Anglais pour spécialistes d'autresdisciplines

Licence 1

Semestre 1

EnseignantsBALLISTER D.DESRUES A.DUNN J.GAUNCE E.MOREL J.PARNELL E.TURK J.

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Sommaire

Déroulement du semestre ............................................................3

Programme de travail en grammaire................................................4

Textes ....................................................................................5

Outils

Mots de liaison ....................................................................19

Guide de phonétique .............................................................21

Synonymes de mots courants....................................................22

Faux-amis...........................................................................23

Fonctions langagières.............................................................24

La lettre en anglais ...............................................................26

L'argumentation en anglais ......................................................27

Sitographie .........................................................................29

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Quelques informations sur le déroulement dusemestre

Travail personnelVous trouverez dans les pages suivantes la liste des exercices de grammaire à préparerchaque semaine. La préparation des exercices est OBLIGATOIRE à CHAQUE TD. Lesenseignants se réservent le droit de ne pas accepter en cours les étudiants n'ayantpas préparé leurs exercices.

Le livre que vous devez vous procurer est:

PERSEC Sylvie, Grammaire raisonnée, Anglais, Niveau avancé B2 à C1, Ophrys, 1999ISBN : 2-7080-0920-6

ATTENTION 1 : n'achetez pas la Grammaire raisonnée 2 (couverture bleue). Vous devez vous procurer le livre avec la couverture ROUGE.

ATTENTION 2 : vous devez vous procurer le livre de grammaire d'ici la deuxième séance !

EvaluationsVous serez évalués en contrôle continu. Les évaluations porteront sur les points degrammaire et de vocabulaire étudiés en cours, la compréhension écrite, lacompréhension orale et l'expression écrite. Les modalités exactes vous seront donnéespar vos enseignants.

Le contrôle continu (CC) impose un contrôle d’assiduité au cours. Concrètement, celasignifie que vos absences seront comptabilisées par l’enseignant. Vous devez justifier vosabsences auprès de votre enseignant, car à partir de la quatrième absence injustifiée,vous serez noté(e) défaillant(e) à l’évaluation du semestre. Cela signifie que vousn’aurez pas de note en anglais, et que vous devrez combler cette défaillance en vousprésentant à l’épreuve de rattrapage du mois de juin. Toute absence à l’une desépreuves du contrôle continu entraîne automatiquement une défaillance. Aucun sujetspécial ne sera fait pour les étudiants absents à une épreuve. Si le calendrier desépreuves leur donne la possibilité de passer une épreuve de CC dans un autre groupe, ilsdoivent en faire la demande auprès des deux enseignants concernés.

Les étudiants dispensés de CC (salariés, sportifs de haut niveau qui ont fait la demandede dispense) passeront une épreuve unique en décembre. Cette épreuve ne s’adresseen aucun cas aux étudiants soumis au régime du contrôle continu. Inutile de vous yprésenter si vous avez été absent(e) à une épreuve de CC que vous auriez dû passer :vous ne serez pas autorisé(e) à composer lors de cette épreuve réservée aux dispensésde CC.

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Programme de travail – grammaire

• Présent simple / -ING (leçons p.10, 12, 14) (séance 1) o 2, 4 page 11 o 2 page 13 o 2 page 15 • Formes interrogatives (leçons p.48 et 50) (séance 2) o 2, 4 page 49 o 3 page 51 • Prétérit simple / -ING (leçon p.16) (séance 3) o 1, 2 et 5 page 17 • Present perfect / prétérit (leçons p.18 et 20) (séance 4) o 2 page 19 o 1, 3 et 4 page 21 • Present perfect Ø / -ING (leçon p.22) (séance 5) o 1, 4 et 6 page 23

• Past perfect (leçon p.24) (séance 6) o 3, 4 et 5 page 25 • Situation d’une action dans le temps (leçons p.28, 32 et 34) (séance 7) o 1, 2 page 29 o 1 page 33 o 1 page 35 • Renvoi à l’avenir (leçons p.94 et 96) (séance 8) o 1, 2 page 95 o 1,3 page 97 • Les modaux et la modalité (séances 9 et 10) o 2 page 61 o 3 page 65 o 1, 2 page 69 o 1 page 71 o 2 page 73 o 4 page 77 o 2 page 79 o 2 page 83 o 4 page 85

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In Novel Tactic on Climate Change, Citizens SueTheir Governments

John SCHWARTZ May 10, 2016The New York Times

Global warming is already disrupting the planet’s weather. Now it is having an impact onthe courts as well, as adults and children around the world try to enlist the judiciary intheir efforts to blunt climate change.

In the United States, an environmental law nonprofit is suing the federal government onbehalf of 21 young plaintiffs. Individuals in Pakistan and New Zealand have sued to forcetheir governments to take stronger action to fight climate change. A farmer in Peru hassued a giant German energy utility over its part in causing global warming. And while thearguments can be unconventional and surprising, some of the suits are making progress.

Last month, a federal magistrate judge in Oregon startled many legal experts byallowing the lawsuit filed on behalf of 21 teenagers and children to go forward, despitemotions from the Obama administration and fossil fuel companies to dismiss it; the suitwould force the government to take more aggressive action against climate change. Theruling by the magistrate judge, Thomas M. Coffin, now goes to Federal District Court tobe accepted or rejected.

Michael B. Gerrard, the director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law atColumbia Law School, called the ruling a potential landmark.

“It is the first time a federal court has suggested that government may have aconstitutional duty to combat climate change, and that individuals can sue to enforcethat right,” he said.

Other legal scholars were skeptical that the case would progress much further.

“The constitutional claims are novel, to say the least,” said David M. Uhlmann, a formerfederal prosecutor of environmental crimes who teaches law at the University ofMichigan. “I have a hard time seeing the case succeeding in the Supreme Court, if it getsthat far, and it may not even survive review in the Ninth Circuit.”

The young plaintiffs, led by the environmental law nonprofit Our Children’s Trust,argued that the Obama administration and the administrations before it had ampleevidence of the risks of climate change and “willfully ignored this impending harm.”

Victoria Barrett, one of the plaintiffs, from Westchester County, N.Y., said that oldergenerations had ignored the threat to the planet even as the scientific evidence ofwarming became undeniable.

The current plans and efforts to battle climate change are not enough, Ms.Barrett, 17,said, adding that her generation, with its passion and social media tools, would make adifference.

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“We want our children to look back in the textbooks and say, ‘Oh, our parents’generation — they really fought for us,’ ” she said.

The Our Children’s Trust suit is part of a wave of citizen actions to take on climatechange.

In Pakistan, Ashgar Leghari, a law student, sued the government last year over delays incarrying out a national climate change policy that could help reduce the heavy floodsand droughts that threaten the country’s food and energy security, as well as theLeghari family’s farm.

Ms. Olson of Our Children’s Trust said that the cases in the United States and abroad“build on one another.”

“Most novel arguments crash and burn, but some soar,” Professor Gerrard said. “It’soften hard to predict in advance which is which.”

PronunciationTo sue /su:/ (poursuivre en justice) =/= to sew /sJU/ (= coudre)

Questions about the text1 – In a few words, explain the goal of the Our Children's Trust's lawsuits.2 – Can these lawsuits succeed? Why/why not?3 – What are the arguments used by Our Children's Trust? Can you think of other arguments?4 – Why did Ashgar Leghari sue the Pakistani government?

DiscussionDo you personally feel concerned about climate change? Why/why not?

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Universities are tracking their students. Is it cleveror creepy?

Chris JUTTING

August 3, 2016

The Guardian

Learning analytics are becoming increasingly popular for improving learning and cuttingdrop-out rates – but critics question the impact on privacy

What could be more normal than heading to the university library, swiping your cardand logging into a computer?

Most students wouldn’t think twice about it. But what they may not realise is that thismundane series of events leaves a unique data pattern that can be recorded, loggedand reviewed, in a practice known as “learning analytics”. And now data analysts areusing this information to predict whether students will struggle with their courses, ordrop out.

“We’re trying to use data to improve our understanding of how students learn,” says DrBart Rienties, director of the learning analytics programme at the Open University. “Wewant to understand the story behind that data.”Such techniques look set to become an integral part of university life in the future,much to the delight of advocates. “Learning analytics can provide a more personallearning experience, rather than a one-size-fits-all solution,” Rienties says. He was partof a new study – which analysed data from more than 113,000 students at the OpenUniversity – looking at drop-out rates and how usage patterns of online learningresources can be an early indicator of academic performance.

The long view

But Nick Hillman, director of the Higher Education Policy Institute, warns that it’s tooearly to say what effect this approach will have in the long run.

“I think it has a lot of potential, but you have to be very careful. You don’t want amassive security breach, or for the data to be used in a way that some students think isinappropriate.”

Dr Richard Tynan, a technologist at Privacy International, has other concerns. Tynanargues that legislation should be updated to reflect changing approaches to thecollection of personal data. “The problem with data protection law is that it was froman era when people went to technology,” he says. “Now, technology is coming to theindividual, whether they like it or not.”

The data collected by universities can be shared with third parties, meaning thatstudents have little idea how far information about them could be travelling.

“Data is incredibly valuable, and many systems pay for themselves just in the data theycollect,” Tynan says . “What happens when the student leaves – is the system going toretain this data forever? How are they protecting it? Students need to know what theconsequences are now and in the future.”

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Questions about the text1 – In your own words, explain how the collection of students' data works and explain its goal.2 – Find 2 advantages and 3 drawbacks associated with this practice, and explain or imagine the risks3 – “The problem with data protection law is that it was from an era when people went to technology,” he says. “Now, technology is coming to the individual, whether they like it or not.” Explain this sentence, and give examples from everyday life of “technology coming to the individual”4 – Why is data financially attractive?

DiscussionImagine that your university has started a program to collect data about its students. Do you agree or disagree with this measure? Why?

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Why Trust in the Media Matters

Ed WilliamsJune 15, 2016The Huffington Post

Can you believe anything you read nowadays? In this maelstrom of information that weinhabit, how do you know what to trust?

It’s actually quite rare for us as human beings to test consciously whether we trustsomething. But one area where it does happen is with the news. Do I trust the journalist,editor or the proprietor to give me an honest report? Or do I not care just so long as it’sentertaining?

In Britain, it’s a mixed story of trust in media. The Edelman Trust Barometer - an annualsurvey of how much we believe the major institutions which govern our lives will “dothe right thing”- suggests a large number of us simply don’t. Just over 50% of Britonstrust the media, and when you look closely at titles, the picture is more acute.Broadsheet newspapers and television are trusted considerably more than mid-marketor tabloid, with similar trust scores to politicians.

To some extent this is a global issue. The wider news spreads, the more it getsquestioned. The more information people are exposed to, the more they have toexercise their critical faculties.

Does all this really matter? Well, I would argue that it does. In a broad, societal sense, itmatters whether or not our media is trusted.

Any examination of political rhetoric shows a disturbing trend: facts are increasinglyvalued in the same way as opinion. What is most surprising in this year’s Reuters data isthe increasing dominance of social media platforms as gatekeepers of news content. Forsome young demographics, social media is the only place they are served and consumenews.

The irony is that while digital has created a flourishing of sources, some are consumingnews in a narrower and more self-reinforcing way than ever. Digital on the one handpromised so much, but the risk now is that consumers are self-selecting news and drivingthemselves into opinion-ghettos and the likelihood of coming across opinion that runscounter to one’s own is diminishing.

Being trusted is also a matter of commercial survival for the media. The Trust Barometermakes it clear that when people trust a company they buy products, pay a higher priceand recommend to others.

Media companies, particularly publishers, are struggling with a grim outlook of plungingadvertising revenues and falling circulation. We’ve recently seen the forced marriage oftwo great Italian titles, La Repubblica and La Stampa, the closure of the Independent inprint and massive job culls at The Guardian.

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However, before we jump to connect the dots, we should think harder: it’s probably justas likely that many people no longer visit media outlets for “trusted” information. Theygo for fun. Or entertainment.

The conclusion is that trust isn’t a market-mover for every media owner, but for thosewho are going to rely on being paid online, it will be vital.

Questions about the text1 – What is the paradox of media in the digital age?2 – Why is it financially important that people trust the media?3 – What is the impact of globalization on the trust people have in the media? 4 – Several reasons why people no longer trust the media are given in the article. Can you think of other reasons?

DiscussionDo you trust the media in general? Do you trust social media more than “traditional” sources of information (newspapers, television...)? Why?

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For Musicians, More Access Means MoreVulnerability

Joe COSCARELLI June 15, 2016The New York Times

For Tiffany Alvord, an independent singer with a YouTube following of 2.8 million people,interacting with fans in person is her favorite part of playing concerts. It is also a business necessity that inspires loyalty by deepening the connections she has made online.“On YouTube, I perform to a camera, and all I see is numbers and names,” she said.“Meeting fans and seeing faces makes it real.”

But it can come with risks. Not long ago, Ms. Alvord, 23, said, a male fan traveled to LosAngeles from Germany to see her perform, approaching her on stage with a teddy bearand trying to kiss her. Even after she rebuffed his advances, the fan joined the line for apost-show meet-and-greet with her.

Such interactions, long a fact of life for performers — and especially female musicians —are becoming more fraught as artists, responding to industry and fan expectations, mustmake themselves increasingly accessible while also contending with a barrage of onlineharassment and the threat of violence at concerts.

On Friday night in Orlando, Fla., a day before the shooting at a gay nightclub that left 49people dead, a lone gunman killed the singer Christina Grimmie, 22, in what the policehave called a premeditated attack while she was selling merchandise and signingautographs after a show.

But while the concert industry has responded by heightening its security protocols,artists say they remain concerned about navigating the need for fan engagement andtheir own safety anxieties, especially in an age in which their every move is chronicledon Instagram, Twitter and Snapchat.

Music history is dotted with stories of stalkers and dangerous fanatics, like those that killed John Lennon, the singer Selena and the Pantera guitarist Darrell Abbott. But as record sales have fallen, increasing musicians’ economic reliance on live shows, extra face time with fans at meet-and-greets, merchandise tables and autograph signings havebecome more routine.“It’s part of the job description, really,” said the country singer Chely Wright, who wroteon Facebook after Ms. Grimmie’s murder that she couldn’t count “how many times I’vebeen at the merch table signing and had a real, reasonable fear that I was in danger.”

In an interview, Ms. Wright, who began her career in the ’90s, said she had seen a rise inthe feeling of entitlement from audiences. “Back in the day, it used to be, ‘I can’tbelieve you’re still here signing autographs,’” she said. “Now it’s become required. Theyexpect it.”

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Bethany Cosentino of the band Best Coast said in an interview that a majority of hernegative interactions occur online, but “because a lot of females are attacked based onappearance, it feels a lot more personal.”

While she is a proponent of blocking and reporting anonymous trolls on social media,Ms. Cosentino said, “They could be a very real person with a very real problem.”

“It can be really scary,” she said.

“For all the thousands and thousands of fans that say I inspire them and help them,there is probably just a handful that have a twisted perspective,” she said. “But it onlytakes one of them to be a threat. It only takes one to pull the trigger.”

Questions about the text1. Why is it important for artists to meet their fans?2. Does violence occur only during concerts?3. How has the general attitude of the public towards artists evolved over time?4. Why are artists more at risk of being attacked by dangerous fans nowadays?

DiscussionDo you think that the public has become too demanding of stars today? Why/why not?

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Stop telling men they’re useless at childcare, andmaybe they’ll be better

Andrew WattsJune 18, 2016The Spectator

Just in time for Fathers’ Day, when thousands of British men will receive cards addressedto ‘The World’s Best Dad!’, a new report from the Fatherhood Institute has come outdemonstrating the statistical improbability of the claim.

The average father in the UK spends only 24 minutes looking after his children for everyhour their mother spends, the lowest ratio in Europe.

The Fatherhood Institute concludes that government action is needed, in the first placeby increasing the parental leave available to fathers. They argue, rightly, that the morefathers are involved in the first year of a child’s life, the more engaged they will be inthe future. (If nothing else, it’s like training at altitude: after a year of coping with acrying baby, looking after toddlers is, quite literally, child’s play.)

A generation ago you might have assumed that British men shied away from childcarebecause it was considered effeminate and unmanly, but that doesn’t seem to be thecase now. True, many parenting manuals aimed at a male readership generally havetitles such as ‘Commando Dad’ or ‘Fathers Who Dare Win’, as if no real man ever read abook that wasn’t about the SAS. But, I don’t think this is evidence that British men thinkthat childcare is beneath them; rather, that society tells them they’re useless at it.

In my case, it started in the maternity ward. After our son was born, my wife wasn’table to breastfeed. There were supplies of formula milk, but they were kept beneaththe nurses’ station, like under-the-counter jam during rationing, and you had to go andask a nurse for a bottle. Whenever I did this, a nurse would say, ‘We’d better check withMummy.’ And they’d wake her up just to ensure that Daddy had drawn the correctinferences from the baby’s crying.

I understand that nurses want to establish feeding patterns in the maternity ward, butthey also established another pattern: that men should be treated as useless idiots whocan’t be trusted to look after their children. This trope is repeated everywhere inpopular culture, from adverts portraying fathers as feckless incompetents who can’teven take care of a KFC bucket to cartoons where the butt of every joke is the idiotdad: Homer Simpson, Peter Griffin and, most egregious of all, Daddy Pig in Peppa Pig.Strangers come up to me when I’m out with my son and chuckle to him: ‘Don’t worry,Mummy will be home soon!’

What surprises me is that this attitude often comes from women. I have been taking myson to nursery, and picking him up, every day for almost a year; the other mothers haveonly just worked out that I’m not just standing in for my wife. The nursery staff still

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haven’t realised so they send all the emails about playdates and outings to my wife,since obviously you can’t clog up a father’s terribly important inbox with such womanlynonsense. If you think the dad is just a substitute, you’re not going to make an effort toinclude him: just as if you’re in an office, nobody bothers making friends with the temp.

Questions about the text1. What conclusions has the Fathers' Institute reached, and what solutions does it propose?2. What did the author experience at the maternity ward?3. How does the author account for this vision of males in British society today?

Discussion– If you are a male: would you consider being a father-at-home? Why?- If you are a female: would you find it odd that your partner chose to be a father-at-home? Why?

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Video Game Trade Show Kicks Off Under Cloud OfReal-Life Violence

Laura SYDELLJune 14, 2016NPR

The annual video game trade show E3 began this week in Los Angeles under the cloud ofthe mass shooting in Orlando, Fla., the deadliest in America's recent history. Theconference is expected to draw tens of thousands of industry professionals who wanthands-on experience with games that turn virtual violence into entertainment.There were signs that organizers were trying to bridge the contradictions.

At the downtown LA Convention Center, flags were at half-staff. Actress Aisha Tyler,hosting the press conference for video game maker Ubisoft, mixed her usual humor andenthusiasm with an announcement that the she admitted would "feel a little incongruousand potentially even uncomfortable for some of you."

Indeed, it's not often that a preview of violent video games begins with condolences tothe victims of a mass shooting. Tyler stood onstage, flanked by someone in a giraffecostume on one side and dancers dressed as candy canes on the other, and offereddeepest sympathies to the victims and their families in Orlando. Her somber moment atthis festive video game promotional event drew a loud round of applause from a packedauditorium.

Then Tyler made what she called a "hard right turn" into game land and introduced oneof this year's most anticipated releases: Ghost Recon Wildlands, an open-world shootergame, in which players take on a Bolivian drug cartel.Other companies showed off their games without acknowledging the national grief.

At a press conference on Sunday, video game company Electronic Arts, which has astudio in Orlando, hyped its games such as a World War I military shooter gameBattlefield 1 without so much as a nod to the events in Florida.

The Entertainment Software Association (ESA), which sponsors the E3 show, released astatement calling the mass shooting in Orlando a hate crime. "We ask all of those in theOrlando-area to contact their local Red Cross and donate however possible," thestatement said.

But ESA President and CEO Mike Gallagher denied any connection between video gameviolence and real-world violence. In an interview with the technology blog Ars Technica,Gallagher said that when it comes to the issue of "violence in our country and gunviolence in video games ... this industry does not cause any of the violence that you seein society." And at this time there isn't any evidence that links the behavior of theOrlando shooter to violent video games.

However, Gallagher's conclusion that video games have no connection to real-worldviolence is debatable. There is evidence that these games cause increasedaggression,according to the American Psychological Association.

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Gallagher says that steps were being taken by individual companies to be "sensitive tothe national mood," though he did not say to which companies he was referring and onlysome attendees at E3 seem to want to openly give a nod to the shootings in Orlando.

Questions about the text1 – In what context did the E3 open?2 – What were the different reactions video game publishers to the shootings?3 – What is Mike Gallagher's position regarding video games and violence?

DiscussionDo you play video games? Do you think video games can lead to violence?

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Philly Wants To Tax Soda To Raise Money ForSchools

Katie ColaneriApril 8, 2016NPR.org

Philadelphia's new mayor wants to do something few American cities have done: pass atax on soda and other sugary drinks. So far, Berkeley, Calif., has been the only U.S. cityto approve such a tax. That measure was aimed at reducing soda consumption (and thenegative health effects that go along with drinking too much of it).

But in Philly, the tax isn't being promoted as a scheme to bring down the city's high ratesof obesity or diabetes. Mayor Jim Kenney says he wants to use the revenue for projectsthat benefit residents in a city with a 26 percent poverty rate, the highest of America'slargest cities. He argues soda companies make big money and often market theirproducts to low-income people.

"What we're looking to do is to take some of that profit, to put it back into theneighborhoods that have been their biggest customers, to improve the lives andopportunities for the people who live there," he said at a rally promoting the tax lastmonth.

Kenney claims a tax of 3 cents per ounce of soda, iced-tea and other sugary drinks —levied on beverage distributors — would generate more than $400 million over the nextfive years. The money would help fund a plan for universal pre-K and community schoolsthat offer services like health care, as well as major renovations to parks, recreationcenters and libraries.

So far, no one is complaining about Kenney's intentions, but Daniel Grace, who heads upthe local Teamsters Union, says there has to be a better way to raise money. The unionrepresents about 2,000 people who work in bottling plants and drive delivery trucks.

His argument against the tax boils down to this: It would likely drive up the price ofsoda (just as the Berkeley tax has done), which, in turn, will reduce the consumption ofsugary drinks. "When the demand goes down, they don't need as many [workers] as theyhave today," he says.

The Teamsters Union has printed hundreds of "No soda tax" buttons and T-shirts and hasbeen handing out leaflets. And right after Kenney proposed the measure, the AmericanBeverage Association — a national trade group that previously shelled out more than $9million fighting Berkeley's soda tax — launched a social media campaign against thePhiladelphia proposal and started running ads on local radio stations calling it a "grocerytax on the kind of drinks we buy for our family."

But while the association's campaigns target Philadelphia residents, the fate of the sodatax ultimately lies in the hands of the city council, which will make its final decision inJune. Council president Darrell Clarke has not taken a side yet, but he's concerned theburden would fall hardest on those Kenney is trying to help: the poor. "It doesn't take a

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whole lot of analysis to determine where those sugary drinks are being sold," he says. "Sothe question is, is that fair?"

The Rev. Adan Mairena, who is part of a group supporting the tax, estimates 80 percentof his congregation in North Philadelphia lives below the poverty line and admits thatsome of them are worried about paying more for these drinks. He's urging skeptics totake the long view.

"If we pass this, it's going to provide more opportunities in the long run and it's going tomake us a better people, a better community," he says.

At a supermarket just a few miles away, Maribel Alago says she disagrees. She points outthe city raised property taxes last year. Plus, there's a $2-per-pack tax on cigarettes tohelp the cash-strapped school district.

"People cannot barely afford anything nowadays," Alago says. "Now they are going to taxsoda, too."

Mayor Kenney says if the city council doesn't approve the tax, there's no other way topay for expanded pre-K or revamped rec centers. Plan B is going without those things.

Questions about the text1 – What are the aims of this tax?2 – What are the arguments of the opponents to the new tax? What do they propose instead?3 – Which side do you agree with? Why?

DiscussionDo you think there should be more control over food high in fat and sugar?Why/why not?

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Mots de liaison – linking wordsPOUR COMMENCERFirst, in the first place,... (tout d'abord)To start with,... (pour commencer)

POUR DEVELOPPER UN SUJETSecondly, thirdly,...Then, next.As a matter of fact, in fact (en fait)Actually (effectivement, en fait)Anyway (de toutes façons)As far as ... is concerned (en ce qui concerne...)

POUR EXPRIMER LE BUTTo / in order to / so as to + base verbale (dans le but de)

POUR EXPRIMER LA CONDITIONIf (Si)In case (au cas où)As long as (tant que)

POUR EXPRIMER L'OPPOSITIONWhereas / while (tandis que)Unlike (à la différence de)On the one hand..., on the other hand (d'une part... d'autre part)Contrary to (contrairement à)Otherwise (autrement)

POUR EXPRIMER LA RESTRICTIONAlthough / though (bien que)As though / as if (comme si)No matter what (peu importe ce que)Whatever (quel que soit)Unless (à moins que)Yet / still (pourtant)However (cependant)Despite / in spite of (malgré...)

POUR DONNER DES EXEMPLESFor instance / for example (par exemple)Such as... (tel que)Indeed... (en effet)

POUR EXPRIMER LA CAUSEAs / because (Parce que...)Since (Puisque...)This is the reason why (c'est la raison pour laquelle)Owing to / due to (en raison de)

POUR EXPRIMER LA CONSEQUENCEThat's why (c'est pourquoi)So that (afin que)Therefore / as a consequence (par conséquent)So, thus (donc...)Hence (d'où...)

Let's start with the issue of pollution.First, we will talk about climate change...

Secondly, I'd like to deal with social media.

Some people believe it is true, but it is wrong actually.

As far as music is concerned, I think rock & roll is fantastic

She bought a ticket in order to go to Paris

In case you wouldn't know, the address has changed.As long as she does what she was asked to do, everything will be fine.

He is tall, while she is small.Unlike her, I hate cheese.

They need to change their attitude. Otherwise, they are heading straight for disaster.

Although I like swimming, I won't go to the swimming pool tonight.Don't do it unless you are completely sure of the result.

He said he would come. However, it's 4 o'clock and he hasn't arrived yet.

Despite my attempts, I didn't manage to change his mind.

Foreign languages, such as English, are extremely important for every student. Indeed, they are used to communicate abroad.

As I have forgotten to buy flour, I can't make this cake.

Since you are late, we cannot go to the cinema. This is the reason why we are staying home tonight.

It started to rain. Therefore, I decided to stay at home.

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POUR EXPRIMER LE TEMPS / UNE DUREETill / until (jusqu'à ce que...)While (pendant que)As long as (Tant que...)Since + prétérit (Depuis que...)

POUR AJOUTER UN ELEMENTBesides (en outre...)Moreover / what is more (de plus)As well, also, too (également)

POUR CONCLURETo conclude, in conclusion, last of all, finally,...To put it in a nutshell (pour résumer)

I am working until I get bored.

As long as you stay here, you are safe.

I have been sick since I ate this weird cake.

I'm too tired to go to the cinema. Besides, I've heard that thefilm is not that great.

I am sick, and Jane is sick as well.

In a nutshell, I think linking words are fantastic.

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Guide de phonétiqueVoici ci-après l'alphabet phonétique international. Même s'il peut paraître abscons au premier abord, il est essentiel de le maîtriser car il vous permettra de trouver la prononciation d'un mot inconnu, l'anglais ne se prononçant pas toujours comme il s'écrit.

Pour écouter ces sons, cherchez la « British Council phonemic chart » en ligne, vous trouverez un tableau similaire dont vous pourrez écouter les phonèmes.

Vous pouvez écouter la prononciation de mots sur les dictionnaires en ligne Wordreference ou Oxford Learner's Dictionary (https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com)

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Synonymes de mots courantsIl est important que vous preniez l'habitude d'utiliser des synonymes pour enrichir votre expression. Voici une liste de synonymes de mots courants.

Instead of... …you can use: Bad (Goût): tasteless, disgusting, awful

(Travail): poor, botched

Dismal

Good Fine, wonderful, pleasant, marvelous,

(Intelligence): clever, smart

Simple (Dans un sens positif) Straightforward

(Dans un sens négatif) shallow

Nice Pretty, graceful, pleasing, attractive

To cry Shout, yell, weep, sob

To hurt Harm, injure, wound

Boring Dull, dumb, tedious, dreary, commonplace

To like Appreciate, fancy, admire

Happy Pleased, satisfied, glad, delighted

Sad Miserable, dejected, melancholy, moving

Interesting Thought-provoking, engaging, inspiring,

exciting, appealing

Make Create, design, perform

Scared Frightened, fearful, disturbed, terrified

To think Believe, contemplate, assume, deem,

reckon

Big Large, huge, massive, substantial,

significant

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Faux-amisVoici une liste de quelques uns des faux-amis les plus courants.

To deceive

Actually

Miserable

Terrific

To demand

A hazard

Eventually

To resume

Candid

The ballot

Confidence

Grief

A lecture

Patron

A prejudice

Relief

Sensible

To supply s.o. with

Sympathetic

Tromper

En fait

Malheureux

Formidable

Exiger

Un danger

Finalement

Recommencer

Franc

Le scrutin

La confiance

Le chagrin

Une conférence

Un client

Un préjugé

Le soulagement

Sensé

Fournir qqch à qqun

Compatissant

Décevoir

Actuellement

Misérable

Terrifiant

Demander

Le hasard

Éventuellement

Résumer

Candide

Un ballot

Une confidence

Des griefs

La lecture

Un patron

Un préjudice

Le relief

Sensible

Supplier

Sympathique

To disappoint

Currently

Wretched

Frightening

To ask

Chance

Possibly

To sum up

Ingenuous

A bundle

A secret

Reproaches

Reading

A boss

Harm

Relief

Sensitive

To beg

Pleasant, nice

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Fonctions langagières

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Lettre et email en anglaisIdentifiez le destinataire : est-ce un ami ? Un membre de votre famille ? Un supérieur hiérarchique ? De cela découlera le registre de langue que vous utiliserez

1/ En en-tête1 – la date. Attention, écrire la date en entier (October 8th, 2014) pour éviter de se tromper, car si 08/10/2014 veut dire 8 octobre en Grande-Bretagne, il signifie 10 août aux USA (où l'on place le mois avant le jour !)

2 – les adresses du destinateur et du destinataire, sans traduire le nom de la rue.

2/ Pour commencer la lettre

Formel A un proche/ami

Dear Mr / Mrs / Ms Hobson Dear JohnMy dear John

3/ Pour conclureEn fin de lettre, pour annoncer qu'on a hâte d'avoir des nouvelles (seulement pour proches ou amis)(I am) Looking forward to hearing from you!(I am) Looking forward to seeing you!(Attention à bien utiliser V-ING ici !)

Pour conclure la lettre

Formel A un proche/ami

Yours sincerelyYours faithfully(Correspondent au « veuillez agréer mes salutations... »)

With love from MaryAll the bestBest regards / Best wishesBestLots of lovexoxo, pour les amis proches, et qui signifie hugs and kisses.

Ne pas oublier d'organiser la lettre en paragraphes !

Ne pas oublier de signer à la fin !

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Ecrire un texte argumentatif1/ IntroductionIl vous faudra une courte introduction qui :

a. Amène au sujet (en partant d'un sujet plus large)b. Pose votre problématique (reprenez la question de l'énoncé)

Pour amener le sujet : partez d'une phrase de portée assez générale mais en lien tout demême avec votre sujet. Des moyens d'amorcer : Nowadays (de nos jours), In today's society,...

2/ DéveloppementVotre développement doit être organisé, et découpé en parties. 2 parties (sur le modèle thèse/antithèse) sont amplement suffisantes.

Chaque partie doit être constituée d'UN OU DEUX ARGUMENTS qui doivent être ILLUSTRES PAR UN/DES EXEMPLES.

N'oubliez pas les mots de liaison !

3/ ConclusionLa conclusion ne doit pas être bâclée car c'est la dernière impression qu'il reste du devoir.

a. Indiquer les points forts de votre argumentationb. possibilité d'ouvrir sur un sujet plus large

A utiliser au début de votre conclusion : As we have ssen in this short essay / In a nutshell / To conlcude...

Exemple de texte argumentatifWould you like to go and live in a foreign country? Explain why.

As we grow older, we naturally want to take some distance from our surroundings. After they finish high school, some students decide to take a gap year and to spend a year abroad. Yet, when I think of myself, I wonder if I would be able to go and live in a foreign country.

First, I would say that living in a foreign country would certainly enable me to be more independent, to learn to be responsible for myself, to discover a new culture and to make new friends. As far as I am concerned, I would agree to go and live in a foreign country in order to study. It would have to be in an English speaking-country because English is the language I want to master.

However, overcoming the language barrier, adapting to new customs and habits, leaving my friends and family behind would be

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Ouverture avec une généralité

Problématique

Alinéa + mots de liaison en début de

parties

Exemples

an ordeal. I could feel homesick and uprooted in an unknown environment. For instance, would I adapt to customs, to the food...?

In a nutshell, living abroad could be an enriching experience ; yet, I don't know exactly how I would react. Maybe leaving too young is not a good idea.

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Mot de liaison + reprise des principaux arguments

Sitographie

Ecouter de l'anglaisPour se remettre dans le bain

Regarder les vi→ déos avec scripts de Voice of America. Aller sur www.voanews.com, puis cliquer sur l'onglet Learning English tout en haut à droite. Sur la page qui s'ouvre, choisir soit une vidéo soit un enregistrement audio dans le menu correspondant. Les vidéos sont sous-titrées et un script est fourni pour les enregistrements.

Egalement recommandé, → www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/

Le site → Elllo.org propose également des vidéos avec quizz et scripts.

Avec une bonne maîtrise de l'anglais Les po→ dcats de la BBC : www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts La → NPR (National Public Radio) pour les Etats-Unis : www.npr.org La → CNN : www.cnn.com En Irlande→ : www.rte.ie/radio En Australie→ : www.abc.net.au

Toutes les vidéos en anglais sur Youtube peuvent être utilisées. Privilégiez les sujets qui vous intéressent le plus. Certaines conférences TED en particulier peuvent s'avérer intéressantes.

Lire de l'anglaisIl n'y a pas de bonne ou de mauvais lecture, il faut tout lire. La plupart des sites mentionnés ci-dessus proposent des articles, auxquels vous pouvez rajouter les excellents Guardian, New York Times, Time... pour n'en citer que quelques uns, sans oublier les blogs, forums, etc.

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