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PizzapartyTuesdayinAllenHall(CSEbuilding) Labsthisweekaredevotedtopair

programming;itisaperfecttimetowork,but

ofcourse,youmayalsoneedtoworkoutsideofthosetimes

2/14/11 2011 Larry Snyder, CSE 2

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Lasttime,weemphasizedakeyfactofalgorithmdesign

Youmustbeabletoexplainwhyanalgorithmworks

Itsdifferentforeveryalgorithm Youneedtoknow,butoftenyoumayalsohaveto

explainittosomeoneelse

Ourillustrationwasexplainingwhytwosortingalgorithmsworked

2/14/11 2011 Larry Snyder, CSE 3

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4

TheinventorsofENIAC,1stcomputer,saiditthinkswithelectricity

Docalculatorsthink? Doesperformingarithmetic,whichisentirely

algorithmic,requirethinking?

Once,performingarithmetic,wasthoughttobedivinelyormagicallyconferredability

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5

TheinventorsofENIAC,1stcomputer,saiditthinkswithelectricity

Docalculatorsthink? Doesperformingarithmetic,whichisentirely

algorithmic,requirethinking?

Once,performingarithmetic,wasthoughttobedivinelyormagicallyconferredability

The Problem: Many human activities look like thinking

until they are understood (to be algorithmic)

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6

A.M.Turing,computerpioneer,worriedaboutintelligenceinhumans&machines;proposeda

test(1950) Awarethatitisintelligenceuntilitsunderstood,Turingdevised

atestwiththisexperimental

setup:

Acomputer(A)andaperson(B)areconnectedtoanexaminer,whocan

askquestionsusingtexttodetermine

whichiswhich

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7

Formulatequestionsapersoncananswerbutacomputercant

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InterrogatorInthefirstlineofyoursonnetwhichreads'ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday',wouldnot'aspringday'doas

wellorbetter?ComputerItwouldn'tscan.

InterrogatorHowabout'awinter'sday'?Thatwouldscanallright.ComputerYes,butnobodywantstobecomparedtoawinter'sday.InterrogatorWouldyousayMr.PickwickremindedyouofChristmas?

ComputerInaway.InterrogatorYetChristmasisawinter'sday,andIdonotthinkMr

Pickwickwouldmindthecomparison

ComputerIdon'tthinkyou'reserious.Byawinter'sdayonemeansatypicalwinter'sday,ratherthanaspecialonelikeChristmas.

2/14/11 2011 Larry Snyder, CSE 8

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CompletelyAutomatedPublicTuringTestToTellComputersandHumansApart

DevelopedatCMUbyLuisVanAhnandhisteam

2/14/11 2011 Larry Snyder, CSE 9

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10

JoelWeizenbaumsDoctor[a\k\aEliza]wasaprogramthatappearedintelligent

User:Imdepressed.

Doctor:Whyareyoudepressed?

User:Mymotherisnotspeakingtome.

Doctor:Tellmeaboutyourmother.

User:ShedoesntwantmetomajorinCS.

Doctor:No?

User:No,shewantsmetogointomedicine.

Doctor was basically scripted

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Thestudyofmakingcomputersactintelligently

Theyalreadyactintelligente.g.theycancorrectyourspellingmistakes

Isthisintelligentbehavior?MostAIresearcherswouldsaynoalgorithmic

PlayinggrandmasterlevelchessinatournamentbecameanAIgoal(1952)

Minimizesrealworldknowledge

Cleargoal,formalsystem

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Chessisagame,soitusesagametree Ateachnodeisaboardeasilydigitized Belowitareallboardscreatedin1move;belowthose,all

boardsneedinganothermove

Anobjectivefunction

evaluatesgoodness

oftheposition:goforhighestopponent

goesforlowest

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AnIBMsystem,DeepBlue,playedworldchampionGaryKasparov

In1996Kasparovwon,butDeepBlueplayed1gamewell!!!Thiswasafirst.

InMay11,1997DeepBluewon3.52.5Deep Blue is a 32 processor parallel

computer with 256 chess processors

that can consider 200,000,000 chesspositions per second + opens + ends

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DoesDeepBluesperformanceshowthatacomputercanbeintelligent?

Noitrepeatsitsdesignersintelligence(weakrebuttal)

Yesitsbetterthananyoneintheworldatsomethingpeoplefindinterestingandfun

Maybeitshowsintelligenceinchess,butcanitapplyitsintelligenceelsewhere?

What do you think?

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2/14/11 2011 Larry Snyder, CSE 15

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ComparedtoDeepBlue,Watsonismuchmoresophisticatedindesign,organization

runson~2,500parallelCPUs,eachcapableofupto33billionoperationsasecond;sizeofsmallRV

crawledandorganized200millionpagesofdata expertanalyzersmorethan100different

techniquesrunningconcurrentlytoanalyze

naturallanguage,appraisesources,proposehypotheses,mergeresultsandranktopguesses.

2/14/11 2011 Larry Snyder, CSE 16

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Itmaybeanticlimacticforthepublic,buttheCScommunityisallabuzzbecausethisis

REALLYdifficulttechnically

Itstoughtogetapun!

2/14/11 2011 Larry Snyder, CSE 17

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Chessseemsharder,butitsnot Chesshasfixedrules,littlerealworlddataneeded Jeopardy,morefreeformusingonlyrealdata

Otherdifferences Inchesstheproblemisknownbeforehand,but

inJeopardy,someoneelsesetsuptheproblem

Inchess,decisionsarebasedonaformula,butinJeopardymanyformsofevaluationareneeded(aproblemsolvedbyprobabilities)

Inchessthereisverylittlepreplanning,butinJeopardy,organizingthedataisthekey

2/14/11 2011 Larry Snyder, CSE 18

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Computersdothingsdeemedcreativeinpast CreatedesignsinthestyleofPietMondrian,Jackson

PollackorJosefAlbers

Is it Art?

Is it Creative?

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Creativityhastwoforms:flashoutoftheblueandincrementalrevision

Flash,i.e.inspiration,israre;isitjustluck?

Revision,i.e.hardwork,iscommonandtoalargedegreealgorithmic

Advertising agencies are famous for creativity, but in a

recent study, 89% of all award-winningads were an

application of one of six templates -- design algorithm

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AnexperimentattheU.ofOregoncomposemusicinthestyleofBach

Threeparticipants:Bach,UofOProfessor,EPIprogram

AndthewinnerisAudienceThought:Bachs Professors EPIs

workwasworkwasworkwas ProfessorEPIprogramBach

2/14/11 2011 Larry Snyder, CSE 21

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WatsonlookstobeamajoradvanceinAIandabigsteptowardsansweringTuringsTest

WhatisWatson?

2/14/11 2011 Larry Snyder, CSE 22