol, 94, 97, 162Thymoquinone (TQ)

anticancer activity, 95antifungal activity, 95anti-inflammatory activity, 96antioxidant activity, 93gastroprotective activity, 97neuroprotective properties, 98seizures, 98

Thymus vulgaris, see Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris)Thyroid hypertrophy, 117Thyroxine, 46Ticks, 625Tincture, 141, 144Tinospora cordifolia, 575α-Tocopherol, 208D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), 72Tocotrienol antioxidants, 658Toll-like receptor (TLR), 263, 273Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9, 475Topical administration, of cannabinoids, 146Total cholesterol (TC), 75Touchi extract, 533Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs), 680Toxicity

babool (Acacia nilotica), 108berberine, 78flavonoids, 200neem, 46Nigella sativa, 98polyphenols, 200

Toxicity amelioration, 30Toxicology and drug interactions

adverse effects

central nervous system, 718coagulation system, 717–718

allergic and skin effects, 712–713, 717cardiovascular effects, 712drug–drug interactions, 712, 714–717endocrine and reproductive system effects, 718hepatotoxicity, 711–712musculoskeletal system effects, 718

Trace element compounds, 834Trachyspermum ammi, 199, 200Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997, 839Traditional Chinese Medicine, 572–573, 789Transcytosis, 238Transdermal applications, of cannabinoids, 146Transferrin, 238Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, 40Transgalactooligosaccharide (TGOS), 293Transgalactosylated-oligosaccharides (TOS), 266, 288Transgenic Drosophila, 689Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), 12Transmucosal routes, 145–146Traumatic muscular injuries, 13Triatoma infestans, 628Triglyceride (TG), 75Trigonella foenum-graecum, see Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-

graecum)Trigonelline, 27, 29Triiodothyronine, 46Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), 482Triterpene, 106Triticum aestivum L., 571Trypanosoma brucei, 628Trypanosoma cruzi, 628Tulbaghia violacea, 628Turkey regulatory guidelines

animal-breeding targets, 829Communiqué, 831feed, 829feed additives

animal nutrition, 831–832coccidiostats and histomonostats, 835nutritional additives, 834sensory additives, 834technological additives, 832–834zootechnical additives, 834–835

feed and food official control, 831feed hygiene regulation, 830–831legislation, 830livestock production, 829market and feed use, 831

Turkish Statistical Institute’s, 829Turmeric (Curcuma longa), 3

antiarthritic effects, 8chemical constituents, 6cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 398common cold and infections, 10composition, 3, 4consumption, 6diabetes, 14–15doses, 5gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 468–469inflammatory bowel disease, 8–10ingredients, 3long-term effect, 8mechanism of action, 7–8

Index 875

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) (cont.)osteoarthritis, 10–12pain, 12–13pharmacokinetics, 6–7phytochemicals, 18PK/PD modeling, 6polar extract of, 11safety, 6translation, 18uses, 4

Type A hepatotoxicity, 712, 713Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 76, 523, 524Type II collagen, 372

UUbiquinol, 442–443Ubiquitin proteasomal system decline theory, 385Udder, 569Ulcer, 40Ulcerative colitis, 8Umbelliferone, 104–105Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II), 652Unsaturated fatty acids, 176Upstream activating sequence (UAS), 689Urea, 834Urea ammoniated neem seed meal (UANSM), 44Urea-treated neem seed cake (UANSC), 44Urinary bladder, 504Urinary diseases, 503–504

antimicrobial pharmaceuticals, 504Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.), 504–505herbal remedies, 505lipoic acid, 505–506mannose and methionine, 506See also Genitourinary diseases

Urine drug screening test (UDST), 142Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), 443USA regulatory guidelines, 782–783USFDA, 432US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 650US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine

(FDA-CVM), 650Uterus, 484–485

VVaccination

of calves, 250for specific antibodies and processing egg yolk strategies, 252

Vaccinium spp., see Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.)Valerian (Valeriana officinalis), 422Valproate, 98Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 115Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), 74Vasopressin (AVP), 419–420Vaso-relaxation, 130Vegetables, 483, 495–496, 611Venereal tumours, 198Ventricular arrhythmia, 433Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), 199Veterinary cannabis products, in US market

dosing considerations and strategies for veterinary species, 147–148adverse events and dosage, 148drug interactions with cannabis, 148–149ratio dosing, 148

inhalation, 146oral route of administration, 144–146topical administration, 146zero-THC hemp extracts, 146

Veterinary Drugs Directorate (VDD), 788Veterinary Feed Directive, 230Veterinary health products (VHPs), 788Veterinary medicinal products (VMPs), 794–795

food-producing or companion animals, 801–802marketing authorization procedure, 799–801

Veterinary medicine, 845Vigna mungo (black lentils), see Black lentils (Vigna mungo)Viral diseases, 39–40Visceromotor responses (VMRs), 12Vitamin A, 209Vitamin C, 209

antiaging, 388camelids, 660cancer, 612

with amino acids and plant extracts, 613–614with calcitriol, 614with carotenoids, 614–615with copper, 612with glutathione, 613with lysine, proline, and green tea, 614with methylsulfonylmethane, 613with quercetin, 613with retinoic acid, 613–615with selenium, 612with vitamin E, 614, 615with vitamin K3, 614

hepatic injury and repair, 441Vitamin D, 388–389, 430Vitamin D3, 659Vitamin E, 208

antiaging, 388cancer, 614, 615cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 403genitourinary diseases, 502–503hepatic injury and repair, 441mastitis, 580–581

Vitamin K3, 614Vitis, 503Vitis vinifera, resveratrol chemical biosynthesis of, 216, 219Volatile fatty acid (VFA), 168, 263, 267, 292, 306Volatile oils, 547

WWalnut (Persea americana), 504Water extraction, 38Water-soluble cannabinoids, 145Weaning, 275Wear and tear theory, 385Western diet, 124Wheat-based diets, 304Withania somnifera, see Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)Wnt-induced signaling protein 1 (WISP-1), 367World Trade Organization (WTO), 815Wound healing

acute wound, 541animal models, 545Chromolaena odorata

application, 555chemical constituents, 549–551chemical research, 554

876 Index

common vernacular, 549description, distribution and pharmacological uses, 548eupolin, 555flavonoids, 555fresh leaves, 554herbal medicines, 556inflammation, 556in vitro wound assay and in vivo studies, 555–556natural cascades, 556pharmacological activities, 550–553phenol, 555phytochemicals, 548, 549plant-derived agents, 551–554proinflammatory cytokines, 556secondary metabolites, 549volatile oils, 547

chronic wounds, 541–542folk medicine, 543herbal plants, 543human models, 545–546in vitro assays, 543–545in vivo models, 545nutraceuticals formulation and delivery systems, 546–547

pathophysiology, 542–543plants, 543, 544therapeutic approaches, 543

XXenografts, 618Xylanase, 304, 311, 666Xylitol, 443Xylo-oligosaccharide, 266

YYiShenJianPi recipe, 503

ZZero-THC hemp extracts, 146Z-γ-bisabolene, 92Zingerone, 52, 53Zingiber officinale, see Ginger (Zingiber officinale)Zingiberol, 52Zootechnical additives, 338–339, 347, 834–835, 846

Index 877