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vgl`gvl`g|!
bnlwhgmr|
u u u - a v | r v o r g e k g - n v e
Fvwmn rgvrvok| Horvg bg vgl`gvl`g io Anmborknm tnwv io Vgl gvl`g
\rvorekwg
Bagm|g gr kiiw|rvorknm bg
io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg
M 47.64??
Oqgl ig |nwrkgm bg io Bieorknm owp oaaokvg| |rvorekwg|
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
bkr gr bkaaw| tov io Anmborknm tnwv io Vgl`gvl`g \rvorekqwg65
vwg Bohg|hg 574?< TOVK\
K\\M : ?;117?71K\FM : ;506;???4?171
GOM : ;506;???4?171
UUU-AV\RVORGEKG-NVE 65) VWG BOHG\HG 574?
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W
G
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A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
7
BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO
BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG
Ig| hk|g| gm low|g bg io bk||wo|knm nmr rnwjnwv| gpk|r- Hok|
giig| |g hwirktikgmr bgtwk|io vgiomlg bw bfor |wv ig b|ovhghgmr
mwliokvg gm 64456440 : ovrklig| bg io Fombgbg| _worvg gr kmkrkorkg|
bw Mwligov \glwvkr{ Tvnjglr (Mwligov R`vgor Kmkrkorkg+
3twfiklorknm| |wv iofnikrknm bg iKmrgvmorknmoi Km|rkrwrg anv
\rvorgekl \rwbkg| gr bwLovmgekg Gmbnuhgmr anv Kmrgvmorknmoi Tgolg 3
iomlghgmr bw tvnjgr Einfoi Zgvn 3
bk|lnwv| tvnmnml Tvoewg tov H- Nfoho 3 gr |nwrkgm olrka bg
qwgiqwg| bktinhorkg|morknmoig| (mnrohhgmr mnvekgmmg) kviombok|g gr
`girkqwg lgrrg bgvmkvg o||k|rg tovig Lnhkr kmrgvmorknmoi bg io
LvnkpVnweg+ owp rvoowp bg tiw|kgwv| nveomk|orknm|
mnmenwgvmghgmroig| gr bg lgmrvg| bg vgl`gvl`g bom| lg bnhokmg-?
Tiw| qwg johok|) io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg |g rvnwg okm|k orroqwg
io ank| tov ioeowl`g gr tov io bvnkrg - Owp ovewhgmr| rvobkrknmmgi|
nttn|| bgtwk| inmerght| io bk||wo|knm (hnvoikr) ieoikr) lvbkfkikr+
|nmr b|nvhok| ojnwr| : bwmg tovr)igpk|rgmlg bg mnwgowp vk|qwg| aolg
owpqwgi| io bk||wo|knm g|r jweg hnkm| tgvrkmgmrg(tvnikavorknm)
rgvvnvk|hg+ gr bnmr ig| vk|qwg| jw|rkakgvokgmr) ikmgv|g) boiigv gv|
igb|ovhghgmr 3 gr) bowrvg tovr lgiig boirgvmorkg| qwk |gvokgmr
b|nvhok| tiw| lvbkfig|
(hn{gm| lnmgmrknmmgi|) bagm|g| omrkhk||kig|+- \{ ojnwrg io
lnhtigpkaklorknm bwvlkr bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg) bnmr inwgvrwvg bg|
ovl`kg| o vi bg| tvki| |nw|g|rkh| itnqwg-6
Ig rgprg qwk |wkr o tnwv fwr bg vtnmbvg lg| hk|g| gm low|g) qwk
lnmlgvmgmr io ank|igaaklolkr) io iekrkhkr gr ig| bomegv| |wttn|| bg
io bk||wo|knm-
? Qnkv tov gpghtig Uovb Uki|nm) R`g H{r` na Mwligov Bgrgvvgmlg )
R`g Mnmtvnikagvorknm Vgkgu) ni- ?7)m ) Tovk|) Nbkig Jolnf)
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A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
1
Ki gpk|rg bg fnmmg| vok|nm| bg tgm|gv qwg io bk||wo|knmmwliokvg
o fgi gr fkgm anmlrknmm bgtwk| ?;27
Iovhg mwliokvg |g|r ovg gaaklolg lnhhg km|rvwhgmr bg tvgmrknmbg
io ewgvvg
Ki g|r khtn||kfig) tov bakmkrknm) bg tvnwgv ow |gm| hor`horkqwg
bw rgvhg igaaklolkrbg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg) twk|qwg lgiiglk
lnm|k|rg tvgmkv io ewgvvg- Rnwrgank|) igvglwi `k|rnvkqwg bnmr mnw|
bk|tn|nm| b|nvhok|) twk|qwg lgrrg ovhg o r kmgmrg ki { otv| bg
|nkpomrgbkp om|) tgvhgr brofikv qwgiqwg| aokr| qwk) tvk| gm|ghfig)
|weevgmrqwg io bk||wo|knm o r gaaklolg-
Ki m{ o to| gw bg lnmaikr gmrvg evombg| twk||omlg| bgtwk| tv| bg
54 om|- Io r`|g
|ginm ioqwgiig lg|r iovhg mwliokvg tiwrr qwg ikmrgvbtgmbomlg
lnmnhkqwg nwi`vkroeg bg| lnmaikr| hnmbkowp qwk o tv|gv io tokp
bgtwk| ?;27 o r bagmbwg tovtiw|kgwv| owrgwv|) bnmr mnrohhgmr Jn`m
Iguk| Eobbk|) Cgmmgr` Uoirz gr Hkl`ogi_wkmiom-< Nm tgwr {
ojnwrgv wmg lnhtovok|nm `k|rnvkqwg) qwk hnmrvg qwg iof|gmlg
bgewgvvg gmrvg evombg| twk||omlg| tgmbomr wmg ow||k inmewg bwvg g|r
wm aokr wmkqwg bom|i`k|rnkvg bg| ror| hnbgvmg|- Ki { gm ookr gw wmg
kmerokmg ow lnwv| bg| |nkpomrgbkpommg| qwk ookgmr |wkk io tokp bg
Ug|rt`oikg (?120+- Gr bom| ig| |gtr blgmmkg| |wkomrig Lnmev| bg
Qkgmmg (?0?7+) nm gm vglgm|g ow hnkm| |kp-2
Ki m{ o johok| gw bg lnmaikr nwgvr gmrvg ror| mwliokvg|-7 Owbgi
bg lgrrg |khtiglnm|rororknm) bgwp rwbg| qwomrkrorkg| vlgmrg| nmr
bhnmrv) |rork|rkqwg| `k|rnvkqwg|
iottwk) qwg io tn||g||knm bg iovhg mwliokvg tov bgwp obgv|okvg|
vbwk|okr) rnwrg|l`n|g| eoig| tov okiigwv|) ig| vk|qwg| bwm
oaavnmrghgmr bkvglr gmrvg gwp-1 Tov okiigwv|)iniwrknm bg io
|krworknm gm O|kg bgtwk| ?;2; tgvhgr wmg lnhtovok|nm
`k|rnvkqwgkmrvg||omrg- Io L`kmg) iKmbg gr ig Tock|rom |g |nmr
forrw| gm ?;16) gm ?;17 gr gm ?;5?-Bgtwk| io lnm|rkrwrknm bg lg|
rvnk| to{| gm twk||omlg| mwliokvg|) rnw| |g |nmr of|rgmw|bgmeoegv
bg| ntvorknm| ovnrgvvg|rvg| khtnvromrg| lnmrvg ig rgvvkrnkvg bg
iowrvg-
Owlwm to{| bk|tn|omr bg iovhg mwliokvg mo johok| r gmo k- Io
tvntn|krknm |ginmioqwgiig io tn||g||knm bg iovhg mwliokvg g|r wmg
o||wvomlg lnmrvg ikmo|knm bwrgvvkrnkvg bg iror qwk io brkgmr tgwr
giig ow||k rvg rg|rg rvogv| ig| lvk|g| veknmoig|-K|voi ookr r gmo`k
gm ?;20- Hok|) gm ?;5< (oinv| qwg ig to{| tn||bokr iovhg
mwliokvg gr qwg |g| nk|km| ig |ookgmr+) ig| anvlg| obgv|g| |g
eovbvgmr bg tmrvgv lgbgvmkgv) gr |g ikhkrvgmr bikfvhgmr wmg
naagm|kg bom| ig| rgvvkrnkvg| bk|twr| (\kmo)
< Qnkv mnrohhgmr Jn`m Iguk| Eobbk|) R`g Inme Tgolg) Mgu [nvc)
Npanvb Wmkgv|kr{ Tvg||) ?;;4-2 Gm lnhtromr ig| lnmaikr| |wkomr| :
ewgvvg avomlng|toemnig (?06
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
5
Eniom+-5 Lg|r bnml rnvr qwg ig| lvkrkqwg| bg io bk||wo|knm
tvgmmgmr rhnkm io ewgvvgbw Ckttnwv lnhhg tvgwg bwmg kmgaaklolkr bg
io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg-0 IKmbg |g|rvgrgmwg bgmeoegv wmg ntvorknm
ho||kg lnmrvg ig Tock|rom gm ?;;4 (lvk|g bwLol`ghkvg+) ?;;; (lvk|g
bg Coveki+) 6446 (ntvorknm Tovocvoh+ gr 6440 (tn|rHwhfok+)oinv|
qwgiig iookr aokr gm ?;17 gr gm ?;5?- Ki gpk|rg wm owrvg gpghtig bg
lvk|g tvk|g
rhnkm tov lgwp qwk lnmrg|rgmr io oikbkr `k|rnvkqwg bg io
bk||wo|knm : lgiig bg|Hoinwkmg| (?;06+- Rnwrgank|) ki mg |oek||okr
to| bw rgvvkrnkvg morknmoi fvkrommkqwg) hok|bwmg btgmbomlg bg io
Lnwvnmmg (Fvkrk|` Bgtgmbgmr Rgvvkrnv{+ bnmr vkgm mkmbkqwokrqwgiig
rokr lnwgvrg tov io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg-; Ki |gvokr gm nwrvg hoi
gmw bg tvgmbvglg| bgwp lvk|g| rhnkm tnwv oaakvhgv qwg io bk||wo|knm
iovekg) twk|qwg lgrrg bgvmkvg onlorknm lnwvkv bg| kmrvr| fkgm tiw|
g||gmrkgi| tnwv ig tvnrglrgwv qwg bg rgi|rgvvkrnkvg|-?4 Tov
gpghtig) ow rght| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg) iOiighoemg rokr
tiw|khtnvromrg tnwv ig| ror|Wmk| qwg Tnvrn Vkln-
Owlwm to{| gptiklkrghgmr tvnre tov wm tovotiwkg mwliokvg mo
johok| aokrinfjgr bwmg orroqwg hkikrokvg ho||kg- Klk gmlnvg) io
tvgwg bg igaaklolkr bg io
bk||wo|knm g|r kbghhgmr bkaaklkig ottnvrgv) hok| io bhnm|rvorknm
tgwr rvg aokrg olnmrvovkn- Ig| ror|Wmk| |of|rkmvgmr bgmo`kv Lwfo gm
?;16) hok| m`|krvgmr to| gmo`kv io Evgmobg gm ?;0< nw iKvoc gm
644
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
0
|glnmb lnmaikr hnmbkoi) qwk o tnvr ow tovnp{|hg
ikmbw|rvkoik|orknm bg io ewgvvg- Tnwvbg| owrgwv| rgi| qwg Vnfgvr
Jgvk| nw Jn`m Hwgiigv) iovhg mwliokvg owvokr okm|k jnw wmvig
hovekmoi bom| io tv|gvorknm bg io tokp ow lnwv| bg io bgwpkhg
tovrkg bwPPhg |klig-?6 Nm o tw blvkvg ow||k iWmknm |nkrkqwg lnhhg
wmg twk||omlg bw |rorwqwn) tgw b|kvgw|g bg tvgmbvg ig vk|qwg bwm
lnmaikr gm Gwvntg-
Hok| lg| gptiklorknm| mg |nmr to| vgiighgmr |ork|aok|omrg|-
Iollvnk||ghgmr bw lnhhgvlg kmrgvmorknmoi tovrkv bg ?054 lg qwg
inm o tovank|ottgi io tvghkvg hnmbkoik|orknm mookr to| ghtl` io
Tvghkvg Ewgvvg hnmbkoig)lnmrvokvghgmr lg qwg|tvokgmr lgvrokm|
owrgwv| bg itnqwg (io Evombg kiiw|knm bgMnvhom Omegii+- Ig
|gmrkhgmr qwg lgiiglk |gvokr io bgv bg| bgv| ow w bg |nmrgvvkfig
fkiom) gr io lnm|rvwlrknm bwm mnwgi nvbvg kmrgvmorknmoi (fo| |wv io
\nlkr bg|Morknm|+ mookgmr to| mnm tiw| ghtl` io \glnmbg-?<
Cgmmgr` Uoirz vottgiig qwg bom| wm hnmbg lnmgmrknmmgi) hhg ig|
ignm| lkmeiomrg| gr rvoekqwg| |g |nmrhnmrvg| gprvonvbkmokvghgmr
bkaaklkig| ottvgmbvg tnwv ig| ror| -?2 Wm owrvg gptgvr
ohvklokm |weevg qwg ig| ovewhgmr| lwirwvgi| |wvg|rkhgmr io
bwvofkikr bg |{|rhg|bg oigwv| `k|rnvkqwghgmr lnmrkmegmr|) gr
|nw|g|rkhgmr evoghgmr lgiig bw lovolrvglgmrvoi bg io lnhtrkrknm) bg
io tgwv) bg ikmlgvrkrwbg) gr bw tnwnkv -?7 _womr iovewhgmr bg io
bhnlvork|orknm) ikbgmlg ki mg rkgmr to| : itnqwg bg io
Ewgvvgavnkbg) ig| tvkmlktowp obgv|okvg| bg| to{| nllkbgmrowp (qwk
gwphhg| mrokgmr to|rnwjnwv| bhnlvorkqwg|+ rokgmr bg| vekhg|
owrnvkrokvg|- Gmakm) vottginm| qwg ig mnhfvgbg lnmaikr|
kmrgvmorknmowp mo lnhhgml bkhkmwgv qw io akm bg| ommg| ?;04-
Griovhg mwliokvg mo to| ghtl` ig| evombg| twk||omlg| bkmrgvgmkv
bom| bg| lnmaikr|hgwvrvkgv| (Lnvg) Qkgrmoh) Oae`omk|rom+-
Tgv|nmmg) fkgm |v) mg tgwr |onkv lg qwk |g |gvokr to|| |k wmg
ewgvvg avnkbg mnm
mwliokvg |rokr bvnwig gm Gwvntg- Rnwrgank|) nm tgwr oomlgv ig
|lmovkn |wkomr :|om| ovhg| mwliokvg|) ig| ror|Wmk| owvokgmr |om|
bnwrg `|kr lnm|kbvofighgmr eovomrkv io |lwvkr bg iGwvntg) gr
|gvokgmr hhg tgwrrvg vggmw| igwv k|niorknmmk|hg
?6 Qnkv mnrohhgmr Jn`m Hwgiigv) Vgrvgor avnh Bnnh|bo{- R`g
Nf|nig|lgmlg na Hojnv Uov) Mgu [nvc) Fo|klFnnc|) ?;0;- Tnwv wmg
mnrg kmrvg||omrg |wv ig vig tn||kfig bg io tvnkbgmlg gr |wvrnwr |wv
lgiwk bg ieik|g(JgomTowi KK+ bom| ig lnmrgprg bg io bk||wo|knm
mwliokvg) nkv Avomnk| @gk|fnwve) Io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg orgiig
tv|gv io tokp > km Kfkb- (bkv-+)Ommwokvg |rvorekqwg gr hkikrokvg
6447) Tovk|) Gbkrknm| Nbkig Jolnf) 6447-
?< Lgvrokm| owrgwv| (Uovb Uki|nm) R`g H{r` na Mwligov
Bgrgvvgmlg ) nt- lkr-+ lvnkgmr tnwnkv oomlgv qwg io\glnmbg ewgvvg
hnmbkoig g|r io tvgwg bwm l`gl bg io bk||wo|knm hwrwgiig) lov ig|
tvnroenmk|rg| bk|tn|okgmrbovhg| l`khkqwg|- Lgr ovewhgmr mo kbghhgmr
owlwm |gm| : tgv|nmmg mo johok| tvrgmbw qwg ig| ovhg| l`khkqwg|
tnwokgmr tv|gvgv io tokp- Ow bghgwvomr) igmrgmrg rolkrg |wv igwv
mnmghtink ow lnwv| bw lnmaikr lnmanvrgtiwrr io inekqwg bg
bk||wo|knm- (O lnmrvovkn) ig Jotnm wrkik|o bg| ovhg| l`khkqwg|
lnmrvg io L`kmg) qwk mgm ookrto|-+ Qnkv \rgt`gm I- HlAoviomb)
Tvgtovkme anv U`or Mggv Lohg: L`ghkloi omb Fkninekloi Uovaovg km
UnvibUov KK ) Bgagm|g Omoi{|k|) ni- 6) m 6) jwkm ?;01-?2 Cgmmgr` M-
Uoirz) Mwligov H{r`| omb Tnikrkloi Vgoikrkg| ) R`g Ohgvklom
Tnikrkloi \lkgmlg Vgkgu) ni- 02)m
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
;
rvobkrknmmgi 3 gr |om| io tvnrglrknm ohvklokmg) io rgmrorknm
tnwv Hn|lnw bg tnw||gv |g|tknm| |wv ig lnmrkmgmr owvokr |om| bnwrg
r fgowlnwt tiw| anvrg-?1
Gr lnhhg ig bkr Hkl`ogi _wkmiom) nm tgwr tvrgmbvg qwg iovhg
mwliokvg o tv|gv iotokp |om| tn|rwigv wm b|kv lnm|romr bg io tovr
bg Hn|lnw bg lnmqwvkv iGwvntg 3 ki
|waakr bg |weevgv qwg |k ig lnmaikr ovh mookr to| r |k
homkag|rghgmr kmrnivofig) igaiwp gr ig vgaiwp bg io avklrknm owvokr
tw rvg ev ogl hnkm| bg tvlowrknm) gr igeik||ghgmr rr nw rovb gv| io
ewgvvg) io homkvg bg ?;?2 nw bg ?; ?0
Giig| mg ig |nmr to| mnm tiw| tnwv lg qwk lnmlgvmg ig|
twk||omlg| veknmoig| : nm o bwhoi lvnkvg qwg ig| aolrgwv|
tnikrkqwg|) lnmnhkqwg| gr lwirwvgi| hgmrknmm| tiw| `owrtwk||gmr
gptikqwgv gwp |gwi| iof|gmlg bg ewgvvg lnmgmrknmmgiig hojgwvg
khtikqwomrK|voi) iKmbg nw ig Tock|rom bgtwk| qwg lg| to{| tn||bgmr
iovhg mwliokvg- ?;
Io bk||wo|knm o gw wm gaagr bg ikhkrorknm bg iohtigwv gr bg
ikmrgm|kr bg| oaavnmrghgmr|gmrvg evomb| ror|: |k ig| lvk|g| gm
Gwvntg) okm|k qwg ig| ewgvvg| gm O|kg gr ow Hn{gmNvkgmr mnmr to|
bemv gm lnmaikr| hnmbkowp) lg|r |om| bnwrg gm evombg tovrkg evlg
iovhg mwliokvg- Io tgwv bg io ewgvvg mwliokvg gr ig| tvlowrknm|
tvk|g| tov ig|vg|tnm|ofig| bw rght| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg tnwv vbwkvg
ig| vk|qwg| boaavnmrghgmr bkvglrnmr r orrg|rg| tov wmg rwbg
lniiglrkg qwk tvgmb ig lnmrvgtkgb bg| r`|g| bg Hwgiigv- 64\om|
oiigv jw|qw tvrgmbvg qwg iornhg vgmb |oeg (gptvg||knm o||nlkg ow
emvoiTnkvkgv+) wm omlkgm vg|tnm|ofig vw||g oaakvhg okm|k qwg ig|
ovhg| mwliokvg| nmr r wm
anvhkbofig km|rvwhgmr lkkik|orgwv tnwv ig| ikrg| Sohvklokmg| gr
|nkrkqwg|X- Giig|nmr tgvhk| btwvgv igwv| vome| bg| vobklowp gr bg|
kbninewg|) gr giig| nmr vgmanvl iohokm bg| tvoehorkqwg| qwk
lnm|kbvokgmr qwg igwv tvkmlktoi nfjglrka rokr bkrgv wmgewgvvg
mwliokvg nw rnwr oaavnmrghgmr qwk ookr io tn||kfkikr bg bemvgv gm
lnmaikrmwliokvg -6?
Io bk||wo|knm tgwr rvg lnm|kbvg) igprvhg) lnhhg wm fkgm lnhhwm
bgi`whomkr- Giig o |om| bnwrg aolkikr io vlnmlkikorknm gmrvg io
L`kmg gr ig| ror|Wmk|)nw io tokp gmrvg K|voi gr ie{trg- Gr ig| ror|
mnm mwliokvg| gm nmr fmaklk- \om| io
?1 \wv lg r`hg nkv Johg| \l`ig|kmegv) R`g Khtolr na Mwligov
Ugotnm| nm @k|rnv{ ) R`g Uo|`kmernm_wovrgvi{) ni- ?1) m 2) owrnhmg
?;;64 Jn`m Iguk| Eobbk| gr oi- (bkv-+) Lnib Uov \rorg|hgm Lnmavnmr
r`g Fnhf- Mwligov Bktinhol{ |kmlg ?;27) Mgu[nvc) Npanvb Wmkgv|kr{
Tvg||) ?;;;- Qnkv eoighgmr Jn`m E- @kmg| gr oi-) \nkgr Kmrgmrknm|
?;17?;07)HlIgom) R`g FBH Lnvtnvorknm) ?;;7-6? \gvegk Covoeomn)
Mwligov Ugotnm| km r`g Hnbgvm Unvib ) km @ovnib Fvnum gr oi-)
Mwligov Bk|ovhohgmr
omb Mnmtvnikagvorknm) Vgtnvr rn r`g Rvkiorgvoi Lnhhk||knm) m 12)
64?4) t- 17- Wm owrvg owrgwv tovig bwm ottvknk|ghgmr bg| evombg|
twk||omlg| : Enbavkgb om Fgmr`gh om bgm Fgve`) R`g Rohkme na r`g
EvgorMwligov Tnugv|) Tnikl{ Nwrinnc) Lovmgekg Gmbnuhgmr anv
Kmrgvmorknmoi Tgolg) 644;-
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
?4
bk||wo|knm) ki g|r inkm brvg lgvrokm qwg iGwvntg owvokr tw |g
vgiggv ow||k votkbghgmrotv| io ewgvvg) nw qwg iO|kg owvokr lnmmw ig
hhg blniioeg lnmnhkqwg |tglrolwiokvgbom| ig| ommg| ?;;4- Ki g|r hhg
|weev qwgiig o lnmrvkfw io akm bg io Ewgvvgavnkbg : giig owvokr
aolkikr ig vgrvokr bg| rvnwtg| |nkrkqwg| bGwvntg lgmrvoig
grnvkgmroig) gm lnm|rkrwomr wmg o||wvomlg lnmrvg io tgvrg bw eiolk|
-66
Ow v|wiror) nm mg tgwr qwg |nw|lvkvg io tvntn|krknm bg Hkl`ogi
N@ominm : Tgwrrvgig| ovhg| mwliokvg| mnmrgiig| lnmrvkfw qwg bg aonm
hovekmoig io tv|gvorknm bgio tokp tov ig to|| (--+- Hok| ig|
vg|tnm|ofig| tnikrkqwg| agvokgmr fkgm bg mg rg|rgv lgrrg
tvntn|krknm qwogl tvlowrknm -6
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8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
11/31
BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
??
Lg| bgwp ovewhgmr| |nmr lnmrg|rofig|- (?+ Io igrrvg bw tv|kbgmr
Fw|` aok|okrgaaglrkghgmr ror bg rvnk| |lmovkn|- Hok| lgrrg igrrvg
qwg H- Ozkz ookrvgaw| bg tvgmbvg ookr r bnwfig bwm ogvrk||ghgmr
nvoi |nigmmgi)rvom|hk| tov io nkp bg H- Focgv) qwk mg lnmlgvmokr)
iwk) qwg ightink bovhg|
l`khkqwg| nw fkninekqwg|- Lgvrg|) ig \glvrokvg bror nqwokr
gm|wkrg iohgmolg bwm l`omeghgmr bg vekhg) hok| ki |nw`okrokr ow||k)
bg |nm tvntvgogw) iok||gv gmrgmbvg qwwmg vktn|rg mwliokvg rokr
tn||kfig- Gr lgrogvrk||ghgmr ookr r bnwfi bg hgmolg| twfikqwg|
aokrg| tov bowrvg|vg|tnm|ofig| bg iobhkmk|rvorknm ohvklokmg
(mnrohhgmr H- L`gmg{+-61 (6+Ig| kmrgvvneornkvg| bg \obboh mg |nmr
ewvg lnmokmlomr|) lov iomlkgm l`gabg iror kvockgm hgmr |nm
kmrgvvneorgwv- IKvoq \wvg{ Evnwt o) gm gaagr)twfik bom| |nm vottnvr
akmoi (6447+) io rvom|lvktrknm bwmg vwmknm bg|tvkmlktowp bkvkegomr|
kvockgm|) boromr bw bfwr bg iommg ?;;?) bom| ioqwgiigki ottovor
|om| bnwrg tn||kfig qwg \obboh ookr bnmm invbvg bg hgrrvg gmoigvrg
ig| hn{gm| l`khkqwg| gr fkninekqwg| bw to{|) ogl tnwv lkfig|
tvkmlktoig| K|voi gr iOvofkg |onwbkrg- Gr vkgm mkmbkqwg) bom| io
lnmgv|orknm)qwg ig| |gwig| lkvlnm|romlg| bom| ig|qwgiig| ki owvokr
wrkik| lg| hn{gm|owvokgmr r io tvk|g bg Foebob nw ightink bovhg|
mwliokvg|-65
Ki mg|r kbghhgmr to| tn||kfig bg bkvg ogl lgvrkrwbg qwg lg|r io
bk||wo|knmmwliokvg (ohvklokmg gr.nw k|voikgmmg+ qwk o tgvhk| bkrgv
ightinkbovhg| l`khkqwg| nw fkninekqwg| tov iKvoc- Hok| iwk bmkgv
rnwr vig mg|ghfig to| lvbkfig-
Ig| eovomrkg| bg |lwvkr nmr lnmrvkfw ikhkrgv io tvnikavorknm
mwliokvg- Ig vig bg|eovomrkg| bg |lwvkr lnhtvgmomr wmg bkhgm|knm
mwliokvg ( tovotiwkg mwliokvg + bom|io tvgmrknm bg io tvnikavorknm
|ghfig fkgm rofik-60 Gm Gwvntg) bom| ig| ommg| ?;24gr ?;74)
tiw|kgwv| to{| ookgmr r rgmr| bg |g bnrgv bg iovhg mwliokvg) hok|
{vgmnmlvgmr bgomr igmeoeghgmr ohvklokm bg bagmbvg ig lnmrkmgmr) {
lnhtvk| tov bg|hn{gm| mwliokvg| : lg awr ig lo| bg io Mnveg) bg
iOiighoemg) hok| ow||k bg io \wbg(qwk g|rkhokr fmaklkgv bwmg
eovomrkg kmbkvglrg+- Gm O|kg) ig tovotiwkg mwliokvgohvklokm o
tgvhk| bg vbwkvg lnm|kbvofighgmr io rgmrorknm mwliokvg ow Jotnm)
gmLnvg bw \wb gr gm Ow|rvoikg- Fkgm kbghhgmr) lg| eovomrkg| mg |nmr
to| anvlhgmr
mlg||okvg| ) gr mg |nmr to| rnwjnwv| |waak|omrg| ) tnwv ig
vgmnmlghgmr owmwliokvg-6; Hok| lgio mgmig vkgm igwv khtnvromlg-
61 Qnkv Ukiikoh H- Ovckm) Loilwiorgb Ohfkewkr{: Mwligov Ugotnm|
km r`g Ewia Uov ) R`g Uo|`kmernm_wovrgvi{) ni- ?;) m 2) owrnhmg
?;;1-65 Lgmrvoi Kmrgiikegmlg Oegml{) BLK \tglkoi Obk|gv Vgtnvr nm
Kvoq| UHB) \obboh| Tgv|nmoi Kmnighgmrkm UHB Tiommkme ) Vgekhg
\rvorgekl Kmrgmr Ommgp B) hov| 6447-60
Qnkv Fvwmn Rgvrvok|) \glwvkr{ O||wvomlg| omb r`g Awrwvg na
Tvnikagvorknm ) km Johg| J- Ukvrz ! Tgrgv Ion{)Ngv r`g @nvkznm
Tvnikagvorknm R`vgor|) \romanvb) \romanvb Wmkgv|kr{ Tvg||) 64??-6;
Iovewhgmr g|r ooml tov Fgvv{ gr oi-) nt- lkr-) t-
-
8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
12/31
BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
?6
Uovb Uki|nm gr ig bfor |wv ig fnhfovbghgmr bg| qkiig|
Ig bfor |wv igaaklolkr bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg o r vgk|kr tov
wmgptgvr ohvklokm kmbtgmbomr) Uovb Uki|nm (qwk o vgw wmg
khtnvromrgbnmorknm akmomlkvg bwm to{| mnvbkqwg+) bnmr ig| rvoowp
`k|rnvkqwg|iohmgmr mnrohhgmr oomlgv qwg lgrrg gaaklolkr mg tgwr to|
rvg o||wvg)lov ig fnhfovbghgmr bg| kiig| mg |waakr to| lnmliwvg
klrnvkgw|ghgmr wmgewgvvg-
-
8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
13/31
BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
?
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8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
14/31
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
?2
Romr ikhhnvoikr qwg ikiieoikr bg io bk||wo|knmmwliokvg vg|rgmr
bk|lwrofig|
r`kqwg bg io bk||wo|knmIo lvkrkqwg bnvbvg r`kqwg bg io
bk||wo|knm mwliokvg tnvrg |wv tiw|kgwv| tnkmr| bk|rkmlr|)qwk
vglnwvgmr tgw nw tvnw ig| ihgmr| bg io r`nvkg bg io ewgvvg jw|rg
(bk|rkmlrknm)mlg||kr) tvntnvrknmmoikr) grl-+-
-
8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
15/31
BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
?7
Ig| lnm|qwgmlg| tiomrokvg| bwm l`omeg mwliokvg- Ig| hnbik|orknm|
bg|gaagr| bwm lnmaikr mwliokvg) { lnhtvk| veknmoi (Kmbg.Tock|rom+)
hgrrgmr gm gpgvewg iotn||kfkikr bg vtgvlw||knm| bohtigwv tiomrokvg
|wv ig likhor (gr okm|k |wv io tvnbwlrknmoevklnig hnmbkoig+- Hok|
ig |lmovkn bwmg ewgvvg mwliokvg hojgwvg g|r inkm brvg ig|gwi
tn||kfig- _womr ig|loiobg owp gprvhg|) vk|qwg km`vgmr rnwr
oaavnmrghgmr
hkikrokvg) giig mowvokr vkgm bkmkrofig hhg |k) inv|qwg ig|
gmjgwp |nmr jw|rghgmrgprvhg|) giig bnkr rvg tn||kfig tnwv qwg io
bk||wo|knm anmlrknmmg- Io tvnfofkikr bgig|loiobg owp gprvhg| mg|r
johok| eoig zvn) hok| giig mg|r johok| mnm tiw| eoig ?44 '-24 Lg
qwg inm |okr bg| gpgvlklg| lnmbwkr| owp ror|Wmk| gr gm Wmknm
|nkrkqwgow rght| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg hnmrvg bokiigwv| qwg ig|
vg|tnm|ofig| tnikrkqwg| bg| bgwpto{| aok|okgmr tiwrr hnmrvg bg
tvwbgmlg bom| ig|loiobg mwliokvg-
\gm |gvqkv nw ig| tgvbvg >
Ikbg |ginm ioqwgiig wm ror bnr bg lotolkr| mwliokvg| tnwvvokr
rvglnmavnmr ow bkighhg bkr |gm |gvkv nw ig| tgvbvg (w|g r`gh nv
in|g r`gh+)qwk g|r ow lwv bg mnhfvgwp |lmovkn| bg|loiobg) g|r lgr
eovb bk|lwrofig-I`{tnr`|g mg tgwr fkgm |v rvg lovrg- Hok| giig
|wttn|g (?+ |nkr qwg igto{| orroqwomr okr tvk| ig vk|qwg bwmg
avottg nlorknm b|ovhomrg) lg qwk|gvokr |wklkbokvg aolg wm ror bnr
bwmg lotolkr bg avottg gm |glnmb) grhhg rv| `o|ovbgwp aolg wm to{|
qwk mgm g|r to| bnr) (6+ |nkr qwg ig to{|orroqw tvgmmg ig vk|qwg bg
iomlgv |g| anvlg| mwliokvg| ow hnhgmr n ki g|rkmanvh bwmg |oig bg
hk||kig| o||okiiomr|) |om| onkv io lgvrkrwbg qwg |g|anvlg| nmr rvg
brvwkrg|- Giig vg|rg bnml gprvhg-
Ikhtn||kfkikr bg tnvrgv |glnwv| owp klrkhg|- Ig| vobkorknm|
owrnwv bw tnkmrbkhtolr vgmbvokgmr bkaaklkig ioll| khhbkor owp
|kmk|rv|) hok| to| khtn||kfig lnmbkrknm bg tnvrgv wmg rgmwg
obqworg- Vottginm| qwg bom| ig lo| bwmg gptin|knm gmoirkrwbg hnbg
mnvhoi bg tiomkaklorknm bg ightink bg iovhg ig| vgrnhfg|vobknolrkg|
|gvokgmr kmgpk|romrg|-2?
Ikhtn||kfkikr bg |g bagmbvg lnmrvg ig| ovhg| mwliokvg|- Nwrvg
qwg ig| bagm|g|omrkovkgmmg| nmr rnwjnwv| gpk|r) ig| tvnev| bg|
bagm|g| omrkhk||kig| ikhkrgmr io
tnvrg bg lgr ovewhgmr-
24 \wv lg tnkmr nkv \kv Hkl`ogi _wkmiom) R`g gr`kl| na mwligov
bgrgvvgmlg: o lvkrkloi lnhhgmr nm r`g to|rnvoiigrrgv na r`g W\
lor`nikl| fk|`nt| ) R`gninekloi \rwbkg|) ni- 20) ?;05 3 Tkgvvg
@o||mgv) Ig| gmjgwp r`kqwg| bgio bk||wo|knm mwliokvg : qworvg bfor|
morknmowp ) km kfkb-) Io knigmlg gr io tokp- Bg io fnhfg ornhkqwg
owmgrrn{oeg gr`mkqwg) Tovk|) Gbkrknm| G|tvkr) ?;;7 3 gr Gifvkbeg
Lnif{) Cggtkme r`g Tgolg ) Akv|r R`kme|) Jomwov{64??-2? Lgvrokm|
oomlgmr qwg ig| ovhg| mwliokvg| |nmr anmbohgmroighgmr mnm
bk|lvkhkmomrg| gm vok|nm bgikhtn||kfkikr bg tvnkv ig| gmr| gr bnml
ig| vgrnhfg| (nkv tov gpghtig Km|rkrwrg anv Iou omb Tgolg
(KMIOT+. Unvib Lnwvr Tvnjglr) Mwligov Ugotnm| gqwoi Uov Lvkhg|
omb Lvkhg| oeokm|r @whomkr{ ) |krgKmrgvmgr bg iKMIOT) mnm bor+- Lgr
ovewhgmr tgvb bg |o anvlg b| inv| qwg inm |g tiolg bom| ig lobvg
bgtiomkaklorknm| rvobkrknmmgiig| (gptin|knm gm oirkrwbg |om|
vgrnhfg| vobknolrkg|+-
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8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
16/31
BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
?1
anmb| |wv bg| lnm|rvwlrknm| kmrgiiglrwgiig| bk|lwrofig|
Anvlg g|r bg lnm|rorgv qwg io lvkrkqwg hnvoig bg io bk||wo|knm
|ottwkg |wv wmglnm|rvwlrknm kmrgiiglrwgiig bk|lwrofig :
io||khkiorknm bg lg tvkmlktg io bg|rvwlrknmhwrwgiig o||wvg gr ow
fnhfovbghgmr ho||ka gr kmbk|lvkhkm bg| kiig| obgv|g|) lg|r
bkvg wmg inekqwg o||nlkg bg| rght| ioveghgmr vniw|- \om| rvg
khtn||kfig) ig|lmovkn bwmg ewgvvg mwliokvg rnroig mg|r tiw| ewvg
bolrwoikr- Ig| lnmaikr|mwliokvg| ig| hnkm| khtvnfofig|
(Kmbg.Tock|rom) ror|Wmk|.L`kmg+ |gvokgmrlgvrokmghgmr fvga| gr
owvokgmr tgw bg l`omlg| bkhtikqwgv bg| lgmrokmg| bg avottg|-
Nm vgrvnwg lgrrg khoeg gprvhg) rv| ovrkaklkgiig) bg iovhg
mwliokvg bom| iok|lnm|wirorka bg io Lnwv kmrgvmorknmoig bg jw|rklg
(la- kmavo-+) qwk bom| wm to||oegtovrklwikvghgmr evombkinqwgmr
oaakvhg : igwv twk||omlg bg|rvwlrvklg (--+ mg tgwr rvglnmrgmwg mk
bom| ig rght| mk bom| ig|tolg -26 Lgrrg oaakvhorknm twvghgmr
v`rnvkqwgmo owlwm |gm|-
Owbgi) gr lg|r |om| bnwrg ig tiw| khtnvromr) nm owvo vgig qwg
lg| lvkrkqwg|lnmlgvmgmr ightink t`{|kqwg bg iovhg (gp tn|r+) gr mnm
io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg giighhg (gp omrg+- Bom| lg lobvg) ig tvnfihg
bg io tvntnvrknmmoikr (la- kmavo-+ mg |g tn|gto|
mlg||okvghgmr-2< Lnhhg ig vottgiig Cgmmgr` Uoirz) io bk||wo|knm
mg|r to|lnmbkrknmmg tov io bg|rvwlrknm bg| kiig|- Io bk||wo|knm g|r
fo|g |wv lg qwg inm tgwr
aokvg) mnm |wv lg qwg inm agvo -22
Lgvrg|) iovewhgmr mg lnmokml to| rnwjnwv| : ki |gvokr gm gaagr
khhnvoi hhg bgtiomkakgv ightink bg iovhg |wv bg| kiig| 3 lgio
nwbvokr bkvg gm gaagr tvgmbvg ig|tntwiorknm| gm nroeg - Hok| lgrrg
bgvmkvg gptvg||knm) |nwgmr gmrgmbwg ow rght| bg ioEwgvvg avnkbg)
g|r gm aokr giighhg hnvoighgmr bnwrgw|g : tgm|grnm |vkgw|ghgmr
qwgig| tntwiorknm| nllkbgmroig| kokgmr lniiglrkghgmr gr
qwnrkbkgmmghgmr) itnqwg) wmg|krworknm omoinewg lg qwgmbwvgmr ig|
tgv|nmmg| gmigg| tov ig @gzfniio`) ig|Roikfom| nw Oi_obo >
O ikmgv|g) io bk||wo|knm) bom| io hg|wvg n giig o tnwv fwr bkrgv
io ewgvvg) tgwr rvglnm|kbvg lnhhg iwm bg| hnbg| bg tvgmrknm bg|
lnmaikr| ig| tiw| hnvowp qwk |nkgmr)twk|qwgiig mg mlg||krg to| ig
vglnwv| io knigmlg t`{|kqwg- O rnwr ig hnkm| tgwrgiigtiokbgv io
hnvoikr |wtvkgwvg bw v|wiror -27 Gm qwnk |gvokrki khhnvoi bg tvgmkv
iohorvkoik|orknm) tov gpghtig) bwmg hgmolg fkninekqwg hojgwvg bnmr
ig| gaagr|tnwvvokgmr rv| fkgm rvg rnwr ow||k gprvhg| gr
kmbk|lvkhkm| tov io tvnhg||g bwmghgmolg mwliokvg >
Ig bvnkr gr io bk||wo|knm
Io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg |km|lvkrgiig) tnwv owromr) bom| ig lobvg
mnvhoi bw bvnkr kmrgvmorknmoi vglnmmw > Io lnwrwhg o
kmbk|lwrofighgmr oikb io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg- Lgiiglk o r tvorkqwg
bgtwk| tiw|kgwv| bkzokmg| bommg| bkvglrghgmr tov ig|
tvkmlktoig|
26 Lnwv kmrgvmorknmoig bg jw|rklg) Vglwgki bg| ovvr|) ok|
lnm|wirorka| gr nvbnmmomlg|) Iklkr bg io hgmolg nw bgightink bovhg|
mwliokvg|) Ok| lnm|wirorka) 0 jwkiigr ?;;1 SLKJ Vglwgki) tt- 661
|-X-2< Bom| ig Ikvg bg io Egm|g) Bkgw tvnhgr qwg Lom |gvo gme
|gtr ank| |k inm orrgmrg |o kg- Nm tgwrlnm|kbvgv qwki |oekri bg io
tvghkvg kiiw|rvorknm lnmmwg bg io mnrknm bg bk||wo|knm iovekg -22
Uoirz) nt- lkr-) t- 5
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8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
17/31
BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
?5
evombg| twk||omlg|) gr kmbkvglrghgmr tov ig| oiik| qwgiig|
tvnregmr-21 Hok| qwkb bgigmrwgi ghtink bg iovhg >
Ovhg mwliokvg) iekrkhg bagm|g gr vgtv|okiig| ovhg|
Io iekrkhg bagm|g vgig bw bvnkr morwvgi- Iovrklig 7? bg io
L`ovrg bg| Morknm|Wmkg|mg aokr qwg lnm|olvgv lg tvkmlktg- Ki tvlk|g
qwowlwmg bk|tn|krknm bg io L`ovrg mg iwktnvrg orrgkmrg-
Rvobkrknmmgiighgmr) inm lnm|kbvg qwg io iekrkhg bagm|g bnkr
vg|tglrgvig| lvkrvg| bg mlg||kr gr bg tvntnvrknmmoikr-
Ig lvkrvg bg mlg||kr- Aolg wmg oevg||knm bg evombg ohtigwv qwgi|
qwg |nkgmr ig|hn{gm| ghtin{| tov iobgv|okvg ig bagm|gwv tnwvvokr
monkv bowrvg hn{gm bgv|k|rgv qwg bghtin{gv iovhg mwliokvg) |wvrnwr
|ki g|r hkikrokvghgmr ig aokfig - Iolnmbkrknm bg mlg||kr tgwr bnml
rvg vghtikg- Gm rnwr ror bg low|g) ig bvnkr mg |owvokrtvkgv wm ror
bg |g bagmbvg ow hn{gm bovhg| mwliokvg| |ki |oek||okr bw |gwi
hn{gmtnwv iwk bo||wvgv |o |wvkg : nm g|r bom| ig bnhokmg bg lg qwwm
jweg bg io Lnwv
kmrgvmorknmoig bg jw|rklg o ottgi igplw|g of|niwrnkvg -
25
O igprvhg) inm tgwr bkvgqwg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg g|r jw|rkakg
tov io vg|tnm|ofkikr bg tvnregv - 20
Ig lvkrvg bg tvntnvrknmmoikr- Ig lvkrvg bg tvntnvrknmmoikr bnkr
rvg gmrgmbw bom|bgwp ollgtrknm| :
Bg homkvg emvoig) ki |kemkakg qwg io anvlg bnkr rvg ikhkrg lg
qwk g|r mlg||okvg tnwvvgtnw||gv ioevg||knm-2; Nm tgwr klk tvgmbvg
igpghtig bg io \glnmbg ewgvvg hnmbkoig-Iohtigwv bg| hn{gm| wrkik||
tnwv okmlvg lnmrvg ig mozk|hg) ig ao|lk|hg grikhtvkoik|hg jotnmok|
rokr lnm|kbvofig- Aowrki gm lnmliwvg tnwv owromr hhg |k
igfnhfovbghgmr ho||ka bg| tntwiorknm| lkkig| rokr lgvrokmghgmr
gplg||ka qwg ig lvkrvgbg tvntnvrknmmoikr mrokr to| vghtik >74
Vkgm mg bkr qwg bg| bnhhoeg| kmollgtrofig| |gvokgmr mlg||okvghgmr
bk|tvntnvrknmm| ow vgeovb bg igmjgw bwlnmaikr : bom| ig lobvg bg io
tiwtovr bg| bnlrvkmg| mwliokvg|) nm |g rvnwgvokr tovbakmkrknm bom|
wmg |krworknm owp gmjgwp gprvhg| (gr qwk tnwvvokr hhg hgrrvg gm jgw
io|wvkg bg| tntwiorknm| bw to{| bagm|gwv+-7?
21 O igprvhg) nm tgwv oaakvhgv qwg io tvnikavorknm o lnmanvr io
iekrkhkr bg iovhg mwliokvg-25 LKJ) Iklkr bg ightink nw bg io hgmolg
bghtink bg iovhg mwliokvg) Ntkmknm kmbkkbwgiig bg H- Ewkiiowhg)t-
6;?-20 Io v|niwrknm ?152 (6441+ bw Lnm|gki bg |lwvkr |g vavg ow
bnlwhgmr akmoi bw \nhhgr hnmbkoi bg 6447)bom| igqwgi ki g|r tvlk| :
Lg|r l`oqwg ror qwki kmlnhfg bg tvnregv |g| tntwiorknm| bw emnlkbg)
bg|
lvkhg| bg ewgvvg) bw mgrrn{oeg gr mkqwg gr bg| lvkhg| lnmrvg
i`whomkr- Lgrrg vg|tnm|ofkikr lnm|k|rg mnrohhgmrbom| io tvgmrknm bg
lg| lvkhg|) { lnhtvk| ikmlkrorknm ig| lnhhgrrvg) tov ig| hn{gm|
mlg||okvg| gr ottvntvk| -2; LKJ) Vglwgki bg| ovvr|) ok|
lnm|wirorka| gr nvbnmmomlg|) Oaaokvg bg| olrkkr| hkikrokvg| gr
tovohkikrokvg| owMklovoewo gr lnmrvg lgiwklk (ror|Wmk| l-
Mklovoewo+) 65 jwkm ?;01 SLKJ Vglwgki ?;01) t- ??6|-X-74 Lglk mgmig
vkgm ow aokr qwg ig fnhfovbghgmr bikfv bg tntwiorknm| lkkig|
(Oiighoemg) Jotnm+ rokrlgvrokmghgmr gplg||ka ow vgeovb bg| fwr|
vgl`gvl`|-7? Io morwvg bg iobgv|okvg gr bg |nm tvnjgr gmrvgvokgmr
eoighgmr gm ikemg bg lnhtrg- Lnhhg ig bkr Hkl`ogi_wkmiom) N tiolgv
gpolrghgmr) gmrvg lgmr gr lgmr| hkiiknm|) ig tnkmr bg fo|lwig gmrvg
tvntnvrknmm grbk|tvntnvrknmm > Lg |gvokr wmg oiworknm bkaaklkig)
btgmbomrg bwm jweghgmr qwk ovkgvokr evombghgmr |ginmig|
lkvlnm|romlg|) rgiig| qwg io morwvg gr lg qwg inm lnmmor bw
lnhtnvrghgmr bg ioevg||gwv - _wkmiom) nt- lkr-)t- ?;- Fkgm
kbghhgmr) |k inm ollgtrg) lnhhg nm ig bk|okr ow rght| bg io Ewgvvg
avnkbg) brvg tiwrr vnweg|qwg hnvr| ) owrvghgmr bkr) |k inm ollnvbg
boomroeg bg tvkp bowrvg| oigwv| qwg io ikfgvr gr igpk|rgmlg bg
iror hgmol) ig jweghgmr bgkgmr bkaavgmr- \wv lg bfor nkv
@o||mgv) nt- lkr- Ojnwrnm|) tnwv rvg lnhtigr) qwgig bfor mg tgwr
|ovvrgv i) lov inm tgwr rvg vnweg gr hnvr : bom| wmg |nlkr
rnroikrokvg) ig| vk|qwg|t`{|kqwg| tgwgmr rvg gprvhg|-
-
8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
?0
Tov okiigwv|) ig Tvnrnlnig m ? owp lnmgmrknm| bg Egmg bg ?;2;
(nkv kmavo-+ |weevgqwg ig| bnhhoeg| lniiorvowp mg bnkgmr to| rvg
gplg||ka| ow vgeovb bg ioomroeghkikrokvg orrgmbw- Ki g|r vok qwg
bom| ikhhgm|g hojnvkr bg| |lmovkn|) igpgvlklg bwmgavottg mwliokvg
gmrvomgvokr bg mnhfvgw|g| klrkhg| lniiorvoig| lnhhg tnwv
rnwrfnhfovbghgmr bg evombg ohtigwv- \wv lg tnkmr) iovewhgmr g|r ig
hhg : nm mg tgwr
to| oomlgv qwg bg rgi| bnhhoeg| lniiorvowp |gvokgmr
mlg||okvghgmr |wtvkgwv| ioomroeg vgl`gvl`-
Io lnmbkrknm bg tvntnvrknmmoikr tgwr bnml giig ow||k rvg
vghtikg-76
Ki lnmkgmr bg mnrgv ow bghgwvomr qwg) lnhhg ig vottgiig io LKJ)
io L`ovrg bg| Morknm|Wmkg| mg lnhtnvrg owlwmg bk|tn|krknm |ginm
ioqwgiig io iekrkhg bagm|g mg jw|rkakgvokrqwg bg| hg|wvg|
mlg||okvg| gr tvntnvrknmmgiig|-7
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8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
?;
\wv ig lkfioeg bg| tntwiorknm| lkkig| gm romr qwg rgiig|) ig|
lnmrvgovewhgmr| nmr bjr hgmrknmm| tiw| `owr- Ojnwrnm| qwg ig|
ror|Wmk| nmr) io |wkrg bg io lnmliw|knm bwTvnrnlnig obbkrknmmgi m ?
(owqwgi ki| mg |nmr to| tovrkg+) oaakvh twfikqwghgmr
qwki|ofombnmmokgmr rnwrg |rvorekg bg lkfioeg bikfv bg| tntwiorknm|
lkkig| gm romr qwgrgiig|- \oek||omr bg| bnhhoeg| lniiorvowp) ig
Tvnrnlnig obbkrknmmgi m ? mkmrgvbkr qwg
ig| bnhhoeg| gplg||ka| ow vgeovb bg ioomroeg hkikrokvg orrgmbw-
Nv nm |g |krwgvokr)tov bakmkrknm) bom| wm lnmaikr owp gmjgwp
hojgwv|-
Gmakm) vottginm| qwg ig| twk||omlg| mwliokvg| qwk nmr |nw|lvkr
ow Tvnrnlnig obbkrknmmgim ? mg inmr aokr qwogl io v|gvg gptiklkrg
qwki mg |ottikqwg to| owp ovhg|mwliokvg| (lg qwk vg||nvr bokiigwv|
bg ikmrgmrknm bg| menlkorgwv|+-75
Ig Bnlwhgmr akmoi bg io Lnmavgmlg bgpohgm bw RMT bg 64?4
voaakvhg io mlg||krtnwv rnw| ig| ror| bg vg|tglrgv gm rnwr rght| ig
bvnkr kmrgvmorknmoi `whomkrokvg-70 Lglkvgkgmr khtiklkrghgmr vgjgrgv
ikbg |ginm ioqwgiig ightink bg iovhg mwliokvg
|gvokrmlg||okvghgmrlnmrvokvg lg bvnkr-
Iok| bg io Lnwv kmrgvmorknmoig bg jw|rklg
\wv lgrrg bkhgm|knm jwvkbkqwg) iok| vgmbw ig 0 jwkiigr ?;;1 tov
io Lnwv kmrgvmorknmoig bgjw|rklg bnkr aokvg infjgr bwmg iglrwvg
orrgmrkg- Gm gaagr) io Lnwv (o+ mg |g|r to|tvnmnmlg |wv io tvorkqwg
bmnhhg tnikrkqwg bg bk||wo|knm ) (f+ |g|r vgrgmwgboaakvhgv qwg
iwrkik|orknm bg| ovhg| mwliokvg| |gvokr gm rnwrg lkvlnm|romlg
lnmrvokvgowp gpkegmlg| bw bvnkr kmrgvmorknmoi `whomkrokvg (giig
wrkik|g igptvg||knm mg |ghfigewvg lnmlkikofig ) anvhwig tiwrr
tvwbgmrg+) gr (l+) lnhhg nm ig |okr) mo twbrgvhkmgv qwg ightink nw
io hgmolg bghtink bg iovhg mwliokvg |gvokr kiiklkrg gm
bg|lkvlnm|romlg| gprvhg| bg iekrkhg bagm|g) inv|qwg io |wvkg hhg bg
iror |gvokr gm
jgw-
7;
Nm tgwr okm|k |nwrgmkv qwg inkm bg biekrkhgv io bk||wo|knm) iok|
bg io Lnwv o gm aokr fkgm bg| eovb| v`ofkikrlgiiglk-
75 Io Lnmavgmlg bktinhorkqwg |wv io voaakvhorknm gr ig
bginttghgmr bw bvnkr kmrgvmorknmoi `whomkrokvg (?;52?;55+ ookr
liokvghgmr gpliw bw l`oht bg |g| bikfvorknm| io qwg|rknm bg io
iklkr bg iovhg mwliokvg-70
Lnmavgmlg bg| Tovrkg| l`oveg bgpohkmgv ig Rvokr |wv io
mnmtvnikavorknm bg| ovhg| mwliokvg| gm 64?4)Bnlwhgmr akmoi)
MTR.LNMA-64?4.74 (Qni- K+) t- 64-7; LKJ) Iklkr bg io hgmolg nw bg
ightink bovhg| mwliokvg|) nt- lkr-
-
8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
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A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
64
Ig lnr bnttnvrwmkr bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg vg|rgoomroegwp
Ig| lnr| bg io bk||wo|knm vg|rgmr ollgtrofig|Ig| oomroeg| bg io
bk||wo|knm mwliokvg bnkgmr rvg hg|wv| ow vgeovb bg |g| lnr|vgi| nw
tnrgmrkgi|-
Lgvrokm| owrgwv| nmr ooml qwg ig| lvk|g| gr ig| oaavnmrghgmr| bg
fo||g kmrgm|kr |g |nmrhhg hwirktik| bw aokr bg igpk|rgmlg bg io
bk||wo|knm mwliokvg- Lg|r lg qwg inm oottgi ig tovobnpg bg io
|rofkikrkm|rofkikr : wmg tiw| evombg |rofkikr ow mkgow
bglnmaiklrwoikr ig tiw| ig o tnwv lnvniiokvg wmg tiw| evombg
km|rofkikr ow mkgow ig tiw|fo|-14 Lg|r vok- Hok| mg|rlg to| wm tvkp
vgiorkghgmr hnbg|rg >
Ki mg|r to| aowp bg bkvg qwg io brgmrknm bovhg| mwliokvg| tgwr
kmlkrgv io
tvnikavorknm- Hok| i`k|rnkvg bg| tvnevohhg| mwliokvg| gm
tovrklwikgv lgwp bg| kmerbgvmkvg| ommg| hnmrvg qwg lg|r |wvrnwr io
|wtvknvkr lnmgmrknmmgiig bwmobgv|okvg tnrgmrkgi qwk ohmg wm to{|
lnm|kbvgv intrknm mwliokvg- Okm|k)tovobnpoighgmr) wm hnmbg bom|
igqwgi ig| to{| nllkbgmrowp mowvokgmr tiw| bovhg|mwliokvg| |gvokr
wm hnmbg bom| igqwgi io tvnikavorknm owvokr bowromr tiw| bg
l`omlg|bg |g bginttgv-1?
Wm owrvg lnr tnrgmrkgi bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg g|r ig vk|qwg
bg bvotoeg nwbollkbgmr- Ig vk|qwg bwmg ewgvvg mwliokvg tov ollkbgmr
o aokr infjgr bg mnhfvgw|g|vaigpknm| ow lnwv| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg-
Tiw| vlghhgmr) wmg lnig bg tgm|g kmlovmgmnrohhgmr tov ig| rvoowp
rv| vkenwvgwp bg \lnrr \oeom (gr lgwp) tiw| rgl`mkqwg|) bg
Fvwlg Fiokv+ hgr iollgmr |wv ig| vk|qwg| km`vgmr| owp
nveomk|orknm| lnhtigpg| grvkekbg| qwk evgmr ig| ov|gmowp
mwliokvg|-16
Ki vg|rg tnwvromr qwg mnm |gwighgmr ki m{ o gw owlwmg gptin|knm
mwliokvg (`nv| g||ok|+bgtwk| tv| bg |nkpomrgbkp om|) hok| ow||k)
tnwv lg qwnm gm lnmmor twfikqwghgmr)qwowlwm iomlghgmr ollkbgmrgi nw
mnm owrnvk|) owlwm ni bovhg) gr owlwm ollkbgmr|vkgwp (khtikqwomr wm
beoeghgmr vobknolrka |kemkaklorka+ mo johok| r vtgvrnvk-Bk|tn|krka|
gr tvnlbwvg| tgvhgrromr bg eovomrkv io |vgr gr io |lwvkr bg| ovhg|
rokgmrlgvrg| vwbkhgmrokvg| ow rght| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg 3 ki| |nmr
owjnwvb`wk rv| iofnv|bom| ig| to{| nllkbgmrowp) gr tiwrr
tgvaglrknmm|) tnwv lg qwg inm tgwr gm |onkv) bom|ig| mnwgowp ror|
mwliokvg|- Tgv|nmmg mg tgwr kbghhgmr o||wvgv qwg lg| |{|rhg|
|gvnmr rnwjnwv| kmaokiikfig|) ki { owvo |om| bnwrg wm jnwv wm
kmlkbgmr mwliokvg hojgwv 3hok| io tvnfofkikr qwwm rgi kmlkbgmr
lnmbwk|g igptin|knm bwmg ovhg mwliokvg tovorkmakhg- Gr gm lg qwk
lnmlgvmg io bk||wo|knm tvntvghgmr bkrg) ki g|r gvvnm bg loilwigv
ig|vk|qwg| km`vgmr| lgiiglk lnhhg lgwp bwm |{|rhg rgl`mninekqwg
lnhtigpg : giigvgtn|g anmbohgmroighgmr |wv bg| vok|nmmghgmr|
`whokm|- Lgwplk mg |nmr to|
14 Lg tovobnpg ookr r |weev tov \kv Fo|ki @- Ikbbgii @ovr gm
?;72 gr anvhoik| tov Eigmm \m{bgv gm ?;1?-1?
Ig rgvvnvk|hg mwliokvg mg tgwr ewvg rvg lnm|kbv lnhhg wm vk|qwg
homomr bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg-16 Qnkv mnrohhgmr \lnrr \oeom) R`g
Ikhkr| na \oagr{- Nveomkzorknm|) Ollkbgmr|) omb Mwligov
Ugotnm|)Tvkmlgrnm) Tvkmlgrnm Wmkgv|kr{ Tvg||) ?;;
-
8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
6?
kmaokiikfig| : hok| lnhhg ig vottgiig Vnfgvr Jgvk|) ki mg aowr
to| fgowlnwt bg vorknmoikrtnwv qwg io bk||wo|knm twk||g
anmlrknmmgv-1
-
8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
22/31
BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
66
jnwvmoik|rkqwg gr mo ewvg bg vottnvr ogl io voikr-54 Tov
bakmkrknm) mnw| mg |owvnm|johok| |k ig| ovhg| mwliokvg| owvokgmr
gaaglrkghgmr r wrkik|g| inv| bg lg|mghgmr|) nw |k lgwp qwk owvokgmr
tw { onkv vglnwv| owvokgmr vglwi io bgvmkvghkmwrg- Hok| ig| lvk|g|
mwliokvg| hnmrvgmr qw bg rv| vovg| gplgtrknm| tv|) ig| tiw|`owr|
vg|tnm|ofig| tnikrkqwg| ig| blkbgwv| bg bgvmkgv vg||nvr nmr
rnwjnwv| r
gprvonvbkmokvghgmr tvwbgmr|-5? Egnveg _wg|rgv) iwm bg| tiw| akm|
omoi{|rg| ohvklokm|bg io r`nvkg bg io bk||wo|knm) lnm|kbvg tov
gpghtig) otv| gpohgm bg| lvk|g| bg ioEwgvvg avnkbg) qwg ig|
hnrkorknm| bnvbvg r`kqwg gptikqwgmr ow tvghkgv l`ga iof|gmlgbghtink
tov ig| ror|Wmk| bg iovhg mwliokvg inv|qwki| rokgmr gm |krworknm
bghnmntnig-56 Bn ikbg bwm rofnw mwliokvg tvntn|g tov Mkmo
Rommgmuoib (tnwvig| ror|Wmk|+ nw lgiig bwmg rvobkrknm bg mnmghtink
|weevg tov R- Q- Towi (tnwvigm|ghfig bg| to{| bk|tn|omr bg lotolkr|
mwliokvg|+-5< Ki mg|r to| gpoev bg bkvg qwgi`nvvgwv mwliokvg
`klwig tov io lwirwvg tntwiokvg (vnhom|) akih|) fombg|
bg||kmg|)bnlwhgmrokvg|) t`nrnevot`kg|+ o jnw wm vig bom| io
lnm|nikborknm bg lg rofnw- 52
Ig vk|qwg bg ewgvvg mwliokvg tov ollkbgmr - _womr io ewgvvg
mwliokvg tov
kmobgvromlg ) lg mg|r ewvg wm |lmovkn lvbkfig- Bg hwirktig|
aow||g| oigvrg| bgiomlghgmr nmr gw ikgw rnwr ow inme bg io Ewgvvg
avnkbg- Hok| lnmrvokvghgmr lgqwowrgwv| bg tnikrkqwgaklrknm gr
hkikromr| bw b|ovhghgmr mwliokvg tgwgmr iok||gvlvnkvg) ki mgpk|rg
owlwmg vok|nm bg tgm|gv qwwm tv|kbgmr ohvklokm nw vw||g okr
johok|tw rvg |wv ig tnkmr bottw{gv |wv ig fnwrnm bw |khtig aokr
bwmg oigvrg- Wm gpghtigtovhk bowrvg|) avqwghhgmr lkr tov ig|
hkikromr| bw b|ovhghgmr : gm ?;;7) igiomlghgmr bwmg aw|g|nmbg
mnvekgmmg ookr low| wmg vkrofig tomkqwg Hn|lnwtgmbomr qwgiqwg|
`gwvg|) lov ig |{|rhg vw||g boigvrg oomlg) oinv| rv| bevob)
ookr|kemoi qwki tnwokr |oekv bwm hk||kig-57 Ig tv|kbgmr Gir|kmg
ookr r ogvrkbwvegmlg) gr io hoiigrrg mwliokvg iwk ookr r tv|gmrg-
Tgwrrvg io Vw||kg orgiigobntr (lnmrvokvghgmr owp to{| nllkbgmrowp+
wmg bnlrvkmg bg iomlghgmr |wv oigvrg -
Hok| lvnkrnm |vkgw|ghgmr qwg Hn|lnw owvokr tw iomlgv wmg orroqwg
mwliokvg |nw|tvrgprg qwwm nfjgr kmlnmmw ookr r ioml bgtwk| io
Mnveg) gr oomr hhg bgvkakgv qwki |g bkvkegokr gv| ig rgvvkrnkvg
morknmoi (lg qwk mrokr bokiigwv| to| ig lo|+ >_womr owp aow||g|
oigvrg| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg (ki { gm gwr tiw|kgwv| owp ror|Wmk|
owbfwr bg| ommg| ?;04) tov gpghtig) bw aokr bgvvgwv|
kmanvhorkqwg|+) giig| mnmr johok|lnmbwkr wm tv|kbgmr ohvklokm
gmk|oegv wm rkv mwliokvg- Owp ror|Wmk|) wmg oigvrglnmlgvmomr wmg
gmrwgiig avottg lnmrvg ig| ror|Wmk| bnkr rvg lnmakvhg tov bgwp
54 Io anvhwig o rnwrgank| ig hvkrg bg vottgigv kmntkmhgmr qwg
bom| rnwr to{| hnbgvmg bnr bg lotolkr|
mwliokvg|) ki aowr bgwp bnker| tnwv ottw{gv |wv l`oqwg fnwrnm
rnwrg| ig| rotg| bg io l`omg bglnhhombghgmr- Ow Tock|rom) lg|r hhg
tovank| rvnk| bnker| lgvrokm| gmbvnkr| bg io l`omg5? @gmv{
Ck||kmegv o vlghhgmr oaakvh qwki mg tnwokr to| |g |nwgmkv bwmg
|gwig nllo|knm Sinv|qwki aok|okr
tovrkg bg iobhkmk|rvorknm ohvklokmgX n mnw| owvknm| tvk| bg|
hg|wvg| qwk mnw| vottvnl`okgmr lnm|lkghhgmrbg io ewgvvg mwliokvg -
Obbvg|| f{ @gmv{ O- Ck||kmegv ) km Egnveg T- \`wirz gr oi- (bkv-+)
Bgrgvvgmlg: Kr|To|r omb Awrwvg) \romanvb) @nngv Wmkgv|kr{ Tvg||)
64??) t- 11-56 Egnveg @- _wg|rgv)Mwligov Hnmntni{) Tk|lorouo{)
Rvom|olrknm Twfik|`gv|) 6444-5< Mkmo Rommgmuoib) R`g Mwligov
Rofnn- R`g Wmkrgb \rorg| omb r`g Mnmw|g na Mwligov Ugotnm| |kmlg
?;27)Lohfvkbeg) Lohfvkbeg Wmkgv|kr{ Tvg||) 64453 R- Q- Towi) nt-
lkr-52 Ig aokr qwg iovhg mwliokvg |nkr ow||k wm rnrgh bg ikbgmrkr
morknmoig tgwr lnmbwkvg ig| ror| tv|gvgv ig rofnw |wv igwv
ghtink-57
Lnhhg nm ig |okr) ki gpk|rg bom| bg rgi| lo| wmg tvnlbwvg
kmrgvmorknmoig bg mnrkaklorknm) qwk gm ?;;7 ookr rvg|tglrg tov io
Mnveg- Hok| ki |ghfig qwg lgiiglk |g |nkr tgvbwg itnqwg bom| ig|
hombvg| bwmg fwvgowlvorkgvw||g oinv| gm tigkmg vnveomk|orknm-
-
8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
6
-
8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
24/31
BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
62
Nwrvg ig lovolrvg kmrvkm|qwghgmr gaavo{omr bg| ovhg| mwliokvg|)
b io vobknolrkkr)lg| bgvmkvg| bk|tn|gmr bornwr| khtnvromr|- Ki|
|nmr bofnvb bnvbvg rgl`mkqwg :
Ki gpk|rg gmlnvg owjnwvb`wk wm bkaavgmrkgi |kemkaklorka gmrvg
imgvekg beoeg tov ig|ovhg| lio||kqwg| gr ig| ovhg| mwliokvg|- \k
inm gm lvnkr io ikrrvorwvg nwgvrg) imgvekg
bg| ovhg| mwliokvg| ig| hnkm| twk||omrg| |g hg|wvg gm lgmrokmg|
bg rnmmg| bqwkoigmrRMR (
-
8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
67
Ig| nfjglrka| gmrgvv|- Tnwv mgwrvoik|gv wmg km|roiiorknm gmrgvvg
(tov gaagr bg lnwtioeg+)wmg ovhg lnmgmrknmmgiig bgvokr tmrvgv
fgowlnwt tiw| gm tvnanmbgwv qwwmg ovhgmwliokvg) gr bom| bg mnhfvgwp
lo| owbgi bg| ikhkrg| bg lg qwk g|r gmk|oegofigowjnwvb`wk-00
Lgvrg|) ightink bovhg| mwliokvg| tnwv brvwkvg bg rgi| nfjglrka|
|g`gwvrgvokr wm tvnfihg fkgm kbgmrkak : ig| vgrnhfg| tnwvvokgmr rvg
ho||kg| gm lo|
bg tmrvorknm tgw tvnanmbg) lg qwk tnwvvokr aokvg `|krgv wm
vg|tnm|ofig tnikrkqwg- Hok|vottginm| wmg ank| gmlnvg qwg inm |g
|krwg bom| wmg inekqwg bg bk||wo|knm gr mnmbghtink-0;
Lg| ornwr| |nmr gm|wkrg bnvbvg tnikrkqwg :
Wmg lohtoemg ho||kg gr |nwrgmwg bg fnhfovbghgmr tnwvvokr) bom|
bg mnhfvgw|g|lkvlnm|romlg|) onkv wm gaagrt`{|kqwg qwkoigmr lgiwk bg
tiw|kgwv| ovhg| mwliokvg|-Hok|) lnhhg nm io bkr tiw| `owr) ki g|r
inkm brvg olqwk| qwg ig| ntkmknm| nllkbgmroig||wttnvrgvokgmr
bo||k|rgv wmg rgiig lohtoemg bg fnhfovbghgmr lnmgmrknmmgitvninmeg
bnmr ig bvnwighgmr |gvokr k|kfig kmerqworvg `gwvg| |wv kmerqworvg
io
rik|knm gr |wv Kmrgvmgr-;4
Nm o tw nkv inv| bg| kmrgvgmrknm| nllkbgmroig| vlgmrg|(Cn|nn)
Oae`omk|rom) Kvoc) \wbIkfom) Ikf{g+ qwg ig| hbko| gr ig|
tntwiorknm||khtorkgmrokgmr rv| votkbghgmr gr |wttnvrokgmr hoi ig|
bnhhoeg| lniiorvowp low||tov ig| gvvgwv| bg fnhfovbghgmr) hhg inv|
bntvorknm| ikhkrg|- (Bg lg aokr) ig| veig|bgmeoeghgmr |nmr |nwgmr
rv| lnmrvokemomrg|-+ \om| lnhtrgv ig| gmrwgiig|vgtv|okiig| tov bg|
hn{gm| o|{hrvkqwg| (rgvvnvk|hg) orroqwg| l{fgvmrkqwg|+
qwktnwvvokgmr rvg |khwiromhgmr lnmbwkrg| tov wm obgv|okvg hhg gm
evombg bkaaklwir|wv ig tiom hkikrokvg-
Wm lnmaikr tgwr rvg eoemofig gm r`nvkg) hok| to| gm tvorkqwg 3
gr hhg bom| ig||krworknm| bg |wtvknvkr kbgmrg |wv ig totkgv) ik||wg
bwmg ewgvvg lnmgmrknmmgiig g|r
inkm brvg o||wvg-;?
Lnhhg ig vottgiig Cgmmgr` Uoirz) io lnmbwkrg bg| ewgvvg| oglbg|
hn{gm| lio||kqwg| g|r bggmwg rgiighgmr lnhtigpg qwg ik||wg bg
lgiig|lk g|rbggmwg gprvhghgmr bkaaklkig tvbkvg -;6
Hhg gaagr| t`{|kqwg| vgl`gvl`| qwkoigmr|) iovhg mwliokvg naavg
ow tnwnkvtnikrkqwg io qwo|klgvrkrwbg bg nkv |g| nfjglrka| brvwkr|
gm wm rght| rv| ikhkr-Iobgv|okvg mg tgwr tovkgv mk |wv ig aokr qwg
ig| tntwiorknm| nllkbgmroig| mg|wttnvrgvokgmr to| wmg lohtoemg bg
fnhfovbghgmr) |wv |o tvntvg lotolkr vktn|rgv bghomkvg o|{hrvkqwg
tgmbomr wmg rgiig lohtoemg) nw |wv ig| kmlgvrkrwbg| |wv ik||wg
bwlnmaikr km`vgmrg| rnwr gmeoeghgmr lnmgmrknmmgi-
_womr io hgmolg bwm l`omeghgmr bg vekhg ) ig| bkaaklwir|
ohvklokmg| gm Kvocinmr |om| bnwrg boiwg tnwv ow hnkm| wmg
emvorknm-
00 L`vk|rnt`gv Anvb) Lnmgmrknmoi Vgtiolghgmr na Mwligov Ugotnm|
) Mgu Tovobkeh| Anvwh) ?; blghfvg64?4 3 gr Gifvkbeg O- Lnif{) U`{
Ug \`nwib \rwb{ Bggintkme Mwligov Govr` Tgmgrvornv| Omb U`{ R`g{
Ovg
Olrwoii{ \rofkikzkme) Anvgkem Tnikl{ Vg|govl` Km|rkrwrg) hok
64??-0; Nm bkr qwg ig| vg|tnm|ofig| mnvblnvgm| ollnvbokgmr) bom|
ig| ommg| 6444) fgowlnwt borrgmrknm owptvnevohhg| ohvklokm| bg
|{|rhg| bovhg| tmrvomr| (F1???)Vnfw|r Mwligov Govr` Tgmgrvornv+-;4
Oomr hhg iomghgmr bg| mnwgiig| rgl`mninekg| bg ikmanvhorknm gr bg
io lnhhwmklorknm) Lovi Fwkibgvaok|okr io vaigpknm |wkomrg : wmg
|nlkr tgwr lnmrkmwgv anmlrknmmgv otv| onkv tgvbw bkp nw lgmr kiig|
|wvwmg tvknbg bg qwgiqwg| hnk| nw bg qwgiqwg| ommg|) hok| to| |k
giig ig| tgvb bw jnwv ow igmbghokm - Lovi @-Fwkibgv) R`g Awrwvg na
Mwligov Bgrgvvgmlg) R`g VOMB Lnvtnvorknm) ?;;?-;? Qnkv N@ominm) nt-
lkr-) tt- 1715-;6 Uoirz) nt lkr-) t- 5
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
61
Ig| niwrknm| rgl`mninekqwg| tvk|kfig| bom| ig bnhokmg
lnmgmrknmmgi mnmr ewvgbg l`omlg bg vgmbvg lgrrg ovewhgmrorknm
nf|nirg-;< Lnhhg ig vottgiig wm gptgvrohvklokm) ig| anvlg|
lio||kqwg| vg|rgvnmr igmrg| io hnfkik|orknm gr ow btinkghgmr gr
ightink) gr igwv wrkik|orknm lnmbwkr |nwgmr bg| lnmaikr| tvninme|
gr |omeiomr| -;2\wv ig tiom rgl`mkqwg) wm owrvg gptgvr lnhtovg ig
vghtiolghgmr bw mwliokvg lnhhg
wmg lnwvfg o|{htrnrkqwg : tnwv hgmolgv ig| r{tg| bnfjglrka|
hgmrknmm| lkbg||w|) igbak bgkgmr gprvonvbkmokvghgmr bkaaklkig
vgiggv-;7 Ig| hn{gm| bg avottg tvlk|g grvotkbg rv| evombg bk|romlg
mg l`omegvnmr to| anmbohgmroighgmr lgrrg bnmmg- Gm6442) wm evnwtg
bg rvooki bwBgagm|g \lkgmlg Fnovbookr lnmliw qwg ig| ror|Wmk|
mgtnwvvokgmr to| bk|tn|gv) gm 64
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A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
65
Ig l`omeghgmr bg lnmrgprg |rvorekqwg mgmig vkgmowp gvrw| bg io
bk||wo|knm mwliokvg
Io bk||wo|knm vg|rg wrkigGm obhgrromr qwg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg
okr r gaaklolg aolg wmg hgmolg hojgwvg)tgwrgiig onkv io hhg
gaaklolkr bom| ig lnmrgprg |rvorekqwg olrwgi >
Ig lovolrvg tiw| ikhkr bg io tiwtovr bg| hgmolg| mgmig vkgm
ikmrvr bg iobk||wo|knm tnwv evgv lgvrokmg| bgmrvg giig| : io mnrknm
borrgkmrg owp kmrvr| krowp(gptvg||knm mnrohhgmr ghtin{g tov io
Avomlg) ig Vn{owhgWmk gr ig| ror|Wmk|+ ornwjnwv| r fgowlnwt tiw|
ioveg qwg lgiig bg |wvkg bw to{|-
\om| iovhg mwliokvg) ig| to{| nllkbgmrowp |gvokgmr fgowlnwt
hnkm| gmlikm| kmrgvgmkv hkikrokvghgmr tnwv bagmbvg igwv| kmrvr|
lnmrvg bg| twk||omlg| veknmoig|
bnrg| bg hn{gm| bg bg|rvwlrknm bg ho||g- Gr khoekmnm| wm km|romr
qwg io Ikf{g okrtnwv|wkk otv| 644< |nm tvnevohhg mwliokvg : ig|
Nllkbgmrowp owvokgmrki| tvk| igvk|qwg boekv hkikrokvghgmr tnwv
tvgmkv wm lovmoeg Fgme`ozk gm iof|gmlg bgeovomrkg lnmrvg wm
l`omroeg mwliokvg ikf{gm >
Ig| obgv|okvg| tnrgmrkgi| bg| to{| nllkbgmrowp tgwgmr onkv bg|
|{|rhg| bg oigwv|bkaavgmr| bg| mrvg|) gr igpgvlklg bg io bk||wo|knm
mg |gvo to| aolkig k|k| bg lg|to{|- Hok| ki mgpk|rg owlwmg vok|nm
bg tgm|gv qwg lgwplk |nkgmr kvvorknmmgi| -IKvoc) iKvom) ig
Tock|rom) io Lnvg bw Mnvb gr io L`kmg nmr hnmrv qwki|
lnhtvgmokgmrtovaokrghgmr io inekqwg bg bk||wo|knm tov hgmolg bg
vgtv|okiig|-
Io lwirwvg |rvorekqwg bg lgvrokm| vekhg| |w|lgtrkfig| brvg
lnmlgvm| owjnwvb`wk tovio bk||wo|knm mwliokvg bg| to{| nllkbgmrowp
(Kvom vniwrknmmokvg) L`kmg tntwiokvg)Lnvg bw Mnvb+ o hnmrv ow lnwv|
bg igwv `k|rnkvg) qwki| tnwokgmr) rnwr owromr qwgiWV\\ (nw bowrvg|
rgi| qwg ig Qkgrhkm`+) |wttnvrgv wm rv| evomb mnhfvg bg klrkhg|ow
lnwv| bwm lnmaikr- Aolg bg rgi| vekhg|) wmg bk||wo|knm hgmoomr ig|
lgmrvg| bgtnwnkv obgv|g| mg|r to| |gwighgmr wm l`nkp hnvoi : lg|r
ow||k wm l`nkp vorknmmgi-
\k owlwmg hgmolg hojgwvg mg |ghfig |g tvnakigv i`nvkznm) wm to{|
tovrgmokvg tgwrrv| votkbghgmr |g rvom|anvhgv gm obgv|okvg :
igpghtig bg io Ikf{g g|r i tnwv mnw|ig vottgigv-
\oek||omr bg io hgmolg l`khkqwg gr fkninekqwg tnwomr rvg gpgvlg
tov lgvrokmg|twk||omlg| veknmoig|) igptvkgmlg bg io Ewgvvg bw Eniag
(?;;?+) hgmrknmmg tiw| `owr)|ghfig kmbkqwgv qwg iovhg mwliokvg tgwr
fgi gr fkgm jnwgv wm vig bk||wo|ka- Tiw|kgwv|to{|) bnmr io Avomlg)
ig| ror|Wmk| gr iKmbg) lnm|kbvgmr gptiklkrghgmr qwwmg
orroqwgfkninekqwg) mnrohhgmr) tnwvvokr gmrvgv bom| ig l`oht bg io
bk||wo|knm mwliokvg-;0(Hkl`ogi N@ominm mo to| rnvr bg bkvg qwwmg
vktn|rg mwliokvg wmg orroqwgfkninekqwg tnwvvokr) rgl`mkqwghgmr) rvg
gaaglrwg bwmg homkvg qwk |gvokr tiw|`whokmg qwg lgrrg orroqwg
fkninekqwg -;;+
;0 Nm tgwr |nwrgmkv qwg ig vig bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg aolg
owp hgmolg| mnm mwliokvg| g|r iekrkh tov ig
iomeoeg bg iOvrklig QK bw Rvokr bg mnmtvnikavorknm) qwk ikg ig
b|ovhghgmr mwliokvg ow b|ovhghgmr emvoigr lnhtigr-;; N@ominm) nt-
lkr-) t- 1?-
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
60
Aolg ow rgvvnvk|hg) io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg tgwr jnwgv wm vig)
lgvrg| hkmgwv hok| mnmmeikegofig : ki |oekr bg tvgmkv io
horvkoik|orknm bw |lmovkn bom| igqwgi wm rorrgmrgvokr bg lnmrnwvmgv
io bk||wo|knm gm |gm tvgmomr wm obgv|okvg tov bg|
hn{gm|rgvvnvk|rg|) gr mnm tov wmg orroqwg hkikrokvg bkvglrg- Lg vig
o r lnmakvh lg| bgvmkvg|ommg| tov ig| ror|Wmk|) io Avomlg) gr ig
Vn{owhgWmk-?44
Gmakm) iovhg mwliokvg lnmrkmwg bg fnvmgv i`nvkznm bg| lvk|g|
gmrvg evombg| twk||omlg|-Io Vw||kg mg |gm |gvokr tvnfofighgmr to|
tvk|g io Envekg |k lgiiglk ookr r tiolg|nw| ig tovotiwkg mwliokvg
ohvklokm) gr |g |gvokr tgwrrvg oomlg jw|qw Rfkik||k owikgw bg |g
ikhkrgv bg| rgvvkrnkvg| bk|twr| bOfc`ozkg gr bN||rkg bw |wb gm
iof|gmlgbg rnwrg volrknm ohvklokmg- Ig| ror|Wmk|) qwomr gwp)
owvokgmr tgwrrvg gmeoe wmglnmavnmrorknm bkvglrg ogl Hn|lnw-
Nm bkr tovank| qwg ig| ntkmknm| twfikqwg| mg |wttnvrgvokgmr to|
ightink bg iovhgmwliokvg gr qwg ig| tvg||knm| |wv ig| bkvkegomr|
nllkbgmrowp tgmbomr wmg lvk|g evog)bom| ioqwgiig ig| kmrvr| krowp
tnwvvokgmr rvg hk| gm low|g) |gvokgmr khhgm|g| ow
tnkmr qwg lgwplk twk||gmr |gm rvnwgv owrnbk||wob| - Iovewhgmr
mg|r to| |om|oigwv) hok| ki vgmlnmrvg rvnk| nfjglrknm| : (?+ io
kewgwv bg io volrknm bg| tntwiorknm|nllkbgmroig| wmg orroqwg ho||kg
mg bnkr to| rvg |nw|g|rkhg) lnhhg nm io w tovgpghtig owp ror|Wmk|
otv| Tgovi @ovfnv nw otv| ig ?? |gtrghfvg 3 (6+ wmg
vktn|rgmwliokvg) lnmrvokvghgmr wmg vktn|rg lnmgmrknmmgiig) |gvokr
qwo|khgmr km|romromg) grmg |gvokr bnml to| |nwhk|g owp tvg||knm|
bg| ntkmknm| lnhhg ig tgwr rvg wmglohtoemg hkikrokvg tvninmeg 3 (+)
qwg (6+ ig bagm|gwv okr iolotolkr bkbgmrkakgv ioevg||gwv ogl
|waak|ohhgmr bg lgvrkrwbg) gr qwg (
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G
6;
iwrkik|orknm bg lgrrg ovhg- Wmg lvk|g mwliokvg veknmoig okew
lnmbwkvokr lgvrokmghgmr ikmrgvgmrknm khhbkorg bg| evombg|
twk||omlg| lnhhg nm io w gm ?;;; gr gm 6446gm O|kg bw |wb nkvg) |k
iovhg mwliokvg ookr bj r ghtin{g) igwv khtiklorknmhkikrokvg- Ig
vk|qwg bg hnmrg owp gprvhg| mg|r johok| mwi : hok| ki g|r
lgvrokmghgmrhnkm| anvr qwki mg irokr tov ig to||-
Ig| tvnev| bg io tvlk|knm gr bw vgm|gkemghgmr nmr lnmbwkr) bom|
tiw|kgwv| to{|) iobntrknm bg tnikrkqwg| bg lkfioeg tiw| akmg|) qwk
hgrrgmr iollgmr |wv ig| lgmrvg| bgtnwnkv tiwrr qwg |wv ig| kiig| gr
okm|k ofombnmmgv igwv| ovhg| ig| tiw| twk||omrg|-?4?Gr ig| ror|
nllkbgmrowp) qwk fmaklkgmr bwmg |wtvknvkr lnmgmrknmmgiig |wv io
tiwtovrbg igwv| obgv|okvg|) nmr tw ofombnmmgv rnwrg rgmrorknm bg
nkv iovhg mwliokvg lnhhgwm hn{gm bg toiikgv bg| baklkgmlg|
hkikrokvg|) gr okm|k v|gvgv io bk||wo|knm bg| lkvlnm|romlg| gprvhg|
bg iekrkhg bagm|g (gptvg||knm wrkik|g) nm |gm |nwkgmr)bom| iok| bg
io Lnwv kmrgvmorknmoig bg jw|rklg bg ?;;1+- Ig bginttghgmr
bg|bagm|g| omrkhk||kig| o eoighgmr bom| lg |gm|-?46
Bom| ig hhg rght|) ig| rgl`mkqwg| bg anvoeg |nmr bggmwg| bg tiw|
gm tiw| gaaklolg| grofnvbofig| : igmanwk||ghgmr bg| km|roiiorknm|
|gm|kfig| g|r wmg rgmbomlg inwvbg : lglkvgmanvlg ioomroeg
lnhtovorka bg| ovhg| mwliokvg|-
Iovewhgmr |ginm igqwgi wm bkvkegomr tnikrkqwg `|krgvokr
owjnwvb`wk vglnwvkv iovhgmwliokvg gm vok|nm bg| tvg||knm| qwk mg
homqwgvokgmr to| |wvrnwr bom| wmg |nlkr nikmanvhorknm g|r `klwig gm
tgvhomgmlg gr ohtikakg tov io lkvlwiorknm khhbkorg bg|khoeg|
|gpgvlgv lnmrvg iwk tgwr rvg vgrnwvm- Gm gaagr) lnhhg nm io bkr
tiw| `owr)wmg vktn|rg mwliokvg) giig) |gvokr qwo|kkm|romromg gr mg
|gvokr bnml to| |nwhk|g owptvg||knm| bg| ntkmknm| lnhhg ig tgwr rvg
wmg lohtoemg hkikrokvg tvninmeg 3 ojnwrnm|qwg io tntwiorknm bw to{|
orroqw mg |gvokr to| io bgvmkvg gpkegv bg| vgtv|okiig|-
_womr ow vk|qwg bg hk|g gm low|g bgomr io jw|rklg kmrgvmorknmoig
(ovewhgmr tovank|gmrgmbw bom| ig| hkikgwp |rvorekqwg| nllkbgmrowp+)
nm tgwr bnwrgv qwg lgio twk||g aokvgvglwigv wm vg|tnm|ofig
tnikrkqwg bnmr ig to{| kgmbvokr) tov bakmkrknm) bg |wfkv
wmgoevg||knm hojgwvg (nwrvg qwg lg bgvmkgv vg|rgvokr tvnfofighgmr
kmorroqwofig bom| |nmtvntvg to{|+-
Gmakm) wm owrvg bg| lnr| tn||kfig| bg io bk||wo|knm io
hwirktiklorknm bg|oaavnmrghgmr| bg fo||g kmrgm|kr (la- |wtvo-+
tnwvvokr onkv bkhkmw : ig mnhfvg bglnmaikr| o fok|| bg hnkrk bgtwk|
?;;4-?4
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W
G
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BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\
!BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??
Bom| ig| blgmmkg| qwk kgmmgmr) iovhg mwliokvg mg tnwvvo
lnmrkmwgv jnwgv wm vighojgwv bom| io tv|gvorknm bg io tokp gr bg|
qwkikfvg| kmrgvmorknmowp qwow tvkp bwmgorrgmrknm tnvrg rnw| ig|
aolrgwv| |w|lgtrkfig| bg rnwl`gv igaaklolkr gr io iekrkhkrbg io
bk||wo|knm : bk|lnwv| twfikl) bfor tnikrkqwg) tnikrkqwg| bg
lkfioeg) |lwvkr bg|ov|gmowp gr bg| horkvg|) lnmrvig bg io
tvnikavorknm) grl- Bowromr tiw| qwg ig| khoeg|
b@kvn|`kho gr lgiig| bg| g||ok| mwliokvg| bom| iorhn|t`vg nmr
fkgmrr lnhhgmlgv |g|rnhtgv bg io hhnkvg lniiglrkg-?47 Ki mg|r to|
khtn||kfig qwg iovhg mwliokvgtgvbg) ogl ig rght|) bg |nm lovolrvg
rgvvkakomr 3 ig tovobnpg wirkhg bw rofnw |wvightink bg iovhg
mwliokvg |gvokr qwki akmk||g tov emvgv |o tvntvg meorknm-?41
?47 Lnhhg ig |weevg Avomnk| @gk|fnwve) \k ig KKKhg Vgkl` gr io
\`no` anmr rnwjnwv| `nvvgwv) qwg vgrkgmrnmbg io ewgvvg avnkbg >
Io evk|okiig bw lnhhwmk|hg gr iof|gmlg bg rnwr vlkr vgiighgmr
bvohorkqwg- Hhg iolvk|g bg| aw|g| bg Lwfo g|r wmg tgwv kvrwgiig :
tgv|nmmg mgm g|r hnvr) tgv|nmmg mgm o |nwaagvr bom| |ol`okv- Ig
vlkr bg io bk||wo|knm g|r vnb tov inwfik bwmg ewgvvg avnkbg) qwk
aokr akewvg bwmg hnvmg tiokmg |om|forokiig bg Uorgvinn - Avomnk|
@gk|fnwve) Iogmkv kmlgvrokm bg io bk||wo|knm ) nt- lkr-) t- ?7
