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EU-DG Environment & JRC Workshop
Biological Treatment of Biodegradable Waste
Brussels 8-10 April 2002
Bruno De WildeOrganic Waste Systems (OWS)
Gent -Belgium
COMPOSTABLE PACKAGING :A POTENTIAL OR A THREAT FOR COMPOST
TOPICS
* HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
* EN 13432 STANDARD ON ORGANIC RECOVERY
* COMPOSTABILITY LOGO�S
* THE KASSEL PROJECT
* TRENDS FOR THE THE FUTURE
QUALITY OF COMPOST
MIXED WASTE
�COMPOST�
1 bin
SOURCE SEPARATION
greenbin
greybin
HIGH QUALITY
COMPOST
greenbin
� LANDFILL
� INCINERATION
� BIO STABILISATION
ARGUMENTS
* LANDFILLING : NO OPTION FOR FUTURE
* INCINERATION - MBT : 2 * MORE EXPENSIVE
* RECYCLING : TECHNICAL + LOGISTICAL DIFFICULTIES
* RENEWABLE RESOURCES : CLOSED LOOP + SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY
COMPONENTS OF COMPOSTABILITY
EN 13432 COMPOSTABILITY OF PACKAGINGTEST SCHEME AND EVALUATION CRITERIA
COMPOST
1) MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS constituents/packaging material
2) BIODEGRADABILITY constituents/packaging material
3) DISINTEGRATION packaging material
4) COMPOST QUALITY packaging material
EN 13432 :1) MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS
* ORGANIC MATERIAL : VS > 50% of TS
* HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, e.g. HEAVY METALS :MAXIMUM 50% OF NORM FOR COMPOST
Zn 150 Cr 50
Cu 50 Mo 1
Ni 25 Se 0.75
Cd 0,5 As 5
Pb 50 F 100
Hg 0.5
EN 13432 : 2) BIODEGRADABILTY
* TESTS : PREFERABLY ISO 14855 (CONTROLLED COMPOSTING) ALSO ISO 14851 (RESPIROMETRIC), ISO 14852 STURM) ANDOTHER INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TESTMETHODS
* DURATION : MAXIMUM 6 MONTHS
* PASS LEVEL : 90% (ABSOLUTE OR RELATIVE TO REFERENCE)
EN 13432 : 2) BIODEGRADABILTY
0
100
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (Days)
Tot
al C
O 2 p
rodu
ctio
n (g
)
Cellulose
Blank - Inoculum
= net CO2 production = biodegradation
EN 13432 : 2) BIODEGRADABILTY
* APPLICABLE TO ALL ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS ABOVE 1%(<1% = IRRELEVANT, TOTAL MUST BE <5%)
* EXEMPTED : CHEMICALLY UNMODIFIED PACKAGING MATERIAL OF NATURAL ORIGIN
EN 13432 : 3) DISINTEGRATION
* TESTS : PREFERABLY PILOT-SCALE COMPOSTINGALTERNATIVELY FULL-SCALE COMPOSTING
* DURATION : 12 WEEKS
* PASS LEVEL : MAXIMUM OF 10% OF ORIGINAL DRY WEIGHT IN >2 MM FRACTION
EN 13432 : 4) COMPOST QUALITY
* FULFILL STANDARD REQUIREMENTS (PHYSICO-CHEMICAL)
* 2 PLANT TESTS (OECD #208 + SUMMER BARLEY) :
GERMINATION + GROWTH
* (POSSIBLY IN FUTURE : ADDITIONAL ECOTOXICOLOGICAL
TESTS, e.g.. DAPHNIA, EARTHWORM)
EN 13432 : PRACTICAL ASPECTS
*UNANIMOUS DEFINITIVE VOTE IN MAY 2000
* SUPPORT BY COMMISSION : HARMONIZED EU NORM
* EU - EFTA
* PACKAGING
POTENTIAL BENEFITS
* RENEWABLE RESOURCES : CLOSED LOOP + SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY (LCA)
* SHORT-LIFE, SOILED PRODUCTS
* HIGH ORGANIC CARBON - LOW NITROGEN
* IF BIOGASIFICATION : ENERGY RECUPERATION
BDP: A New Sustainable Material Class
CLOSED LOOP : REDUCING FOSSIL FUEL USEAND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
Slide : courtesy of IBAW
PUTTING COMPOSTABLES INTO PRACTICE
Certificate-
Label
DIN-CERTCO LOGO
* OWNED BY IBAW
* CERTIFICATION COMMITTEE
* MANAGED BY DIN-CERTCO
* BASED ON � DIN V 54900 � EN 13432� ASTM D.6400
* CERTIFICATION SCHEME = BY-LAWSfor ADDITIVES (e.g. colorants)and PAPER PRODUCTS
* APPROVED LABORATORIES
OK COMPOST LOGO
* OWNED + MANAGED BY AVI
* BASED ON EN 13432
* MANDATED BY GOVERNMENT FOR GFT BAGS
* EXPANSION TO OTHER PRODUCTS (e.g. QUICK)
PUTTING COMPOSTABLES INTO PRACTICE
Certificate-
Label Communication
THE KASSEL PROJECT : A TEST MARKET
*200.000 INHABITANTS
*100.000 HOUSEHOLDS
*SOURCE SEPARATED COLLECTION OF BIOWASTE SINCE 1994
*SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE EQUIVALENT TO GERMAN AVERAGE
Slide : courtesy of IBAW
KASSEL PROJECT: SYSTEM IS TESTED
*GRANULE MANUFACTURERS
*CONVERTERS
*PACKAGING COMPANIES
*RETAILERS / TRADERS
*CONSUMERS
*MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGM.
*COMPOSTING COMPANIES
*FARMERS
*TESTING RECOVERY & ACCEPTANCE IN PRACTICE(SCIENTIFIC WASTE EXAMINATION PROGRAMME)
*ALL PLAYERS INVOLVED:
Slide : courtesy of IBAW
SOME OF THE PACKAGING PRODUCTS IN KASSEL
Traysfor Olives
Shopping Bags
Biowaste Bags
Fruit Bags
Butter Wrapper
Sack for Potatoes
Trays forVegetables
Flower Wrapping
Plant Pots Catalogue Wrapper
Slide : courtesy of IBAW
THE FUTURE
DEVELOPMENT OFDEVELOPMENT OFBDP CAPACITIESBDP CAPACITIES
Inventions
small scale production
Upscaling
Worldscale
100 t
1,000 t
10,000 t
100,000 t
1,000,000 t
technical trials
today
550,000
44,000
250,000
15,000
500<50
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Slide : courtesy of IBAW
BDP: PRODUCTION CAPACITIES ([T], WORLD)
Manufacturer 1990 1995 2000 2002/3
Cargill-Dow / PLA 8000 140000
Novamont / Starchblends 100 5000 10000 35000
Biotec 100 5000 5000 10000
PHB / PHV 100 3000 500 5000
Rodenburg 2000 40000
Others (based on RRM) 50 200 500 1000
BASF 8000 8000
Eastman 5000 15000
Others (based on petrochem 100 5000 5000 5000
Total 450 18200 44000 259000
RRM based 350 13200 26000 231000
petro-based 100 5000 18000 28000
Slide : courtesy of IBAW
Tpe of Product Aust
ria
Benelu
x
Engla
nd
Fra
nce
Germ
any
Italy
Sca
ndin
avia
Spain
Sw
itze
rland
Packaging
Food + + KS +
LooseFill + + + + + + + + +
Shopping Bags + + + KS/(+) ++ + +
Fruits / Veget. + + KS/(+) + + +
Catering + + + + + +
Others
Bags Biowaste + ++ + + + +
Agro-Films + + + + +
Toys + + +
BDP PRODUCTS:MARKET INTRODUCTION IN EUROPE (2001)
(selected product groups; KS = Kassel Project)Slide : courtesy of IBAW
COSTS: PERSPECTIVES FORBDP PACKAGING (GERMANY) -
Future
Tota
l C
ost
[E
uro
] Today
Recycling Composting
0
1
2
3
4
5
Polyolefins BDP Polyolefins
DSD DSD
ISD
BDP
ISD
DSD Fee
BAW
Partial CostsBDP Packaging in D
Polyolefins
ISD Fee
Slide : courtesy of IBAW
PROSPECT / FUTURE PERSPECTIVE2010
*Total BDP market EU: 0.5 � 1.0 Million tons
*RRM Share : > 60 % (cost advantage, 90 % starch / shugar) > 0,2 million hectares
*Product Types: films (50 %), foams (20 %), rest 30 % (fibers, functional additives etc.)
*Segments: packaging, textiles/nonwovens, horticulture /agricult. toys, functional elements (incl. non-biodegradable) a.o.
2020
*Total BDP market EU: 3 - 5 Million tons(50 % compostable, RRM share: 70 - 80 %, > 1 Million ha)
*CO2 Savings (potential): 10 - 30 Millionen Tons (ECCP)
Slide : courtesy of IBAW
