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aRmoCenebi

arCil qiqoZe

rodesac sikvdilidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg skotis karavi ipoves, kapitani sanaxevrod iyo amomZvrali saZile tomridan. misi ori Tanamgzavri tomrebSi gaxveuli gayinuliyvnen, skots ki maTi dRiurebi moegrovebina da Tavisi rveulis gverdiT daewyo. yvelafridan Canda, rom kapi-tani ukanaskneli Seegeba sakuTar sikvdilsa da ukvdavebas.

axla ki Soridan daviwyeb da mogiyvebiT imaze, vin iyo Cemi statiis gmiri da ra Zalam miiyvana yinulis samefoSi, sadac sikvdili ipova.

rodesac ramis kiTxvas iwyeb da winaswar ici dasasruli, sakiTxavi mosawyeni xdeba. polaru-li mogzauris – robert skotis dRiurs rom vkiTxulobdi, yvelaferi piriqiT iyo, vicodi riTi damTavrdeboda – gardauvali sikvdiliT da es winaswari codna kidev ufro dramatuls xdida sakiTxavs. inglisuri polaruli eqspediciis kapitani ukanasknel amosunTqvamde werda dRi-urs, romlis gverdebze mxolod aqa-iq gakrTeboda SiSi imisa, rom is da misi eqspediciis wevrebi ukan veRar dabrundebodnen, danarCeni ki mSrali aRwera iyo maTi brZolisa da mxolod ukanask-nel gverdze Cawera: „mgoni, es dasasrulia“… .

49

robert skoti

robert skoti 1868 wlis 6 ivniss daibada inglisis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi, devonSiris sagrafoSi, ojaxSi, romlis mamakacebi, rogorc wesi, mezRvaurebi xdebodnen. skotis bavSvoba da axalgazrdoba daemTxva didi britaneTis istoriis periods, romelsac maSindeli mmarTve-li dedoflis – viqtorias pativsacemad „viqtorianuli“ Searqves. britaneTi swraf ekonomi-kur aRmavlobas ganicdida, imperia, faqtobrivad, naxevar msoflios moicavda da danarCen msoflios karnaxobda dRis wesrigs.

inglisis istoria da misi macxovreblebis xasiaTi ukeT rom gavigoT, mudam unda gvaxsovdes, rom es kunZulovani qveyanaa. ingliselebi tradiciulad kargi zRvaosnebi iyvnen. XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi, sxva didi dedoflis – elisabed pirvelis mmarTvelobis xanaSi, maT sabolood daCagres sxva zRvaosani xalxebi – portugalielebi, espanelebi, holandielebi da zRvebsa da okeaneebze upirobo pirveloba moipoves. es pirveloba britaneTs saukuneebis manZilze ar da-uTmia da im droisTvis, rodesac robert skoti moevlina qveyanas, ingliselisTvis mezRvauro-ba erT-erTi yvelaze sapatio profesia iyo.

13 wlis robert skoti misaRebi gamocdebiT Cairicxa samxedro-sazRvao saswavlebelSi, ro-melic Zvel afrian gem „britaniaze“ mdebaroebda. aseTi mcuravi saswavleblebi, sadac Teoria da praqtika erTdroulad iswavleboda, araerTi iyo imdroindel inglisSi. patara biWebi gemis gembansa da anZebze euflebodnen zRvaosnobis ana-banas da vinc mkacr gamocdas gauZlebda, umcrosi oficris CiniT amTavrebda saswavlebels.

skotma yvela gamocdas gauZlo da male iqca axalgazrda, imedismomcem oficrad da mainc, cxovreba da samxedro-sazRvao kariera arafriT iqneboda gansxvavebuli sxva ingliseli ofic-rebis biografiebisagan, rom ara ramdenime Sexvedra kliment markemTan, inglisel mecnierTan, romelic antarqtikaze eqspediciis mowyobaze ocnebobda. rodesac axalgazrda samxedro da xnieri mecnieri londonis quCaSi mesamed Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, markemma skots auwya, rom is-is iyo airCies britaneTis geografiuli sazogadoebis prezidentad, raindobac mianiWes da rom samxreT polusze eqspediciis mowyobis miseuli gegma realuri gaxda. geografiuli sazogado-eba eqspediciis xelmZRvanelad sando adamians eZebda.

ojaxis valebSi Caflulma skotma ifiqra, rom eqspediciis xelmZRvaneloba mas finansuri problemebisgan Tavis daRwevaSi daexmareboda, bevri ar ufiqria, ramdenime dRis Semdeg brita-neTis geografiul sazogadoebaSi gamocxadda da eqspediciis xelmZRvanelad sakuTari kandi-datura waradgina.

robert skoti 13 wlis asakSi

dedofali viqtoria(1819-1901)

50

elisabed I (1533-1603)

im dros, XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze, msoflio rukaze mxolod CrdiloeTi da samxreTi po-lusebi iyo adgilebi, sadac adamians fexi jer ar daedga, magram Tuki CrdiloeT polusze ukve araerTi warumatebeli eqspedicia iyo mowyobili, samxreT polusis da antarqtikis Sesaxeb Zal-ze mcire ram iyo cnobili. britanelebmac swored evropidan ufro Sors, samyaros meore bolo-Si mdebare samxreT polusi amoiRes mizanSi da eqspediciisTvis mzadebas Seudgnen. robert sko-tis garda, kidev bevri iyo xelmZRvanelobis msurveli, magram geografiuli sazogadoebis pre-zidentis misadmi keTilganwyobam yvelaferi gadawona da sasurveli Tanamdeboba man miiRo. aqve unda iTqvas, rom momavali eqspediciis SemadgenlobaSi umetesoba samxedro mezRvaurebi iyv-nen. erTi SexedviT, saocaria, rom gundi, romlis wevrebs aTas kilometrze meti unda gaevloT msoflios yvelaze civ kontinentze, sadac temperatura TiTqmis arasodes adis nuls zeviT da uamravi dabrkoleba fexiT unda gadaelaxaT, mezRvaurebisgan dakompleqtda, magram isev nu dagvaviwydeba, rom es britaneTia – kunZulovani qveyana, sadac tradiciulad samxedro mezRva-uri yvelaze mamac da gamobrZmedil adamianad iTvleboda. Tanac antarqtidamdec gemiT unda mieRwiaT – afrosani xomaldiT, romelsac „disqaveri“, anu aRmoCena, erqva.

am statiaSi me ar movyvebi skotis pirveli eqspediciis aRweras, vityvi imas, rom igi daaxlo-ebiT sami wlis ganmavlobaSi (1901 wlidan 1904 wlamde) mimdinareobda da marTalia, mogzaurebma ver miaRwies poluss, ufro metic, 800 kilometrze metad ver miuxlovdnen, magram is mainc war-matebuli iyo da mis ganmavlobaSi ucnob kontinentze Zalian bevri aRmoCena gakeTda, xolo yofili mezRvaurebi gamobrZmedil polarul mkvlevrebad dabrundnen Sin da maSinve axali eqspediciisTvis samzadiss Seudgnen.

eqspediciis mowyoba 1910 wlamde ar mo-xerxda. amasobaSi robert skoti daojaxda da qaliSvilic SeeZina. igi bevrs mogzau-robda leqciebiT da evropis sxvadasxva qa-laqSi sakuTari mogzaurobis Sedegebs ac-nobda farTo sazogadoebas. aqve unda iTq-vas, rom yvela epoqa sakuTar gmirebs aCens. warmoidgineT evropa, romelsac sul male pirveli msoflio omis qar-cecxli daaty-deba Tavs. is omi ukve sxva gmirebs gaaCens. manamde ki mSvidobaa da mTeli msoflio elodeba axal ambebs polusebidan, romle-bic jer kidev dasapyrobia. orive polusma ukve Seiwira araerTi mkvlevris sicocxle

samxedro-sazRvao saswavlebeli Zvel afrian gem „britaniaze“

aRmoCenebi

xomaldi `disqaveri~

(maT Soris, skotis pirveli eqspediciis erT-erTi wevris), yvelas ainteresebs, vin iqneba pirveli, romeli qveynis Svilebi aR-marTaven sakuTar droSas samyaros yvelaze CrdiloeT da yvelaze samxreT wertilebSi. SedarebisTvis vityvi, rom dRevandeli sa-fexburTo msoflio Cempionatis finali araferia im molodinTan SedarebiT, rac po-lusebTan dakavSirebiT maSindel msoflio-Si arsebobda. es interesi erTdroulad iyo sportulic, mecnierulic da politiku-ric.

im drois yvelaze avtoritetuli pola-ruli mkvlevari norvegieli fritiof nan-seni iyo. skoti masac Sexvda, radgan nanseni cnobili iyo imiT, rom sakuTar gamocdile-bas yvelas Tanabrad uziarebda da rCeva ara-visTvis enaneboda. or mkvlevars erTmaneTi moewona, mogvianebiT norvegieli ase axasia-Tebda skots: „is Cem winaSe idga – dakunTu-li da Ronieri, vxedavdi mis lamaz saxes, da-Jinebul mzeras, magrad mokumul tuCebs,

bedma ise ineba, rom robert skotis cxovrebaSi gadamwyveti roli swored nor-vegielma iTamaSa. mas rual amundseni erqva, isic ukve gamobrZmedili mogzauri gaxl-daT da inglisel kolegaze aranakleb ambi-ciuri. amundsenis ocneba CrdiloeT polu-samde miRweva iyo, amisaTvis man eqspedicia Sekriba, Tanxebic moiZia, nansenisgan misi cnobili gemi „framic“ iTxova, magram rode-sac yvelaferi mzad iyo gasamgzavreblad,

romlebic mis saxes mkacr iers aZlevda, mag-ram es xels ar uSlida xSirad gaeRima. mTel mis garegnobaSi Canda rbili da keTilSobi-li xasiaTi, amave dros seriozulobac da kargi iumoric“.

XIX saukunis msoflio ruka robert skoti meuRlesTan da kliment markemTan erTad

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robert skoti

movida cnoba, rom meSvide cdis Semdeg CrdiloeTi polusi amerikelma robert pi-rim daipyro. amundsenma swrafad Secvala gegma da ̀ framiT~ samxreT polusisken daiZ-ra, xolo konkurentad qceul skots amis Se-saxeb bolo wams acnoba, mas mere, rac orive eqspediciam „civilizebuli samyaro“ dato-va. amundsenis depeSam skots axal zelandia-Si miuswro, sadac es ukanaskneli sakuTar gems, „tera novas“, sanovagiT tvirTavda. in-gliseli mogzaurisTvis yvelaferi Seicva-la. misi eqspediciis mizani, „pirvelebs mi-eRwiaT samxreT polusisTvis, raTa am didi miRwevis pativi britaneTis imperias rgebo-da“, didi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadga. amasTa-nave ambiciuri, magram mainc samecniero eqs-pedicia uceb iqca sasikvdilo Sejibrad. skots afrTxobdnen norvegielebi, romle-

fritiof nanseni (1861-1930)

bic gamocdili mogzaurebi iyvnen, amave dros norvegia sul axlad Seqmnili Crdilouri saxelm-wifo iyo, didi britaneTi ki – msoflio wesrigis ganmkargveli imperia, romelic damarcxebas verafriT Seegueboda.

ingliselebi namyofi iyvnen antarqtikaSi da icodnen, ra gziT daiZrebodnen polusisken, norvegielebma ki gamosazamTrebeli adgili da polusisken misasvleli gza alalbedze airCies,

skotma antarqtikis napirs noembris TveSi (1910) miaRwia, amundsenma ki – ianvarSi (1911) da ingliselebisgan daaxloebiT samas kilometrSi moiwyo banaki. orive eqspediciam TiTqmis erT-droulad miaRwia antarqtikas da gamosazamTreblad samzadisi daiwyo. samxreT naxevarsfero-Si zamTari Cvenebur zafxuls emTxveva. ingliselebsac da norvegielebsac erTnairi sazrunavi hqondaT – unda CaetarebinaT dazverviTi da mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi naxevarwliani polaru-li Ramis dadgomamde, rac SeiZleba Sors unda SeeRwiaT kontinentis siRrmeSi da gamoecadaT sakuTari Tavi da aRWurviloba, unda SeeswavlaT axali kontinentis flora da fauna, mere ki zamTris umoqmedobas miscemodnen, momavali laSqrobisTvis Zalebi moekribaT.

magram gaumarTlaT. saerTod, amundseni da-jildoebuli iyo Tandayolili intuiciiT, romlis wyalobiT mis mier sabazo banakad SerCeuli, kontinentis siRrmeSi SeWrili „veSapis yure“ orasi kilometriT axlos iyo mizanTan, vidre is adgili, sadac skoti gad-movida gemidan da banaki moawyo. amundsenis SerCeuli marSruti sabolood naklebad mTiani aRmoCnda, vidre skotisa, magram nor-vegielebs hqondaT kidev erTi upiratesoba, romelic codnaze iyo damyarebuli da ara – intuiciaze. skotma polusamde misaRwevad motoriani marxilebi da cxenebi – yinvagamZ-le manjuriuli ponebi – arCia, amundsenma ki Tan Camoiyvana grenlandiaSi eskimosebisgan SeZenili as ocamde marxilis ZaRli, xolo norvegielTa msubuqi marxilebi aseve eski-mosTa transportis darad iyo Seqmnili. es upiratesoba gadamwyveti aRmoCnda polu-sisken rbolaSi. norvegielebi ubralod uk-eT momzadebulebi aRmoCndnen, xolo ingli-selebi – ufro jiutebi da ampartavnebi, wi-naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver SeZlebdnen imas, rac gaakeTes.

rual amundseni (1872-1928)

xomaldi `frami~

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aRmoCenebi

xomaldi `tera nova~ ponebi `tera novas~ eqspediciaSi

ZaRlebi rual amundsenis polarul eqspediciaSi

antarqtidaze eqspediciebi dResac ew-yoba, magram erTi saukunis manZilze, sxva yvelaferTan erTad, ganviTarebulia aR-Wurviloba, tansacmeli, mogzaurebi sate-lituri telefonebiT arian SeiaraRebuli da maT pirvelive zarze maSveli vertmfreni mzad aris mofrindes. SedarebisTvis vityvi, rom skotis dros jer „elva-Sesakravic~ ki ar iyo gamogonili. mogzaurebis mZime bewvis tanisamosi RilebiT ikvreboda, karvebi bre-zentisgan iyo damzadebuli da am karvebSi ingliselebs unda gaetarebinaT qarbuqiani Rameebi, roca gareT temperatura minus or-moc gradusze dabali iyo. isini midiodnen TeTri kontinentis siRrmeSi, sadac ar WaWa-nebda arc erTi cocxali arseba da sadac mxolod sakuTar Tavs iyvnen mindobili. maTTan ganSorebas eqspediciis erT-erTi wevri ase ixsenebda: „Cven xSirad vbrundebo-diT maTTvis Tvalis Sesavlebad, sanam kapi-

1911 wels robert skotis eqspediciis sami jgufi kontinentis siRrmisken daiZra. amaTgan mxolod erTi – skoti da mis mier SturmisTvis SerCeuli oTxi adamiani (edu-ard uilsoni, henri bauersi, lourens otsi da eduard evansi) gaagrZelebda polusis-ken gzas, danarCen or jgufs maqsimalurad Sors unda SeeRwia da skotisTvis sakvebis sawyobebi moewyo. aravin icoda, ramden xans gastanda polusze laSqroba da yvela xvde-boda, rom sakvebi, romelic jgufs Tan mih-qonda da romelic, ZiriTadad, mSrali xor-cisa da orcxobilisgan Sedgeboda, ukana gzisTvis sakmarisi ar aRmoCndeboda. sawyo-bebSi tovebdnen navTsac, radgan eqspedici-is wevrebi swored navTqurebiT Tbebodnen karvebSi da imave quraze aduRebdnen Cai- sac – cxeli sasmeli yovlad aucilebeli pi-roba iyo gasaTbobad da, Sesabamisad, gada-sarCenad.

robert piri (1856-1920)

53

robert skoti

veSapis yure

54

tani skoti da misi oTxi Tanamgzavri hori-zontze Sav wertilad ar iqcnen. maSin verc ki vifiqrebdiT, rom ukanasknelebi viyaviT, vinc maT cocxals xedavda, rom im pirquS ze-ganze Cven mier samjer daZaxebuli „vaSa!“, ukanaskneli salami iqneboda, romelsac isi-ni gaigonebdnen“.

or damxmare jgufTan ganSoreba sabazo banakis datovebidan erTi Tvisa da sami dRis mere, 3 ianvars, moxda. am droisTvis skots ukve aRarc cxenebi hyavda da aRarc moto-riani cigebi. misma arCeulma strategiam ar

gaamarTla. manjuriulma ponebma antarqti-kas ver gauZles da gzaSi daixocnen, cigebi ki, romlebic ingliselebma safrangeTis alpebSi da norvegiis zegnebze gamoscades, pirvelive dReebSi gafuWda. skotis xuTeu-li Tavad iyo mZime marxilebSi Sebmuli da napralebiT daRarul myinvarze polusisken miikvlevda gzas.

1912 wlis 17 ianvars jgufma samxreT po-luss miaRwia, magram rogori iyo inglise-lebis imedgacrueba, rodesac jer kidev So-ridan, WogritSi dainaxes TovlSi CarWobil Wokze aRmarTuli norvegiis droSa – konku-rentebma miaswres. polusze skots amundse-nis werilic eloda. ukeT momzadebulma norvegielebma dajabnes didi britaneTi... miuxedavad gadatanili Sokisa, axla skotis mTavari sazrunavi ukan mSvidobiT dabrune-ba iyo...

ingliselebs bevr rameSi ar gaumarTlaT da pirvel rigSi – amindSi. wlis am dros aseT dabal temperaturas poluszec ki aravin eloda. RamRamobiT temperatura xSirad ecemoda minus ormocdaaT gradusze qvem-oT. siaruli Wirda, rodesac zurgis qari qroda, mogzaurebi marxilebze afrebs amag-rebdnen, rom moZraoba gaadvilebodaT. ram-denjerme iseTi grigali daatydaT Tavs, rom karvidan gamosvla da gzis gagrZeleba ver SeZles. yvela es ubedureba dawvrile-biT aqvs skots aRwerili Tavis dRiurSi, romlis werac bolo wamamde ar Seuwyvetia.

robert skotis espediciis ukanaskneli foto

robert skoti

?

aRmoCenebi

skotma sakvebis racioni minimumamde Se-amcira. winsvla sul ufro da ufro Wirda. amas daemata kidev erTi ubedureba – rode-sac Zalagamoclili mogzaurebi sakvebis morig sawyobamde misvlas axerxebdnen, iq datovebuli navTi arasodes iyo gasaTbobad sakmarisi. es kidev erTi sabediswero Secdo-ma iyo, romlis arss skoti ver mixvda – daba-li temperaturis pirobebSi sawvavis qile-bis tyavis sacobebi Seviwrovda, WurWelma hermetuloba dakarga da navTis didi nawili aorTqlda.

yoveli axali dRis dawyeba mogzaurebs sul ufro mSivrebs, Zalagamoclilebs da gaToSilebs uwevdaT. Zalebis aRdgena ve-rafriT xerxdeboda. pirveli, edgar evansi, 17 Tebervals gardaicvala. ori kviriT ad-re is da skoti yinulis napralSi Cacvivdnen. kapitans gaumarTla da mxolod daibeJa, ev-ansma ki magrad daartya Tavi da etyoba, Zli-eri tvinis Seryeva miiRo. mas mere garegnu-lad yvelaze Ronieri evansi dRiTi dRe sustdeboda, misi marxilis Treva sxvebs uw-evdaT, misi saqcieli nel-nela araadekvatu-ri gaxda da eqspediciis wevrebs aferxebda. bolos waiqca da ramdenimesaaTiani agoniis Semdeg gonze mousvlelad gardaicvala ka-ravSi.

edgar evansi(1876-1912)

evansis sikvdilis Semdeg skotma eqspe-diciis afTiaqidan Tanamgzavrebs 30-30 abi opiumi dauriga im SemTxvevisTvis, Tuki is-eT mdgomareobaSi moxvdebodnen, saidanac saukeTeso gamosavali TviTmkvleloba iqne-boda.

Semdegi mwyobridan lourens otsi gamo-vida. mas fexebis Zlieri moyinva hqonda da siaruli uWirda. 15 marts megobrebs sTxo-va, myinvarze daetovebinaT, raTa maTTvis zedmeti tvirTi ar yofiliyo. ra Tqma unda, mas yuri ar aTxoves da rogorRac karvamde miaTries. gamTeniisken, roca misi dabadebis

lourens otsi(1880-1912)

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robert skoti

robert skotis eqspediciis wevrebi

dRe Tendeboda, otsma Cailaparaka: gaval gaviseirneb, haers Cavylapav... da fexSiSve-li gavida gareT, qarbuqSi. skoti da misi ori darCenili Tanamgzavri xvdebodnen, rom otsi sasikvdilod, maTTvis gzis Sesamsubu-qeblad midioda da Seecadnen SeeCerebinaT, magram gulis siRrmeSi xvdebodnen, rom ma-Ti TanamebrZoli iqceoda, rogorc „keTil-Sobili adamiani da ingliseli jentlmeni“.

lourens otsis daRupvis adgili ucno-bia.

mogzaurebma 21 martamde iares, sawvavi gauTavdaT, sakvebi TiTqmis gamoeliaT da Semdegi sawyobidan erTi dRis savalze uZ-

mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, skots da mis megobrebs Semdeg sawyobamde miRweva romc moexerxebinaT, sabazo banakamde mainc dai-xocebodnen, radgan maTi organizmi abso-luturad gamofituli iyo, rac maT gaake-Tes, isedac aRemateboda adamianis Zalas.

lieresi qarbuqis gamo gaCereba mouwiaT. qarbuqi arafriT Cadga, mogzaurebi sust-debodnen. 30 marts isini jer kidev cocxle-bi iyvnen. am dRiT TariRdeba skotis ukanas-kneli Canaweri, sadac is aRiarebs, rom „es ukve dasasrulia“.

„RvTis saxeliT, ar miatovoT Cveni ax-loblebi“, – es iyo skotis dRiurSi Caweri-li ukanaskneli winadadeba.

magram manamde mogzaurma araerTi weri-li dawera. maTi adresatebi iyvnen britane-Tis geografiuli sazogadoebis preziden-ti da sxva gavleniani adamianebi. am werileb-Si mogzauri aRwerda sakuTar gamocdile-bas, iZleoda rCevebs momavali eqspedicie-bisTvis da aucileblad sTxovda gavlenian adamianebs da mTel britaneTs, siRatakisT-vis ar gaewiraT daRupulTa qvriv-oblebi. es sulisSemZvreli werilebia. skoti adas-turebs, rom is da misi Tanamgzavrebi sam-Soblos winaSe pirnaTeli midian am qveyni-dan, maT sanatreli sikvdilis mosaaxloeb-lad Tavis mokvlazec ki Tqves uari, rom va-li bolomde moexadaT. ukve Zalagamocli-lebic ki ar Selevian Zvirfas tvirTs, an-tarqtidis sxvadasxva adgilas mopovebul geologiur masalebs, sxvanairad rom giTx-

56

robert skoti wers dRiurs, 1911 pingvinebTan `tera novas~ eqspediciaSi

aRmoCenebi

robert skotis eqspediciebsadmi miZRvnili vitraJi, wm.petres taZari, bintoni, inglisi

aqve vityvi, rom skotis mudara Seismi-nes. misma dRiurma da werilebma, mogzaurTa gmiruli sikvdilis ambavma mTeli msoflio SeZra. mTel britaneTSi mogrovda uzarma-zari Tanxa da daRupulTa ojaxebs arasodes ugrZvniaT materialuri gaWirveba.

raT, qvebs da kldis namtvrevebs, radgan isi-ni mecnierebs unda gamodgomodaT... hoda, am yvelafris mere mogzaurebma daimsaxures, rom iseTma SeZlebulma qveyanam, rogoric britaneTia, upatronos marCenlebis gareSe darCenil maT ojaxebs...

sami mogzauris cxedari da maTi karavi ingliselebma Semdeg zafxuls aRmoaCines. isini iqve damarxes, TovlSi, da Tovlisa-ve piramida daadges, zed ki qvis jvari daamagres.

aTwleulebis manZilze qar-buqebma Tovlis piramida yinu-lis gorad aqcia, mogzaurTa saflavi myinvarze mdebareobs, xolo myinvari moZravia. an-tarqtidaSi myinvarebi okea-nisken moZraobs, momavalSi skoti da misi sami Tanamg-zavri Tavis yinulis sama-resTan erTad aucileb-lad miaRweven wyals, myinvars mowydebian da yinulis uzarmazar lodSi, aisbergSi, gamoketilebi okea-neze ganagrZoben mogzaurobas.

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robert skotis ukanaskneli Canaweri

robert skoti