Document Pour Apprendre Le Peul via L-Anglais

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A guide to Pulaar is designed for language learningby Peace Corps volunteers. It contains a pronunciation guide to thePulaar alphabet, 12 language lessons for interpersonal andintercultural communication, and glossaries. The glossaries are inPulaar, English, and French; all text is in English. The lessonsconsist of cultural information, a vocabulary list, a dialogue,grammar and pronunciation notes, and exercises suitable for writtenor oral practice. Lesson topics include greetings, being a guest,local geography and asking directions, meals, bargaining, health,times and seasons, fishermen, self-expression, family rites, social

stratification, and saying goodbye. (MSE)

************************************************************************ Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made ** from the o riginal document. ************************~***********************************************

ED 290 339

TITLEINSTITUTIONPUB DATENOTE

PUB TYPE

LANGUAGE

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERSABSTRACT

DOCUMENT RESUME

FL 017 126

[Pulaar Language Manual].Peace Corps, Washington, D.C.[87]

90p.

Guides - Classroom Use - Materials (For Learner)(051)English; Pulaar; French

MFOI/PC04 Plus Postage.Alphabets; Cultllral Context; Dialogs (Language);Family Life; Grammar; Independent Study;I ns tr uc ti on al M at er ia ls ; * In te rc ul tu ra lCo mmu ni cat i~ n; *I nt erp er son al Co mm un ica ti on; L ea rn in gActivities; Phonology; Second Language Instruction;S oci oc ult ur al P at ter ns ; Un r. omm on ly T aug ht L an gu age s;V oc ab ul ar y D ev el op me nt

*Peace Corps; *Pulaar



"P EHMIS SIO N T O R EP RO DUCE T HIS

MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BYU .S . D EP AR TM EN T O F E DU CA TIO N

O H tC e o f E du ca ti on al R es ea rc h a nd I mp ro ve m en t

E D~ AT lO NA L R ES OU R CE S IN FO RMA TIO N

~h" CENTER ( ERI C)

This documenl has been reproduced asreceived from the person or organizat iono rr gln a ll ng I t

a Minor changes have been made to Improver ep ro d uc ti on Q 'J ah ty T O T HE E DUCA TIO NA L R ES OURC ES

I NFORMAT IO N CENTER (ER IC )."-. • P O ints o f v ie w o r o pin io ns s ta le d Inuusdcco-

OmE8

Rnto not necessa,,'y represent o ll.c .a l

I PO$ltlon or pellcy

_j

L L B E S T C O p y A V /\ I L A B L E 2



;." J

TH E PULAAR ALPH ABET•

In Pulaar each h' .: erhas a son and each lette: :-has i.ts own prcnoncdat i.on;For conventional reason we uill adopted the pronunciation taught at the DakarUniversity to make it different from the French pronunciation of Pulaar letters.One should ~ay attention in the pronunciation of the seminated consonants andto the shc~t and the long vowels. Their nature make c~sy to distinguish the

words. .For some words a long practice is required (0, .;', :I, 1) ••• ).

In Pu1aar we distinguisht

1- Vowels

a) Shcrt

i

u

o

a

e

2- Consonants:

b (ba)

£ > (£ >a) as · in " Dog~ol"

c (ca as in "chat"

d (da)

Q (1a) as in "cadi"

f (fa)

g (ga)

h (ha) is always aspirated

j (ja)

k (ka)

1(la)

m (ma)

n (na)

n (ft) as in " iialawma"

n (ns) as in "meeting"

p (pa)

q (qa)

r (ra)

s (sa)

t (ra)

w (wa)

y (ya)

y (ya) as in "yiyal"

b) Long Examples

11 hirde --- hiirde

uu hurde - huurde

00 horde -- hoorde

aa harde --- haarde

ee se1de - s~Ue



-1-

L E S S O N O N E

A - C U L T U R A L N O T E :

GREETINGS

Being aware to some greetings already it is necessary to hewimportant are the greeting in the Pulaar society. It takes to a foreigner

a lot time. But they are necessary for a settlement in the Haal-Pulaar

society. They are all about ctt1estionsdealing with family, health, wO't'kt

cattle ••• But also they depend on the position of the sun which detc4~ned

the differents p~riods of the day, but also the greetings whir.h go with

each period. Doing greetings is a ritual thing which embodies:

- gesture: shaking hands, massage of the arm of the elderly on res-pected like the "mawbe" the genuflexion if it is e W OUl an i n c er tai ns

places Marabouts or Cherif don't shake hands with women. The assalaa

maleykum is the appropriate to greet with the lest name of the person.

Most of the time~ if you are a woman wait till the give you hands.

- the length and the variety of the questions; they are ~ost of thetime repetitive because of the emphases on the health, the family. For aforeigner it is a ,waste of time, but in this society it is necessary to

wait till the greeting ends and also they are the key of relationship

between people. It is better before asking inforootions to start byg ree ti ng pe opl e.

- The intonation and the look the younger people and women don't risetheir voice and don't stare at the elderly it is impolite.

- The youngest and the visitors start always the greetings. The greetings

are always welcomed at any moment, don't hesitate to guet someone you have

seen for the first time in the day. No one is bothered or interrupted bygreetings.

They are always ~elcomed. Use them as much as possible.

Everywhere at the office, askiug information, •••

The only moment greetings are disturbance when someone is praying.In that case you should wait till the person f:,~nisheslrts prays and greet

you. Here are few infQrnation that you should have in mind when dealing with ynu

family, village people, counterpart, friends, business in town so thenMaaleykum Salaam.

B - L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y W O R D S :

Jam

Bisimilla

~aaMawcfwn

waalde

Peace

WelcomeO . K .It's O . K .To spend a night



-2-

Sellude to be wells healthy

finde to wake up

joocfaade to sit down

salminde to greet, salute

A-aaa you

jaaraama thanksliggey work, job

tamp ere f at ig ue , t ir ed ne ss

Galle house

nder inKoreeji relatives

jinnaa()e parents

sukaabe children

jat),ngo tomorrow

jaDde to agree, accept

nande to hear

jawkal livestock

oennude to pass bywadde to do p w.!ke

maa your

mon yours

e£>e they

on you (plural)

no how

sehilaabe friends

c - D I A L O G U E I - G R E E T I N G S O N T H E S I F G U L A R :

- Muusaa e Jim pottii e laawol, be celmondirii

x Muttsaa met Jim on the road, they are greeting each other:

Jim

MuusaeJimMuUsaa

Asalaa maleykum ?Maaleykum s alaam.

Jam waali ?

Jam tan.ada selli?

Jim Ko mawaum. A finii?- - -uusaa : Jam tan de.Alhamdulillaahi ! Bisimilla joodo

Jilm Mbaa. A jaaraama ,

MU'Usaa : A jaaraama.

yoo jam selmine.

- Peace on you?

- Prnise to God.- Did you spend the night in Peac

- Peace only. Are you healthy?

- It's OK. Did you wake up in pe

- Peace only, thanks to God.

Have a sit please.- Thanks! thank you v~ry much.

- You too. May peace greet you.

.. .



,

3- Nas al c ons onan ts:

M b (mba) as in mbee wa

Nd (nda) " " daande

Ng (nga) tf " ngaari

Nj(nj)

" "njawdi

- 0, 0, Y, Il, these consonants req uire a very long practice for

t he n on -n a~ iv c s pe ak er s.



Gonaacfo period

G ar oo wo p er io dM3odo n~ama ~odo ni loota

Maa m i naam Maa mi loot

mi fiaamat rna mi j odf.c

wodo suucfaa

ma mi lootee

- 4 -

~~I~n~fi~n=i~t~i~v~e~s_ ~ \~Te=r~h~s~_ ~ l~~o~i=c~e~s~~A~cc~o~m~,~~1~i~s~h~_ ~_I~n~a~ccomp1ish

~de sodde :active mi soodii 0 soddat

ude jaI)"lgude :active mi .1aIJn~ii 0 janngat

aade joonaade :midd1e voice mi joddiima 0 joddoto

~ __ ~e~~d~e~ ~~su~u~n~.e=e~d~e~_ ~:~Q~a~s~si~v~e~ ~=m=i_s=u=u=d=a=a~~~a~~~ucfete

Bennucfo period

L'Impcratif

singulier

mi naamii

loot

jocd"o

mbodo joggii

looto

ja1)ngu

&! Iiloo taa ma

Narrative

accompl.i.shec1

inaccomplished nagge nge hirse, defe, maamee walla yeeye;

.'o ari o jocr.i o heedi ko kaRla ko 0 jall.!..

All these forns have a negative fo~ that will see in the coming lessons.

To obtain the infinitive form in Pu1aar we have to conjugate a verb that express

mental capacity and ex?reGS the intention.

mbodo yidi

(to like)

ynhde:

- In this lessons the first aspect that we will see is the accomplished aspect:

- ii i6 the mark of a complete action for the verbs ending with -~de- and -ude-

E:c: Finde mi finii Law , I wat:ed up early.

fottude mi fottii e Abu. I met Abu.

- Pronom

There exist in Pu1aar t,-1Okind of subject pronouns

The short form pronou,s and lone form pronouns.

Short form EroDouns Long form Eronouns

I SIN~

I

PLURAL~

SINGULAR PLURAL " j

1st Mi Min/En Mbido Emin/Edcn

2nd a I on ada odon

! be---.

eberc 0I

i omo



-5-

xThe first person p'luria1 has two kin1s of pronouns.

The first one is inclusive (that is to Gay the person we are talking to

his part of the we). En, Eden.

The second one is exclusive. That is to say the person we are talking to

is no part of the we) Min, Emin.

x The first person singular of 10n~ form pronouns in Pu1aar can be seen in

man y form s suc h as: mbod 'o-m hido -mb ecfa -mic t' o.

_. In pu1aar first consonants of verbs and nouns are changeable like:

s - - - - - - - - c ; mi sa1minii

F------P; a fini!"

W--------mb; 0 waa1!i

H - - - - - - - - K ; Abu-hiiri

------ on ca1minii

------ be .E_inU

------ min mbaa1ii

------ en kiirii

- The imperative fOl:1I1f the verbs ending with "aade" in the singular is

formed by adding "0" at the stem of the verb:

joocaade -------- joodohedaade -------- hedo-

lootaade -------- looto

- Maa and Men are possessives i~ Pulaar:

~ ~S~I~N~G_ ~ T ~ _ r ~1st ~

~;.:.:~ ~~__:ma= =a:: __+t_ ·mo~-~· I

jinnaaoe rona; sukBaoe mon

s eh il aa ~e -m aa ; k or ee ji 1m Cn

- Hono is a manner interroF,ative pronoun. It can be found in two words:

1101 no or as a particu1e: no

Hono roban-naa e liggey~

~no mbao-daa e 1iggey?

No mbad-aaa·e.li[3ey?- .- Ha is e future mark in Pulaar; this structure is like this

Ma + sho rt pr onou n + 1 st ·p er so n i mp zr at iv e

roa mi sa1min Garha

- Haa is a time particu1e which signifies: till or unti11.

mi yehii haa ja9ngo



Subjects Verbs Objects

Mi waa1de haa j anngo

A 1)ennude e jamrBe sa1minde Dakar

Odon fottudc g al le M uus aa

0 wacfde sehil maa

sehi1 maa selludc jinnaabe mon

on jabde baam-maa

Muusaa jocdaade Jim

en hiirde Umar

ada fial Iude Jam Wuro

edem weetde Aysatambocfo Suley

ESe Biraam

Jim

Omo

emin

-6-

E Exercices

I Build up 10 s~ntences in the accomplished aspect or in the imperative

form with this lis~ of subjects, verbs ~nd objects:

I-Mi sa1minii jom wuro.

1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - _

5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10------------------------------

1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 - Prepare a dia1~gue with yo~r own words of two characters:

A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



.

-7-

3 -. Change the f:~rst consonants of these verbs from tr.e sinp,ular to the !,lural:

1 Abu finii; on -------------------2 Hi salminii Umar; be ------------ Umar.

Faati bennii baa jallngo; Aysata e Faati ---------- haa ja~go.

o weal!i Daka=; min·------------------- Dakar.

A hiirii 83112 Muus3a. En -------------- galle Muusaa.

Jim fiallii ndcr wuro. Min--------------- nder woro.A fotti~ e Aysata. On ---------------- e Aysata.

4

5

67

~ - Put the v9rb~ into bracket at the accomplished aspect.

Muusaa (fottucc) e Jim. ~e (salmondirde); Jim (6ennude) galle Umar, 0 (salrninde

yimbe galle Um~r. U~~r (nnamndaade) jinnaabe Jim. Jim (wiide) eGe e jam.

Jim {nande) Pula~r seeda tan. 0 ( um ms ad e) A me ri k.

5 - Translate these r.er.tence~ i nto Pulaar:

1- Did you r.pe.::lhe ni~ht in 'Peace?

2- Did :10U vake un in Peace?3- Have a Ri~ ~ : e n s c .6- Biram ent~ed ln my room.

5- How are you \'l~,thiredness?

6- They are i~ P~uce.7 - I greet ynur fn:her.

8 - J ~m e nt er ed i r: U uu! ': aa 's c om !l oun d.

6 - Pu t c on ve ni en t words in the blanket:

A- Asalaa - - - - - - - - - - - 1B- Maaleyk~~ --------.A- --------- ,·~aaa?

13- Jam -----. .,.c '" --------?., , ,_ • •A- Ko ---- .....~ ---- fini:'.?

B- Jam tan de, a~.hamdulillaahi; ------- ----------!A- ------- A jm~:;:la;:ta.

B- Aja.'!ra.:ltl~-"--- ------ ----I

J1!11naatii ga:·.lel-!uusaa,0 sp.,lminii:

A- J am K iircon?

B-Jam tan. ---- .. mbar: f-tfaae -----1

A - K o m a w n u m . N o - - - - - - - - - - - - mbadi?

B- ---- ------,- e jam . No -------- jinnaa'Ge -------1A- EGe -------. :.1hamdu1illaahi. No sukaabe ----- mbadi?

B- Eb e e jam. -- ..----- ---- e 1 iggey?A- K o mawou~.---- j a w ka1 ----- - - - - - - - - - - ?B- Jam ------. ~e::toode . !

A- Hi ---------.. haa jaungo •

B - - -- -- -- -- snl"inii baam -----.

A - M e - - - - - - r n n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10



-6-

F - QUESTIONS ON mE DIALOGI~:

1 - Hono ~bad-naa?2 - Jam waali?3 - Ada selli?4 - No Tname of stagini~eO wa~i?5 - A fialli e jam?6 - Rono gelle maa ~aai?7 - A finii?8 - Usumaan sfilminii D emba?9 - Jim hiirii e jam?

10 - Asalan Meleykum?11 - A salminii Aysata?12 - Omo salli?13 - Jam fiallu-don?14 - No tiiba(i-aon I iggey?15 - No nanataa jinnaabe maa?

16 - A fiallii e jam?17 - Iih on bennii haa kikiide?18 - HoI to ~uusaa e Jim potti?19 - Odon celli?20 - Muusea e Jim calmondirii?21 - No ~baa-c.aa e galle?22 - No yimSe kees mbaci?

23 - (name of R s tag iair e) sa lmin ii ( nam e o f pr ofe ssor )?24 - EbC' e jam?25 - A fotti e (name of a stagiaire) hannde?26 - No seb i.Laafie aa mbac!i?

G - FROVERBS l\h~ SAYINGS

Try to find out the meaninp. of the proverb below (you can ask all theprofessors):

- Muusaa j &9ngoy11 sa1~nde.



11

L E S S O N T W O

GUEST I N A COUNTRY-A - CULTURAL NOTE:

TIlE C O N C E P T O F " K O D C ' "

Seen throuRh the ~ooted afr1.an hosnitality it is very difficult for a

foreigner to catch the rAal meaninR of a y.odo in Heal-Pulsar Sociaty. vfuere~verybody is menber of the sane family, the same country even if they dJn't

have the same mother tonp.ue. Everywhere in P~laar villages the first thinh

someone has to do as a kcdo is to pay a visit to the chef de village, because

he is the only one who knm~s where a kodo can be put up. t x you don't start

with him the host will tall you to do so. A kodo is always welcomed at any

compound for his food, his schelter. He i& also introduced to the whole

village thereforn he because a member of the village, the community. The

kodo must take into account the speci!ic rroblems of the vllla&e such as

th;, castes problems, Fakinp. dec: isions, disprov(' > the villAgers ideas on

specific attitude, discuss political ooint of view. So be careful durinF

your stay and also don't fornet as it is said in one african saying that"the Ion? .stay of a piece of wood in the river does not change it into

a crocodile". So then Bisimi11a.

D - L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y W O R D S

Arde to come

Innde Sl\rna!Ti~

yettocde last nar: le,kod'o foreigner~ at ranger

Iewru month

Lebb i months

hakkille mindJ wi t

denndiraado cousin

ummaaCE. to be fromynhr!e to so

jeyeede to be from Tplnce of birth)

oooyde to heve st/\Y ;:? -ong

dafide to have, possess

Innbde to be nit

weIde tc : ~ cl.ever

y~tteede to be named

jaun?-Ude to learns read

lIoto where

miin me

kono bu t

ko to be

l a o here

alaa/eey no/yes

wooroo goodtiess

htl9ki yesterday

balde days

jonte weeks

yontere 1\ week

goo on ed'icfi two

ta U three

nay fo~r

joy five

jeer,om sixjecd'idi seven

12~etati eight



gaa:;

toon

tawo

wonde

-10-

here

there

not yet

to be at a place

c - DIALOGUE:

Kodo e nder leydi/Guest in a country

- Jim ko dodo. 0 ummii ko Amerik, jooni 0 woni ko doo e Senegal.

- Jim is a foreigner. He is from Amer:f.ca,now he is in Senegal.

Muusaa .Jim

Muusaa

. . I ! ! ! !

Muusaa

Jim

Muusaa

Jim

Muusaa

Jim

Muusr..a

Jim

Muusaa

Jam fini jim? - Did you wake up in Peace Jim?

Jam tan Muusaa. Ada selli?- Peace only Muusaa. Are you in good health?Ko mawdum. Jim hoto

ngumm:f.-daa? .

HUn, ngummii-mi koAmerik.

Hoto njeyedaa e Amerik?

Njeyea-mi ko wuro enewiyee Seatle.

Saatle! Innde maa ko Jim. - Saatle! Your name is Jim.

Fey! Kono n~ettetee-mi - Yes but my last name is Johnson.ko J ohnson.

M an de n ga r- da a? A600yii foo?

Alaa, mi oooyaani.

ngar-mf ko e lewru mars ~

mi d af ii i f oo o l eb bi t at i;A & ooyaani QOO kono

Pulaar maa ene laabi.

Ahan! rni j anngti Pulsarj on te na y I t. e~ s.

Wooroo! ada l·.reli hakki-

lIe. A wayaani nc

dendam Umar' nih I

- thank to god. Where are you f~om?

- Me, I'm from America •

- "~ere are you from in the State?

- I'm from a place named Seatle.

- When did you arrive?for long?

- No, I haven't. I came

here three months.

Have you been here

on Mars, I have had

- You wer~ not here so

is p er fe ct .

- Yes I studied PulsarThies.

long but your Pul.aar

for four weeks at

- Goodness! You are clever; you are not like

my cousin Umar (who is stupid)

D - GRAMHAR:

- in the chanees of the first consonants, we can also remark that:

j -------j, 0 jeyaa ko Amerik ---- be njeyaa ko Amerik

vowels ---- ng, 0 uromii ko Seatle ---- Min ngummii ko Seatle

This change of first consonants exist also in the emphatic form where the

subject is infixed to the verbs:

~ummi-don Ko Amerik

!1eye-daa ko Seatle

- Ko is a particule which has many usages. Here it makes emphasis on the actionor the abject:

Njeyaa-mi ko Boston (abject)

Ko ~ salmini Muusaa (subject)



_ aani in the mark of the negative form of accomplished action of the verbs

ending with -de and -ude.

o booyii - 0 booyaani - booyde

en njs9ngii - en njann~aani - ja9ngude

- Miin is the first emphatic pronoun in the singular:

- - - - - - - - - - - . , - - - - - - -t~ SING ! ' ~ ~ . _ I1st NUn

-)("2nd _ 1

th~~,.~r-------~------.~,.,r..

_ Hoto is a place interrogative pronoun. It can be found in two words: hoI to,

or as a particule ~:

R ot o n gu mm i- cf aa ?

~to ngummi-daa1

T o n gu mm i- d" a a?

- Doo is an adverb of place which sir.nifies: hereToon is an adverb of place which signifies:~re

!Co cico kocf-tni

Ko toon ngummii-mi

- Singular possessive pronouns table

SINGUL~=I

- am lmaa l

makko 1 .

E - EXERCISES

1-Put these sentences in the affirmative form of the accomplished aspect:

a) 0 (ummaade) y .o Amerik.

b) Jim (janngude) Pulaar jonte nny.

c) En (booyde) doo no reewL

1) Be (arde) r.ila hank! subaka.

e) Mi (yahde) Dakar naane kikiide.

f) On (finde) 8ila 7h.g) Muusaa (dafide) «00 balde sappo.

2 - Put these sentences above in the negstive fo~ of the accomplished asnect(you may us~ also):

a) 0 (umrnaade) ko Amerik.

b) Jim (ja9ngude) Pulaar jonte nay.

c) En (booyde) doo no feewi.

d) ~e (arde) eila hanki subaka.

e) Mi (yahde) Dakar ~aane kikiide.

f) O n (finde) gila 7h.g) Muusaa (dafide) «00 balte sappo.



-12-

:.- Answer these questions as you wish:

a ) N o m bi ye te -d aa ? - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

b ) Y et to od e m aa ? - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -c) No duubi maa poti? .. ---------------------

d) Hoto ngummi-cfap...?.------------------------

e ) R ot o n je ye -d aa ? - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -f)

Mande ngar--daa? ------------------------.-g) A flooyii doo ?---------------- ·· -----------

h) A daiHi GOO 1 eb bi t at i ? -- -- -- -- -- - • . -- -- --

i) H ot o n ja ~ng u- r.a a P u1 aar ? -- --- -- --- --- -- --

j) P u1a ar e ne w eeb i? --- -- --- -- --- --- -- --- --

4 - Build u? 15 sentences of your own with the vocabulary and verbs in this

table (neg~tive or affirmative form).

Subjects Verbs Abjects

. A(ia daiide Amerik.on urmnaade l o o

odon yahde 1ebbi didi

a jeyeec!e Dakar

be Dooyde Pu1aar

Nuusaa finde subaka law

mi arde Jim

emin sellude haa janngo

en jaongude Muusaa

0 fottude Seat1e

Ji;n oennude sehil maa

Aysatawiyeede :.

min

eoe

mbioo

5 - Put these sentences in the Plural:

a) H i daiiaani 000 duu& i didi; Min ---------------------------------

b) 0 j agngi Pu1aar j ontenays Ee ------------------------------------

c) Jim ummii ko Amerik; Jim e Susan -------------------------------d) A Sooyaani doo no feewi~ on -- • .-----------~--------------------

e) Bob jeyaa ko Chicago; Boh e Kelly ------------------------------f) A arii gila 1ewru Mars; En ---------------.--------.--------------

g) 0 yeh ii Dak ar han nd e;' ~e - -- --- -- --- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- --- -- --- --

h ) Mb oao ye t t ee J a1 10 ; Min --- -- --- -- --- -- --- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- ---

i) Umar woni ko nder suudu; on ------------------------------------

j) Omo weli hakki11e; e~e ----------------------------------------

6 - Translat' these sentences into Pulaar:

a) I studierl Pulaar for two weeks at Thies.

b) Where are you from?

c) My last name is Brown.

d) ~ben did you arrive?

e) I'm from a place named Chirago.f) Have you been here for long?



-1;!-

7 - DIALOGUE:

1 - 1 - Jam fini?J - -------- Ana sel1i?M - K o mewcfumt ------- ngU1llIili._--?

J - ------, ngummii-mi --------

M - Hoto -------- --- e l~erik?J - ----..----- mi ko Seatle.M - Innde maa?

J - ------- ---- ---- Robeer. ---- njettetee-mi ko -----------M - A & oo yi i - -- -- -?J - A l a a ! - - - - - - - - - f~ewi.~i d a f i i i - - - - - - - - - - - -

M - A b oo yi i - -- -- -- ?J - Alp.a! ---- ----- feewi. Mi daiiii ------ ----M - A ------- ---- kono Pulaar ------ ene laabiJ - Eey! Hi --..:--Pulaar. ------ ----- to Kees.M - --- - - .- , aoa w el i h ?~ ki ll c. A ---- - - e cen~am Urnar.

F - QUESTIONS:

1 - Hoto Jim urnnii?2 - Jim booyii e Senegaal?3 - Njeye-(faa k o Scat Le?4 - A booyii QOO e Sener,aal?5 - On booyii {oo e Senegaal?6 - On njanngii ~ulaar Amerik?7 - A salminii sehil mae?8 - Hato kod-nae?9 _ -N o m bi ye te -c fo n?

10 - Innde 1II2a?

~1 - Hot') nj anngu-rlon Pulaar?12 - On ndaiiii d oc Lebb I tati?13 - A D~oyii QOO no feewi?14 - A yehii Dakar haqki?15 - Seh i.I maa hod'i k o ymawnde?

16 - H one nj ettete-don?17 - Njettete-daa ko Jallo?18 - Ngu~i-r.on ko Faranse?19 - Ko Amerik njaq ngu-Qaa Fp.ranse?2 0 - l kn de n du t t. ot o+ da aA me ri k?

G - PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

T r y to find out the meaning of the proverb below:

- So aQa yini riiwde koao maa a joyy1nat mo e haaye.



LESSON TH REE

to ask

to share

to coae bto pass b

middle

near

herewho Le , aU

left, rbh

. 'LOCAL GEOGRAPH Y ANn' ~~NG DIRECTIONS

H~re, ~ wiil give some informations ana tips in help you find your

way in rural African communities. DurinB the day ~eople evaluate the time

according to the position of the sun, using their left hand or right hand or

their shadow. For example, midday is supposed to be "naange e hcore" (the

sun on head) which means the shadows of the person is directly under his

feet. For more orientation people use stars such as the North star to direct

themselves. A s you may notice arc usually p.iven in reference to fa~us orwell known places such as the J u m a a s Falle jo~ wuro, woyndu, ekkol •••

Parts of the human body, r,alaxies and €amous places are used to direct

people everywhere in the Haal-Pulaar Society so keep this in mind when askinp.

t he q ue st io n:

Roto Develo' Ppement Social heediri?

nokku "lace namndaade

wuro town renndude

bS1)nge side rottaadefudnaange east rewde

hirnaange west hakkunde

rewo north sara

worgo south gaay

woyndu well f.of

.jamaa mosque nano-fiaamo

leegal block r.enaale

s ificaan newtown bitik

di1]iral meeting place yeeso

sifaneede to be told takkadde

yir.!'de to need~ want wor!tfude

hee-(tude to be 10cR.ted seIde

lommbaade to be between sif,.,~de

yahde to go Lab.le

&ennude to pass byftollow fottude

B - DIALOGUE:

Jim woni ko e yahde nder wuro. 0 fottii € Muusaa, 0namdii mo nokku.Jim is going to town, he,~et Muusaa, and ask him about Directions;

Jim Jam oalli1 - Good afternoon

~uusaa~ Ralli e jam! Ro~m&an-oaa e lipgey? - Good afternoon; Did you srend thday in peace; H~ is the work?

- I am on it! Row is your family?

A - LIST O~ VOCABUL~Y ~ORnS

Mbono wonndi heen! N o galle m e nwall?

Muusaa: Ebe e jam! Hoto paa-~aa?

Jim

Paa-mi ko nder wuro! A

bitik Demmba heedti?

Muusaa: Bitik Demmba heedti ko

fu~naanBe, hedde RaIle

en! WoQ.~aani no feewi.

: Hoto pot-mi rewde?

Jim anndaa to

lee gal

Jeynaba

Jim

shop

in f.ront

to be clo

near to,

next toto be far

to turn

to cXpl:&i

to be cle

to meet

- They are in peace, where are YOl

going?

- I am Roinp. in town; Do you know

where Demmba's shop located?

- ne~ha!s shop is on the east sid

of the quarticr, near Jeynaba!s

house; It!s not too far;

- Which way shall I follow?

MUusaa:&ennu yeeso, celaa baQnge nano;m a a yih biti~ 00 ene takkii e galle

- Go straight, turn on your lef.t ywill see the shop. It is next to

J ey na ba ~s c om po un d.



Jcynaba en.

-15-

Jim: J am nalli?

~fuusaa: A e JaJTI?

110 e ?

Jim }fborfo heen!

galle mbaf.i?

}fuusae: e paa-f.aa?

Jim Paa-mi nder ~

to De1I!Il'.b ?

Muusaa: Bitik Demmba ko fll{.naanRe--- ---no feewi.

Jim

g al le J ey na ba--- ---Roto mi ?

--- ----l.fuusaa: yees09 ba~npe maa----- --- _ --bitik ene e---- ---- ---- ----

J eynaba en.

Jim A sifaa ene----- ---r n i

---- -----

DIALOGUE

- To f!alleJom '!tJurol At the chef de village's.

J am m ba al tf on ? - Row are you spend i.ng the night?

- Peace only. Do you wake up well?

- Thanks to God!

Jom Wuro: Jam tan ••A finii?

Jim K o maw1um. Tabaari-

k~lla.

Jom Wuro: Bisimilla ~aa. Joono! - You ~7elcome. Sit down!

Jim l-fbaa-mbo.foi:~i cifano- - Thanks. I \-10uldlike you to tell we

faa mi. wuro ngoo , about the illage.

Jom Nuro! Bey! bannge fucfnaange - Yes! eastward it is the }iandinka bloc.

ko leegal sebbe. Su&aloe Fishers men are on the west, the

bee keedti. bannge hirna- well is there; upper so it on the.

anp'e,ko toon woyndu nduu north it is a new quartier.

woni. Dow mum bal)nge worp,o

k o si fi caa n.



Ji1"l

You welcome. When are you p,oinr.to

come back?

Please to God; each afternoon

I'll drop by to greet you.

Jimjom wuro

A jaaraama. Rol to ekkol 00 woniri?

:0woniri ko naatirde wuro ba~nge rewo -jumaa 00 noon lomrnhii ko hakkunde

leede dee, sara disiral doo.

Seydi Jah! A jaaraa~a no feewi.

Ko enen ndenndi mande nduttoto-daa

gaay?

Inchalla, kikiide fof ~ mi re w

d oc s al mi nd e.

Thanks you. lfuere is the schoo'l ?

It is located at the entrance of t

village. The mosque is between the

districts near the meetinp, place.

- Jah! Thanks a lot.im

: T O M wuro

D - G R A M M A R :

- Ko as an another usage; here it is used as the auxiliare "~o be"; then ko 1sfollowed by a short fo~ pronoun:

Ko mi jaljnp.oowo

Ko min ameriknaabe

If the subject pronoun begins with a vowel like: en, on, 0, a, there is anassimilation which gives:

ko o --- kooko a --- kaa

ko on--- konko en--- ken

- Mi is an object pronoun which goes with some verbs conjugated in the affirmative

form with lonro-form pronouns.

"

1 1 s ~ ~ ~ : a m PLURl~~ml ;I 2n Ii 3r J .~._ _,_---- - " ""

I n ,the other forms (i~erative case, and in the accomnlished asnect) mi is re~lacedby ~ or kam~

J im , s al min !! !! .

Jim salminii kam

- The richness of the Pulaar language is the affixes. Here, the affix r has the

locativ9 case (besides it has two others usages: instrumental and mrunner cases).

The affix is always between the stem of the verb and the mark of aspect:

ekkol 00 heediri ko naatirde wuro (heedirde)

jumaa 00 woniri ko bannge nano (wonirde)

sara

ca~8alyeeso

hakkunde

dow

les

nder

boowal

nearbehind

in front of

betweenon, above

under, below

in

out, outside

- There exist in Pulaar ~ropositions that locate neople and things:

- Mande is an interrogative pronoun of time. It cen be replaced by HoI nde:



M an de n ga r- cf aa ?H ol nde near-can?

- There exists in Pulaar three class markers which act as nrticles (and demons-

tratives). They ·;~£er to four groups: human beings, animals and obj ect s ,

diminutives, and superlatives. The article is always before the noun, the de-

monstrative is always after the u0un:

articles: neJdo 00

wuro ngoo

leega1 nge1

demonstratives: 00 neodo

nzoo wuro

nga1 leega1

00 is the class marker of words bor rowed from others languages

rajo 00

montoor 00

naaiQ is a suffix of

names. Its plural is

AmerikSenegal

Kees

origin and nationality always added at towns and countries

naabe.

dam is the liquid and his derivatives class marker:

ndiyam d e mLamdam dam

AmeriknaajoSenega1naajo

Ke~snaajo

E - EXERCISES:

1 - Put the right word into blanket with the following words: sara, dow, baawo,

cagga1, hakkunde, les, nder, boowal.

Hannde m 1 yii Buubakar --------- jarma, 0 salminii jim, be naatii ---------

bitik. Puut wonf ko ----------- Dakaar e Kees. Deftere Ahu nana -----------

taaba1. Weccet maa nana fawii ------- siis. Woyndu nduu heedti ko ---------

wuro. Muusaa yaltii ---------.

2 - Build up 10 sentences of your own asking directions with the vocabulary

already studied:

a -

b -

c -d -

e -

f -

g -

h -i-

j -

3 - Locate these places below according to what you have studied or your wish

to build U f o n ew se nt en ce s:

Jamaa 00, promotion humaine, ekko1 00, suudu (name of star-iaire) Biroo

Corps de la Paix Dakar, Puut, Tammbaa, jeere ndee, posto 00, Bitik Baara,

Sanngomaar, Kuondaa, Los Angeles:



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

a -

b -

c -

d -

e -

1 : -

g-

b -

1-

j-

4 - Translate these sentences into Pulaar:

a - Today I want to drink tea.

b - They want to greet the chief.

c - He wants to learn Pulaar.

d - My guest to take a shower.

e - Where is located. the ponds?

f - Please! Where is the meeting place?

g - The well is near the mosque.

h - The cimetery is not on the west side of the village.

i-Turn on your left, there is the shop.j -Is the river not so far?

k - Each morning I will calIon to drink tea.

1 - When will they be back here?

m - They will return to Richard-Toll on Thursday.

n - I will go back to Dakar at the end of the month

5 - Building sentences with the words and verbs in this table below (at least1 5 s en te nc es ).

M ia

ombicfo

Aysata

Jom wuro

Biraam

Galle Muusaa

jumaa 00

gese H eidi

maayo ngoo

yidde

10Jlllllbaade

heed tude

wonirde

woddude

seIde

yeesocaggal

hakkunde

worp.o

fiaamo

sara

les

nano

rewo

dow

' b a awvhedde

hirnaange

bafalScfudnaange

en

minemin

on

ebe

eden

maa

makko

woyndu nduu

leede dee

siiicaan

bitik 00

jeere ndee

gese maaro

difl,iralgenaale

1-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 - ------------------------------------- ••

3 - -------------------------- . _

4 - --------------------- •• _

5 - -------------------------- ••--- .

21



- - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - = ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . -

8 -

9 - - -- -- -- -~ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

10 - --------------------.-----------

11 - --------------------------------

1 2 - - - -- ~ -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- -

13 - -------.- .."..---------------.----

14 - -----~--------------------------15 - --------- ..- ..------------------

6 - Translate th~r.e sentences into Enp:lish and complete the sentences l~th

blankets ~s you wish.

1 - Mbiyetee-rd. ko -.------------------

2 - Yettood~~ ko -~--------------------

3 - Ngummii-:ni ko Amerik k'ono njeyaa-mf ko -------------------------

b . - Sehil:.:l.muiyetec ko ------.------.-------

5 - 11i booyii Roes seecfa, mi dan ii toon jonce nay

6 = Ko Kecs njanngu-mi Pulaar.

7 - Ha mi won gaay dtmbi didi

8 - Foto jeere ndee heediri J o o ?

9 - GuIle jom wuro Yfoniri ko baryn£e nano?

10 - Mande nduttoto-daa Kees?

11 - Hbele wuro maa wocfcfaani?

7 - Put the verbs in this text in the negatdve form:

"i" . . . .mmbaa ene l.·cddi no feewi. Sehilam yettc-:tee ko Bah. 0 ummii ko Faranse.

Njeyaa-m:!. ko l'!eri. Min ndaiiii doo duubi joy. Jim wanwii Pulaar. Mi rneedii

yarde gosi. Kees lC!:rolbii ko hakkr-ide Dakaar e Rifisk.

S - Rewrite the d:i.::loguc with his missing wm~·dsand exp'reasdona t

Jim Jar.1mbaal-d'on?

Jom wuro ____ • A fin:_:.?



o __ ko naatirde bannge ;

dome.? 00 noon hakkunde 1eede--'----il)ira1 doo.

Jim Seydi jah!·A jaaraama -~-Jom wuro ko enen mande nduttoto-naa 1

Jim kikiide ma mi do c s a1 mi nd e.

F - gUESTIONS ON THE DIALOGUE:

1 - Asalaa Maa1eykum12 - Jam fialli?3 ._ a non celli?4 _. On Dooyii doo?

5 - H anc1e ngummi-don ncer wuro?6 - Innde mna?7 - }tcmde ndut.toro-daa Amerik?8 - Ho1 cif an i i. do Ga rb a w ur o n go o?9 - Hoto 1eega1 sebbe heediri?

10 - H oto woynou nauu woniri?11 - 1101ko 10rranbiihnkkunde 1eerl'edee?

12 - H oto dinira1 nRf.1woniri?13 - Mance Jim ruttotoo galle jc~ wuro?1& - A1jurn8a nan yah Dakar?15 - ~fue1e j eere ndee wod~aani?16 - To suudu maa heedi?17 - Ho1 sondo bann~:e maa nano?18 - No ~om wuro Muusaa en yettetee?19 - Jim nanii Pu1aar jooni?20 - H o1 ko robadaton k ikiiae fo£ 1

G - PROVERBS AND SAYINGS:

Try to found out the meaning of this proverb:

" Jom hunuko maj jataa" .

JimJ om wuroJimJOU I w:-:"

Jim

J om wuro

-20-

K o m awdum ;Bisimilla t " .1 ! - .- a - . - - - -

$ mbod~ cifano-daami-~--- --------~, baqngc k0 1ee?~1------ ----

suba1be Dee hirn~an~e. --- woyndu---nduu • Dow rou~,--- ko--- ------

woniri?j aaraama. to---



23

-21-

LEsson FOUR

MEALS

I . . . _ . C U LT lJR A L N O TE:

It is very difficult in rural country to tell the ri~ht time meals are

served. This de~ends in general on the season (ndunnfu or ceedu). ~~at you

must mainly bear in mind concernins meal is that it is served out of one ortwo large bowls and people gather around thp. bowl to··eat the meal.

Before you start eating of course your meal, a bowl of water (coodordan)

is held to you. You always eat with your ri~ht hand. Bisimilla is in reneral

the rare ov~r meals. After the meal you are offered soma water.

As a~, they will insist on encouraginf, you to eat morc J using exrrcs-

sion like: "alaa! Yo~ii", "mi haarii" are then apl)ropriate answers. "'lJ1enev~r

you go, you are welcome to meal time and your agreement will brin~ a r.reat

joy to the family if you share their menlo Evan if you do not feel hungry,

it is required to have two or three handfuls as a mark of custom just to r.l~?s

the family.

After lunch peorle have to stay (ethnic Rrou~ joke Seereer leave the

house rip.ht after the meal) because other thine can be ser\'ed: t~a for cxa~~le

(fad ataaye)s in Peulh comuound tufam is serve, sometimes kola nuts are shared

with everyhody; this is the aporopriate moment to talk, lau~h, tell Jol~es, ordiscuss & erious matters.

Bisimille

Mbaa

B - LIST OF VOCfu1T~y WORDS:

Ndiyam

jU9ngoatcayewadd'aade

haarrle

wottaade

meedde

badaade

soodaade

defde

weIde

yonteede

fiaamdeyaafaade

weltaade

faerIe

siiwde acaave

jabde

wa':er

hand

tea

to be on time

to be full

to take lunch

to taste

to draw near

to wash one's hands

to cook

to be deliciousto have a turn

to eatto excuse

to be happy

to wait

to make tea

to accent

C - DIALOGUE: Dottaari galle Muusaa/Invitation at a lunch at Muusaa's

Jim saangii Muusaa, 0 hawri e bottaari, o e noddi-mot mbismii mo yoowottodo e ma~ne hannde.

Jim passed by Muusaa's, he met by chance the lunch, they called him andinvited him to share with them the lunch of the day.

Jim Jam nalH e mon? _. How are you spending the day?



Jim

Muusaa

Jim

Muusaa

Jit;)

Huusaa

Jim

Muusaa

Jim

A a l i

Ji'Cl

~

Jim--ARli

Jim

-22-

mi haarii, mi wottiima

alaa! wad' etaake! ar meecf heen

tan, ko f.iiri;

Y~y ne ko mbaroodam

Gada! ndiyam nani, soo(.~!

no defi ndii? omo weli junnp.o koy.

Ko Pennda yontaa: naam noon!

Albarka! Jooni, mi yaafiima

on; on njaaraama;

A jaaraama no feewi~ min mbeltiima

kono fad ater-ye!

ltol ciiwoO':.;utaaye Of'), Miin dey

m1 waawaa tawo defde.

Ceerno, aan no mh1yete-daa?. .Mbodo wiyee Aali, Aali kah;

ndaa kaas meu, aan noon innde maa?

Inndam ko Jim Onofrey.

ala a! J oo ni, m biy ~te- daako Garua Soh.

Eey, ni jaoii nnee innne

Seydi Soh!

Seydi Kah !

D - GR.Al4}$AR:

I'm full, I have just eaten.

- No! I don't do that! come Rnd have 3

tnste; it is "Mid".

- That's it, I love it.

- Draw near! here is the wacer wash

your hand.

- who cook it? She is a Rood cook.

- It!s Pennda turn go headl

- Thanks god. Now apologi~e. Thank you.

- Thank you very much, we are he~py but

we can wait for the tea.

- Who is Boin[: to make it? For me, at

this point, I can't make it. He you,

what's your name?

- My name is Aali, Anli kah; here is

your cup of toe. What about you, t.Thnt

is your nam~?

- My name is Jim Onofrey.

- No! Now your name is Garba Sow.

- OK! I accept this name.

- Seycli Soh!

- Seydi Kahl

- liimal is the mark of the accomplished aspect of the verbs ema:o~ aade

mi lootiima (lootaade)en nRottiima (wottaade). -- --- To form the imperative singular in Pulaar you take the stem of the verbs endinp.

with -de:

arde --- art

yahde --- yah!

By addinr. ~ to the stem of the verbs endine -aade:

lootaade looto!

joodaade --- joodol

_. The negative form of the verbs ending ~ in the inaccomplished aspect is ~

which affirmative form is ete:

mi lootete

m i l oote taa ke

- ~n is the mark of the ponctuel narrative of passive ver~s (ending with eede).

Ko Abu fadea (fadeede)

Ko aan lootaa (looteede)

aa is also the ne~ative of certain verbs which Rcco~lished aspect is IiI or

Tii/ : mbocfo waawi --- mi waawaa (vaaede)

a meeJii --- a mcedaa (meedde)

- Here is the complete table of emohatics nronouns: 25



1 mi j:tbii innde l'ulaar

2 K aD'lbe njabaani 1Mbbe pulaar

3 Ceerno kaas

4 Hannde tampi no feewi.

5 on ciiwde etaaye tawo.

6 ndiyar.l buufto.

7 no weli koy,. .

Abu jallo, yet tete ko

9 100ni, tni on.

10 HoI siiwde ?

-2>

S I N G . P L U R

2nd

i

min enen. minen

aan \ onon

kanko1 \

kambn

-j

1st'

I \- Nd"ae is a particulllr imperat: ive ~on! 1 of tb . " ! verb ndaahde which is reple.ccd

by jabde in the others tenses:

t~aa deftere ~al

- Nani is a demonstrative particule which dete1~ined an object which is ne~r

~he speaker, hut nana for something a bit for:

defteram nani

deftere Abu nana

Nani is also used ·O~the present progressive at the 3rd person of sin~ulnr

when the subject is a person nome. nana for the 3rd person of plural:

Jim nani iiaamaFaati e Aysata nana nduka (dukde)

E X E R C I S E S :

1) Build sentences on your own words

1 ___

2- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -___

4- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __

7 ___

8- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __

10- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2) Missing words: put the rir.ht word into the blanket left into these followin~

sentences.



-----------------_-------------------------

-24-

3) Build up sentences l;ith the vocabulazy in the table below. At least 15

sentences.

mo

roi

a0

mbodo

Emin

Jim

Abdulaay

Pennda

En

acaomo ,

mHn

kanko

onI OO'on

I Biraam

.f SuleyI Kc!i

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1213

14

15

wa~cfaade heen tan

haarde -ndii

wottaadc jU9n(.o koymeedde on

badaade atasye

soodaade tawo defde

defde ataaye

weIde juude

yonteede . h aa ld e

fiaamde pulaar

yaafAade winndude

weltaade lee tar

fadde yeewtude e

siiwrle ataaye p uI s . .

jabdehannc

Innde makko

suusde + inf. pulaar nde Iaawdcyiid"de Itamnude no feewi I

i

27



4 - Put th~ verbs in the accomplished asnect.

H3nnde Abu (wottaade) galle jom wuro, 0 (fedde) ataaye. Aali (wonde)

ciiwoowo 00. Bottaari ndii (weIde). Abu (naamndaade) hoI no (defde)

ndi. 0 (~iide) jam suudu jom wuro (weIde junngo) koy. 0 (jaarde)

yimSe galle 00. 0 (wiide) 0 (weltaade). 0 (joodaad~), be (yarde) ataayes

be (yeewtude), fie (jalde). Abu (naamndaade) kodo wuro ngoo innde mum.

OC1n (j abde: ) ko jim 0 (wiyeede). Be (salmondirde). Yit®e fof (weltaade).

5 - Translate these sentences into Pulear:

It is lunch ti~e. Jim c~e secross a lunch at the chief's. They invited

him to shht'e with them their lunch. Jim has just eaten. He didn't want

to eat, he said that he was full. The chief told him to wash his hands

and got near. The ch~ef told him that they were - appy and asked jim to

wait for the tea. Sour milk wp.s served. Jim was' dPPY, h e a pol og iz ed

and went back home.

-25-

6 - Give the imperative singular of these verbs, like this:

7 - Put these sentences into the nerative form:

- Hannde emin tampi no feewi;

- Mbodo waawi defde ataaye;

- Miin mbodo waawi yeewtude e Pulaar;

- Kamko omo suusi healde roonga~

- 11i meedU yaahde Faranse

- On ndanii gaay jonte sappo;

- Hannde ne wuli no feewi~- Mi booyii ~oo see~a;

- Jim nanii Pulaar (tawo);- - n u m ne rooyYi;

- Ceerno maa arii hanki ;

- 0 wiyetee ko Robeer;

- Kambe e&e njabii inde mab~e Pulaar ~ee.

Jim e mon?MUUsaa Jam tan-,--- , ada waddU!

Jim mi wottiima

joocfaade

lootaade

jaBngudeyaahde

haarde

meedde

yaafaad s

sUwde

soodaade

ummaade

salminde

fooftaad(;

booyde

fiaamde

8 - M is sin g w or ds ~

- joodo!

Muusaa

Jim

a l a a , ar meed' hen •

---- --~o fiiiri.

k o m ba ro da m.---



,------

.

Aa,li mboQo Aa,li~ knh. Ndaa kaas maa.------ ------ -----

Jim Mo defi ndii? Omo.,..-----

koy!_,--

i ia am no on ! o n---------

uusaa Ko Pennda------

A jaaraama no feewi;

kone ataaye!

Jim HoI ataaye oo? rniin mi----- ------waawaa def:de. no mhiyete-r.aa?

---

i nn de m C. a?

Jim ko jim On~frey.

Aali rnbi.Yf!te-daao Garba Soh

Jim eey, eey, mi jabii ndee innde

I~li Seydi Soh!

Jim Seydi K~hi

p .- QUESTIONS:1-Jam nalli e mon?2 - Hoto Jim woni?: - Jim wottii~a?b - HoI ko woni mbaT~odi Jim?5 - H oI mo clefi bottaari n1ii?6 - Ooo~weli jugngo?7 - Yimbe ~all~ Muusaa mbeltiima?8 - Aan noon a weltiima hannde?9 - H oI ko ngotti-non?

10 - HoI ko naamndii Jim?11 - 0 fadi:i.taaye?

12 - No ciiwoowo p.taaye00 wiyetee?13 - J im ene wtl8 wi defde ataaye?l/~- Ann noon?15 - No Jim l-1iyeteejooni?16 - Aan noon a dafiii innde Pulaar?17 - HoI ko Jim h m· ;r rigaLLe £1uusaa?12 - On nj a,~rii . daye hannde?19 - Ceerno, ada neydi?20 - H oI ko ngonndu-~aa hannde?21 - Aan ada " raawi yeewtude e Pulaar' !22 - HoI jontaa~o galle Muusaa en?23 - Amy (>r one girl) ne w~awi defde fiiiri?

G - PROVERBS AllD S: ~YINGS~

7ry to found out the meaning of these proverbs or sayinp.s below:

- K ono feccatae hiraande.- K o won: l.e lahal kala maa j u~d' emj iitu.- Nokku m~a ko to nokkante-oaa.



Barp,aining is a positive point that should be deve10pped as you read

or study Pulaar. It is r~quired in har8ainin~ to be~in with ereetin~s.

The mere you know the procedure, the more you have products cheap because

you are considered a relative and then integrated among them. Besides they

will feel r1ad to talk with you in Pu1aar their mother ton~e. They advertise

in general the products they offer you. Articles are sold in different

manners. For some of them the ,rice by three - particu1ary for objects of

art. Then in this case you must be aware that you are dealing with tough

merchants. So the differents aspects at stake are: the product itself,

the humour of merchants, your command of the 1an~uagep the stronB need of

the salesman to earn money. There is no recept on bargaining but the first

thing as skill you have to develop in that case is to know of what ethnic

group belong your merchant; ethnic groun relationship will help a lot inthat case. Do lot of joke of it is 1 .1 seereer "maccudo maa". The more you

joke the more you ~i11 have your product cheap. Coodataa ko bagi?

A - C U L T u ~ N O T E :

B - L I S T , O F V O C A B U L A R Y WORDS~

J om bitik

bagf 1agoos

meeteer

teemedere

ujunere

weccet

iiootoowojogaadc

jarde

soklude

us tudehawruc1e

addude

heewde

Kaa1is

da1de

yoode

burJe

jo1de

yoodde

ndaahde

ruttude

weccude

seekde

1ammdaade

L E S S O N F I V E

B A Y . G A I N I N G

shop owner

l ag os ma te ri al

meterfi ve h un dr ed

fi ve t h( lu sa nd

ch"n~etaylor

to have

to cost

to need

to reduce, to law the price

to amont

to brinp.

to be full

money

to leaveto pay

tc be better

to be in fashion

to be in pretty

to receive

to five back

to chanpe

to tear

to ask

- Good morninp. shon owner?

- Peace only; hov are you.?

- Thanks to God! Have you a 1a800s

materia11

- yes, the meter cost700

CPA

c - D I A L O G U E : To Jom Bitik/At the sho~

- Jim yehii jeere soodoyde bagi. Orno yidi k~di noctde wutte e tuuha.- Jim went to the market to buy a material. He want also to sew up clothes.

Jim

Demmba

Jim

Jam weeti jom bitik?

Ja~ tan. no mbao-daa?

Ko mew~um. Ada jogii bagi

1agoos?

eey, meeteer 00 jarata kotecrnedere e capande joy_Demmba



-zo-

Jim Mbod'o sokli heen meeteruu.ii

SelPPO kono ustu.Demmba Hawrata ko ujunere e teemedde

joy kono mi ustanii ron c p.rAnde

joy.Jim alaa, ene tiidi haa joni, oal

e ujunere e teemed de nay.

Demmba yoSt kono 0 burii J~ sabu

kanko woni jolio jooni 00,

omo yooni kadi, ,

~ Ndaa ujunnaaje ~ini~ ruttam!

Dennnba H eccet maa nani <roon fawii;

yP.a seek e jam?

Jim Aamiinl HoI to nootoowo baaw~0

woniri doa?Demmha bennu yeeso haa to rewoe Dee

njooaii daas• l aamn do-d aa S aydu

Kontee; oon ko baawco nootol

no feewi.Jim A jaaraama, mi weltiima haa

g01)ngEil.

- I need ten meters of it but 1m · :

your price.- It will cost about seven th~usand

and five hundred but I reduce it

to two hundred and fifty.

- Not) it is still expens ive . But I

can pay for seven thousand.

- You can pay! But it worths more

than that because it is the nev

fashion and it is very pretty.- Here is ten thousand and give me

my chanf,e- Your chs: 1ge is there. loiayit tear

in Peace?- ~Jnen! where a good taylor can be

found here?- follow this way till Where the

women are sitting over there and

ask about Seydu Kontee, he is a

p.ood taylor.- Thank you. I'm hap~y. I shall see

you next time.

_ ~ is the mark of the inaccom~lished asrect of verbs ending with -de

and -ude. It is used to make insist on the subject and the object:

ko baRi Aali soodata

ko Anli soodata bagi

-/il is the mark of accomplisbed aspect of stative verbs conju~ated with

long-form pronouns (they p,eDerally ending with -de and -ude)

rnhod~ yidi ataaye (yidce)

eden cokli kaalis (soklude)

- Here is the complete table of the object pronouns~

Is

SP1G P LUR-1 mi I en-min

arn-karn I .~ rn a (maa ) Ion _ .t mo (moo) I be

and also the class markers after the verbs:

Mi nRamii teew nguu-mi naamii ngu

o addii taabal ngal-o addii ngal

Ha can be written maa, m0 - moo when there is ~n insistance on the subject

_ ~ is a particule which acts as an auxiliary; it is used at the

3rd pers~n sinp.ular and plural when the subject is a proper noun; if it is a

statement or a declaration:

Mamadou ene yaha Dakar.

ene wul:f. !



- lIe sometimes come accross with ene. shorten 2S ne

ne yoodiJim ne yara sanngara

- With the intonation~ it can be an interrogative particule:

ne wuli?

E - E X E R C I S E S :

1 - Translate this numbers into Pulaar - FiRures

1

35

lll5:1250: ------

2!.80:-------75 : _

27~

Prices (Franc)

1500: _

375= _

2310:, _

5lt90; _

6350:------l5720~ _

153200~ _


1 - now much does a box of sur,ar cost?2 - Jim went to the market to buy a material.

3 - ~fuere a p,ood taylor can be found.

It - The meter cost 700 CPA.

5 - I need ten meters of la~oos.

6 - It is still exPensive lower the price.

7 - I want one r-acket of Bugar and a box of tea.

n - I want to ~ake sew a caaya.

9 - Your chanp,€ is there on the table.10 - We have no tea, we sell only cigarette.



4 - Put the verbs into parentheses in the right aspect~

~ande fof Jim (yahde) jeere. Hannde orno (sok1ude) bagi.o (naamndaade) to bagi (yeeyeecc). Jom bitik (yeeyde) warga e suukara.

Abu (yeeyt,aade) boggu p~dde. Jeeyoowo (sa1aacle) ustude. Saydu Kontee

(waawde) fiootol no feewi. Liiteer nebam (jarde) capande nay e joy.

Jim (fiamlaade) butel Golden. Bagi (yoodde) no feewi kano (tiidde).

-:10-

3 - Build u~ at least 15 sentences with the vocabulary and verbs in the tab

below:

mbodo jogaade baei Lagoos

Iili soodde sigareet

0 jarde Duudi joyjom hitik soklude ca-pande.jeezo

omo ustude goro

en hawrude saabunnde

Faati addude leppi

Jim heewde pade

Aysata,.

doon fawiialdeKatTlbe y'obde tiich haa :\0odon burde warga

ebe jolde jooddo 00,yooddeda moyyi no fee\

Meeteer rut tude suukara

ko kanko weccude maaro

pakket 00 seekde Lamdam

liiteer 0 0 laamndaadeweccet maa wende

yeeyde

iiamlaade

yeeytaade

ene

nan a (i)

1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.. .

F.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -4

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -5 -------- _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -8

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -9

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 __

12 - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3 ___

14 __ -- __

15- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



5 - Replace the object by his pronoun as below:

ExP: Abu naamii teew nguu

Abu fia am i .], n gu

- 0 addii taabal nga1

- Jim yarii kosam naro --

- Saydu fiootii tuuba bRa --

- A soodii paue dee --

- En njanngii deftere ndee --

- Aysata lootii cukalel ngel --

6 - Try to bareain by usine the imperative of these verbs:

us tude

weccude

yeeyde

sooddebeydude

ruttude

iiamludeyobde

ndahde

yeeytaade

jaf>de

suf>aade

meetaade

betde

7 - Build up a dialogue with two charactel:s: a shop owner and a buyer:

A ___

n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___

B __

A ___

n ~~ __

A- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

B- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - -___

B- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6 - Translate these sentences into Enp.1ish

1-Alaa roi jopaaki warga, Min njeeyata ko sigareet tan.

2 - Hawrata ko ujunere e teemedde tati.

3 - Omo yoodi kadi.

4 - Ko ka~ko woni jodo 00.

S - a1aa m t namlaaki saabunnde, iiamlotoo-mi ko 5igareet.

6 - lJstan min.

7 - Weccet maa nani donn fawii.

8 - Yon ceek e jam!

9 - Ene moyY'i no feewi.10 •• Dakar enc wodd'o seeda ,



9 - Missing wvrds~

Garba

Demmba

Garbe

___ weeti bitik?

~0 mbad-daa e ?---

Dp.mmba Eey meeteer O~ ko teemedere e joy.---- ----

Ko m a w d " u m . Ada ba~~i ?

G ar b a

Demba Weccet maa doon yaa e jam!

Garba H o1 t o woniri doo?

G ar b a

Demmba

Garba

Demmba

Mbod~ heen meeteruuji kono---- ---- -------kona addu---o ujunere e

Alae! ene tiidi

kono e our!! dum

kadi.

ndaa Jief!.

e _

da1 e ujunere e teemedde nay.

___ ko kanko won1 _ j oni 00. Omo

Der.unha yeesa rewoe Dee daa ,

1aanr:H !0-daa Saydu Kontee, ko baawdo no feewi.

Garb a A jaar~ama-roi we1tiima,

F - Q U E S T I O N S O N T H E D I A L O G U E :

1 - No mbarf-r.on?

2 - Arla j or-ii almet?

3 - Jom hitik ene jop,ii bagi?

4 - H oI haRi rno j am bitik joggi?

5 - H oI no foti ro~etecr bagi laeoos jarata?

6 - No kiloo suukara fod.?

7 - Jom bitik ene yaeya sigarect?

8 - A~a josii weccet ujunere?

9 - No cogp,u m eeteruuji sappo ba~i la~oos poti?

10 - No foti meeteruuji hali sokli?11 _. Jom bitik ustanii AaH?

12 - hali yohii jom hitik?

13 - To woccet Aali fawii?

14 - No foti Aali t0tti iom bitik?.15 - Bctgi AaH 0" ene yoodi?

16 - H oI b a gi, j olei' oj ooni?

17 - HoI mo Aali naamndii jom bitik?

18 - HoI to bsaw10 nootol 00 heedi?

19 - No baavdo fiooto l 00 wiyetee?20 - AaH ~yeltiim,.~.?

G - P R O V E R B S AND SAYINGS:

Try to find out the meaning of these proverbs below:

- Hay tl1t} kami alaa.

- Ko dafide wadi cuurcl dawaadi.

. .'



- ---- - ------------------------ ---------------------.-33-

LESSON SIX

HEALTH

A - CULTURAL NOTE:

This occasion is taken to present the Haa1-Pu1aar (or Fu1be) as great

healers with medical herbs (lekki) or to display the marabout services

(seernaabe). In traditionna1 AFRICA, diseases were treated from the elements

of the nature more precisely with 12aves, barks and roots.

When someone falls ill, he is generally cured with the first elements

of the available herbs. If not, a specialised healer is consulted and who

ip famous for that and whose sDecia1ity Roes to a disease he locates from

symtoms and from the sick person's behaviour. Usually the narents of the

sick persvn are ready to ~o kilometers in order to consult a specialist.

More often they consult a marabout for health prevention or for protection.

This one recommends some medecine (gris-gris) (ta1kuru) or a bottle of water.

that blesses (nassiaaye) from the sacred book: the coran - Beside this

traditionnal practice, people go ncwanays to Hopital. Even it they are in

death agony, the sick person person always say: Ko mawdum (God is a1mightv).

Always answer in a positive way "kc tIlawdum"when visitin~. a sick you will

lot of people around him because in the Pu1aar Society a sick p~rson is

not left alone. If you are sick sayin~ that your health is gettinB worse issurprisinp. so be careful at that point we always answer ko mawdum. Ada se1li

B - LIST OF VOCABULARY WORDS:

banndu

paawnga1

jontinc·oje

poclcfe

woddude

tuutdc

hulbinaadefaamde

fuuynude

sikkude

moomde

body

fever

malaria

medecine

to be sick (to be together)

to vomish

to be fear fu1to understand

to improve

to believe

to caress, to touch

C - DIALOGUE:Cel1a1 'Banndu/Helllth

- Muusaa se11aani, 0wonnd! ko e jontinooje. 0 yehii diapanseer safroyaade:

- Muusaa is not well, he got Malaria. He went to see the doctor at the tI1ed

.::enter~

- Did you spend a good night here?

- Peace only. l-1hat,are you sick?

- No my body is achine.

- What do you have?

- I think it i~ a fever.

- Get nearf(Muusaa got near~ Umar caresses

his head, his head is too hot.)

- Did you vomish?

- Yer.: ', vomished this mornfng ,- It is not worth worrying! It's

just Malaria. Have this ~iwaakin

tablets, take two in the morninfand two in the afternoon.

Muusaa Jam fini gaay?

Umar Jam bolo. Iih! ada se11i ne?

Muusaa a1aa, banndam we1aani.

Umar K0 ngonndu-daa?

Muusaa : lfuodo sikki tan ko paawnBa1

Umar : Bado gaay!(Muusaa badii: ' Umar maoroi hoore

ndee e nde w~li jaw)

Umar A tuuti?

Muusaa

Umar

EeYt tni tuuti e subaka hee.

Hu1binnakil nr,onndu-daa ko e

jontinooj e. Ndaa podd' e

niwaaklniin, yar didf subaka,

d idi k 1ki ic fe .



5 __

6 . ___

7 . ___

8 =--=~37

U~ar Yoo alla fuuynu!

}tuusaa Aamiin. A jaaraama ,

- M a y God help you!

- Amen. Thanks a lot!

D - G R A M M A R :

_ The negative form of inaccomolished aspect of the verbs ending with ~ is

the stem of the verb + aaki:

mi lootaaki (lootaade)Muusaa j oodaaki (j oodaarle)

- Yo is a particule used for wishcs~ maledictions, benedictions:

Yoo jam salmine!

Yoo alla fuuynul

yaa maay!

Yo is always followed by a short subject pronouns if it be~ins with a vowel

there is an assimilation.

yo a -- ya a

yo o -- yo o

yo on-- yon

yo en-- yen

- Here ko as an another usap.e; it is here an interro~ative pronoun:

k o n Bo nn du -d ~a ?

ko nj id:"daa

- Ne is an insistance particule which expresses doubt (with a nuance of hope

in the answer); it is used in the interropative form:

a,ra selli ne?

o iiaanii ne?

- ne (ene) used at the 3rd persons (sin~ular and r.lural) to preceed proper

nOUl1 as subject (Abu ene jaaeina) is different from ne insistance particule

which expresses doubt:

Abu ne jaawina?

Abu ne jaawina ne?

- E + class marker is subject ~ronoun which replaces things and animals

(when the result is determined)'

Hoore ndee ene wuli - e nde wulipuccu nguu ene tampi - e ngu tampi

E - EX ERCISES:

1 - Build up in your own words sentences (at least 12)

1 __

2- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -b

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



-35-

10

11- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2 __ _

2 _ Translate these sentences int(\ T'ulanr:

1 _ I'm not well, my body is achinf,.

2 _ I think it is only Malaria.3 - The foreip.np.r is not well, he go~ Diarrhea.

4 - Are you feeling well?

5 - Did you vomish?

6 - Did your bocy Rchin~?

7 _ N o , I didn' t vornish but I felt diz zy.

8 - My friend coup.h a lot yesterday nip,ht.9 _ }lay God hell) you 1

10 _ The Chief went to Dakar to sec the doctor.

Juyngo makko

Koynp,al 8:tl

nite mabbebanndu mall

hoore mon

reedu Illc:nfiiiye U[l1a:'

mh,,-fo Kaal Hdu

fl:fa. AysRtn

m i Aliw

en Huusaa

Alasan

Knjjaa

Jom W'JT.C·

A

ne yahde

muu~dcsikkude

wonndude

tuutde

moorn-:1e

~'arde

moo~;;\Rde

safraade

dojjuc!e

wel~e

ko Pjum

jontino(\jeDakar

mabbo

paaenna l

c f o j j ohoore nuutloo're

reedu dl"'p.aiim'

hannde

hanki j ar.nna

niiye muusooj e

3 _ Put tbe verbs of. the text ~elow into the accomplished aspect (affirmative

and nep,atiye).

M1.lusaa (sellude), 0 (vonndude) e jontinooje : 0 (yahde) df sr-enseer sa~!oyaad

Mi (sikkude) ko oaawnr,al. }1uusaa (tuutde) e subaka he~. 0 ( yar de ) p odd e

Niwaakiniin. n (fotde) karli fooftaane. Riiye Aysat~ (muusde), 0 (daanaace)

~o feewi ha9ki jamma. 11i (fooftaad2), banndam (muusde). Abu (wonndude) e

dojjo, 0 (snfrnade). ~aw jim nr,uu (hulbinande) sabu ene aafroo. Ii . (mClol'laa

lekki kii.

4 - With the words In the table m3ke at least 15 sentences:

ne ko

5 - Translate these sentences into En~lish:

1 _ Cukalel np.el ene dojja no feewi

2 - J im s el laa ni , 0 wonndi ko e jontinooje

3 _ Min njehii wurosoo~i safroy~ade.

4 _ En njahaani Galle ccerno safroyaade

5 -'niooe Penndaa cellaani, De ngonndi k(\ c ~a~oo

6 -'De ligp-aaki han~de, 6al1i mabbe ~belaani

7 u 0 wottaaki hAt}ki, fiiiye makko ene Muus aa •

8 _ }fi daanaa'd, Dmodo wonndi e reedu doganndu ,9 _ t:aJ'!kiarmna mi tuuti no feewi.

10 - Yoo Allah lomtin cellal!



-36-

6 - Ask Questions by usinr. the particul€ ko

1-

2 -)

4 -

5 -

6 -

7 -

7 - Make sentences Hith the particu1e " ne"

1-

2 -3 -

4 -5 -

6 -

7 -

8 -

9 -10 -

8 - Mis sinn w ords :

l-Iuusaa finii ?------ -----Umar JAIn

----'ada sclli ?----

welaaroi.uusaa Alaa

Umar 1 < 0 ?

Muusaa m~o&o tan ko---- -------Umar ~aayt

(Huusaa , Umar hoore ndee,nde wu1i-- I ---

Uroar A ?

Muusaa mi tuuti: f.e.--Umar Niweakiniin didi subaka , cfili

Muusaa r o i faanii. A jaarsama l'li

~ A l l a h

Huusaa a j aa rl la ma .

F - g U E S T I O N S O N T I l E D I A L O G U E :

1 - Ooon celli?2 - Muusea ne selli?

3 - H ol koo w~nndi?, - 0 safroyiima?

5 - Aoto e yehi saf.roynade?

6 - No caf roowo 01) wiYCltee7 - Ijjam t Muusaa ne selli ne?

8 - HoI koo sikki 0wonndi?

9 - Hono hoore Muusna wayi?

10 - Hol ko Huusaa wadi e subeka hee?

11 -Hol koo wonndi tiggi ri~i?

12 - Aan ho1 ko ngonndu-naa?

13 - H o1 ko (naue of stagiaire) wonndi1 39



-37-

14 - Ann ada ~ojja?15 - Hol gonouGo ~oo e dojja?16 - Aan dey nsonndu-daa ko e mabbo?17 - A ya ri i pod de t ay nel ol ?18 - Hol podde Muusaa foti ynrde?19 - No foti 0 y~ rat a sub ak a e kikiioe?20 - MQ usaa fEamii cafroawo oo?

21 - Aan noon a faamii jannrinoQwo 001

22 - H .I ln dec af ro ow o m on o ~ a ra ta ?

G - PROVERnS AND SAYINGS:

Try to find out the meaning )f the ~rovarbs below:

- Ko ma~~cfumwari hcevbe ,- Ko gaynaako paabi annai 1a~ocji mum.



L E s s o n S E V E N

T I¥ . E S A N D S E A S O N S

A - C t ~ T U R ) _ L N O T E :

In rural countr' men do not hurry to their businesses; that is the

reason why it is di!ficult to speak of time but rather of the period of

the day which essentially depend on the position of the sun as it is

already seen in the chapter of greetinp,s. These periods are! subaka -

kikU(fe -jarma (nalawma). Beside these periods are those brought by thefive prayers of Islam: fajar-Tiisubaar - Takkusaan - Futuro - Geeye -

This latest allow villagers to plan their daily labor. Next to thesedivisions we have the seasons: the dry-seaso~. Ceedu - that lasts the longest,

period in which the Harmattan wind blows; the rainy season - ndunngu -

The life in the village is subject to these periods and climate variations.

Once in tr~ village you will find the "ceedu" too long and people doing

nothing. But most of the time it is durdng this period that roof of the

ceedu are rebuild, new huts build, artisanal works done, people migrate

a lot during that period, so: ceeaee e jam!

B - L I S T O F V O C l \ B U L A R Y W O R D S :

fieldworks

hoe

millet

rainy season

water (rain)

guinea, fowls

dry, arid

squirrels

seed

crop; haveRt

not at aIls never

t" goo towork

(in the morning) with someoneto cultivate with

to learn

cold

cole

cold season

heat

dry season

bush, forest

dry, drought

to be hot

to be cold

to feel hot

to feel cold

to be L o n p

to be afraid

to have rain

to be beautiful

to' grow

to dig up

to hide

to he wet, watered

to dig, to hole

to be hardto possess, to belong

to settles to nontade, to migrateto he far

ngesagolle

jalo

gawri

ndunn8u

ndiyam

jaawle

soofio

jihe

sawci

conal

muk

dR.wduderemirde

ekkaade

jaa!jgol

buubo l

Dabbunde

Nguleeki

ceedu

ladde

hokkere:

wulde

jaalJde

wuleedejaatJgeede

juutde

hulde

tobeede

yodde

fudde

jaDde

wirnude

leppude

aastaade

met tude

jeyde

ruumoyde

wocf(1~ude



Nuusaa

Garb a.

Muusaa

Garba

-Muusaa

Garba

~1uusaa

Garb a

Muusaa

Garba

c - DIALOGUE:I

Good morning? How the work goin

in the fields?

Thanks to God! But also it isa hard work.

--Today I'm going with you.

- OK! Let!s go! can you cultivate

with hoe?

- No, I will learn then!

- The millet didn't grow lo1ell

- because this rainy season WAS

that, it hasn't rained.

- Do you think it is not because

you dig up late7

- Not at all! Last year, at this

time the millet has grown. Itdry~ the land was not watered

the squirrels had dip'.out aU

seeds.

- Then your harvest this year v'i

be bad! To whom this field belo

to?

- It is Usumaan's. This year, he

migrates around Tambacounda.

- Oh! we went so far~

Dawol r.ese./lnthe field

- Garba dawdii e Muusaa gese. Omo yidi ekkaacle remircle jalo.

- Garba went earlier with Muusaa in the field. He wants to know how to

cultivate with the hoe.

"o~ pinii? ~o mba~-~on e liggey r,ese?

Ko maw(ru rn , k on o tan ko go ll e m aw cfe .

Hannde, mi rlawdan e· mon.

Bisimilla! Nj ehen! a;: fawaawi remirde

ja10?

Alaa! mi ekkoto tan.

Gawri ndii funaani no feewi sabu

ndu~ngu hikka moyyaani, ndiyam alaa.

A sikkaani on l ee l j abb ude ?

muk! nii rawane tawi gawri ndii

wirnii jaa~le; ko soofio~ leydi ndiileppaani, te jihe dee ngaastiima

aawdi ndii fof.

Ndeen dey, conal !:lonhikka maa mettu!

HoI jeyde baa too ngesa?

K o U Sl lr nP .a n.0ruumoyii hedde Ta~baa-

Kunndaa.

00 de y w oc. :H i!

DIALOGUF.:II

Garba Jam kiir-don benndiraabe?

Hiirde galle Muusaa/ln eveninp. talk at Muusaa's

- Dabbunde arii, ja"m~ol ene heewi. Garba yehii jamma yeewtoyde galle Muusaa enso tawi ebe ngitoo:

- It is the cold season, it is too cold. Garba went to chat at Muusaa's at night,

he found them warning themselves:

MUUS88 Jam tan, no mbad-daa e lip,gey?

Garba Ko mawdum, n0 mbad-don e buubol?

Muusaa

Garba

Muusaa

Garba

J'!uusaa

Garba

Muusae

GDrba

Emin ngonndi heen, hannde ene jaanp.i

no feewi;

Wadde ja~aji d!i ene njuuta

Ahan! Ko dabbunde~ mate a jaangaaka?

Alaa, mi1n ko ng ule eki k ul -M i.

K ori cp.edu mOD jutaani?

Alaa, emin tobee fodde lebbi

nay; e oon sahaa ladde amencne yooda~

!-finenqey, dii duubi fof ko min

hokkaabe.Eey, roi nanii hndde Maali e Niiseer

- Are you spending a good evening

everybody?

- Peace only. How is the work?

- It is going well, how do you feel

with the cold?

- It is alright; it is freezing toda

- That's why the night are too lon~.

- Oh yes, it is the cold season. D0n

you feel cold?

- No, me I'm afraid of heat.

- Is your summer too long?

- :No, it isn't. It rains there for

f.our months. At this times our

forest is very nice.But us, all these years there is

drought here.- Oh! Yes, I heard in Mali and Niger



D - G R A M M A R :

- In the affixes, we have also:

!dl which expresses an associative nuance (to do somethinf. together, with

somebody).

/rl already seen, here, it express an instrumental nuance (to do somethinf,

w it h s om et hi ng ).

loyl which exnress a displacement nuance (to go to do something).

ja9ngude - janngiide : Susan e Bob njanngi dii Pu1aar

~emde - renirde : Muusaa rernirii ja10

soodde - sood~de : Garba socdoyii bagi 1ar-oos

- The imperative term in Pu1aar has two persons in the plural, tnese are;

en ann ee; en for thp. first ~erson u1ura1 (inclusive), ee for the second

person plural; to form the imperati~e plural we add to the root of the ver

~ or ~ for the verbsendfng

with -de or -ul~e:

sa lm ind e ~ c a1 t' in ~ jom wuro

ca1minee Abu

For the verbs ending with aade we add to the iTllperat:f_vefngul.ar d~n or dee,

lootaade: 100to

Lootri-den

Looco-dee

- The imperative form in "Pu1aar doesn't applied to the verbs ending with eed

those verbs being passive verbs;

- The nepative of the i~erative ferm (sin~u1ar and plural) is obt~ined as

follow:

woto + imperative verb

nam - WClto iiaam

liggo-dee - woto liSgo-dee

For the first pers~n of the ne~ative forro of the imperative p~ura1, we have:

woto + ~ + i mpe rat iv e s ing ul ar

iiaamen - woto en iiaam

In Pulaar, when two verbs follow each other, the second on is in the infiniti

form:

OIDO waawi reMir~e ja10

ada yid: f_yarde a t aay

- ~ is one of the marks of the inac'!ompiished aspect of the verbs endfnz y

aade. It expresses an in~istance on the verb. But, also it can be used to

the habitual imnerative~

Garba ekkoto remirde ja10;

100toto subaka fof!



43

-- -- ------ - ---------------------

\

subaka fof mboco lootoo

- Fof has sany usages:

It can be an indefinite adjective; it signifies then each. In this case, it is

preceded ~y a noun in the singular:

or an iudefinite pronoun, it signifies then~, in this case, it is nreceded

by a noun in the plural:

yim6e fof ko maayoobe!

- Heade and too are adverbs of place which signifies:

Hedde: toward, to, near

~: there, over there

Rifisk woni ko hedde Dakar

HoI jeydo ngee ~ nagr.e?

- ~ is ge~erally preceded by a class marker and it is the opposite of the adverof place doo and daa:

ndee reftere - ndee doo deftere

ndee aaa deftere

ndee too deftere

- Heen is a preposition of quantity and place; it signifies ~ (quantity)and in (r-lace)

o soodii heen (gerte)

o wadii heen ndfyam (e mbalka kaa)

- !aka is the mark of the negative form of the accomplished aspect of the verbs

ending with eede (The accomplished affirmative form being aama) ~

J im n ul da ar na m ann da a

JiM nulaaaka manndaa

- Kori is an interrogative particule which brour.ht a positive answer;

kori a fiaamii?

The answer. can be negative, in that case it surprises.

- ~ is one of the narkG of inaccomplished aspect of the verbs ending ~,it expresses an insistance on the verb:

ebe lootee kikiide fof

HoI ko be mbadetec?

E - E X E R C I S E S :

1 - build up in your own words sentences about the weather (at least 15)

1 __

2 __

3 __

4- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - -

5 __

--------------------------------------



45

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

2 - Put the verbs between parenthesis in the inacco~lished aspect:

Garba (dawdude) e mabfe gese. Usumaan (remde) maaro hikka. 'Be (sonde)

hikka law. Abu (yahde) gese manro hannde kikiide. 0 (aawde) nebbe dee.

¥in (jabbude) ngese baa. Muusaa waawaa re~irrle masin, 0 (ekkaade) ten.

Alaska wa1aani, (jaande) tan. Sehi1 maa (~igaade) rnowuuri. Senegaa1

(to£eede) hikka no feewi. Hikkas

0 (ruumtoyde) hikka hcdde ko1daa.

Jom wuro (yeewtitne) e mon ko faati e 8eseomaaro. Yontere aroore~ en

(fuddeade) jabbune. Hade men rend~s en (soppude) ledce dee, (sumde),

(fittude) ngesa baa. So cofi~l hikke IDQYYi, mi (soodde) masin demmowo.

3 - Put these verbs into the imperative form (affirmative and ne~ative all

persons) by addin~ an object (as you wish):

remde -

ekkaade -

jabbude -

aastaade -

remircle -

(faminaade -

ruumoyde -

lip ' gaade -

fuddaade -

4 - And the following affixes (d, rs oy) to the verbs below ann make sentenceswith the news verbs:

remde

ja!lngude

naamde

soodde

lignaade

ruumde

daanaade

asde

hodde

wende

waande



-/.:3-

5 - Put the convenient word into blanks: doo) heGue, too, cap,ga1! fof» r.a~y

daa!

------- ko kees. Sonadis 00 woni ko --.---- jere. Yit'lbe-------- ko

maayoobe. Artisana1 nana --------. Siis a1aa -------. Nduu --------.

suudu ko suudu Bob. Omo dogo kikiide -------. Puut woni ko -----------

Kees. A1jumaa ------- A1 Rajji ene yaha jumaa. Kambe ----------

t;e njarii.

6 - Translate these sentences into Enf.1ish:

1 - Jom wuro dawdii e Muusaa Rese.

2 - Be ndawdii e Abu gese 1idcfi.

3 - Janngo subaka A 1a sa • .yahdat e maa 1eeri

4 - Bisimilla! 'Pudlo-den.

5 - Ooon mbaawi remirde ja10.

6 - Garba ne yi~i ekkaade hae1de Pu1aar.

7 - Aysata en~ waawi defde m?aro e 1iddi.

8 - Gawri ndii fuJaani no feewi.

9 - Gerte dee pudii hikka no feewi.

10 - Conel waa10 rewane moyti.11 - Muki min leelaani j abbude.

12 - Ho1 ko tagi maaro koo fudAani?

13 - Cofial mon hikka kadi maa mcttu.

14 -'Be daminaaki cof.~l moyYal.

15 - Hikka, 0 ruumoyi ko TamMba.

7 - With the words in the table make at least 15 sentences:

gawri ndii

ndunneujaaw1e

cofis I

mi

a

min

o

Garha

Hannde

sehilamar'a

odon

keesAlaska

St-Louis

Kewlak

ladde

tobo

henndu

jihe

fudce no feewi

tobcedc seedawu1de tan

jaangced r emi rde J GUO

jaance conal moWel

juutdc nRuleeki

yoodde bUUb01

ekkaade p,awri

jabbude ~ese

remde IRcoe

ruumoyde Jalofene

sonde Hikka

dewde jeeri

daminaaderawane

heewde aawii

lee Ide mowuuri

SUUSOE'. haa leppi

aastaadc

1-2 -

3 -4 -5 -



7 -{ 3 -

S -10 -11-12 -13-14 -

15 -

-44-

8 - Translate these sentences into Pu1aar:

1 - It is too hot today.

2 - I don't feel cold today.

3 - No, it doesn't rain s lot in Sene~a1.4 - It is the Harmattan that blows in the dry season.

S ~ It is cold thi3 morning isn't it?

6 :"\Can you cultivate with a hoe?

7 - Not at all we were not late to di?, up.

8 - Today I will gO with you to the field.

9 - The millet Rrew very well this year.

10 - vfuY.the rice didn't grow well?

9 - Missing words I

Garb a

Muusaa

Garb a

MuusallGarba

Muusaa

Gnrba

Muusaa

Garb a

Muusaa

Garbe

--------- pinii? No mrad-cfon e -----.--- -------?

K0 mawd~m. -------- tan ko Ro ll e - -- -- --- -.Hannde, mi ------- e mon

------- njehen. Ada ------ ja1c?

A1aa! roi - - ..--- tan.

-------- ndii ------- no feewi sabu ------- hikka ------- nciyam -----

A ------- on ------- jabhude?

------ nih rawane -------- ~awri nrlii ------ jaaw1e; ko -------.

1cydi ndii ------- te jihe Jee ------- aawdi ndii ---------.

------ conal mon ------- maa mettu!

Hol ---~--- baa ----.----- ngesa?

Ko Usumaan. Hikka 0--------ammbaa-Kunndan.

00 dey --------

Missing words II

Garba : ------- kiir-r.on banndiraa~e?

Muusaa: Jam ------. ------ mba{.-r.aa e -------?

Garba: Ko -----. No ----- - ..----- e -------?

MU\lsaa:Gar.ba :Muusaa:

Garba :

~Iuusaa:

Garba :

Muusaa:

Garba

Emin ------- heen. Hannde ene ------ no --------.----- j ammaa.,j dii ------ nj uuta.

Aban! ko -----. ------ a jaan~aaka?

A1aa! ------ ko n9,uleeki ----- ------.

-------- ceedu m(!~ -------1A1aa, ~min ------ fodde ------- nay;

e ----- sahas ------ amen ------ yooda.

------- dey, dii ------- fof -.------ min --------.eey, mi ----- hedde ----- e ---- hokkere nani --.------.



F - QU ESTIONS ON THE D IALOG lTF I!

1 - N o m b a c f - · c f o n 1i ~ p . e y ?2 - G a r b a e n e w ~ a w i r e m i r d e j n l n ?3 - A a n noon, a~ta w a a t l 7 ir e m i r d e j a l o ?

4 - H o l mo G a r b a d ~ w d a t a g e s e ?5 - M u u s a a e n e w a a w i r e m i r d e j a l o ?6 - G a w r i n d i i f u r i i n o f e e w i ?7 - N d u n n s u M u u s a a ~ n l e e l j a b b u d e ?8 - O ' f o n c a m i n i i cofia'l t r o Y " l a l ?9 - A s i k k a a n i M u u s a n e n l e e 1 j a b b u d e ?

1 0 - H o I k o a a s t i i a a w d i n d i i ?11 - C o n a l M u u s a a e n maa m e t t u hi.kka?

1 2 - H o 1 m o j e y i n e e s a ' ~ n R b a s a r a n g e s a M u u s a a e n b a a ?1 3 - H o I t o j o m n g e s a b a a r U u l M o y i ?

QUESTIONS O N TIlE D IALOG UE II:

i - N o m b a ( . - a r n e g o l l e ?2 - Odon c e l l i ?3 - N r m b a . f - d ' o ne b u u b ol ? ( n p , u le e k i )t. - H a n n d e e n e j a a n p i ?5 - K o e c e e d u n g o n - n e n ?6 - M a t e a w u l a a k a ?7 - H o I k o G a r b a h u l i ?8 - A a n n o o n ~ h o I k o c u u s - c a a ?9 - D a b b u n d e m o n e n e j u u t i ?

1 0 - C e e d u m e n n o f o t i l c b h i ?1 1 - O d o n t o b e e n o f e e w i ?1 2 - S e n e g a a l e n e t o o e c k o j u u t i ?

1 3 - t - I a n d eL a d d e m o n y o o c f a t a ?1 4 - H e n n d u e n e w u t t a t o m a n ?1 5 - A d a s u u s i m a j j e ?1 6 - O f - o n k o k k e e e s a h a a j i ?1 7 - H o t o Y Q c r i e A m a r i k ?1 8 - ~ i i d u u o i f o f S e n e g a a l e n e h o k k a a ?1 9 - H o 1 l e y d e e l e k o k k a a d ~ e ~ f r i k ?2 0 - A m e r i k e n e t o ~ e e f . o ! d e l e b b i s a p p o ?

G - P RO VER BS A toID S A Y I N G S ~

Try t o f i n d o u t t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e p r o v e r b s b e l o w :

- K o n d i y a m b o o y i j e e r i f o f m a a a r t u e w a a l o .- K o b a a d e l - h a a d e l h e b ~ i n i m a a y o .- H a d e n a a l t i n t o o c l o m a h d e f a a v r u y o o t a w 0 n a n n d i r i i e j o m g e s e e n .

48



- -

-46-

L E S S O N E I G H T

Yeewtitde

golle

nehp,ol lieidi

gannda1

nakkeede

rentude

fedde

faamondirde

subaade

ardiibe

fucfdaade

fotdediDira1

jokkondirde

asde

doorumaa'!"u

sifoZ'aade

1eydi

safde

hollalde

jaggude

mabrude

mba1ka

gaawo1

regginueya1tinde

iwde

nehde

toppitaade

wuurnude

saano

weleede

nolde

to talk with, shatworks

fishery

knowledge: technic

to lack for

to f;ather

c om mi tt ee , o rg an is at io n

to understand each other

to choosep electleaders

to begin

mustpeace of land

t o c ol la bo ra te

to dip.

pond

to be

land

to taste

clay

to cath

to build withpond

canal

to canaliz e

to drain

to come from

to breed

to take care of

to feedbran

to want

to go bad

A - C U L T U R A L N O T E :THE F I S H E R M E N

They form a cast in the TO\lcou1eur Society. They deal with artisana1

fishing. They possess en extraordinary gift that enables them to have ~he

command of water and its living creatures. Besides, the other elements ofthe Society fear them because they are capable thanks to their power to

punish someone b~ forbiding him to touch the water. The "fiifiire" is a

ceremony occasion during which fishermen show their ability ~nd learning

through miraculous: for example, to withdraw a living crocodile fromwater.

The "P~kaan" is a song of pride for then but also of ~lory for those who

had bravely defeated the most dangerous crocodiles in the river; wher2as

the "Daay-daayre" is a feast for youn~ people during which youngmen undergoa physical ordeal through boat-races.

B - L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y W O R D S :

49



c - ,DIALOGUE:

Garba

Dental

Garba

Al1w

Garb a

Samruha--_.-{,:;rba

Nehp,ol liddi/Fishery

- Garba ko .1annginoowc nehgo l lidd!. Omo yidi faarmude Yimbe wuro makko no

deen Bolle ci ~orii ~helQ ebe ndana np,esa liddi; e nder dum 0 noc.di bebatu:

- Garba is a fish volunteer. He is explainin8 to the people of his villape

how is job go for them to obtain a fish Dond; for .that occasion he called

for a meetinf,~

Jam nalli e mon ~anndir.aabe?Jam tan.

Hannde mho~o yi~i yeewtitde e mon

ko faati e gollam" ,~hono nehgo lli&fi. .

Jom wuro; Seydi Sohl A jaara~ma, yeewtere

maa welii ~in, so Allah jabii men

mbacf heen doole men fof.

Jom wuro: Bisimilla! Emin kedi m a o

Garba Ko ad1i fof, nehp,ol liddi ko

~anndal kesal; te odpn nr,anndi

dii duuhi fof maayo ngoo ene

9akkaa liddi sabu hokkere ndee.

En ndentat e fedde, naamondiren

cu~oden ardiibe, DUddo-den golle

dee. E nder du~~ ~den roti dafide

di9iral movval , nj okkcnd ien e S I . E D

asana en dcorumaaru 2 saraaj i gese

maaro r. ee m b ele e cfe n m baa w: l dafide

nd iy am • ••

Garba nj aafo-daa see! ~p..!oI no

diQiral moyyal e nehgol liddi

sifortoo?

Diijiral moyyal ko leyci cafndi

lamjam, tiidndi tawa ko hollal~e

mbaawncH jaggude nd iyam, Ko nd'i in

l ey ci r na hr et ee mbaIka kaa , ka jok-'kor:dira e gaawi di ne ndegc-ina

ndiyam d a m , nj~ltin~ n ~ m .~nii liefdi nehetieedf e mhalka ko

maayo rl i ngi'~'atene?

Alaa! efi ngaddoytee ko li~na toon

ene wadi nokku do biki-:onHd'Ji

nenetee. Ko koon noon mbactetee e

nd er l Il ba lk an di ya :1 c,t aw i d ub ee j e e

hu~o nolko ene ~ookaa heen haa

ndiyam !am wayi no haako fiebbe nii.

S?~um~~nnii, e~en poti toppitaade

dee sede e kala sahaa:- tiidtinde gaawi Jii ~oto rlifusde

- wuurnude liikon kon, kon nammin~e

, tAmaate fiolde t saanot walla rak~al.

Sodi mawnii, conen di sen mbelaama~ii naamen, iii njeeyen, walla kadi

heen lUran.

- Good afternoon ever/body?

- Peace only!

- Today I would like talk to you ahout

. m y job as breadinp. fish.

- You welcome! We are listenin~ to you.

- What comes first is that fishery here

is a new technic and you know that fill

these years the river has no fish

became of the droup.ht.

~le must have a committee and chat,

choose leaders and then start the work.

Addin~ to that we must have a ~ood

niece of land and collaborate with

SAED which will diS for us the pond

near the rice fieljs to have water

brour,ht through the ditch •••- Gar~a excuse-me! But how a p;oor piece

of land for fishery can be? I : nood

piece of land is land.

- A Bood piece of land is land with a

hit of salinity» hard and which is

clayery which can sustain water. It is

that kind of land that the pond i s b t' iof. The pond will be linked then to the

canalization ~nd drained the watp.r out.

- Hill the fish to breed in the {lond b e

pick up from the river?

- No: they will be from Richard Toll.

There are ponds where fingerlings are

breed. It is those that will be put in

the pond after the cow pat and the bad

grass been nlace until the water beca~e

~reen. After that we must take care of

the nond. From time to ~ime we must:

- Harden the canals

- to feed the finr,erlinp,s with ~ad

tomatoes and bran of millet or rice

and peanut cake •When th~y grow we will harvest them i

we want will eat them sell them, or

dry them.

50



D - G R A M 1 1 A R :- ,

-48-

- In the affixes series, here, we have:It! which expresses three nuances: repetitive, reversive, and reflexive:

r oi h aa lt ii ( ha al ~2 ld e)

o udditii baafal (udditde)

Ay sa ta nd aar ti ndi ima (n daa rti nda ad e)

l o n d i r l which expresses a reci~rocal action:

Be calmondirii (salmondirde)

l i n - n l which exnresses a factitive (or causative) nuance:

Abu tampinii kam (tampinde)

Beside the affixes already seen, we have the af£ixe ~whjch expresses a

simulation or pretending nuance:

51

o daan kiniima (daankinaade)

In some cases, we can come aecross with a verb with two nuances expressed by

t wo a ff ix es :addude

addandeaddanoyde

mi addanoyii dental ngal kiikon

- So is a conjonction which expresses in Pulaar condition

So mi sellii rna ~t ar ~alle mon

So is always followed by a subject; when this one is 3s ubj ec t pro nou n

. be ~i nn in g w it h 8vOT.1el,there is an assimilation~

- . . . .alia ---s.'1d·aso ;). saa so

so 0 son. so orno ---somo

so en sen so ecren ---5 eden

"

so on son so orlon ---sodon

- Nbcle in the effirrnative forn signifies: For

toppico-aen liikon ribele enen cona law

Mbele is also an interrogative pronoun when it is used in the interrogative

form; it signifies then: ~

I1bele a suwaa tawo yah?

- Hono which is an interrogative pr.onoun signifies in the affirmative form

"that is to say" or "as" or "like-" (comparative):

Liggeyam ko pisikiltiir, hono nehgol li~di~

00 simis ko bono simisarn 00.-



Golle

Nehgol Ucr,fi

feddc

dooruIDaaru

liikon

mbalka

gaawol

1eydi

ardiioe

Jom wuroer.·en

Garba

eoemi

aO m o

yee~Ttitde

asde

nehde

fuc{'~cade

sufiaade

rentude

tnr!,itaen cy.altinde

namrninde

sofide

yeeyde

jokkondirde

famnondirc!e

Jom wurc

S A E D~ese marc

p.anndal kesal

gaavo I

taamllate nolde

aaafiondiyamlic:c"i

ardiioegolLe

dcoruma3.ru

mbalka

E - EXER~ISES

I - Build up sentences with your ovn words at least ten

I

2 _

3 ----------------------------------4 __ _

5 ___

6 __~ ___

7

8 . _

9 ___

10- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 - Add to the verbs the followinR affixes!. - ondir - kin - in and conjugatedthe verbs at the appropriate aspects:

Muusaa (haalde) goonga. 0 (uddude)baafa1 suudu ndurn. Aysata (ouucaadc) e

Abu. Hi (tampude) mo no feewi. On (caanaade). A~a (nnamde) sabu c hey~aani

Ed' en poti (faa! 1de) e yimoe vuro nsoo, Be (arde) two eese. Hannde, liikon kon

(neamde) ko tamnate nolde. ~e (heaaade) ko liggotoodO osee-£oree-e~cn(fuddaade) nehso'l liddi.

3 - With the words in the table make at least 15 sentences:

I-

2 -3 ••

4 -5 -6 -

7 -3 -9 - 52



5 - Put all the text in the negative form:

Garba ko ja~nr.inoowo nehgol li~ci. 0 nodcii yimoe wuro makka batu. 0yeewtii e meb&e ko 'faati e neh~ol 1i~f.i. l~ayo nsoo ene ~akkaa 1icdi

dii fof , 0 wii:nd.enten e fedde. 0 jabii jokkondirde e yimoe wuro nat,C".

Eden poti faarnon~i~de c SAED. Liikon kon np,ittoytea ko Lisea, kon

nammintee ko ~awri. Geawi dii ene lcppi. Liikon kon mawniit kon couete,

kon njeeyee walla kndi kon ndef~e, naAmec. 'Bikkon 1iddi ene keddii.

Conal men hikka moyY1i.

10 -

11-12 -

11 -

14 -

15 -

4 - Translate these sentences into Pulaar:1 - The fish are feed with bad tomatoes, millet or rice bran and peanut cake

2 - Each week we should take care of the water, add and m1~ the cow pat

and the grAss, cut the gr.:lSsnear the pond.

3 - Whet kind of water is good the fishes in the pond?

4 - The machines are going to dig and nivel the pond.

S - The pond bas no water.6 - We mast collaborate with the chief.

7 - We will harvest them in six months.8 - At Richar': Toll there is a nl.ace where finger fishes are bred.

9 - The committee must choose leaders.

10 - The fish didn't Rrow yet.

6 - Translate these sentences into Englisn:

1 - LUkon ken nammintaakc nebbc.

2 - Sen mhelMmn fiaamen di walla liiren (ri.3 - So Garba ene arta Lis~~, 0 addorat liikon kon.

t. •• Osee-Foree ene wani nokku (rO fikkon lic' ci nehet ee ,

5 - Ndiyam mOyYam e nehgo'l lUdi wayata ko no haako nebbe nih.

6 - G nx :' r, aO :' la an eh oo eo l i( fd 'i .

7 - MBa1ka kaa 1up'giieani.

8 - Nehso I lic:di ko p,anndal kesa l .

9 - HoI no digiral woyyal e nehgc l lidei sifortoo?

10 - EGen poti toppitaade nap-wi dii.

A -

B -A-B -

A-B -

A -

B -A -

n -A -

B -

A-53-

7 - Write a dialogue where you ~req~nt your progran to the villagers:

----- ------- --------------------------------------------



----- ------- --------------------------------------------

-51-

F - QU ESTIONS Oll TIlE D IALOG U E:

1 - Jam fialli e roen?2 - HoI ko woni golle Garha?3 - HoI ko Carba yiJi w1cl~e hannde?4 - Ko e hoI duum yeewterc makko faati?5 - Neheol liar.iko ~anndal kesal?6 - Ko tSp'i dii cuu~i fof maayo ngoo ene ~akkaa lida~?7 - HoI sarwiis asata door~~aru nduu?8 - Ko ta~i mbalka kaa ~hretee?9 - HoI leydi mbalka kaa oahretee?

10 - Mbalka l~aa ene jokkondirde e snawi?11 - Liikon neheteekon kon ko ~a3YO kon ngittctec ne?12 - HoI no dubuuj e dec e hud'o k- .. mbadirtcc e mhalka hee?13 - HoI to liikon kon n~ittoyte:e?14 - Ho! fotS~ toppitaade ngesa liaJi baa?15 - ~oi ee~ee~e fedde ndee foti toppit~ade?

16 - 11el ko Hikon kon fiammintee?17 - Ko taRi dii nc p~ti tiidtineedc?18 - So liddi oii mawnii, hoI ko di mba~etee?19 - HoI ko yimoe bee mb~Qata oi so mbelaama?20 - HoI ko nj ic!-cfaaadde so liodi cHi cofiaama?

G - PROVEP .DS A N D SAYING~


- Liingu woyndu njaajeendi manyo

- Hl)t(' \ii!lgukoynga1 woppinf! l1ingu ju9ngo- Mo suwaa 1ummbu wotc ja1 joo11ido.



- 5 2 -

L ES r. ON N IN E

This chat'ite~ is snecial, after the study of few dialogues, this can be

used at anytime by the professor to give to the stagiaires the orportun~ty

to express themselves without what the dialogue or chepf.ters offer. For an

efficient study cf the 2xpressions they are gathered by theme. It is to the

professor to ch00se accordinp. to the urgent need of his class to pick up

expressi~ns. The point on the expression "How to say no" is Tlot a reci,e

for the stagiaires but an aoproach of some situations that roay haroened tothe stagiaires on their first d?ys in "Haal-Pulaar" culture.

A - How to say no?

water

- Hi domdaanf ;

- Ko j ooni -j ooni .nj a r-·mi;

- A jaaraa~a, ndiyam ene wonndi e lekkiko c a m njarat-mi;

- Ko mi k01o! reedam woowaani ndiyam mon tawo~

Clothes:

- Mi nanii, mami totte!

- ~a mi yeewane hono makkQ.

Travel

•. Nde par-rtaa fof nj ehen l

Miin, mi hootaani, ko Soo ko-..(-mijeoni.

Meals

- Tidno yaafo-mi~ ko jooni fiaam-mi;- ycnii! mi sellae.ni~ mhocro hadaa Lamdam;

- ko mbaroodam rley~ mi roeec.faeen~ kon!' mi

B - Expressions 'lJih hum:ln body:

1 3a wl ud e r ee du

suu9de reedu

Hulde reedu

Leabde reedu

seeDde yitere

yoorde gite

faacfde yitere

welde tiindcwelde hakkille

welde nofru

welde daande

'o1eldedemuga l

welde j ll~np.o

welde yUyam

Feewde j uq n~o

'Buubde jutjngo

Mawnudc daandeFamdude daande

to be unkind

to be courageous

to fear, to be afraid

to be kind, nice

to have a p'~od sight

to be curious

to be short minded

to be luckyto be intelligent

to hear very well

to sinp, very wellto gossip

to cook very well

to be kind, friendly

to be adroit, deft, clever

to be "ot hot temryered

to have a loud voice

to have a calm voice



-53-

H ecc in dc b er nd e

Yoorde bernde

Tiirlde junngoTiid\de bernde

TH d' de hoore

wulde hunuko

m ett ud e Y ii y' am

to be sensible

to be senseless

to be avarious

to be a nasty

to be stubhorn, mulish

tn be insolentto be nervous, irritable

C - DESCRIPTIVES WORDS

Koo butto

" daobC'

He's big

" short

" tall" thin, slinII skinny

He has a libht complexion

He hes a dark cOMplexion

" njool

" ce~tjo

" pooydo

" bodeejo

"balecjo

" naawo

" fenkeldeII mawL{o

" suka.

" nayeejo

He's squat stocky11 old

""

young

old

D - COLOURS:

ene

"""

""

bawl!

woj~irElnwi

ooldibuldi

jalba

It's black ko makkR

" red " puro

" whiteII cooyc

It yellow " bakaI: blu~ " haako nebbe

" ~linter " rommbal

I ns is ta nc es ~ ar ti cu le s~

wojji

ranwi

ba~di

ool.df

buuldi

coy

tal

kuruN

buybuy

F - USUAL ADJECTIVE! ) WITH TH f' .IRINSISTANCE PARTICULES

ene heccid1 delep It's fresh

" yoori ko s "dry"

" lenp1 cebec (cetet') " watered

" tiidi ken11 h ar d~ di ff .i cu lt

" luub1 du s " nauseating

" buubi reyum (1ob) " cold, fresh

" wul1 jaw " hot

" haadi rok " ac1d~ sharp

" heewi tep (dak) " full

" laa'Gi cer " neatII lall1Il1iot (par) " sour , sharp

" moyy'1 " r,ood

56

Itl5 yellow

"n

green

purT)le



F - EXPRESSIONS OF TIME

*The days of the ~eek

" boni bones

" s(lofi

" cfaati nen

" fiaa.;1ias

" 700&i

" w€'E:Di

"sadi

" teddi lit

" hoyi

" weli

" metti

" haa11lI1ii

Orno selli wen (Kes)

AltineTalaata

fLlarba

Alkamisa

Aljuma

Aset

Alet

*Praying time

Salaatu

Tiisubaar

Takkusaan

Futuro

Geey'e

*Hanndn

1a~nf,0Baaw o j ann go--(faddi ." )--

Hanki

Hecci-Ha!}ki---

Nande . ---

~anndeen

Maayirde le~u

SubakaKikiice

Jat:I!la

Beetswe

Fajiri

*~xpressions of time:

Naange

Mut al naan ge--Pud'al naange--"

wenndoogo

feccere j amma-

subaka law ---

fi.tJ.lawma kellew

-5[.-

" bad

" tasteless, iudrid

" s1!looth

" hard

" beautiful, niceII ea sy, ch es\ ,er

"difficult, rare

" heavy

" light

" s we at ~ d el ic io us

" shoking~ fade

" boring

MO~ldayTuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

dawn

around 2 n m

" 5 r 1 ' l" 7 pI'!.

" 8 :30 pm

TodayTomorrow

the day after

tonorroe

Yesterday

day after yesterday

the day

that day

End of the month

t!'lCrnir,~Afternool'

ni~ht

around 10 am

da.wn

Midday (around lunch time)

sunset

daybreak

early in the morning

midnipht (middle of the night)

early in the morning

In the middle of the day



-55-

*J.:lI\ndi

Hiirii

Rawliiweetii

Hibbidii

It's n : : " ; ! - l "

lc:... :.L I I t he a ft er no on

late in the dey

daylleht

dark

I,

""

*Dawde

Hirndaade

Huudaade

Fe ccu de naa nge

Hirndude

Ven ndor de (we eto rde)

Hiirde

to go work early in the morning

to go work in the afternoon

to leave early in the morning

to leave between midday and 2 o'clQck

to leave late in the afte7.~oon

to wake up late

to spend a night (drink1np tea, shating,

dancdng ••• )

to spend a night with (hunger, an~er •••aaldude

*Kc.orka

HejjadeHUllltaade

Tayoe

Hoorde

juulde koorka

J uulde ' l' aas ke

Naaflu:!e

Bottaari

Hiraande

Kejjaari

Kumtaari

Kaccitaari

Ramadan

to eat before dawn (in Ram~dan)to break the fast

to step fastinr.

to fastKorit$..

Tabaski

to pray in order to fast

Lunch

Dinnerspecial meal for the fast

Special roeal to break the fast

breakfas't

G - S U R P R I S E E X P R E S S I O N S :

It is to the ~rofessor to do these expressions into situations:

Iih!

Iskey

Haem

Haagoram

Cey

Ndeysaan

Ijjam

Feeram boni1Haayoo

Woy heege yoo

Alaa, ittu

laayilaa-Ilallaa

Wooroo

Cern

Yaa

110r

I I - U S U A L E X P R E S S I O N S O F C F . R E M O N I E S :

I - Baptism

A - Eey, mi daoii.

Q- A elaaH ? 58



~-. --__-_ _._-56-

A- Aamiin, a jaaraamaQ- ioo Allah wafie rUlI. --1 barke ?

A- K o bid' co debbo ,Q- Ko Allah rokku oaa.

2 - Death

A- Yoo Allah winndene baraajiQ- Yoo Allah yurm0. m o, yaafoo-mo

A- Y0 0 ndee fio mean ce. juut y o~a akaQ- Yoo Allah haarnu mo Aljanna

3 - Health

A- Ngonndu-mi ko e reedu muusooruQ- Ijjam! Ko ngonndu-daa ?

A- Aamiin, a jaaraama0- Yoo Allah lomtin cellal

- yoo Allah fuuynu- yoo Allah rokku jam

4 - Travel:

A- AamiinQ- yaa tawoy jam!- yaa yettoy e jam!- yoo kcyae ndeftu aoo nd~wnoo!

5 - Return of travel:

A- Aamiin

Q- A arii e jam?- Ko 1am taw-daa?- Ko jam &el-~aa?

6 - Ex Pres sio ns of t han ks:

A- Aamiin - ko enen ndenndiA- A j aaraame- Yoo Allah yooe

- Kaa 100#"

7 - Wishes:

A- Aami:tnQ - Yoo Allah wal~- Yootaw naamce maa ene heen

8 - Religions feast:

A- Y~n njuul mo keew6e!Q- Yen njuul mo wuuri!A- Yoo Allah rokku en tAweece (" 0 :Jahaa u: owuuri-Q - Yoo Allah waa on ~awoe (sukaaSe) e jeese amen-



-57-

? - Meals

A - Yaa dole jam

- Ko enen ndenndi

Q- A r iiaaml

- Tidno waay!

*Duwe.ade

sakkaadeyelaade

yurmeade

duwanaade

Aljanna

JeJngeIiajjuHajjoyde

Al-lIejj:i

Ha.jj~

to wish, pray

to give altnto beg

to sim~athi~e with someone

te wish, to p~ay for someone

Paradise

HellPilgrimage

to do the pilgrimage

A man who want to }fecca

A woman wllo went to Mecca

I - O RI ~I TA TI ON E X P ~~ SS IO NS :

- Dum no wiyetae e Pulaar? This is calle~ what in PulaAr?

- HoI ko fir.ti e P~laar? Yhnt ~oes si£nifies in Pula~r?--------- ------

- X et '1 ko p,cotuM? Are X e Y the s :!t:.!?

- 00 ko holi oon? l-1hois this?

- To laawol woni? Whcre is the roaj to ?------ -------J - PROJERBS AND SAYINGS:


- Mo yi~i yuloc oufiat cuurki.

- Dognu dow hu&eere juut3taa.

- Wonaa ko ranwi fof I!luudee.

60



-58-

LESSON T E N

A - CULTURAL NOTE: T H E F A M I L Y R I T E S

Th~ village is ~ very small area S0 that a fa~ily meeting is noticed

by evaryone. Among the various ceremonies you may attend, there is the

baptism which occurs seven days after the baby was born. During thisperiod the baby and his mother stay in the hut. The day of the naming, a

cheep is eacrified, millet or corn cakes offered to people, the baby isnamed by Ceernc after someone (whether a member of the family, an ancestor,

a friend, or sometimes the baby bears t~ name of a kodo during his stay).This one is the Tokara of the baby, he has responsabilities during the day

of the baptism.

Beside this baptism ceremony, there is one conneted with marriage

(dewgal) with takes different steps: some pourpe?"lers "namal", the very

marrias;e or "kurtungu" (rite durinr, which the bride joined his husbaild'a

house), this festivities brinp. a great joy in the fawily, everyone is happy.

Inndep.oro

buuai

oesdo

tig:~uMballudi

mbiskit

cukaleldoftude

tnaeJde

taweede

heewde

labeede

innude

sakkaade

njawdi

hirsude

yimde

fiaagaade

wallitde

faandaadesooynaade

aada

bartism~ naming ceremonykola nut

cake

woman who had' delivered

baby, newborn

{,resents

biscuit~ cracker

childto accompany, po with someone

to dQ something once, t~ste

to assist, to be many

to be used to something, to full

to be shaved

to name

to give alms to someone, to Herve

sheep

to kill, slit

to sine

to be~~ fishtc help

to be near

to see at a distance

custom

Beside these two named ceremonies there is also the alternance of joy

and sorrow j and thus we will mention that of death which concerns the whole

village and stops all the activities in the village till the dead person is

buried. The mourning is symbolized tdth a white or black veil worn by

woman (kesniido). Sh~ must stop all her activities outside of the house for

four months and ten days. The l'fourning ceremony takes many forms such as:

the third, the seventh, the fourtyth days ceremonies, during these days

prayers and charity "sadak" have to be done ,

B - L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y WORDS~



61

-59-

Innde Galle/A haptism at Sehil UuusaalMuusaats friend •

C - D IALOGUE':

•Garba meecfaa tawtoreede innde. Omo na dofta Huusaa to innde sehil mum.

Garba never attend to a baptism. Rows he is goinr at Muusaa's friend

baptis~ with hin.

Hutlsasl ':Jam waali Garbe?Garba : j~:lof jam tan; a finii?

- Cood mvrning Garba?- 3a110! Peace only. Did you wake up in

peace?- Fine! Can you go with me to my friend!s

baptism.

- Le~'s gn. I had never met a namin~ here.

!-{uusaa:Ko mav d um , Garba doftaa kam

Garba : Njehen! mi IDEeaa taweede innde

mono

Ko goonga, nde sa~ba wa~i innde

mum ndee kaa 1ahnoo~o Dakar.H ol ko k ee w' ~o ~ wa cf 'd e'i an nd einnde?

~ande innde; cukalel neel laoete,

ceerno inna ngel. Goro e buuJicakkee, njawdi hirsee. Bottaari

d efe e, i ia am ees iieefibenjima,

iiaaRoo.

Hol ko Desoo 00Wbdata iienne

Muusaa: - That's ril?-ht!~1hen Sammba was doing his

baDtism you had gone to Dakar.- What do you usually in such ceremony?nrba:

- In that day ; the child is shaved, the

marabout named him, kola nuts and cakewill be given, a sheep is killed. A

lunch is euoked and eaten, griots will

sing and ask for presents.

'"~~at the woman who delivered will de

that day?

- She will wash up and dress UPs an~ si~down in her room. Her friends will co~e

and bring her presents.

~uusaa:

Garba:

heen?

o loototot 0 naantoo; 0 joo~oo

nder suudu makke; sehilaa&e

makko ngara sP-lminde mo, np.ad-

danora mo mballudi.

~iin noons hoi ko pot-ni waade?

A (i "aw aa wi s a1 l! li nd em o e w al li td e

jom galle makko ; njoodo-dae ,iialdaa e yim~e nee, nr-ottodo-

aon so hiiLii kcotaa.

Bey, mi nanii. A jaaraama. En

':laant!aakiawo?

Iih! Mate a socynaaki ~eya yi~De?

~uusaa:

Garba:

Muusaa~- me what am I supposed to do?

- YOlo can greet her and give hell? (present.

to her husband, sit down and spend theday with the peo~le, eat with them s late

in the afternoon you can leave.

- Ok! That's fine, I understand. ~~y are

~ot about to arrive?

- Come em ! Haven't you seen the people

over there?

- Ok! Yes~ it's near Faati's. It is not fa

Garba:

Muusaa:

Garba: Aah! ko sara ~a1le Faati en.Dum kay wo: caani.

D - G R f J 1 M A R . :

- Ino! is a particu1e which expresses an action that definitely occured in the

past. It is ~enera11y ~ut after the tense marker of the verb. It can be found

in the form ~ when the subject is infixed or when there is an insistance:

mi rcwiino doo hanki sa1mindef i aa rnnoo-mf ko teey.,

Abu Loot Inooma

- I n g e l l is the diminutive class marmer. Its plural is ken:

Puccu nP\1u

Pucce1 nRel

Puccon kon



62

-60-

*Particulary for the noun of Quantifiable and Measurable objects (liquid

and foodstu_fs) their diminutive class ~arkcr is kal t the plural kon:

neham Jaro

nehal kal

nehon kon

Bottaari ndii defee, fiaamee

- f e e l 1a one of the mark of th~ narrative form of the inaccom~lished aspect

o{ t"lle verbs ending eede:

-/heen/ is a particule that acts as a neutr~l pronoun. It is senerally found

in the form of hees it follows a noun preceded by the pre~osition ~.

It siRnifies then:" this or that (e + noun + hee)

o arii c suhaka hee

*Heen is particulary preceded by iiand(~(adearb of time) it sir,nifies then:that or this. In the H ee fOrM it signifies in always nreceded by a noun:

fiande heen mi yiyii Garbo

o wacHi e l'a se !) h e e n di ya re

y,~ad"heen ndiyam (e mbal.ka hee)

- an is one of the affixes in Pulaar. It got an benefactive nunnce and

aignifie£: then: "to do ~omething for someone"

adduc\e adi!ande

Garbs addanii mo mball1Jdi

- 'l'tmc is a prepnsition which sir,nifies "not; yet." In the afiirt"..ativeit

becames kadi which sip,nifies ": lfnin, yet" .

Cukalel nge l, innaaka tmY'o

o ertU kadi

- Mat£. iE ~ an interrogat: i.ve nronoun , Its equfva Ient; depends on the cont axt r

!rate 0 lir.P,aaki?Mate a sooynaaki beye )Timoe?

- Dum has many usa~esr it can be a class marker for words created from verbs!

buu~&um d u r n (Suu5dc)

*It can be a demonstrative pronoun, it siRnifies then: !lli.or ~:

!!um ko sUs

tIt can be found alRo fS a neutral pronoun which signifies: this, it. It is

then preceded by a conjup-uated verh which expresses qualities and descripti0n'

{ um ne yood'i

1um ne wuli



r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

E - EXERCISES:

I-Build up sentences with your own words at least ten:

],

2

1

4

5

6

7-8

9

10

2 - Put this text into the definite oast:

Hanki mi rewii pn11e SarunbR en. 0 yehii innde sehil Huusaa. Jom suudu

Abu jibinii e lewru maayndu nduu , 0 saan~ii ~oo tintinc1e ma , kono t2wi

< : . yaltii. Cukal 1 nee1 inniraaka Usumaan. 1i?andeheen, m ; , yiyaani Abu,

o suuc'i iieeiit-e bee , 0 woni ko galle sehi makko, lHn njood'H hae bocyi f

min nr.ottiima~ min njari at aaye , con fial awma, min mbeltiitM; fieefibe Dee

ten nsonf ko robc1taaki sabu ()I:l kebaani kinde mabbe ,

') - With the words beLows put the convenient word Lnt o the blanks ~

(urn - mate - tawo - keel - he~n - h~e

~Tade baraade suukara , ~i mecct'aa taweede Lnnde ,

a suwaa hootde wuro mon? ~ande mi ta~~ii no feewi sahu ena

wulnoo. 0 artii Dakaar , kono 0 ruttiima • 0 suwan seno rdc ko------- --------tagi 0 safroyiima. Aysata jibinii e subaka hee, 0 daiii ko dewel ko ------Abu iiaagotonoo, innrle ndee ko Aljumaa.----

« - Give the diminutives nouns ~nd class ~arkers of the nouns below (sinpu1ar

and plural)

suka

puccu

1Hngu

nerfd'oyiter£

kosam

Ilemmba

de£tere

leeeal

hoore

5 - Put the affixe an to the verbs below and make ten sentences at 1£!8st with

the new verbs:

addude

soodoydenabborde

ja~ngude 64



-62-

hoccude

innude

haaLde

remoyd~

defdeiiaarnde

6 - Translate these sente.nces into ~u1aar~

1 - She delivererl on Friday nip.ht and the newborn will be named by the

marabout.

2 - DurinR the namfng dRY a sheen l~ill be killed.

3 - I hac never ~t a n aM in r. c ere mo ny here.

& - As a ~est you can greet the chief of the fani1y anc give him presents.

5 - ~~at the woman who de1iverad will do that day?

6 - Her friends will come and bring her presents.

1 - l<lhatdo you do usually in such cerel'\ony?

8 - When SallllTlhaas doinr, his namfng carerrony , you went to Dakaar ,

9 - The newborn is named after one of his relatives.

10 - Thl'.tday a bi~ lunch is cooked.

7 - Put the verbs between narenthesds i.nto the nnr!"~tiw~ form of the inaccompli··shecl asnect:

Nande inn1e p cuka l e' l n ~.e1 (Labecde) , nz e l (Lnneedc) sf-oro e buu.fi (sakkr.! ot!

njawd~ (hirseede)~ hottaari (defeede)~ (fiaamce~e), ntaay (siiweec.o)s

iieeiibe ( no~deede), fij irde (wa ' eede), (yimeede), (amecdc), kaalis

( rok kee de ) , arfie nee (weltinee~e). Kono , fiande heen , [1es.ro00 (wc:llliteerlc)hobbe t)ee {teMineede}.

B - }fake at least 15 sentences with the words on the table be1ow~

D e b b ( ' 00 innude innudecuka1e1 nge: 1 hirsudf: mballudi

4;esd'c· 00 meeace A1 ti:le

JOIt' tlUUGU mnkko jihinde UmarKnrje-tu ·taweecle A1nrba0 wallit(lc AsetNande Lnnde hirseede A1kamisemi Labeede Kaalissehl Iaabe makko cefeede gore.be innee~e kin&~

njawdi sakkande nja~lc'iiiiceii"5e iiaapaade bottRariceerno rokkeCldp. huuoiPooro yimoe

bottaari arnde

arOe acduneho5r,e tintinde

1

2

J

a



. --

-6"'-

J.!uusao: ko Roonr-a, S::\rnnba inndc> t1')unncee

Dakaar ,

Garbe: ko wndde ir,nde?

HUUS<i3: innrle~ cuka.Le'l 1abete, ceerno npel~

e cakkee , n~awdi,bottp..nri.

Beef-be fiaae -oo ,

Garba: HoI 00 wa ~ata n;;\ncle ?

Huusae~O fiaantco;, 0 jl.. '('1:foo s\iudu

l1lakko s31tr.in~!e mo

6 _

7 __

1 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_

10 ___

11 ---- ------ _12 - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~ __

14 - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -5 _ _ _

9 - Missing·~ords

Muus~a: Jam r-arha?-----Garba ' Jallo! _____ tnn , finU?

_____ mawd'llm, r.arba kam sehilam -Muusaa!

Garba : Iroi _ tawecde Lrmde non

Garbn ~ HUn

Muusaa: A r t " sa1ru.nd~

nj O L to -c a n , _

, ho L Ito 1)ot-J1li ?._--- --------e __ jom m a kko :.

yitlSc p np.~ttodo-~on,---- ---- ------iliiri -----

Garhp. : r : e : : y p mi nanii. A ' En tawo?

~uusaa:Iihf a ("eye yim~c7

Garba A:\h i ko f.!alle en.----- ----- kay wOcluaani,------

'f' - Q U F . S T I O N ~ O N T H E D I / I. L O G U E :

1-t \ s a 1 a a Mea1cykum?

2 - Jam waali?

: 3 - Aan kea jAnn{d.noowo nehgol 1i~Gi?

~ - Garbe mee~ii tawtcreece innde?

5 - hel.n neon C '. meedi. tawtoreede innce?

6 - Hol jibindo?7 - ko t?~i. Garba tawanooka l.nnde S nmmb ? ?

R - M.?.nde c ikku-daa jcm suudu oehH ~.fuusr.a

C ) - Hol me innata cukalel npel?

neutii?



1 3 - H o I k o o w a c a t a ?14 - lio1 ko sehf.Laabe makko ngaddant a r n o ?1 5 - H o I k o G a r h s f o t ! w a d ' d e ?

16 - H o I k o G a r h s n a . ! l t r n d HY . u u s a a ?

1 7 - ~ a t c e e l l e s e h i l ~ u u s e a e n e w o c 6 i ?18 - K o s e r R p e l l e F a n t i e n ?

1 9 - F a a t i k o s e h i l r . a r b a w a l l a k o s e h i l N u u s a a ?2 0 - A a n n o o n h o I s e h i l ~ a a d e b b o ?

G - P R O V E R B S A N D S A Y I U G S

T r y t o f i n d o u t t h e m e a n i n p . o f t h e s e n r o v e r b s hp1ow:

_ . W o n k c r . 1 8 w d ' oi y a t a s o c n e l e l i i s u k a h a y s o d a r i i m a y : i . y a t a B .

- K o j o o r n p , a l a n n d i k o w o n i e k e c c a l y . o n o k e c c a l a n n d a a k o w o n ie j o c r n g f l l .

- K o t o ~ n 8 u ~ a a s i f o f m a o a r t u e k o y o e j o o m u o .

67



B i n t a S a a d t ! K o l i

H u l e y S p , y d u E l i m a n n

R a a 1 1 l a t a A y u h a G e l l M YA N l a m a ! < " . : . . . ~ a l a I d i r i i s a

H a w w a a T i j j a a n Y . . a a l i k

S U e y B u u b u M a n s u u r

A l e s a n j . b u S o o r , i

U r n m u f' A p s a t u M u s t a f a

i ( u r o ' i l b U S e e g a a

I b r a a h U 1 ' l a " U h u s e y n i l r , T o p n a a

J a n k e e A b d u l M a y m u n a

S a f . i y e t u 1 .) - Y n t l s i naana,'

H a a r : d i d u \ ~ u u r i Y e r o

Y u u s u f F a a d e l R S 1 l l ' l l 3 d : t

D a b ! M u u s : . l a J O F , cS a l i m a t & P e n n d a D u u r a

U : : \ a r u u n a

H e r e a r e t h e e O I m !l O n n a l ' l ~ s ? . n c .s u r n e. m e s a m o n r, t h e H a a l - P u l a a r :

1-S U r T ' a m e s :

Ayrle M a m m a 6 u

K R a l U d u A a m a d u

J e y n a b a G a r b a! ) a w u u d a t ! s u m f l a n

A b d u l l a a y y e r c

l 1 a y r a r o B a n e ~ 1

F a a t i m a t a A m i n C ' t a

B i r a a m L a m U n

Bookar FadD e l D 1 1 l h a J U b o

P a a t e J i b i

S i r a , : a a r i y a t u

S U d i R U B i

D a l a n n d a Y a a y a a

D u u b n k e : r Kuuanbat h : ! a r Sat: l r . ,ba

A l i w K a r j a t u

A y s a t a

2 - L a s t N m n e s :

, \ a w

/Ii-.

J U > . n

A c e

B a hB a r i

n u s o

B a l d e

B a a l

H e yn a e e i H

B a s u f l \

B o o k u m

D e m

D e ~ ~ l ~

Dae t

C 0 9 n p a a n

S i h

S o hC i s e

. . T a l l o ' T u u t e Caam

J a w Sek W a d d

k a n S o l ' , Siiset:

K a h S U l ' l a a r e K o n t a e

L i h T a r a a w o r e R u b e

F a a l J i i r : > N~1cl"

G e y S a r ) n R o o t S 6 r n m b

S a a r Katrara S i d i b c e

J o o ' ) W a n T a d

l f u o o e R o o n N ' ~ I )C u b b u W a t Nkllc

S~l Kanndee

J a h J . : o n t c e

Kome K o n n a a t e

N a n K u l i b e l i

S i l l a a S u w - a n r c

G a y J O r )

v ' e l e N j o n n " ,

! 1 a a l ! - 1 l o wM b u u ! >

68



-66-

LESSON ELE' TEN

S OC IA L S TR AT IF IC AT IO NS: C ORP OR AT IO NS

The Haa1-Pu1aar Society, particu1arj the Toucou1eur Society (Fuuta Tooro)

is divided into casts. First come the nobles (rimbe) co~posed of:

- FuloeT oo ro r' pe , a nc ie nt w ar ri or s

- S ub al fJ e, f ish er me n

Afterwarcs we found the croup of cr aftstcen (neeiiDe) ditide as fo Llows :

- waylube, black smiths and jew~lers; They are specialized in the workof iron, gold and silver;

- sakkee~er shoemnkerss they trea~ the leather;

- MaabuDc, weavers and earthenware, they work cotton and do earthenware.

Th e w ay 1u f' e, sakkeebe , and rraabube skilled craftsmen who work andshape objects. But others sre the r.nsters of the 5erb an~ speech:

- wammbaaa, musicians, Euitar players

- j aawnnr.ep the kine! s c~uncilors

- awluoe, they possess Rene~lo~ an~ wisdom

Finally, at the lower ra~k are t ? · ~ slaves (moccuoc). One important thin~

is that each cast is hermetically fi~ in relation to the other; the me.rr.La~:~

between two persons of cifferent casts is i~possible. Let us mention that

this stratification might date back from 1000-1300 at the time when th~

" Jaa-Oogo" dynasty was ruling the Fuuta Tooro.

B - LIST O F V OC AB UL ARY W O~ DS :

Fitiram golle

maabo

sakke

bay'lo

n1arnndigolla1

neenal

mecce

lepni

Sandedatdetafde

heeroraadcfeewnude

dipe-innckaalis

nguru

gaaraaji

artis9n, craftsm~nweaver

shoemaker

blacksmith

metal, iron

workinp.

art

works

r.:aterials

to weave

to work with leather

to forge

to specialize, to be upecia1ized into build, to make

to know, to nas ter

s i1er, money

leather

thread

c - DIALOGUE~

To f1tiram g o l i e en/At the artisRna1 village

- Garba yahdii e Muusaa yeeooyde neennl fitira~ ?,olle en.



- Garba went with r!uusaa tn admire the- skills of

-67-

- oowo is an nominal suffix which has an aptitude and habit nuan_e: it is generally

used for working groups. To obtain the noun, we add it to the root of the verbthat design action. There is a consonant a1ternance for the first letter of theverb, its plural is oobe:

l-tuusaa,sifono rri lip-pay bee

dOo fitiram golle en.

00 ko maabo, 0 sanata ko peese,

oya ko sakke. 0 dhtat, ooga ko

bay10 njamndi ndaneeri. 0 tafata

ko ka9S8e e kaa1is.Gooto fof won ko hecro rf.L?

Eey, taw! ko go11a1 uaamndiga1

Garba :

Muusaa:neefial!

Gnrba Ko ~e peewnata k~o ~ne yooai no

feewif

Muusaa: Ahanl sabu e~a ~iggini meccema(~De!

Ga~bg Ko aum t3pi ene tiici COfeU nofeewi.

}~uusaa: Kala ko yoodi ene tiidi cog~u,

a ustondirte tan"haa do nann-dirdon fof.

Garba: Hannde mi a dd cra ~n i k aa 1ist

njehen haa nnnd~ wQdnde.Daawuuda:Alaa, Ceerno sood e lepoem

hee, mi ustan ma~.

Garba: Mbo~o yi~i kone fa~£o m i haa

ba1<fc earooje$ wa ~i se-od heen

so Allah jaE-ii.

D31lwuuda:Eey! mi nanii, nde ngarttae fof

na am ndo -( ,aa Da aw uuG ~ Ois ~.

D - G~fAR:

rer.tde

tafde

sande

d€moowo

tafoowo

cafioowo

- lfuusae 9 tell me about the: work of the

artisans.- This one is a weaver, he wenves cloth

the other one is a shop.tnnker,this 01

ever here is a ~ewe1er he works on

gold and silver.

- Each one with his job?

- Yes, if it is a work that requiersskU1.

- What they are rnakinp.is too 1cve1yi

- Yes~ because they knew well their job

- That why their prices are too hiph.

- What is beautiful is always expensive

but you can always bargain till they

reduce the price.

- Today I have brought money, letts us

~o till next time.No! Gentlemen, buy from my material,

I'll reduce for you.

I w~u11 like to excuse me till this

coming cays. I!ll buy if it pleas~ S~

Goc.

OK! I und __ stood, whenever. you came

ask about D~awuuda Gise.

- The demonstratives already seen can express distance nuance (nearer-away)when they are associated at adverbs of place:

00 GOC - dee - teo - tooyenna

oocoo - coaaa ~ ooteo - octooyenna

OO(!O("l ko kcdo E: ndcr saare hee

- Fof already seen as anindefinite pronoun sis~!fies aft~r verbs ~xnressing

-reciprocal nuance: "till" and "until"; but when it is preceded by verbs thatdo not express that nuance it signifies then: "at each time" :

ooteo " aroowo ko Abu

*This is valid for all the c1asG marker£~

nduudaa r awaandun pe 1to c na p, p< !l

nea1c!oo cuura1



-68-

* " Haa • •• •.• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• fof" signifies

* " Nde • •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• • fof" signifieeuntil or till

at each time.

E - Exercises:

1 - ~uild up sentences with your own words at least ten~1 __

2 __3 __

4

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -s

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6 ___

7 _

8 ___

9 ___

10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2 - Translate th se sentence into English:

1- Gooto fof won ko heerorii;

2 - k o f : l. ti ra mg ol le e'G e ~ ee peewnata koo ene yoocfi no fecwi;3 - Ebe ci£ £: ini mecca ~f;Ele~

4 - 1-fuodoyicfi cd fano-daa kan lif,p .eyroaF ,5n;, - Ysafc-mi h~a belte parooje>

6 - Be li~8ortoo ko fieefial~

7 - Hannde mi ~d~craani kaalis;

S - Nee ngar-idaa fof :'Inamndo--r.aa kam;9 - J3WC kaalis ~n~ t i i d i cor~u;

10 - Daawuuda Gis~ ko sanoo~0~

datde

awde

remde

yimde

sande

defde

tafdc

siiwde

ja1)nf,udesF..frude

3 - Add to the following verbs the nominal suffix oowo Pond g ive the word of thenoun.

.4 - Put the right class marker after these demvnstratives in the following3entences:

1. daa rawaandu cne :lata;

2. Ko Sammba hod! e too galle;

3. Rewbe Dec njoodii ko sara tooyenna leP,I'p..l;4 . H o I m e ruti Gaa nniyam?

5. gaa jawo one tiidi coep,u;

------6. yatoo tafoowc ko sehil Garbs;----



7. doo baafal sokcta.ako s

-O;}-

8. Mo fiooti aGe tuuba?----9. Wonaa Bo b addi daa lckki

10. Ko jom wuro 1ubii too masinaaji.

Fitiram golle yaahde fieeiialmaabo follaack cog~u

sakke tafrle no feewi

baylo safide pacfe

Gollal datde lept>i

mecce socdde kcotone

leppi tUdde jawo

jawo fecwnude ke!}tJ~cn~uru fccwnireedc Beese

Garba ..ae-nndaade njamndi

Daawuuda y£G;t.~ade gol1al

0 1i£~aade mecce

a-rei .eero'raade mo

be c f ' . . ka~? p ~n u . .Artisand yocdde

ustondirdc

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

6 - Missins words:

G ar .b a : Uuusaal ___ mi 1iggey _ fitiram en.

ko , 0 ko geese, oya ko 0---- ----- ---- ----- ----ko njamndi 0 ko kahl)~e e__ :r _

Huusaa:

Garba :Gooto won ?------ ---------Muusaa: tawi ko ._ nnamndingal _

Garba : ko peewnataa ene __ no _

Muu saa : Ah an! ete WlDoe.



G ar b a :Ko tngi elle cogf,U.

Muusaa: Kala yoodi tiidi---'

a tan

do fof.

Garba . mi addoraani njehen u~nm~c ;,

Daawuuda: A1aa, ceerno e Lapnam __ , T:1i map..

Garba: Mbocfo kono roi haa garooj e , ma

sood so jabii.

Daawuuda: ro i nanii, ngar-dnn naarnn~o-caa---- --- -~--Daawuuc.a Cisco

r - Q UESTIONS ON TH E D IAL Or-TIE:

1- No mbacf-cfon?

~ - HoI te· Ga.rba·e }!UUS3:l nj ahd i?

3 - HoI See fitiraro golle en be Muusaa sHii?4 - H0l ko woni lipp'cy maabc?

5 - H oI ko baylo njarnndi nrlanaeri tafata?

6 - h ~ee1ii yiyde fitiram eelle en?

7 - Ko te pe~Ttlata kco ena Y00oi?

8 - Mate efie cfi~.ini mecce IDeH)e?

9 - Ko ta~i fitiram eolle en ene tiici cocgu?

10 - Ne&t0 ene waawi ustondireedc?11 - A mccf.ii ustoncirecde?

12 - ~ion kc Garba sooai?

13 - Ko tagi Garba soodaani7

14 - Kaaldudo e Garbe co k~ fitiraT ~olle?

15 - Ko woni lifrey ~.kkc?

16 - No maabc 00 wiyetee?

17 - Aan noon no mbiycte-,fan?

18 - Nnnce Garbe ruttotoo to fitirn!'1Rolle en?1 9 - S o o r u t . t im a h o l nC,0 n a a rm d o t o o ?

20 - A meeaii yahdc to ii tir:uilpolle en doo e kces?

I

- Ko jom boru lo~pata boru mum.

- Ko majjere humi mbeewa e 1aaci.- Jagde yawtataa.

- ~ la ko ekkaaka waawetnake.

G - PR OVERB S AND s .wnms :

Try to find out the meaning of these ?roverbs below:

73



- 7 1 -

LESSON TWELVE

SAYING Goon BYE

h - CULTURAL NOTE:

After being a l?ng time in the village you became a meriber of the

co~unity, therefore member of the village. When learning don't forget to

say good bye to the whole villagers, especially the tljom wuro", your

"sehilanbe" and don't be surprised learning people saying "woto yejjit

mm"; ' lNd ey sa an a ho ot ii ", "A nawortaa-kaa", These are the Last; sentences

you will hear from your friends, sometimes it is very hard tn say good

bye. Tell them that you will always send them letters and that one that

one day you will be back to visit because they were so kind to you, so

then:

Yaa tavoy jalTl!

B - LIST OF VOCABULARY Y l0P .DS ~

Teddunga1

Yeeweende

Mbayniigu

Jiida1

sehi1woppitde

yeewnude

way rude

yoomde

muusde

tawoyde

waaede

yejjitde

tintindesahaa e sahaa

Hankadf

waode

HonorNostalgy

saydng good byeme: ; - : : _ 1 l r .friendleave or abandon with s0wething

to mf ss

to be ages since f it's been 10n~

to be sad

to heurt

to find

not to do somnthing, to be poor

tc fo rget

to infom

from ti~~ to time

Now, on than

That's why? it is the reason why

C - DIALOGUE:l ID ay ni ig u/ Sa yi ng g oo d b ye

- Garba woni ko e mbayniigu ~~bu booyata2 0 hoota P~erik.

- Garba is saying Rood bye because hets goin~ back to the State soon.

Muusaa: Ko jam tanl hone mbar.-daa e

t:amperc?

Garba : Ko Dawffum, teddunpal maa jann~o

ja9ngo ko roi kootoowo 1eydiamen.

Muusaa ~ Ij jatl' !Ada woppida min 0 Yf.ewc:c-nl~e.

Garba : Iih! a yih day, mi yeeynii - Yes as you may see1 I miss my famiLy

j in na ab em ha nk ac is sabu 01 a lot now because I haven't been to

way'rii Amerik d\1u~i tati. the State for three years.

Nuusaa: Hacfe2 a de y C' oI 't 'iannde. - That's why you a:r.eso sad today.

Garba ; Ko goonga snbu mbayniigu - Thet·~B rip,ht b ecause also it is nainfu

cne muusi. to say flood bye.

Muusaa: Yaa tawoy jam! mbaasaa noon - ~{ay you find peace tne re l But don' t

- 'nlat's fine ~ I have the p,reat honor

to tell yeu that I' lTl1eavinp. tOJ TlOrrOt

Garba : Asa1aa Ha:eykum! Jalr fialli e mon? - As~laa l!nalcykum! Arc you spend ins. the

day in peace?- Peace onlys how are you with tire~nes~

- Oh! Garba you are leaving us!



kala, kae schilam rnotyo.

~{ uu sa a: A t in ti ni :f .j om w ur o, koo

sehil maa 0 wonnoo dey?

Garba Eey, ko toon paa-mi nih so

m : i. ummiima galle Faa t i en.

Muus~. Ndeen noon, jUdal j am! min

ca1minii koreeji maa.

- friend.- Did you tell it to the chief, he vas

your good friend too?- Yes, I ~rn goinr, there right no w after

s.9yinR Rood bye to Faa.tiIs- In that case, see you next in peace!

We greet your family.

D - GRAMMAR:---- sabu is a conjonction which signifies: "because".

Mbo(fo fod foof't aade sabu !"Ii tampH

Ndcen is a conjonction used for reference f.or a perbd in the past, it

sienifics then 1 "in that time".

Ndeen ~. jaawintaano si~areet

LUkon kon ko nii f.amminirte(~

Galle mekko ko hono nii wnyi

*ndeen noon is a conjonction whicb signifies ~ "in that case, therefore,"

Mi a1aa t .mo1Q kaalis s ndeen fad haa Leeru maaya.

- waJda is an another form of ndeen noon. Meanwhile, wa~d€ can be translated

by : "It is the reason why, that t s why".

Abu areani tawo wadde njchen (ndean noon)

Garba kc koo toowo j armgo Ar.Iarikwad'de omo yoond ,

- Nih is a particu1e that expresses with the verbs infixed with r a manner

nuance in the exrlicative ane counseling formu1Rs, it c~n be also found

in the resemblance j ud~ements:

*nih can be translated by "like this". It can be found before or after the

verb in these two cases:

E - EXERCISES:

1 - Build up sentences with your own ~ords at least ten.

1-

2 -

3 -II -

5 -

6

7

f, -

9 -10 -

2 - Put the convenient words L n the blanks of the sentences below: subu - ndec n -

nih ~. ndeen noon - wadde.

1 - Libgot.ooSe b aa ena po~i fooftaarle fie taupi no feewi:

2 - Abu yakl~taano Rore jnoni omo duudee,



Gar.ba waynaade leyci makko

Mbayniigu hoct.de jinnaabe

JUdalKo

muusde mbayniigu

KoC'tol yoomde duubi tati

sehil uremaade yontereJinnaabc. tawoyde maayirde lewru

0 waasde !Co llankadi

~p. yejjitc1e Amerik

nIDodo tintinde Janngo

Jom wuro Ene ' . w<:lyrude hannde

r o i.

yeeynude yceweende

On woppitde Galle jom w "0

A ruttaade jom wuro

Jaango lo70nde bataake

, '~ way rude min

~1intldude .-6

-73-

4 - rawane kaasamaas ene tobee no feewi •

.:;_ Dec oalde fof 0 sellaano omo £ooyi.-----6 - Suudu ko darnirtee.----7 - Cafroowc 00 araani hannde eden mbaawi hootde.----8 - 0 haaytii defde ataay warp-a ~asii.

Caaya makko ko hono nootir3a.----10 - Liddi np',ala~jooni kono maayo npoo enc li':moo----

9


1 - May you find peace; at home! But don 't forget. us!

2 - I will write you from time to time.

3 - You are my goo d frie nd.4 - I am not going back to states yet.

5 - They are leaving tomarrow.6 - He is risht! It is painful to SP..yGood bye ,7 - I haven't been to the State for three years, now I miss my

family a lot.a - You are lep..vin~!TIlat' s why you <: Ireso sad today.

9 - Vfuen did you arrive in this villcwe?

10 - When are you goin~; back .0 the State?

t. - Translate this sentences into Enpl:i.sh:

1 - Se'hil maa woni ko e mbaynUgu.

2 - Bcoyataa bee koota wuro maDf,e.

~ Jannrro ko min sonoyocbe liikon kon.

4 Garb ..wayrH wuro mum duuH tad.

5 A yeeynii jinnanr,e mae. h ankad'i,

6 Aysata ko sehil makkc'{o1~n::lOr·.

7 Woto yej j it jom lruro dey.8 ~lceen OIDO ja~winatnoc. sir.:a77eet.

9 0 l-TnyniirHlotdiibe makko fr:f.

10 ! -fu" !.yniigune muusi.

5 - Make at least 15 sentences with the words on the table below!



-74-

1 = _

2 , _

3- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

u- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _

7 _ _ _

8 -- ___

9 __

10 _

11

12- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1.:' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -4 _

15- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - -

6 - Missin~ ~mrds:

Garba : Asp-lea Malcykum! fial.L], c mon?-----

Muusan: jam tan , hono mbad-daa e tampere?

Gar.bn : Ko rnawd'um, maa jann~o ko tT!.i 1eydiMutisaa~ ada---- ~in e -----

. a yiy rni yeeynU j Lnnaabe amen sabu mi _

Arnerik cuufii tnti.

Muusaa' ada yonmi hannde.

--------

Gar~a :

Garba : s~bu ene muusi.--- _.----- -----Huusca! Yap. tawoy jam! __ ye.jjitde rrdn .

Garb a : lofi sikkaani, so A11a;, jaSii 1'1nr.li wirlnde -----kaa sehi1am ------

Muusaa: A jnm Wllro $ kc sehi1 mea 0 __

Garbe : 1:0 toon naa-mf so mi Urorni:f.fIlAalle Faati en.

______ noon, jam, min ca1minii koreeji maa.uusaa:

F - Q U E S T I O N S O N T H E D L \ L O G U E :

1 - Asn1na Ma1eykum?

2 - No mhacf-d'on e tampe re?

3 - Garba woni ko e mba.yrdigu?

4 - Ho1 ko Garbs teddiniri Muusaa?

5 - Ho1 ko Garba wo~pitda Muusaa en?

6 - Hol be sehil l'~uusa{· yeeyni?

7 - :tto foU duuti 0 wr.yri. t..merik?

8 - ~o tApi Garba ene yoomi hannde?

9 - Cikku-Jaa mbayn1igu ene muusi?

10 - Nde ngummot ono-daa Amerik a t078yniima?

11 - Hol ko Muusaa naamndii Gar.ba?

12 •. Garba Untinii jom wuro?~/.:; - Jom W\lro ko sehil Huussa? 77



-75-

78

1 ~ - A a n h o 1 s p . h i 1 m r . a ?1 5 - H o t o G A r b a f a y S C l u m m i i m a g a l l e F a a t ! e n ?1 6 - M A n d e G e r b a r u t t o t o o S e n e ~ a e l ?1 7 - H o 1 k o o t O C l W Q t ~ e r i k j a n n ~ o ?

1 8 - l . f 1 l n d ed u t t o t o - < f ' a a. A m e r i k ?1~ - no1 k o M u u s a a f i a a g i i Gar.ba?

20 H e l Be M u u s a a s s l m i n i ?

G - PROVERBS M ·m S l- iiIt -lGS ~

Try t C l f i n d o u t t h e m e a n i n g o f ~ h e o r o v e r b s b e l o w :

- K o j a h o o w C l w o n i j i k o o w o .- M o w u u r i a n n d a a n i o o n a 1 d e a n i .



.

MO TS AB ST RA IT S IABSTRACT l~ORDS:

ANGLAIS FRANCAIS~.R

Abundance

Flow-Flood

Aid-Help

AbondanceAffluence

Aide

Aide-mutuelle

Arne

Amour

Aversion

Benediction

Bienveillance

Bonheur

BonteBravoure

CarActere

Chagrf.n

Chance

ChArite

Colere

Con fiance

ConnaissanceConseilCon tent er,ent

CrainteDefautDesac ..

Desespoir

Desobeissance

Desir

Detresse

Douleur (physiq ue)

Douleur (morale)

EnvieExcuse

Extrllvap.ance

Paveur

Flatterie

Folie

Grandeur

Haine

Keewal

Ukkere

Dallal

Ballondiral

Fittaandu

Cilli

Ugansu

B~~~eYurmeenoe

Halu

Moyyere

Cuusnl

Jikku

Suno

Soul-Spir:ft

Love

Aversion-Dislike

Benedictine

Benevolence

Happiness

GoodnessCourage-Pravery

Character

Grief

Chance-Luck

CharityA n g e ', c

Confidenc~

knowledr.eAdvice

Contentment

FearDefectDiscord ~)

DeSTlair

Disobedience

Des:l.re-Wish

Distress

Pain

Sadak

Sekre

Hoolaare

GanndalWaaju

Weltaare

Y.ulol

EllaLuural

Damtindaal'e

Salaare

Y id de ( tu uy o- sa go)

M us ii ba ( ha lk aa re )

Muuso

~~ette

T uu yo ( mu uy o- du ud o)Yaafuya

Kaaweesi

Jinngol

J et tu go l ( bu tp .o l)

KaadiMannp,u

Ngafi~u

Hefiaare (h~accaare)

TeddunRal

Baasal

Bon-needaa~u

AnniyaKiram

W elt aa re ( we lo -w el o)

Yettoore (manoore)

Bone

Miskinaagu

Yankinaare

Feere

Doftaare

Haawtaare

J ej ji ( je jj it p, ol )

Faayre (kulol)

r1gaameelaHunal

Baasal

EnvyExcuse

Extrava~ance

Favour

Flattery

Madness

Size

Hate

Haste-Hurry

Honour

r! isfor tuneInsolence

IntentionJealousy

Joy

Honneur

infortune

Insolence

IntentionJalousie

Joie

LouanRe

Mal

Misere

ModestieMoyen

Obeissance

Orgueil

Oubli

Panfque

Paresse

Patience

Pa'~vrete

Evil

Misery

Modestymean

obdediencep ri de a rr og an ce

forp,etting, missing

panic

l az in es s i dl en es s

Patience

Poverty



Miijo

kasaara

Yunneende

F'eewnitaszolU ej re ( yaaj eend e)

~eentaare

Mbelnaari

Miijo

Salaare

NjettoorNimsa

Njobtaagu

Ktralll

Teeyre (needi)Deeyre

't'eskuya

Muukeende

~l\ln'_

Kulol

Njurtllll

Pellital

HoadiroHimme

nille

Fodde

Droit

nignitaire

Kawral

MuddaLajal

Dafial, (fa~u~udu)

Tap,o

Yooro

PudiFatar

Pinal

Ganndal

l-Jaylirde

Aada

Neesu

Yiidere

llgoodaandi

Goowaadi

00gaand I

Njanu

Sariya (Laawo'l.)

H aayr~ j eynBe

Yerbannde leydi

lenol

Lae.mu

Dummbo

Leyd i ( nr.e nndi )

thou~htl ose, l osin p,

tlity

preparations

prosnerity

c are, ~rud ence

reward

t ho uR ht , r ef le xi cn

refusal

Thanksremorserevanp,e

riva ltr y, j alous ie

wisdom, polite

calm, sang froid

m em or y, r ec ol le ct 1. on

stupidity

Guccess

terror, feav

s ad ne sn , ~ lo om in es s

will, wish

divin willzealtrouble., tunul t

nuty

Hujja

koohoowo

8r-reement

duration, lenght

time lbdt

ec onom y, we alth

nature

aridity

florC!calamity

culture

science

factory

traditionhabit/customs

century

resources

morals

ore

invasion

law

volcanoearthquake

race

power

pressureco untr y, re gion

pensce

perte

'P itia

nrc!>aratifs

prosperite

prudence

recompense

reflexion

refus

Remerciementeremords

revancherivalite

Sagesse

Snnp,-froid

souvenir

stu!>i.dite

succes

terreur

tristessevolonte

volonte (divine)~2le

trouble

Devoir

rip,ht, law

di~itaryAccord

durce

deIai

economie

nature

aridite

flore

calaT!lite

culture

science

Usine

tradition

habitude

siecle

rcssourcp.s

moeurs

Minerai

invasion

loi

volcantremblement de terre

racepouvoir

pression

Pays

8 0



LEXIOUE PAR THEMES:

I - LA FAM ILLE ET LA PAR E~rrE

Galle

llesnp,u

Jinnaabe

Koreeji

N ee ne ( yu l1 1l Il s)

BaabR

l- faama

Haarne RorkoMa.ams debbo

Debbo

GorboDiddo

K aawirsodo (! <aaw)

Gor~ 11aado (p,or~o l)

Esiraado

DendirandoMiniraaclo Forko (wal~a debbo)

Mawniraadn r,orko (~alla debbo)

Af oKodda

Jom-suudu

Jom-galle

Mnwliraado

Yam-yamo

l~oomri

Sapata

Diwo

Surea

TiP:f?uFuneebe

AliYl'latiirmnaayeLuuti

Nayeejo

DimaroSehil

Rodo

Giyiraado

P'2dde

house

fal1lily

parent

relatives

mother

father

Ancestors

f!rand father

r.r~nd mother

woman

lI:an

so n

Uncle

aunt

father or mo ther-in- law

cousinbrother

"tRterElder

junior-cadet

wife

husbend

fiance

girl

youno;sterBachelor

"baby

twin

Ornhan

"posthufllouS

older

sterile vomen

friend

strange

comnanfon-Fe.Ll.ow

Generation

81

maison

famille

narents

parents

merepere

Aieul

Brand pere

f,rand mere

femme:homroe

fils/fille

oncle

tante

beau-parent

cousin~etit frere (cu socur)

~rand frere (ou soeur)

aine

cadet

fiTlouseepoux

co-cpouse

fiancejeune fille

j eune p' ar~onc:€libataire (femme)

cel ibataire (homMe)

bebe

jumeauxOrr,hel in (de pere)

o rl' helin (de mern)

fils/ fille pos thum

vieillard

feuune sterile

a mi ( e)

l'!trnngercompagnon d;age

Generation



II - PARTIES DU CORPS llUMAIN:

Bannclu body l..~ ....t)S

Hoore head tete

Sukundu Hairs cheveux

Tiinnde forehe~d front

Yeeso face faceYitere eye oeil

Nofru car oreille

Tonndu lip levre

f.iiyre tooth dent

demngal tongue langue

"Taare beard barbe

Daande Neck cou

Goddol throat p.orge

Walabn shoulder epaule

Junngo Arm bras-main

Fedeendu Fl,nger doigt

Ser,t;;uC Nail ongl.eFolontnru Elbow coude

Koyngal leg jamh~-f)ie.d

Duhal thigh cuisse

Keesi back aos

Bernde heart coeur

Reedu abdomen ventre

necce bzeaat poitrine

Wuudu Navel Nombril

Dadorde haunch hanche

n.otere buttock fesse

Hofru Knee f.enou

Heeiiereliver foic

J ofe (bumsudi) lung poumons

Enndu breast sein

Hewre palm paurne

Teppere heel talon

N~uru skin "cau

Yiiyam blood sanr.

Mbordi matter ,?us

Tuute spittle saUve

Yiyal bone CIS

varn~o rib cot~

Teew Meat chair

NFnanndi Brain cerveau

Gernene mustache moustacheGaabgal jaw machoire

Dooye kidney reins

Haafki armpit aisseUe

8 2



Doyyc:ohecce

Boos"Fido

Gaaiiannrle

Cumram

Dokko

Naw e,ite

Teko

Jaddo

buutandurl1

battanannde

Ndogy-:reedu

Boccite~

Muuseeki

Sefo

Unugel

FekkoroRaabo-raab"Tampere

Paawnp,al

KAadi

Foriiere

TIannei.nte

Cafroowo

Pinnp,u

Mbaras

Naw

Naw ndaabooeu

RaabeLekki safaara

J00.rnp.al

Maayde

Jontinooje

iiawannde

Tooke-posone

Mabbo

Tuyyam

PahC"

:iemsaado

Yakko

Danawel

Caoe

Doyru

Nokobe

Duubri

FesoHappati

Dade

Jalbi

Np.uurdam

III - LES MAlJ~IE~:

Astma

MiscariaRe

wound

burn

one-eyed

c on j o nc ti vi t e

whoof'inr.-cou~hcrarop

constipationscar

diarrhea

dysentery

pain

di;->hte1:1

faintingepidemic

fatigue - tirednessfever

TIladness

fracture

!nfir.m

attendant

injection

lenrosy

illness

contaeionmedicament

menin~itis

dead

wound

poison

cold

bleeding

deaf

rleaf-mute

measles

tuberculosis

vaccinationchicken-pox

sIt-all-pox

verse-line

life

83

asthme

avortement

blenorragie

blessure

brulurebronchite

borgne

conjonctivite

coqueluche

crampe

constipation

cicatrice

diarrhee

dysentericdouleur

dyphterie

Elephantiasis

evar.ouissementepidetIU.e

fatigue

Hcvre

folie

fracture

inHme

infimier

injection

lenre

maladie

m nl ad ie c ont ag ie us e

contagionmedicament

t:Ieningite

mort

raludismeplaie

poison

:rhume

saipnee

sourd

sourd-muet

syphilis

maladie du sommeilrouge ole

tuberculose

poliornye1i te

bilharziose

vaccination

varicelle

var.iole

v ers i nt es ti na ux

vie



IV - LES SAISONS ET LE TEMPS QUfIL FAIT:

Futuro

Nalawma

Yontere

Lewru

Hitaande

WaktuPudal naanp,e

l-Iutalnaange

Na In p . u

Naanp;e e hoore

Feccere j amma

Sahea.Jamaanu

Jookli

Hewo

l'1orgo

FunnaangeHi r n a an g p .

YontaWis-wis

YiiwoondeMereere

Suruuro

Hailharmattan

mist

cloud

rair.oow

sunshadow

TwHiehtdawn

daybreak

morninp:

afternoon

ni?htevening

twilir.ht-dusk

day

week

month

year

hoursun~et

E te ( hi ve rn ag e)

l1.utoMc

River

saison se~he

PrintempsChaleur

fraicheur

ventpluie

tonnere

tourbillon

eclair

del

lune

et"ileeclipse sola ire

gre!charmattan

brume

nua~earc-en-ciel

soleil

ombreobscurite

aurore

aube

matin

apres-J:lidisoir (nuit)

Ndunn~u

Kawle

Dabbunde

CeeduDemminap..re

Nr-uleeki

Jaangol

Henndu

Tobo

Gijaanr,o

Duleendu

Ma1jeKammu (asamaan)

Lewru

Hoodere

Nann~al na anRe

:RowteMbooy

Uiggu

Ruulde

tirotimol

tlaange

Buubri

NibhereFajiriWenndooQo

Sub aka

Kikiide

Jamma

S um m e r

Autunr..

t~inter

dry season

ST)rin~Rent

freshness

wind

rain

thunder

whirlwind

flash of li8htnin~

sky

moon

star

8 4

crenuscule

jour

semaine

mois

annee

heurelever du soleilcoucher du eol~il

journee

midi

t1linuit

momen tet?0 que (ere)

p oints car dinaux

nord

sude·~t

ouestgeneratiOlt

~etite pluie

orap.ei'lirap,epl\lie avec vent

day

midday

lIlidni?-ht

moment

e!)och

cardinal s po ints

north

south

east

west

S?en~ration

stormmirage



v - T H ~ S G E O G R A P . H l 0 . U E g :

F o n n £ o ( n o r a l ) D a n k B e r g e

B a k k e r c M u d b o u e

L a d d e b u s h b r o u s s e

T u l d e h i l lc o U i n e

W a r a a g oc o u r a n t

} f . a a y o r i v e r f l e u v ~

L a d d e s u k k u n d e f o r e s t : f o r e t

D u n n d u b u s h - h e d g e b u i s s o n

J u u d e f o r d g u e

D u u n d e i s l a n d l I e

W e e n d u l a k e l a c

G e e c s e a m e r

H a a y r e m o u n t a i n mont ague

N a d d e p l a i n p l a i n e

F o o n d e T r e y p l a t e a u

C a a n n g o lb r o c k r u i s l ? ' - : ' ~ ~ :

C e e n a l s a n d s a b l e

L e y d i p , r o u n d s o l

M b a a l w a a l n d is o l i n f e r t i l e

N d u u f - n d u u f o l d is a b l e p u l v e r u l e n t

L e y d i G r o u n d t e r r e

L o o p a lv al l e e h u m i a e

G a u n n b o l b a r r i n p . b a r r a g e

l l a m i n u n d a t i ( ' \ n i n o n d a t i o n

D o o r n d e d u n r , f u r . d e r

H o k k e r e d r y n e s s s e c . h e r e s s e

N d e m a w c e d i . n g aarc Lage

S a m m e e r e / W u t a a n d u C o b - e a r e p i s

W a f d u s i c k l e f a u c i l l e

N r . e s s a f i e l d c h a t l " l P

N a m m b u s ; a r d e n j a i . d i n

L i i g r . >c o t o n n e t ' a i e

A b b r £; g r a i n - s e e d g r o . i n

B a s a l a l s t e m · ~ t i g e t i g e

D e ~ o o w o f a r m e r - c u l t i v a t o r c u l t i v a t e u r

M a k k e m a i z e m a t s

Buudof, e o u r d - p ~ k 1 . n c o u r g e

D e n n d e w a t e r - t l \ e l o n p a s t e q u e

J a y e e r e m e l o n m e l o n

F a a w r u B r a n a r y g r e n i e r

C o n a l / k e l a l c r o ! ' - h a r v e s t r l 5 c o l t eF a a t a a t a s w e e t - n a t a t o p a t a t e

F o l l e r e s o r r e l o s e i l l e

K a n n j eG o m b o

85



ILEXIQUE DE QUELQUES ADJECTIFS USUELS :

Jooddo beautiful heau

Coofdo ugly vi1ain

Daneej o white blanc

Jalbudo briRhtness brillant

Dabbo short court

}'avdo biggrand

Juutdo long lon~

Bodeejo red rouge

I3a1eejo black noir

Tiidi hard-difficult dur

Haw'lli(kakka1aari) enormous enorme

Fortii straight droit

Daatidoux

faadi narrow etroit

Yaaji Large-broad large

Luggidi pr. ofou nd pro fond

Sadi-tiidi diftir.ult difficile

weebi

easy feci1e

Buubi-jdangi fresh-cool frais

wuli hot chaud

Lee1i slow lent

Yaawi ra1:':f.d-fast rapide

TedM heavy lour.d

~&vy:i. light 1eger

toowi height haut

lesdi bottom-low bas

faayodini important imr"lrtant

Furdi dusty pouL\siereux

Boni bad mauvafs

Moyy! good bon

sewi thin mince

Benndi ripe. . .mur

Duttidi bip, p;ros

Famdi small-littlE.'

Nibb1.di dark obscur

Leefi weak faib1e

Murlic1i round rond

Tunwi dirty s31e

Yoori dry sec

1epnimouille

Deeyi silen~-o\lite si1encieux

Nafa useful utile

Yoni sufficientsuffisant

~laywi old vieux

Hec~id1 wet humide

Taat! sliding gliss~nt

Laabi clean , /roJ"1:'e

Leeri clear clair

Saf!doux (gout)

Haadi bitter amer

Lammi Acid acide

Uelisucre

we1t~.i glad conter.t

Mettini discontented mecontent

Keydudohunr,ry affame

Domdudo thirsty assoife

Tampudo tired fatip.,uc



87

L E S A D J E C T I F S ( S U I T E )

fim..osick tr..al.ade

nondo sommeilleux

Junniniido sad triRte

baasdo 1)oor pl!.uvre

Galo rich riche

pooydo lean maigre

!.uuki stinkinp. puant

uuri odorous odorant

t1idi exPensive chsr (?rix)

sadi rare rare

seebi pointed po1ntu



LEXIOUE P A.~ THEMES:. -I - LA FAMILLE ET LA PARENTE

Galle

Besngu

Jinnaabe

KoreejiN ee ne ( yu tl lI Il a)

Baaba

'Haama

Maama gorko

Maama debbo

Debbo

Gorbo

niddoK aawiraado (kaaw)

Go r~ ila ado (g or~ ol )

Esiraado

DendiraadoMi fi ira &do F ,or ko ( wal la d ebb o)

Mawniraado gorko (walla debbo)

AfoKodda

Jom-suudu

,Jom-galle

M..'l.wliraado

Yam-yamo

l!boomri

S:wata

Diwo

SurgaTiggu

Funeebe

Ali~~at!it!lu

naay~

Luuti

Nayeejo

Dimaro

Sehil

Kodo

Giyiraado

"!!~dde

house

family

parent

relativesmother

father

Ancestors

grand father

grand mother

woman

trlan

son

Uncle

auntfather or mothez -in-law

cousinbrother

~tiAter

Elderjunior-cadet

wife

husband

fiance

girl

youn~ster

Dachelor

"baby

twin

Ornhan

"posthutllous

older

st er ile wom an

friend

strange

conmanion-Fcllow

Generation

8 8

maison

famille

pe:rents

parentsmere

l'ereAieul

grand pere

grand mere

femme

homrne

fils/fille

oncle

"antebeau-parent

cousinpetit frerp. (ou soeur)

g1Jnd frere (ou soeur)

aine

cadet

epouse

epoux

co-apouse

fiance

jeun~~ fille

jeune p,arc;oncel ib ~ta ir e ( fem me )

celibataire (homme)

bebe

ju:neaux

Or~helin (de pere)

orphelin (de mEh:~)

fil s/ fil le p ost hu m

vie1llard

femme sterile

ami (e)

~trnnger

compagnon d' age

Generation



Awde to gl) fishi..t- pecher

Asde to dig creuser

Defde/Sag~:!.nde to cook cuisinerMahde to build batir/construireDiidde ~o trace/to draw tracerHumde to lie mettre a u piquet

Hirsude to kill egorgert·Tarde to kill tuer

Huttude to cut up depecerWee1naade to carry in hand porter a 1a main

Wakkaade to carry on one's back porter en bandou1icreRoondaade to carryon one's head porter sur 1e teteRusde to convey transpo~t transporterFittude to clean ba1ayer

Fasde/Wu1de to boil bouillir

Fasnude/Wu1nude to make boil faire bouillir

Judde to grill/to toast griller

Unde to pound/crush piler

Hasitaade t o t e. ke : re ak fa st l>rendre 1e p eti t d ej eu ne r

t.1ottaade to take lunch prendre le d~jeuner

Hirtaade tc dinuer p~endre 1e dtnerHoorde to fast jeum:r

Goobde to d' jre/totint teinter

IIefiaade to hurry s e p re ci !) it er

Heppude to be in R hurry se presser

Limde to count compterUstude to Lower diminuer

Reydude to increase augmenter

Foccude to share/tC"lsplit wood diviser /partagel:

Sowde to multiply multiplier

Wostaade t o e xc ha ng e echanger

Luukde to ehout crierSafrude to treat soigner

Gaafiaade to be hurt/wounded se b1esserWeddaade to chrow lancer

Lig~de to hang accrocherMm~tude to erase effacerloTinndude to write ccrireWe1taade to be henr,y etre content

Mettinde to set angry se facher

Salaade to refuse refuser

Jabrle to agree etre d' accord

J abde /:lebde to receive recevoir

Naawde to judge juger

Sokde to prison emprisonner

Ya1tudeto gC' out se'rtirNAatde to enter entrer

Nabbude to climb/to go up monter

.) Yineade to swin nager

Taccude to cross traverser

Dartaade to stop s'arreter

Soppinaade/Diccaade to sCluat/c.'ouch s'accruupir

Tukkaade to bend (down) se courber

Reende to keep garder

Rokkude/Hokkude to give donner

Hootde to sow coudre

Seekde to tear dechirer

Renndinde/Jiibde to mixt me1anger

89



Yamminde

Sellinde

Yernude

Janngude

JanngindeNatde

Sehde

Fidde'

Reftaade

Heblaade/Feewnitaade!J~"TIlaade

Dannaade

Yillaade

Yeebde

Fijde

Habde

"

t o d is co ur ag e

to ar~ue

to compare

to learnto teach

to draw/to design

to sculpt

t'" dictate

to revise/to look over

to prepare oneself

to say good bye

to travel

to vi31t/to foresee

to admire

to play·

to fight- Atude

Addude

Nawde

Hcccude

1.o0taade

r . e m d e

M:.laydeJ'1bineede ~.

to accompagn

t o 1 :- "4 'i ng

to take away

to pick up

to wash oneself

t o c ul ti va teto die

to give birth

to grow up

to grow (plant crop)

to ha rve st

to stand up

t:o cr y

to swallow

to touch

to feed

",

Nawnude

FuddeSonde

Daraade

Woyd(

Hodde

l o t e m d e

Muuynude

Dojjude

Wariiude

JaldeWUi:tude

Foofde

Fahde

Fesde

Nawde}t'aawnp,ude

Foojde

Fooftaade

rutJtde

Islude

Tujju~e

Sellude

WuurdeYarnude kolceN e h & e

nit'de

W'aalde

N a l lu de

Ruum.1e

to cough

t < : > sweet

to laughto blow

to respire/breathe

t o b lo w/ wi nd

t o v ac ci na te

to be sick

to be feverish

to lose weight

to rest

to vomit .

to sneez e

to bleed

recover

to liv~/be aliveto water

t o r ee r/ br ee d

t o m il k/ dr aw

to spend the ~ip'ht

to spend the day

to spend the rainy

s ea so n s om ew h~ re

t o rain

to unit: w-S.th

to save

to h e l p

to h e l p

Tobde

Rentude

Sow-de/DanndudeF,\abaade

l1allude

diScourager

argumenter

comparer

annrendreensei~er

dessiuer

sculpter

dieter

reviser

s e p rep are r

di re a ure voi rvoyager

visiter

admirer

jouer

se battre

accOtnpagner

amener ,•

emmener ~

ramasser

se laver

cultivermourir

nattre

grandir

pousser

recolter

etre deb out

pleurer

avaler

touche'!

allaiter

tousser

suer

riresouffler

respirer

s'essouffler

vacciner

etre malade

avoir la fievr~

maigrir

3e reposer

vomir

eternuer

saigner

guerir

vivreabreuver

elever

trc..irepasser 18 nuit

passer la journee

passer la sa1son des pluies

{lleuv6ir

ri' 'unir

t:lauver

secourir

aider

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Document Pour Apprendre Le Peul via L-Anglais