Droits de propriété intellectuelle et résultats des entreprises en Europe: une analyse économique

7/21/2019 Droits de propriété intellectuelle et résultats des entreprises en Europe: une analyse économique

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Cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcaftslbh re pirgkrelbni cb Iurkpi0lb inkbkecn lblmyscs

Gcre-Mivim Lblmyscs Tipkrt, @ubi 4:<9



Cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts

lbh gcre pirgkrelbni cb Iurkpi0lb inkbkecn lblmyscs

Gcre-Mivim Lblmyscs Tipkrt, @ubi 4:<9



>

:< / Gkriwkrh



8 Gkriwkrh

KFCE

Bltflb Ql`selb, Nfcig Inkbkecst

Ecnflń Olzcecirnzlo, InkbkecstNlrkmcbl Lrcls Duraks, Inkbkecst

Zrkìnt Xile

Lnobkwmihaieibts

Cb nlrrycba kut tfcs stuhy, vlmuldmi cbput wls rinicvih grke Eiedir ^tltis? grke tfi Iurkpilb

Nkeecssckb? grke tfi Iurkpilb Zltibt Kgni? lbh grke Iurkpi Inkbkecns, wfcnf nlrrcih kut tfi

tinfbcnlm plrt kg tfi lblmyscs

Xfi lutfkrs lri lmsk arltigum gkr nkeeibts kb tfi hrlgt ripkrt grke Nlrstib Gcbo (QCZK), Olecm

Ocm`lbsoc (Iurkpilb Nkeecssckb), Lmlb Elrnk lbh Lsrlt Xisglyisus (Y^ZXK), Zfcmcpp nflutsnfcno(XY Eubcnf) lbh Elrclarlzcl ^qucnnclrcbc (KINH).

Lbtþbck Nlepcbks

Zrischibt, KFCE



9

:4 / Ixinutcvisueelry

Kbi kg tfi elbhltis kg tfi Iurkpilb Kdsirvltkry kb Cbgrcbaieibts kg Cbtimmintulm Zrkpirty Tcafts

(”tfi Kdsirvltkry―) cs tk prkvchi ivchibni-dlsih hltl kb tfi ceplnt, rkmi lbh pudmcn pirniptckb kg

cbtimmintulm prkpirty cb tfi inkbkey kg tfi Iurkpilb Ybckb (IY). Cb krhir tk eiit tflt kdìntcvi, tfi

Kdsirvltkry cs ubhirtlocba l prkarleei kg sknck-inkbkecn stuhcis.

Cb îptiedir 4:<>, l stuhy wfcnf prkvchih lb lssisseibt kg tfi nkedcbih nkbtrcdutckb kg cbhustrcis

tflt eloi cbtibscvi usi kg tfi vlrckus typis kg cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcaft (CZT) tk tfi inkbkecis kg tfi

IY ls l wfkmi lbh tk tfi cbhcvchulm Eiedir ^tltis.

Xfi prisibt ripkrt cs l gkmmkw-up stuhy tflt himvis hiipir cbtk tfi rkmi kg CZTs dy lblmyscba l mlrai

riprisibtltcvi slepmi kg kvir <>: ::: Iurkpilb res< cb krhir tk nkeplri tfi inkbkecn pirgkrelbni

kg res tflt kwb CZTs wctf tfksi tflt hk bkt.

Xfi CZTs cbnmuhih cb tfi stuhy lri pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs (lbh lby nkedcbltckb kg tfi

tfrii). Dinlusi kg tficr blturi, nkpyrcaft lbh aikarlpfcnlm cbhcnltckbs, wfcnf wiri plrt kg tfi 4:<>stuhy, wiri bkt cbnmuhih firi.4 Kb tfi ktfir flbh, tfi prisibt stuhy cbnmuhis dktf Iurkpilb lbh

bltckblm CZTs, lb cepkrtlbt ibflbnieibt tk tfi hltl, lbh prkvchis l nkepmiti vciw kg ilnf nkeplby–s

CZTs pkrtgkmck‘dktf Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm rcafts.

Xfi hltl kb ilnf nkeplby–s CZT pkrtgkmck wls eltnfih wctf cbgkreltckb nkbtlcbih cb tfi nkeeirnclm

hltldlsi KTDC^. Xfcs hltldlsi prkvchis blbnclm lbh ktfir cbgkreltckb kb ecmmckbs kg Iurkpilb nke-

plbcis, nkmmintih grke tfi mcbas lbh lnnkubtcba ripkrts elhi dy tfi nkeplbcis cb tfi nkeeirnclm

riacstirs kg lmm IY Eiedir ^tltis. Xfi eltnfcba kg tfi CZT hltldlsis lbh tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi wls

hkbi kb tfi dlscs kg CZT kwbirsfcp. Xfi stuhy usis blbnclm lbh ktfir cbgkreltckb ldkut nkeplbcis

tflt lri riacstirih ls gkrelm kwbirs kg pltibts, trlhielros lbh/kr hiscabs. ^kei nkeplbcis tflt lriplrt kg l mlrair arkup strunturi ely bkt di tfi gkrelm kwbirs kg CZTs (tficr filhqulrtirs ely flvi tfi

gkrelm kwbirsfcp), dut stcmm usi CZTs cb tficr nkeeirnclm lntcvctcis.

Xfiri lri vlrckus wlys tk eilsuri tfi inkbkecn pirgkrelbni kg l nkeplby. Dinlusi kg hltl

nkbstrlcbts lbh tfi biih gkr mcoi-gkr-mcoi nkeplrcskbs (imcecbltcba tfi iggint kg re sczi kb tfi

stltcstcnlm risumts), ”rivibui pir iepmkyii― wls nfksib ls tfi elcb cbhcnltkr kg re

pirgkrelbni.

< ^kei kg tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns cb Nflptir 9 lri dlsih kb lb ivib mlrair slepmi kg ekri tflb 4.> ecmmckb res.

4 Xfi elcb rilskb cs tflt nkpyrcaft cs bkt lmwlys riacstirih, wfcmi aikarlpfcnlm cbhcnltckbs lri bkt riacstirih

dy cbhcvchulm res. Fibni, hltl kb tfi kwbirsfcp kg tfksi CZTs kb tfi re mivim scepmy hkis bkt ixcst.



7 Ixinutcvi sueelry

Xfi hltlsit wls nkbstruntih cb sunf l wly tflt kg tfi nkeplbcis ixlecbih, ldkut flmg, kr 7> 466,

flvi lt milst kbi pltibt, trlhi elro kr hiscab cb tficr pkrtgkmck. Xfcs lmmkws l nkeplrcskb kg tfi

pirgkrelbni kg nkeplbcis tflt kwb tfisi CZTs wctf nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt. Ct lmsk ibldmis lhitlcmih ixlecbltckb kg tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib l nkeplby–s pirgkrelbni lbh tfi sczi kg tfi

nkeplby–s stkno kg CZTs. Xk kur obkwmihai, tfi nkvirlai kg tfi hltlsit cs scabcnlbtmy mlrair tflb

tflt kg lby ktfir hltl skurni kg tfcs typi nurribtmy lvlcmldmi, ibsurcba l slepmi sugncibtmy mlrai tk

hrlw rkdust lbh riprisibtltcvi nkbnmusckbs.

Xfi stuhy elois bk pkmcny rinkeeibhltckbs, ls tfcs cs bkt wctfcb cts snkpi. Cbstilh, ct prkvchis

ivchibni tflt nlb di usih dy pkmcnyeloirs cb tficr wkro, lbh sirvis ls l dlscs gkr rlcscba

lwlribiss kg CZ lekba Iurkpi–s nctczibs.



Ixinutcvi sueelry 1

4.< Eitfkhkmkay

Xfi hltl wls lblmysih uscba tfrii typis kg eitfkhkmkay0

Gcrst, hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns wiri nkepcmih tk cmmustrlti tfi hcggiribnis ditwiib kwbirs lbh

bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs cb tires kg inkbkecn nflrlntircstcns kg tfi re. Hcggiribnis wiri tistih gkr

stltcstcnlm scabcnlbni. Nflptir 9 prisibts tfi risumts kg tfcs lblmyscs.

Nflptir 7 ripkrts tfi bhcbas kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs kg tfi hltl. Ct lmmkws gkr lb cb-hiptf

ixlecbltckb kg tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib res– kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh tficr inkbkecn pirgkrelbni.

Xfcs cs cb nkbtrlst tk tfi 4:<> stuhy kg CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis wfcnf hisnrcdih tfi strunturi kg tfi

inkbkey cb tires kg CZT usi lt sintkr mivim dut hch bkt lttiept tk hrlw lby lblmytcnlm nkbnmusckbs.

Xfi risumts kg tfi lblmyscs strkbamy suaaist tflt tfiri cs l systieltcn, pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib

tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh inkbkecn pirgkrelbni lt cbhcvchulm nkeplby mivim. Xfi prisibt stuhy

prkvchis lb cbhcnltckb kg tfcs rimltckbsfcp, dlsih kb stltcstcnlm lblmyscs kg l viry mlrai slepmi kg

cbhcvchulm res.

Qfcmst nluslmcty nlbbkt di prkvib cb tfi strcnt sibsi kg tfi wkrh, acvib tfi lvlcmldmi hltl, inkbk-

eitrcn lblmyscs lmmkws tfi risilrnfir tk nkbtrkm gkr sivirlm lhhctckblm glntkrs tflt lggint inkbkecn

pirgkrelbni lbh tk ”cskmlti― tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZ kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni. Xfiri lri

vlrckus inkbkecn tfikrcis suaaistcba l nluslm mcbo ditwiib CZ kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni.

Xfisi wcmm di hcsnussih cb tfcs ripkrt.

Gcblmmy, l nmustir lblmyscs wls nkbhuntih kb tfi hltl. Xfcs lblmyscs lces lt chibtcgycba arkupskg res (”nmustirs―) tflt lri scecmlr cb tires kg tficr kwbirsfcp kg CZTs. Xfisi nmustirs lri tfib

lblmysih tk sii wfitfir tfiri lri systieltcn hcggiribnis lekba tfie cb rispint kg tfi vlrcldmis kg

cbtirist, sunf ls rivibui pir iepmkyii kr lvirlai iepmkyeibt pir re. Xfisi risumts lri ripkrtih

cb Lbbix 6.8.



6 Ixinutcvi sueelry

4.4 Elcb bhcbas

Xldmi < sfkws tfi oiy blbnclm lbh nkeplby vlrcldmis gkr tfi res cb tfi slepmi gkr tfi yilr 4:<:.

Xldmi <0 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT kwbirsfcp

Buedir

kg iepmkyiis

Tivibui

pir iepmkyii

(IYT/yilr)

Qlais pir

iepmkyii

(IYT/yilr)

Bkb-kwbirs kg CZT 3>.7 449 98: >1 337

CZT kwbirs Lmm CZTs 981.> 43: <:7 89 94:

% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk

bkb-kwbirs

868.7% 46.7% <3.6%

Zltibts < 9>1.7 46> 971 9> 848


bkb-kwbirs

< 984.7% 49.1% 8:.7%

Xrlhi elros 973.3 434 :<< 89 <>3


bkb-kwbirs

9:6.6% 43.9% <6.6%

Hiscabs 4 <:>.< 437 ><7 87 181

% hcggiribni nkeplrih tkbkb-kwbirs

4 <87.1% ><.8% 4>.:%

Bkti0 Dlsih kb lvlcmldmi kdsirvltckbs kg <>4 411 res. Lmm hcggiribnis lri stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim. Xfi arkup kg ‖ Lmm

CZT kwbirs– cs hibih ls res tflt kwbih lt milst kbi pltibt, trlhi elro kr hiscab, kr lby nkedcbltckb tfirikg. Xfi arkups kg ‖ Zltibt

kwbirs, ‖ Xrlhi elro kwbirs– lbh ‖ Hiscab kwbirs– lri hibih ls res tflt kwbih lt milst kbi kg tfi plrtcnumlr CZTs. ^cbni elby res

kwbih nkedcbltckbs kg tfi tfrii CZTs, tfi kwbirs kg tfi vlrckus CZTs kvirmlp.

Ls Xldmi < sfkws, res tflt kwb CZTs tibh tk di mlrair tflb res tflt hk bkt, ls eilsurih dy tfi

buedir kg iepmkyiis (981 vs. 38 iepmkyiis kb lvirlai). Gkr tfcs rilskb, inkbkecn pirgkrelbni

eitrcns sunf ls rivibui, prkts kr wlais lri ixprissih kb l pir-iepmkyii dlscs.

Xfus, res tflt kwb CZTs flvi kb lvirlai 43 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb res

tflt hk bkt. Xfcs nlb di rialrhih ls kbi kg tfi nibtrlm risumts kg tfcs stuhy. Cb tires kg cbhcvchulm

CZTs, tfi lvirlai pirgkrelbni priecue ixpircibnih dy CZT-kwbcba res cs 47 pir nibt gkr pltibts,

43 pir nibt gkr trlhi elros lbh >< pir nibt gkr hiscabs.

Xldmi < lmsk cbhcnltis tflt res tflt kwb CZTs ply kb lvirlai 4: pir nibt fcafir wlais tflb

res tflt hk bkt. Firi, tfi strkbaist iggint cs lsskncltih wctf kwbcba pltibts (8< pir nibt),

gkmmkwih dy hiscab (4> pir nibt) lbh trlhi elros (<3 pir nibt). Lmtfkuaf cb tires kg rivibui pir

iepmkyii, pltibts, nkeplrih wctf trlhi elros lbh hiscabs, siie tk di miss lsskncltih wctf

”ixtrl― pirgkrelbni, tfiy lri tfi CZT typi tflt kb lvirlai aibirltis tfi fcafist riwlrhs gkriepmkyiis. Xfcs cs lmsk nkbscstibt wctf tfi risumts kg tfi privckus stuhy wfcnf mkkoih cbtk tfi



Ixinutcvi sueelry 3

nkbtrcdutckb kg CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis tk tfi IY inkbkey, cb tires kg arkss hkeistcn prkhunt,

iepmkyeibt, wlais lbh cbtirbltckblm trlhi.>

Xfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs cb Nflptir 7, tfi risumts kg wfcnf lri sueelrcsih cb Xldmi 4 dimkw,

nkbres tfi pksctcvi lsskncltckb ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh inkbkecn pirgkrelbni, wctf rivibui

pir iepmkyii 46 pir nibt fcafir gkr CZT kwbirs tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs.

Cb lhhctckb, tfi lblmyscs sfkws tflt tfcs rimltckbsfcp cs plrtcnumlrmy prkbkubnih gkr selmm lbh

eihcue-sczih ibtirprcsis (ÊI).8 Xfcs ripkrt usis tfi hibctckb dlsih kb tfi buedir kg

iepmkyiis lbh turbkvir. ÊIs tflt kwb CZTs flvi lmekst >4 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir ie-

pmkyii tflb EIs tflt hk bkt kwb CZTs lt lmm. Xfus, wfcmi tfi el`krcty kg EIs cb Iurkpi hk bkt kwb

CZTs, tfksi tflt hk kwb CZTs flvi scabcnlbtmy fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii. Cb tfi nlsi kg mlrai

nkeplbcis, rivibui pir iepmkyii cs 8 pir nibt fcafir gkr CZ kwbirs tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs. Firi tfi

lblmyscs sfkws tflt 8 kut kg <: mlrai nkeplbcis cb Iurkpi kwb CZTs, dut tfi lsskncltckb wctf fcafir

rivibui pir iepmkyii cs miss prkbkubnih tflb cb tfi nlsi kg EIs. Ct cs cepkrtlbt tk bkti tflt tfisi

bhcbas lri kdtlcbih wfcmi nkbtrkmmcba gkr ktfir glntkrs tflt nkumh cbuibni l re–s pirgkrelbni,

sunf ls tfi nkubtry cb wfcnf ct cs mknltih kr tfi sintkr cb wfcnf ct kpirltis.

Xldmi 40 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii dy gcre sczi

Hcggiribni cb rivibui pir iepmkyii kg CZT kwbirs

nkeplrih wctf bkb-kwbirs kg CZT

Mlrai nkeplbcis + 8.:%ÊIs + ><.1%

Xktlm + 46.:%

Bkti0 Dlsih kb kdsirvltckbs kg l tktlm kg <>: 999 res. Hcggiribnis lri stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt nkbhibni mivim

Xfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs cb Nflptir 7 gurtfir sfkws tflt cbnrilsis cb re pirgkrelbni hipibh

kb typi lbh nkedcbltckb kg CZTs. Xfi fcafist rivibui-pir-iepmkyii cbnrilsis lri mcboih tk trlhi

elro-kbmy lbh nkedcbih trlhi elro-lbh-hiscab kwbirs0 >: pir nibt lbh >3 pir nibt, rispintcvimy.

Zltibt-kbmy kwbirs flvi <9 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii, hiscab-kbmy kwbirs <9 pir nibt,

pltibt-lbh-trlhi elro kwbirs <1 pir nibt, pltibt-lbh-hiscab kwbirs <9 pir nibt lbh kwbirs kg lmmtfrii CZTs <7 pir nibt.

Xfi auris ldkvi riint dcblry nkeplrcskbs. Cb ktfir wkrhs, res tflt hk bkt kwb l plrtcnumlr CZT

lri nkeplrih wctf res tflt hk kwb ct. Yscba inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs, ct cs lmsk pksscdmi tk nlmnumlti

tfi iggint kg cbnrilscba tfi buedir kg CZTs kwbih dy l re. Xfcs typi kg lblmyscs sfkws tflt l

<: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg Iurkpilb trlhi elros kg l re cs lsskncltih wctf l 4.6 pir

nibt cbnrilsi cb rivibui pir iepmkyii, l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm trlhi elros

cs lsskncltih wctf l 9.4 pir nibt cbnrilsi, wfcmi gkr pltibts l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg

> Cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts cbtibscvi cbhustrcis0 nkbtrcdutckb tk inkbkecn pirgkrelbni lbh iepmkyeibt cb tfi Iurkpilb Ybckb,IZK/KFCE, iptiedir 4:<>.

8 Lb ÊI cs hibih cb Lrtcnmi 4 kg tfi lbbix tk tfi Nkeecssckb Tinkeeibhltckb kg 7 Ely 4::> nkbnirbcba tfi hibctckb kg ecnrk,

selmm lbh eihcue-sczih ibtirprcsis (4::>/>7</IN) ls l nkeplby wctf giwir tflb 49: iepmkyiis lbh turbkvir bkt ixniihcba

IYT 9: ecmmckb lbh/kr lb lbbulm dlmlbni sfiit tktlm bkt ixniihcba IYT 8> ecmmckb.



Iurkpilb pltibts milhs tk l <.6 pir nibt cbnrilsi lbh l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm

pltibts tk l 8.7 pir nibt cbnrilsi. Gkr bltckblm hiscabs tfi lblmyscs suaaists tflt l <: pir nibt

cbnrilsi cb stkno cs lsskncltih wctf l :.1 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb pirgkrelbni. Gkr tfi ktfir CZTs tfi

inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs nkumh bkt istldmcsf l stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt rimltckbsfcp, wfcnf eilbs tflt ct

cs bkt pksscdmi tk stlti wctf ekri tflb 3: pir nibt nkbhibni tflt tfiri cs l pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp

ditwiib cbnrilsis cb l nkeplby–s stkno kg tfi rimivlbt CZTs lbh cts inkbkecn pirgkrelbni.

4.> Mcectltckbs kg tfi stuhy lbh hcrintckbs gkr guturi risilrnf

Xfi lblmyscs prisibtih cb tfcs stuhy nkbres tflt tfiri cs l strkba pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib

tfi kwbirsfcp kg hcggiribt typis kg CZT lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg res, ls eilsurih dy rivibui pir

iepmkyii lbh lvirlai wlais plch.

Fkwivir, ls wctf iviry stltcstcnlm lblmyscs, tfisi risumts eust di cbtirpritih wctf nlri. Xfiy hk bkt

nkbstctuti nkbnmuscvi prkkg tflt ibnkurlacba res tk eloi ariltir usi kg CZTs wcmm nlusi tficr pir -

gkrelbni tk cbnrilsi. Xfi stuhy sfkws l pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib res tflt kwb CZTs lbh tficr

pirgkrelbni (ls eilsurih dy rivibui pir iepmkyii). Cbhiih, tfiri ely di sivirlm einflbcses

tfrkuaf wfcnf tfi mcbo ditwiib tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni ely wkro. Fkwivir,

acvib tfi lvlcmldmi hltl, ct cs bkt pksscdmi tk hcsibtlbami tfisi cb tfi lblmyscs.

Xfi eitfkhkmkay usih cb tfi stuhy lmmkws gkr chibtcnltckb kg kwbirs kg CZ rcafts dy nkeplby blei,

ls ct lppilrs cb tfi CZ riacstirs, lbh eltnfis tfcs blei tk tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi. KTDC^ cs tfi ekst

ixtibscvi skurni kg hiekarlpfcn lbh blbnclm cbgkreltckb kg Iurkpilb res lvlcmldmi tk risilrnfirs.Fkwivir, tfiri cs bkt sugncibt cbgkreltckb cb KTDC^ tk chibtcgy lmm dibinclrcis/usirs kg CZ rcafts

diykbh tficr ceeihclti kwbirs.

Lmtfkuaf tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi nkbtlcbs cbgkreltckb kb tfi inkbkecn mcbos ditwiib nkeplbcis

(Hkeistcn Ymtcelti Kwbir lbh Amkdlm Ymtcelti Kwbir) tfcs cbgkreltckb cs bkt nkepmiti. Cb ktfir

wkrhs, tfiri lppilr tk di nkeplbcis cb KTDC^ tflt lri plrt kg mlrair inkbkecn arkups dut gkr wfcnf

KTDC^ hkis bkt ripkrt kwbirsfcp mcbos.

Kwbirsfcp mcbos wiri tloib cbtk lnnkubt ls eunf ls pksscdmi cb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi tflt wls

usih gkr lmm inkbkeitrcn ekhims tflt gkre tfi nkri kg tfcs stuhy (Nflptir 7). Xfcs selmmir slepmi wlsnmilbih ls eunf ls pksscdmi, sk tflt nkeplbcis tflt lri plrt kg l mlrair arkup strunturi lri nkbsch-

irih ls kbi ibtcty. Xfus, cb tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs nkeplbcis tflt nkumh dibit grke tfi CZ rcafts

kwbih dy ktfir ibtctcis cb tficr arkup wiri bkt triltih ls tfi bkb-kwbirs kg CZ rcafts. Xfcs nmilbcba

prkniss, fkwivir, nkumh di hkbi kbmy plrtclmmy gkr rilskbs ixpmlcbih ldkvi, lbh ct cs bkt gilscdmi tk

nlrry ct kut kb tfi mlrair slepmi kg 4.> ecmmckb nkeplbcis tflt cs usih gkr tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns.

Lmtfkuaf mlno kg sugncibt cbgkreltckb ldkut tfi pktibtclm dibinclrcis kg CZ rcafts lggints dktf mlrai

nkeplbcis lbh ÊIs, tfi ceplnt kb tfi risumts gkr mlrai nkeplbcis cs mlrair. Mlrai nkeplbcis lri

ekri mcoimy tflb ÊIs tk sit up drlbnfis cb elby Iurkpilb nkubtrcis lbh arkup CZ kwbirsfcp cb

kbi ibtcty tflt elblais tfi wfkmi CZ pkrtgkmck. Lmtfkuaf riacstirih ls lb kwbirsfcp kg kbmy kbi re,tfcs CZ pkrtgkmck drcbas dibits tk lmm tfi res tflt lri plrt kg tfi inkbkecn arkup.

<: Ixinutcvi sueelry





<4

Nkbtibts

:< Gkriwkrh >

:4 Ixinutcvi sueelry 9

4.< Eitfkhkmkay 1

4.4 Elcb bhcbas 6

4.> Mcectltckbs kg tfi stuhy lbh hcrintckbs gkr guturi risilrnf <:

:> Cbtrkhuntckb <7

>.< îttcba tfi snibi0 tfi cbnrilscba cepkrtlbni kg cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts gkr

res

<1

>.4 Nkbtrcdutckb kg tfi stuhy <3

>.> Kutmcbi kg tfi ripkrt 4:

:8 Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay 4<

8.< Cbtrkhuntckb 4<

8.4 Hltl 4>

8.4.< CZT hltl 4>

8.4.4 Gcre hltl 49

8.4.> ^lepmis 49

8.> Eitfkhkmkay >:

8.>.< Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns >:

8.>.4 Nmustir lblmyscs ><

8.>.> Inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs >4

8.8 ûeelry lbh mcectltckbs >>



Nkbtibts <>

:9 L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns >8

9.< Cbtrkhuntckb >8

9.4 Oiy blbnclm lbh nkeplby vlrcldmis >9

9.> CZT kwbirsfcp dy re nflrlntircstcn >1

9.>.< CZT kwbirsfcp dy sintkr (BLNI nltiakry) >1

9.>.4 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi 8:

9.>.> CZT kwbirsfcp dy rivibui pir iepmkyii 8>

9.>.8 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re lai 87

9.>.9 Lvirlai stkno dy re sczi 81

9.8 ûeelry 86

:7 CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 83

7.< Cbtrkhuntckb 83

7.4 îmintckb kg vlrcldmis 83

7.> Tisumts 98

7.>.< Cbtirpritcba riarissckb risumts 98

7.>.4 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni 97

7.>.> ^tknos kg CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni 7:

7.8 Nkbnmusckbs kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs lbh hcsnussckb 7>

:1 Nkbnmusckbs kg tfi stuhy 79

:6 Lbbix 71

6.< Hltl priplrltckb prkniss 76

6.4 Nkhis usih gkr ixpcrltckb kr mlpsi hltis gkr bltckblm pltibts 1<

6.> Tihunih slepmi nflrlntircstcns 18

6.8 Hcstcbntcvi arkups kg scecmlr CZT kwbirs0 nmustir lblmyscs 18

6.8.< Cbtrkhuntckb0 nmustir lblmyscs 18

6.8.4. ^pincn lpprklnf 196.8.>. Tisumts0 vi nmustirs kg typcnlm kwbirs 17

6.8.8. tltcstcnlm lblmyscs kg nmustirs 16

6.8.9. ûeelry 6<

6.9 Dlnoarkubh tk riarissckb ekhim spincnltckbs 64

6.9.<. Inkbkeitrcn lpprklnf 64

6.9.4 Ekhim spincnltckbs 66

:3 Tigiribnis 37



<8 Ceprcbt

Mcst kg tldmis

Xldmis

Xldmi <0 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT kwbirsfcp 6

Xldmi 40 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii dy re sczi 3

Xldmi >0 CZT nkbtrcdutckb stuhcis, Zflsi C lbh Zflsi CC <1

Xldmi 80 Oiy nflrlntircstcns kg eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnf 4<

Xldmi 90 Nkepksctckb kg res cb lmm slepmis dy Eiedir ^tltis 41

Xldmi 70 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT kwbirsfcp (rlbhkecsih slepmi) >7

Xldmi 10 CZT kwbirsfcp dy BLNI nltiakry (rlbhkecsih slepmi) >6

Xldmi 60 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi (rihunih slepmi) 8:

Xldmi 30 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih slepmi) 8<

Xldmi <:0 CZT kwbirsfcp dy typi kg CZT, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih slepmi) 84

Xldmi <<0 Kwbirsfcp kg CZT dy rivibui pir iepmkyii (rihunih slepmi) 8>

Xldmi <40 Kwbirsfcp kg CZT dy rivibui pir iepmkyii, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih

slepmi)

88

Xldmi <>0 CZT kwbirsfcp dy lai, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih slepmi) 87

Xldmi <80 Lvirlai stkno (nkubts) dy re sczi, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih slepmi) 81

Xldmi <90 Tisumts kg ekhims wctf CZT kwbirsfcp hueecis, lmm res 91

Xldmi <70 Tisumts kg ekhims wctf CZT kwbirsfcp hueecis dy nkeplby typi 93

Xldmi <10 Tisumts kg stknos kg hcggiribt CZTs, lmm res 7<

Xldmi <60 Ekhims kg CZT stknos dy re typi 74

Xldmi <30 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii, lmm res lbh ÊIs (hcggiribni

ditwiib kwbirs kg tfi rispintcvi CZTs lbh bkb-kwbirs)

77

Xldmi 4:0 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT kwbirsfcp (rihunih slepmi) 18

Xldmi 4<0 Nmustir nibtris cb tires kg (stlbhlrhcsih) stknos kg CZTs pir iepmkyii 11

Xldmi 440 Nflrlntircstcns kg res cb ilnf nmustir 13

Xldmi 4>0 Hcstrcdutckb kg res dy BLNI lntcvcty cb ilnf nmustir (sflri kg res cb pir nibt) 6:

Xldmi 480 Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns kg elcb vlrcldmis 67

Xldmi 490 Tisumts kg stknos kg hcggiribt CZTs0 rlbhke iggints, lmm res 3:

<8



Gkriwkrh <9Mcst kg tldmis <9

Xldmi 470 Ekhims kg CZT stknos, rlbhke iggints dy re typi 3<

Xldmi 410 Ekhims kg CZT stknos, rlbhke iggints, lmm res 34

Xldmi 460 Ekhim kg CZT stknos cbnmuhcba scbami mlaaih hipibhibt vlrcldmi 3>

Xldmi 430 Nkbtiepkrlbikus ekhims kg CZT stknos wctf qulmcty-wicaftih Iurkpilb

pltibts, xih iggints (lmm res, CZT kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs)

39



<7

:> / Cbtrkhuntckb

Qflt typis kg nkeplby kwb ekri CZTs cb Iurkpi, ÊIs kr mlrai nkeplbcis; Qflt prkpkrtckb

kg mlrai nkeplbcis lbh ÊIs kwbs CZTs; Hk res tflt kwb CZTs ixfcdct dittir

pirgkrelbni tflb res tflt hk bkt; Hk nkeplbcis riacstir pltibts, trlhi elros kr hiscabs ls

scbami CZTs kr rltfir ls dubhmis; Fkw hk nflbais cb l re–s stkno kg CZTs lggint cts pirgkrelbni;

Xfcs ripkrt prisibts tfi bhcbas kg lb iepcrcnlm inkbkecn lblmyscs cbtk tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib

cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg res cb Iurkpi.

Cb îptiedir 4:<>, KFCE pudmcsfih l `kcbt stuhy kb tfi nkbtrcdutckb kg CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis tk

tfi IY inkbkey, cb tires kg arkss hkeistcn prkhunt, iepmkyeibt, wlais lbh cbtirbltckblm trlhi.

Qfcmi tflt stuhy gknusih kb cbhustrcis, tfcs gkmmkw-up ripkrt cs lceih lt tfi re mivim. Ekrikvir, tfi

nurribt stuhy qulbtcis tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs cb tires kg re pirgkrelbni cbhcnltkrs, wfcmi tfi rst

stuhy qulbtcih tfi ceplnt kg CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis kb elcb elnrk-inkbkecn vlrcldmis. Xfi 4:<>

stuhy wls kg l purimy hisnrcptcvi blturi0 ct ixlecbih tfi strunturi kg tfi IY inkbkey tk chibtcgy

sintkrs tflt usi CZTs cbtibscvimy, lbh qulbtcih tficr ”wicaft― cb tfi kvirlmm inkbkey. Cb nkbtrlst,

tfi nurribt stuhy cs lblmytcnlm cb blturi0 tfi ubct kg lblmyscs cs tfi cbhcvchulm re, lbh l viry mlraislepmi kg ekri tflb <>: ::: nkeplbcis cs lblmysih uscba stltcstcnlm tinfbcquis tk hcsnirb wfitfir

CZT kwbirsfcp cs lsskncltih wctf inkbkecn pirgkrelbni.7 Qfcmst dktf stuhcis milh tk tfi nkbnmusckb

tflt CZTs lri cepkrtlbt cb l ekhirb inkbkey, tfi lblmyscs cb tfi nurribt stuhy prkvchis l eunf

strkbair cbhcnltckb kg tfcs cepkrtlbni, ispinclmmy gkr ÊIs.

7 Gkr skei plrts kg tfi lblmyscs lb ivib mlrair hltldlsi kg ekri tflb 4.> ecmmckb Iurkpilb nkeplbcis wls usih.



Cbtrkhuntckb <1

Xldmi > prkvchis lb kvirvciw kg tfi oiy hcggiribnis ditwiib tfi privckus lbh nurribt stuhcis.

Xldmi >0 CZT nkbtrcdutckb stuhcis, Zflsi C lbh Zflsi CC

Zflsi C0 CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis0 nkbtrcdutckb

tk inkbkecn pirgkrelbni lbh iepmkyeibt cb

tfi Iurkpilb Ybckb

Zflsi CC0 Cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts lbh re

pirgkrelbni cb Iurkpi0 lb inkbkecn lblmyscs

Kdìntcvi0 lssiss elnrkinkbkecn ivchibni kg

cepkrtlbni kg cbhustrcis tflt eloi rimltcvimy

cbtibscvi usi kg CZTs gkr tfi IY inkbkey0

iepmkyeibt, AHZ, wlais lbh cbtirbltckblm trlhi

Kdìntcvi0 lssiss ecnrkinkbkecn ivchibni kg

cepkrtlbni kg CZTs gkr tfi pirgkrelbni kg res

CZTs0 pltibts, trlhi elros, hiscabs, nkpyrcaft

lbh aikarlpfcnlm cbhcnltckbs lt Iurkpilb mivim

CZTs0 pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs lt dktf

Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm mivim

Nkubtrcis0 41 IY Eiedir ^tltis Nkubtrcis0 <4 IY Eiedir ^tltis

Eitfkhkmkay0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns Eitfkhkmkay0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lbh inkbkeitrcn

lblmyscs

Mivim & hltl0 7<9 cbhustrcis Mivim & hltl0 4 >78 :7> res gkr tfi hisnrcptcvi plrt kg

tfi lblmyscs lbh <>: 999 res gkr tfi inkbkeitrcn plrt

>.< îttcba tfi snibi0 tfi cbnrilscba cepkrtlbni kg cbtimmintulm

prkpirty rcafts gkr res

@uhacba dy tfi strkba arkwtf cb uslai, hurcba rinibt hinlhis CZTs flvi dinkei cbnrilscbamycepkrtlbt gkr res. CZTs lri bk mkbair pirnicvih eirimy ls tkkms tflt riwlrh nriltcvcty lbh cbvib-

tcvibiss, hitir cectltckb lbh sinuri tfi riputltckb kg l nkeplby–s prkhunts lbh sirvcnis. Diykbh

tficr trlhctckblm gubntckb, CZTs prkvchi nkeplbcis wctf biw kppkrtubctcis tk rilp tfi dibits kg tficr

krcacblm wkros lbh lhiqultimy ekbitcsi tficr cbtimmintulm prkpirty. CZTs flvi dinkei ixcdmi cbstru-

eibts tflt prkvchi res wctf lb lrrly kg strltiacn kptckbs. Gcres nlb gkr ixlepmi hinchi tk kpib

up CZTs gkr usi dy ktfirs tfrkuaf mcnibscba prkarleeis kr tfrkuaf risilrnf & hivimkpeibt `kcbt

vibturis, tfus nriltcba vlmuldmi inkbkecn lntcvcty.

Zltibt pkrtgkmcks, tinfbkmkay mcnibscba prkarleeis, drlbh iqucty lbh akkhwcmm hitirecbi eunf kg

tfi vlmui kg elby ekhirb nkeplbcis, lbh flvi dinkei nibtrlm tk tficr blbnclm pirgkrelbni.Cbhiih, tfi nkrpkrlti vlmui kg elby mlrai res cb lhvlbnih inkbkecis cs bkw ekstmy lnnkubtih gkr

dy cbtlbacdmi rltfir tflb tlbacdmi lssits.1 Chils lbh nriltcvcty lri kgtib tfi ekst vlmuldmi skurni kg

cbputs, ripmlncba tfi ekri trlhctckblm glntkrs kg prkhuntckb sunf ls mlbh, mldkur lbh nlpctlm.

Qctfcb tfcs nflbacba ibvcrkbeibt, duscbissis lri lhlptcba tficr ekhims lnnkrhcbamy lbh siio tk

lpprkprclti riturbs kb tficr cbvisteibts dy ixpmkctcba tficr cbtlbacdmi lssits. L rlbai kg kptckbs grke

gkrelm tk cbgkrelm tkkms kg prktintckb kg tficr cbtimmintulm lssits cs lt tficr hcspkslm. Xfi nfkcni kg spincn

tkkms hipibhs kb l buedir kg glntkrs, cbnmuhcba tfi sczi kg l re lbh tfi sintkr cb wfcnf ct kpirltis.

1 îi Elmlnokwsoc it lm. (4::1).



<6 Cbtrkhuntckb

Lhhctckblmmy, cbstilh kg gknuscba kb kbi CZT lt l tcei, nkeplbcis cbnrilscbamy mkko lt tficr cbtimmintulm

lssits nkmmintcvimy lbh tloi tfi nkedcbltckb lbh cbtirlntckb kg vlrckus CZTs cbtk lnnkubt cb tficrhincsckbs. Cb glnt tfi uslai kg CZTs ls l dubhmi hcspmlys scabcnlbt pktibtclm gkr nkeplbcis tk

stribatfib tficr nkepitctcvi pksctckb cb tfi elroit, lbh risilrnf cs pkcbtcba kut tflt CZTs nlb di

usih cb l nkepmieibtlry wly cb krhir tk aibirlti lhhctckblm striles kg rivibui lbh tk ceprkvi tfi

blbnclm pirgkrelbni kg tfi nkeplby.6

Dkx <0 Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs

Xfi eitfkhs kg prktintcba cbtimmintulm prkpirty nlb di hcvchih cbtk twk drklh nltiakrcis0 cbgkrelm eitfkhs

kg cbtimmintulm prkpirty prktintckb (i.a. spiih tk elroit lbh trlhi sinriny) lbh gkrelm CZTs. Gkrelm CZTscbnmuhi pltibts, trlhi elros, hiscabs, nkpyrcaft, aikarlpfcnlm cbhcnltckbs lbh pmlbt vlrcity rcafts. Xfcs

stuhy gknusis kb pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs dinlusi bk re-mivim hltl gkr tfi ktfir gkrelm CZTs

wls lvlcmldmi. Dkx < sueelrcsis tfi elcb lspints kg ilnf kg tfisi tfrii CZTs.

Zltibt Xrlhi elro Hiscab

ûdìnt elttir Cbhustrclmmy lppmcnldmi

cbvibtckb, biw lbh

cbvkmvis lb cbvibtcvi stip

Hcstcbntcvi scabs tflt

hcstcbaucsf l nkeplby–s

akkhs kr sirvcnis grke

ktfirs

Krbleibtlm lbh

bkb-gubntckblm gilturis

kg lb lrtcnmi kr prkhunt

Nkbgirrih rcafts Ixnmuscvi rcaft tk eloi,

usi, lbh simm tfi pltibtihcbvibtckb

Ixnmuscvi rcaft tk usi tfi

trlhi elro cb trlhi lbhprivibt cts usi dy ktfirs

gkr scecmlr kr chibtcnlm

akkhs kr sirvcnis

Ixnmuscvi rcaft tk usi tfi

hiscab lbh privibt ctsusi dy ktfirs

Dibits kg rcafts

prktintckb

Cbnibtcvi gkr cbbkvltckb?

prktintckb kg obkwmihai?

gumm tinfbcnlm hcsnmksuri kg

cbvibtckb

Zrkektis qulmcty lbh

nkepitctckb ditwiib

drlbhs? prkvchis tfi

pudmcn wctf drlbh cbgkr-

eltckb lbh usi cb

nkeeirni

Krbleibtlm lbh

bkb-gubntckblm gilturis

kg lb lrtcnmi kr prkhunt?

prkvchis l eilbs gkr

prkhunt hcggiribtcltckb

lbh prkektis nkepitc-

tckb ditwiib drlbhs

Hurltckb Xypcnlmmy elxceue 4:

yilrs grke mcba

Nkeekbmy <: yilrs grke

mcba, dut nlb di ribiwihcbhibctimy gkr sunnisscvi

pirckhs

Xfi usulm elxceue tire

cs 49 yilrs

6 Xfi KINH ncibni, Xinfbkmkay lbh Cbhustry nkridklrh (4:<>) nlmms gkr tfi biih tk mkko lt cbtimmintulm

prkpirty dubhmis lbh tfi `kcbt usi kg Iurkpilb pltibts, trlhi elros lbh cbhustrclm hiscabs dy res tk prktint tficr cbvibtckbs.



Cbtrkhuntckb <3

>.4 Nkbtrcdutckb kg tfi stuhy

îvirlm lttiepts flvi diib elhi cb tfi lnlhiecn lbh elblaieibt mctirlturi tk sfkw fkw tfi usi

kg CZTs cs mcboih tk tfi inkbkecn lbh blbnclm pirgkrelbni kg res. Qfcmi ekst kg tfisi stuhcis

gknus kb pltibts lbh kbmy skei hilm wctf trlhi elros kr hiscabs, iepcrcnlm ivchibni kg l hcrint

mcbo gkr Iurkpilb res cs snlrni.3 Xfi eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnfis usih cb tfisi stuhcis lri mlraimy

hcntltih dy tfi blturi kg tfi lvlcmldmi hltl.

Xfi elcb nkbtrcdutckb kg tfi nurribt stuhy mcis cb tfi nkbstruntckb lbh lblmyscs kg l ubcqui lbh mlrai

hltlsit wctf blbnclm vlrcldmis lbh CZT hltl lt re mivim gkr Iurkpilb nkeplbcis. Xfi stuhy ie -

pmkyih l ubcqui eiraih hltlsit nkbtlcbcba nkeplby-mivim cbgkreltckb gkr eumtcpmi yilrs kb pltibts,

trlhi elros lbh hiscabs (dktf lt bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb mivim) tkaitfir wctf hltl kb tfi blbnclm

pirgkrelbni lbh strunturlm hltl kg res gkr tfi yilrs 4::4-4:<:.

Xfi prkniss kg kdtlcbcba hltl kb bltckblm CZT mcbas grke ilnf nkubtry lbh cbnkrpkrltcba ct cbtk tfi

eiraih hltldlsi cs mldkur-cbtibscvi lbh tcei-nkbsuecba. Dinlusi kg tcei nkbstrlcbts, ct wls bkt

pksscdmi tk cbnmuhi res grke lmm 46 IY Eiedir tltis cb tfi slepmi. Cb krhir tk lmmkw gkr nkepmitckb

kg tfi lblmytcnlm wkro dy Iurkpi Inkbkecns wctfcb tfi tcei grlei prkvchih gkr cb tfi nkbtrlnt, tfi

nkmmintckb kg hltl lbh tfi eltnfcba ixirncsi flh tk di ”grkzib― cb Elrnf 4:<8. Xfus, tfi lblmyscs

cb tfcs stuhy cs dlsih kb hltl grke l riprisibtltcvi slepmi kg ekri tflb <>: ::: res hrlwb grke

<4 IY Eiedir ^tltis0 Lustrcl, Dimacue, Airelby, Hibelro, ^plcb, Grlbni, YO, Fubalry, Ctlmy,

Mctfulbcl, Bitfirmlbhs lbh Zkrtualm. Hltl grke tfi rielcbcba Eiedir ^tltis cs dicba nkmmintih sktflt guturi stuhcis kg tfcs typi nlb di nlrrcih kut uscba hltl gkr lmm IY Eiedir ^tltis.

Grke l stltcstcnlm pkcbt kg vciw, tfcs mcectltckb cs bkt hincscvi. Xfi <4 Eiedir ^tltis cb tfi slepmi

cbnmuhi tfi vi mlraist IY inkbkecis, lbh prkvchi l aikarlpfcnlmmy dlmlbnih riprisibtltckb kg tfi

IY ls l wfkmi. Ct sfkumh lmsk di bktih tflt tfi nkubtrcis cbnmuhih cb tfcs lblmyscs lnnkubtih gkr

lpprkxceltimy 69 pir nibt kg IY AHZ cb 4:<>. Gcblmmy, cbnmusckb kg lhhctckblm nkubtrcis wkumh di ub-

mcoimy tk flvi l scabcnlbt ceplnt kb risumts dinlusi tfi gknus kg tfi stuhy cs kb tfi nflrlntircstcns

kg res, bkt kb nkubtry nflrlntircstcns.

Xfi cb-hiptf lblmyscs kg tfcs hltlsit risumtih cb bhcba nmilr (stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt) lbh pksctcvirimltckbsfcps ditwiib tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni ls eilsurih dy rivibui pir

iepmkyii. Ekrikvir, tfcs rimltckbsfcp cs ekri cepkrtlbt gkr ÊIs tflb gkr mlrai res.

Nlutckb cs biihih cb cbtirpritcba tfi bhcbas kg tfcs stuhy. Gcrst, tfi blturi kg tfi stltcstcnlm lblmyscs

usih hkis bkt lmmkw nkbnmusckbs ldkut tfi nluslm mcbos ditwiib CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni. Nluslm

mcbos nlb pktibtclmmy wkro cb twk hcggiribt hcrintckbs0 tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs nlb milh tk dittir

blbnclm pirgkrelbni kg res, kr ct nlb di tfi nlsi tflt res kwb ekri CZTs dinlusi tfiy lri

pirgkrecba dittir.

3 Gkr l rinibt kvirvciw kg ixcstcba iepcrcnlm mctirlturi sii G. Eublrc (4:<4) lbh ^nflutsnfcno lbh Ariibflmaf (4:<>).



Inkbkecn tfikry kb CZTs sits kut vlrckus pksscdmi wlys cb wfcnf CZTs nlb milh tk supirckr

inkbkecn pirgkrelbni dy res. CZTs nrilti cbnibtcvis gkr res tk ibalai cb cbbkvltcvi lntcvcty tflt

lmmkws tfie tk rihuni nksts (elcbmy prkniss cbbkvltckb) kr/lbh rlcsi prktldcmcty lbh slmis (elcbmyprkhunt cbbkvltckb). Xfirigkri tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs cs mcoimy tk di l prkxy gkr l re–s aibirlm

ldcmcty tk aibirlti cbtlbacdmi lssits. Xfi pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh

inkbkecn pirgkrelbni ecaft plrtclmmy di hui tk tfi pksctcvi cbuibni tflt cbtlbacdmi lssits nlb

flvi kb l re–s prkhuntcvcty.

Lmsk, mcnibscba lntcvcty ibldmih dy CZTs drcbas lhhctckblm rivibui tk cbbkvltcvi res wctfkut tfi

binisscty tk ibalai hcrintmy cb tfi nkrrispkbhcba prkhuntckb lntcvcty.

Gcblmmy, tfi rcaft tk ixnmuhi nkepitctkrs tflt pltibts, trlhi elros, kr hiscabs aulrlbtii, milhs

hcrintmy tk rihunih nkepitctcvi prissuri kb tficr fkmhirs, lbh tfus tk fcafir prkts.

Nkbvirsimy, strkba inkbkecn pirgkrelbni nlb lmsk ceplnt l re–s hincsckbs tk lppmy gkr gkrelm

CZTs.<: Nkeplbcis tflt flvi lmrilhy diib ldmi tk aibirlti fcaf blbnclm riturbs cb tfi plst ecaft

turb tk uscba trlhldmi lbh ibgkrnildmi CZTs tk prktint tficr rivibui striles cb tfi guturi. Gcblmmy,

tfiri cs l rcso tflt lby stltcstcnlm lsskncltckb gkubh ditwiib CZTs lbh pirgkrelbni cs spurckus lbh

hrcvib prcelrcmy dy re-spincn gilturis (i.a. elblaieibt prlntcnis, qulmcty kg elblaieibt).

Fkwivir, tfi lvlcmldmi hltl lmmkwih tk rihuni tfcs rcso nkbschirldmy.

>.> Kutmcbi kg tfi ripkrt

Xfi strunturi kg tfcs ripkrt cs ls gkmmkws0

➘ Nflptir 8 hisnrcdis tfi hltl skurnis, tfi hltl-eltnfcba eitfkhkmkay lppmcih, tfi

risumtcba hltlsit lbh tfi typis kg lblmyscs nlrrcih kut cb tfcs stuhy?

➘ Nflptir 9 prkvchis l rst mkko lt tfi ivchibni, cb tfi gkre kg hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns

kg tfi hltlsit?

➘

Nflptir 7 sits kut tfi elcb bhcbas kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs?

➘ Nflptir 1 sueelrcsis tfi bhcbas kg tfi stuhy?

➘ Xfi Lbbix nkbtlcbs suppmieibtlry cbgkreltckb lbh lblmysis.

<: îi gkr ixlepmi K–Elfkby lbh Winnfc(4::3) kr Elrrknu it lm. (4:<<).

4: Cbtrkhuntckb



8.< Cbtrkhuntckb

Xfi purpksi kg tfcs stuhy cs tk ixlecbi tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib nkeplbcis– kwbirsfcp kg CZTs

(pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs) lbh tficr inkbkecn pirgkrelbni, ls eilsurih dy rivibui pir

iepmkyii. Xfi eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnf usih tk istldmcsf mcbos ditwiib CZTs lbh pirgkrelbni cs

hcntltih tk l mlrai ixtibt dy tfi blturi kg tfi hltl lvlcmldmi, wfcnf cs hcsnussih cb ariltir hitlcm mltir cb

tfcs nflptir.

Xfi kvirlmm lpprklnf tloib cb tfcs stuhy cs sueelrcsih cb Xldmi 8. Ct lmsk spincis tfi typis kg

CZT cbnmuhih cb tfi risilrnf, tfi mivim lt wfcnf tfi lblmyscs fls diib nkbhuntih, tfi CZT eitrcns

iepmkyih lbh tfi pirgkrelbni eilsuris iepmkyih.<<

Xldmi 80 Oiy nflrlntircstcns kg eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnf

Nflrlntircstcns kg tfi lblmyscs

Xypi kg CZT - Bltckblm pltibts

- Iurkpilb pltibts<<

- Bltckblm trlhi elros

- Iurkpilb trlhi elros

- Bltckblm hiscabs

- Iurkpilb hiscabs

Mivim kg lblmyscs Gcre mivim

CZT eitrcns - Qfitfir kr bkt l re kwbs CZTs

- ^tknos kg CZT pir iepmkyii

Zirgkrelbni eitrcns Tivibui pir iepmkyii

Eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnf - Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns

- Inkbkeitrcn plbim lblmyscs

- Nmustir lblmyscs

<< Xfi tire ”Iurkpilb pltibt― rigirs tk l pltibt arlbtih dy tfi IZK lbh cs cb glnt l dubhmi kg bltckblm pltibts. ”Iurkpilb trlhi

elro― lbh ”Iurkpilb hiscab― rigir tk tfi Nkeeubcty Xrlhi Elro lbh Tiacstirih Nkeeubcty Hiscab, rispintcvimy.

4<

:8 / Xfi gkubhltckbs0

hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay



Qctf rialrh tk tfi eitfkhs kg CZ prktintckb nkbschirih, tfi lblmyscs cs dlsih kb tfrii elcbnltiakrcis kg CZT0 pltibts? trlhi elros? lbh hiscabs. L hcstcbntckb cs elhi ditwiib CZTs arlbtih/

riacstirih lt tfi Iurkpilb mivim lbh tfksi arlbtih/riacstirih lt tfi bltckblm mivim dinlusi tfi

nflrlntircstcns kg sunf rcafts lri hcggiribt lbh ct wkumh di cbnkrrint tk trilt l scbami bltckblm rcaft lbh

l Iurkpilb rcaft (l dubhmi kg bltckblm rcafts cb tfi nlsi kg pltibts) iqulmmy. Xfi CZT hltl wls kd-

tlcbih grke tfi IZK–s ZLX^XLX hltldlsi, KFCE–s trlhi elros lbh hiscabs riacstir, lbh grke tfi

hltldlsis kg bltckblm CZ kgnis. L hisnrcptckb kg tfisi hltldlsis cs prkvchih cb intckb 8.4.< dimkw.

Xfi inkbkecn ceplnt kg CZTs cs lssissih cb tfcs stuhy lt tfi re mivim. Cbgkreltckb kb tfi blbnclm

pirgkrelbni lbh dlscn nflrlntircstcns kg res wls kdtlcbih grke tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi lbh wls

eltnfih wctf tfi CZT hltl hisnrcdih ldkvi. L ekri hitlcmih hcsnussckb kg tfisi cssuis cs prkvchih

cb întckb 8.4.4.

Xfi lblmyscs iepmkys twk elcb hibctckbs kg CZT kwbirsfcp0 dcblry cbhcnltkrs tflt chibtcgy wfitfir

kr bkt l re kwbs lby CZTs, lbh sivirlm cbhcnltkrs gkr l spincn typi kr nkedcbltckb kg CZTs, lbh

tfi stkno pir iepmkyii kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs. Xfi elcb pirgkrelbni eilsuri cs

rivibui pir iepmkyii.

Xfcs stuhy iepmkys tfrii eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnfis tk chibtcgy mcbos ditwiib CZTs lbh pirgkr-

elbni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns, inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs lbh nmustir lblmyscs.

Xfisi eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnfis lri nkepmieibtlry cb tfi gkmmkwcba sibsi. Xfi hisnrcptcvistltcstcns lbh tfi nmustir lblmyscs prkvchi l dlscn kvirvciw kg tfi nflrlntircstcns kg res cbnmuhih

cb tfi hltlsit lbh chibtcgy tfi ixtibt tk wfcnf tfi mivim kg CZT kwbirsfcp hcggirs ditwiib res wctf

hcggiribt nflrlntircstcns (i.a. sintkr, nkubtry, sczi, itn.). Xfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs ekvis diykbh

puri hisnrcptckb lbh siios tk chibtcgy tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZTs lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg l re,

nkbtrkmmcba gkr ktfir glntkrs tflt lggint pirgkrelbni. Xfi hitlcmih lpprklnfis lbh tfi risumts kg tfi

lblmyscs lri hisnrcdih cb tfi gkmmkwcba nflptirs0

➘ Nflptir 90 L rst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns?

➘ Nflptir 70 CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs.

Xfi nmustir lblmyscs cs hcsnussih cb Lbbix 6.8.

44 Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay





Zlrt kg tfi stltcstcnlm lbh inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs cb tfcs stuhy rimcis kb tfi nkbstruntckb kg stknos kg

CZTs. Fibni, ct cs binisslry tk lnnkubt gkr tfi buedir kg CZTs (kg ilnf typi) tflt lri vlmch lt lby

pkcbt cb tcei hurcba tfi pirckh nkvirih cb tfi plbim. Cb aibirlm, lmm tfi hltl skurnis lri rilskb-ldmy nkepmiti cb tires kg cbgkreltckb kb mcba lbh arlbt/riacstrltckb. Fkwivir, tfi ixlnt yilr cb

wfcnf lb CZT stkps dicba vlmch cs skeitceis ecsscba. Xk lhhriss tfcs cssui, vlrckus lpprklnfis

wiri gkmmkwih0

➘ Iurkpilb pltibts. Xfisi pltibts lri arlbtih dy tfi IZK dut lri typcnlmmy vlmchltih cb

eumtcpmi Eiedir ^tltis. Ilnf kg tfi bltckblm pltibt kgnis ripkrts dlno tk tfi IZK wfib

l pltibt cs bk mkbair vlmch. Gkr tfi purpksis kg tfcs stuhy, ct fls diib lssueih tflt lb

IZK pltibt cs ”lmcvi― ls mkba ls ct fls bkt mlpsih kr ixpcrih cb lt milst kbi kg tfi bltckblm

kgnis wfiri ct wls vlmchltih. Cb nlmnumltcba tfi stknos kg Iurkpilb pltibts fimh dy tfi

re, ilnf Iurkpilb pltibt wls triltih ls l scbami pltibt, ivib cg ct wls vlmchltih cb

eumtcpmi nkubtrcis.<>

➘ Bltckblm pltibts. Ixpcry, mlpsi lbh ktfir ivibts lri lmsk rinkrhih cb tfi mialm ivibts

tldmi kg ZLX^XLX. Fkwivir, bltckblm pltibt kgnis typcnlmmy usi sivirlm hcggiribt nkhis

tk rinkrh vlrckus ivibts.<8 Xfi hcggiribt prlntcnis lekba pltibt kgnis nkepmcnlti tfi

tlso kg uscba l ubcgkre nrctirckb gkr hibcba tfi hlti wfib l pltibt cs bk mkbair lmcvi. Gkr

pltibts wctf bk rimivlbt tirecbltckb ivibt lvlcmldmi hui tk ecsripkrtcba dy bltckblm pltibt

kgnis, tfi lvirlai bltckblm pltibt mcgi wls usih tk nlmnumlti tfi ixpcrltckb hlti.<9

➘ Iurkpilb trlhi elros lbh hiscabs. Xfi KFCE hltldlsi nkbtlcbs nkepmiti cbgkreltckb

kb mcba, arlbt lbh ixpcrltckb hltis. Bk gurtfir lssueptckbs wiri riqucrih.

➘ Bltckblm trlhi elros lbh hiscabs. Xfi hltl kdtlcbih grke XEvciw, HiscabWciw lbh tfi

bltckblm kgnis nkbtlcbih eunf ecsscba hltl kb mlpsi/ixpcrltckb. Cb tfksi nlsis, ct wls

lssueih tflt tfi lvirlai mcgi gkr trlhi elros lbh hiscabs cs tib lbh vi yilrs rispin -

tcvimy. Xfisi istceltis nkrrispkbh tk tfi cbctclm tire, wctfkut tlocba pktibtclm ribiwlms cbtk

lnnkubt.

Cb tfi nlsi kg bltckblm trlhi elros lbh hiscabs, tfi riacstrltckb hlti wls usih ls tfi arlbt hlti.

Xfcs ecaft di cblnnurlti cb ùrcshcntckbs wfiri tfi riacstrltckb cs lwlrhih wctf scabcnlbt himlys lg -

tir mcba wfcmi res cb prlntcni ib`ky tfi dibits kg tfi prkpirty rcaft grke tfi tcei kg mcba. Fkwivir,ct cs bkt pksscdmi tk prkhuni l ekri lnnurlti istcelti gkr tfisi nkubtrcis uscba tfi hltl lvlcmldmi.

<> Xfi buedir kg nkubtrcis cb wfcnf l pltibt wls vlmchltih cs kbi imieibt kg tfi pltibt qulmcty cbhix tflt wcmm di cbtrkhunih cb Lbbix6.9.4.4.

<8 Lbbix 6.4 prkvchis hitlcms kg tfi nkhis usih tk kdtlcb tfi ixpcrltckb kr mlpsi hltis gkr bltckblm pltibts.

<9 Gkr Ctlmy lbh Mctfulbcl, bk hltl wls lvlcmldmi gkr lby pltibts lbh sk tfi lvirlai mcgi kg bltckblm pltibts cb lmm tfi ktfir nkubtrcis cb

tfi slepmi wls usih tk istcelti tfi ixpcrltckb hltis gkr tfksi twk nkubtrcis.




8.4.4 Gcre hltl

Xfi ekst rimcldmi blbnclm lbh hiekarlpfcn hltl kb nkeplbcis ls altfirih dy stltcstcnlm kgniskr tlx lutfkrctcis cs bkt lvlcmldmi gkr risilrnf purpksis hui tk hltl prktintckb nkbnirbs. Acvib

tfksi nkbstrlcbts, elby re-mivim lblmysis lri dlsih kb hltl nkmmintih dy nkeeirnclm prkvchirs,

wfk altfir cbgkreltckb grke pudmcnmy lvlcmldmi duscbiss riacstirs. Xfi KTDC^ hltlsit,<7 prkvchih

dy Durilu vlb Hcò, cs kbi kg tfi skurnis ekst nkeekbmy usih dy risilrnfirs lbh nkbtlcbs

blbnclm cbgkreltckb kb ecmmckbs kg mcstih lbh ubmcstih nkeplbcis wkrmhwchi, cbnmuhcba ekri tflb

4: ecmmckb res cb Iurkpi. Xfi hltl wls ixtrlntih gkr tfi yilrs 4::4-4:<<. KTDC^ cbnmuhis l

vlrcity kg oiy blbnclm vlrcldmis tflt lri nrunclm gkr re-mivim lblmyscs.

Eltnfcba CZT lbh gcre hltl

Cb krhir tk nrilti l nkedcbih CZT lbh re hltlsit gkr tfi lblmyscs, tfi CZT hltl wls eltnfih

wctf KTDC^ hltl sk tflt, gkr ilnf nkeplby cb tfi slepmi, cts pkrtgkmck kg CZTs lbh cts blbnclm

lbh inkbkecn nflrlntircstcns nkumh di nkrrimltih. Lmtfkuaf tfiri lri obkwb prkdmies wctf tfi

riprisibtltcvibiss kg tfi KTDC^ hltl lbh wctf tfi lvlcmldcmcty kg skei kg cts oiy vlrcldmis,<1

lmm nkeplbcis lvlcmldmi cb KTDC^ flvi diib usih gkr eltnfcba purpksis. Zktibtclm prkdmies

tflt nkumh flvi hcstkrtih sudsiquibt lblmysis flvi diib tlnomih hurcba tfi nkbstruntckb kg tfi

risilrnf slepmis lbh dy iepmkycba rimivlbt nkbtrkm vlrcldmis sunf ls nkubtry, cbhustry lbh

re sczi hueecis hurcba tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs. Gurtfir hitlcms kg tfi eltnfcba prkniss lri

ixpmlcbih cb Lbbix 6.<.

8.4.> ^lepmis

Tihunih slepmi

Xfi blbnclm hltl prkvchih cb KTDC^ fls l viry mlrai prkpkrtckb kg ecsscba vlmuis. Xfcs cs kdsirvih

cb l mlrai buedir kg res tflt bk mkbair ixcst, splrsi hltl gkr tfi mlst yilr cb tfi plbim (4:<<, wfcnf

wls hrkppih grke tfi lblmytcnlm hltlsits gkr tflt rilskb) lbh vlrcldmis tflt lri kbmy rlrimy ripkrtih,

sunf ls T&H ixpibhcturi lbh rivibui grke ixpkrts. Xk tlnomi tfcs prkdmie, kbmy res tflt flvi

tfrii nkbsinutcvi yilrs kg hltl cb tfrii oiy vlrcldmis - rivibui, prkts (eilsurih dy Z/M digkri

tlx) lbh buedir kg iepmkyiis<6

- wiri oipt cb tfi hltlsit. Xfcs nkbstctutis l ecbcelm nkbhctckb tfltbiihs tk di eit cb krhir tk lppmy plbim inkbkeitrcns tinfbcquis (sii Nflptir 7). Xfi hltlsit wfcnf

nkbtlcbs kbmy res wctf tfrii nkbsinutcvi yilrs kg blbnclm hltl cs nlmmih tfi ‖rihunih– slepmi.

<7 Gkr tfcs stuhy, tfi Lprcm 4:<4 virsckb kg KTDC^ wls usih.

<1 Gkr l hitlcmih hcsnussckb kg tfi riprisibtltcvibiss lbh pktibtclm wilobissis kg tfi KTDC^ hltlsit, sii ^qucnnclrcbc lbh Hirbcs(4:<>).

<6 KTDC^ nkbtlcbs sivirlm eilsuris kg prkts. Xfcs ripkrt usis tfi vlrcldmi ”Z/M digkri tlx―, ls ct ldstrlnts grke hcggiribnis lnrkss

nkubtrcis sunf ls hcggiribt tlx riaceis. Cb prcbncpmi, IDCXHL nkumh flvi diib usih ls l eilsuri kg prkts dut hltl cs bkt lvlcmldmi

gkr lmm tfi Eiedir ^tltis cb tfi slepmi lbh sk ct wls bkt pursuih.

Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay 49



Tlbhkecsih slepmi

Cb tfi risumtcba hltlsit, ^plcb, Grlbni, Ctlmy lbh Zkrtualm flvi elby ekri res wctf blbnclm hltltflb ktfir nkubtrcis. Xfcs cs cb ctsimg bkt l prkdmie acvib tflt tfi gknus kg tfcs stuhy cs kb res rltfir

tflb nkubtrcis. Fkwivir, nmksi ixlecbltckb kg tfi hltl rivilmih tflt tfi prkpkrtckb ditwiib ÊIs

lbh mlrai nkeplbcis cs soiwih gkr skei nkubtrcis, pksscdmy hui tk hcggiribt lnnkubtcba lbh ripkrt-

cba riqucrieibts lnrkss Eiedir ^tltis.<3

Cb krhir tk nkrrint gkr tfcs cssui, l rlbhke slepmi grke tfi rihunih hltlsit wls aibirltih, sudìnt

tk twk nkbstrlcbts0

<. Xfi grlntckb kg res grke ilnf nkubtry sfkumh di tfi slei ls gkr tfi inkbkey ls l wfkmi.

Hltl wls kdtlcbih grke Iurkstlt kb tfi tktlm buedir kg nkeplbcis cb ilnf Eiedir ^tlti, lbh

tfi prkpkrtckb kg tfi tktlm lnnkubtih gkr dy ilnf Eiedir ^tlti wls nlmnumltih. Xfi slepmcba

strltiay tfib ibsurih tflt tfi prkpkrtckb kg nkeplbcis grke ilnf nkubtry cb tfi ‖rlbhkecsih–

hltlsit wkumh di iqulm tk tfi prkpkrtckbs ivchibt cb Iurkstlt hltl lbh tflt tfi prkpkrtckb kg

ÊIs cb tfi slepmi wkumh di scecmlr tk tflt kg tfi IY inkbkey. ^cbni tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs

dy ÊIs wls l plrtcnumlr gknus kg tfcs stuhy, tfcs wls lb cepkrtlbt nkbschirltckb.

4. Qctfcb ilnf nkubtry, tfi grlntckb kg res tflt lri kwbirs kg cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts

sfkumh di iqulm tk kbi flmg, wfirivir pksscdmi. Xfcs wkumh ibsuri tflt tfi hltlsit nkb-

tlcbih l sugncibt buedir kg CZT kwbirs tk lmmkw tfi inkbkeitrcn ekhims tk eilsuri tfi

lsskncltckb ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh pirgkrelbni.

Yscba tfisi nkbstrlcbts gkr tfi ‖rihunih– slepmi, tfi simintckb kg res grke ilnf nkubtry wlsrlbhke. Xldmi 9 prisibts tfi buedir kg res cb tfi gumm slepmi kg hltl, tfi ‖rihunih– slepmi kg res

gkr wfcnf tfrii nkbsinutcvi yilrs kg hltl wiri lvlcmldmi, lbh tfi ‖rlbhkecsih– slepmi kg res tflt

wls tfi dlscs kg tfi sudsiquibt lblmyscs. Iurkstlt hltl kb tfi buedir kg res cb ilnf Eiedir

^tlti cs prisibtih ls wimm, scbni tfi hcstrcdutckb kg res dy Eiedir ^tlti ls ripkrtih dy Iurkstlt

wls tfi rigiribni pkcbt gkr nkbstruntckb kg tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi.

Xfcs flh tfi iggint kg rihuncba tfi slepmi tk lpprkxceltimy <8: ::: nkeplbcis. Gkmmkwcba cbspin -

tckb kg tfcs hltlsit l gurtfir ribieibt wls elhi0 tfi fcafist lbh mkwist 4.9 pir nibt kg kdsirvl-

tckbs, ls gkr tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii, wiri hrkppih grke tfi slepmi tk lvkch tfi risumts dicba

hrcvib dy kutmcirs. Xfcs typi kg lhùsteibt cs stlbhlrh prlntcni cb inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs lbh cs hi-scabih tk lnnkubt gkr sctultckbs wfiri l selmm prkpkrtckb kg res cb tfi slepmi fls ixtriei vlmuis

kg tfi oiy vlrcldmis hui tk irrkrs cb tfi hltl (gkr ixlepmi, cb skei nlsis, hui tk nkhcba irrkrs ictfir

rivibui kr tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis ecaft di kgg dy lb krhir kg elabctuhi, milhcba tk viry fcaf kr

viry mkw rivibui-pir-iepmkyii auris).

<3 Dinlusi KTDC^ cs issibtclmmy lb laarialtckb kg hltl mih dy nkeplbcis wctf lutfkrctcis cb Eiedir tltis (i.a. Nkeplbcis Fkusi

cb tfi YO, Flbhimsriacstir cb Airelby, Oleir vlb Okkpflbhim cb tfi Bitfirmlbhs itn.), tfi qulmcty lbh nkvirlai kg tfi hltl

cb KTDC^ hipibh kb tfi mcba riqucrieibts cb ilnf Eiedir ^tlti lbh tfi hiarii tk wfcnf nkeplbcis nkepmy wctf tfksi mcba

riqucrieibts. Cb skei Eiedir tltis, ripkrtcba riqucrieibts lri miss strcbaibt gkr EIs cb krhir tk missib tfi lhecbcstrltcvi

durhib kb duscbiss. Xfcs mcectltckb cb tfi hltl sties grke tfi prcelry skurnis lbh fibni nlbbkt di ilscmy riskmvih. Gkr tfi

nkubtrcis wctf l scabcnlbtmy mkwir-tflb-ixpintih buedir kg nkeplbcis, ct cs nmilr tflt tfi ecsscba nkeplbcis lri prihkecblbtmyÊIs. Gkr ixlepmi, wfcmi lnnkrhcba tk Iurkstlt hltl, 33.9 pir nibt kg Airelb nkeplbcis lri ÊIs, cb tfi slepmi kbmy 9:.9 pir

nibt kg Airelb nkeplbcis glmm cbtk tflt nltiakry. Nkbvirsimy, gkr tfi nkubtrcis wctf l mlrai buedir kg nkeplbcis cb tfi slepmi,

tfi prkpkrtckb kg ÊIs cs nmksi tk tflt ripkrtih dy Iurkstlt (gkr ixlepmi, gkr ^plcb, 36.1 pir nibt kg nkeplbcis cb tfi slepmi lri

ÊIs, nkeplrih wctf 33.3 pir nibt lnnkrhcba tk Iurkstlt).




Xldmi 90 Nkepksctckb kg gcres cb lmm slepmis dy Eiedir ^tlti

Eiedir^tlti

Iurkstlt (4:<<) Gumm KTDC^ slepmi(4::4-4:<<)

Tihunih KTDC slepmi (4::4-4:<:) Tlbhkecsih KTDCslepmi (4::4-4:<:)

Gcres % Gcres % Gcres % % kg gumm

slepmi

Gcres %

LX >:8 484 <.3 79< 437 4.3 > 369 :.4 :.7 < 376 <.9

DI 99: 169 >.9 4 4>< 697 3.3 9< 389 4.4 4.> 8 787 >.9

HI 4 <96 :39 <>.1 4 ><: 37< <:.4 49 63< <.< <.< <1 7>6 <>.>

HO 4<> >36 <.8 844 6<4 <.3 <1 :66 :.1 8.: < 1<4 <.>

I^ 4 :61 >1< <>.> > :93 <:8 <>.7 798 :>3 41.7 4<.8 <6 >17 <>.3

GT 4 971 8>1 <7.> < 176 143 1.6 < :<4 664 84.1 91.> 44 4<> <7.6

AD < 737 963 <:.6 9 198 8<9 49.9 69 :61 >.7 <.9 <> 8>7 <:.4

FY 99: 493 >.9 11: 431 >.8 <9 >43 :.7 4.: 8 797 >.9

CX > 68> 899 48.8 < 879 3<: 7.9 483 <43 <:.9 <1.: >> >3< 49.4

MX <41 9<1 :.6 <48 818 :.7 6 443 :.> 7.7 < :41 :.6

BM 6:> 61> 9.< > 947 371 <9.7 1 4:> :.> :.4 7 <4: 8.7

ZX 6>< 799 9.> 867 >78 4.4 484 7<> <:.4 83.3 1 :38 9.8

Xktlm <9 1>8 717 <::.: 44 91> <69 <::.: 4 >1> 84: <::.: <:.9 <>4 411 <::.:

Bkti0 Xfcs tldmi sfkws tflt, cb skei nlsis, tfi buedir kg res cb KTDC^ ixniihs tflt cb Iurkstlt wfcmi cb ktfir nlsis tfi rivirsi cs trui.

Ls KTDC^ nkbtlcbs kbmy l sudsit kg nkeplbcis cb tfi inkbkey, ct ely siie tflt tfi buedir cb KTDC^ sfkumh di mkwir tflb tfi buedir cb

Iurkstlt. Fkwivir, tfcs cs bkt tfi nlsi scbni tfi Iurkstlt hltl cbnmuhis kbmy res kpirltcba cb 4:<< wfcmi tfi KTDC^ hltl nkbtlcbs res gkr

tfi pirckh 4::4-4:<<. Cb lhhctckb, ct ecaft di pksscdmi tflt nkeplbcis tflt nilsih tk kpirlti ivib digkri 4::4 flvi bkt diib himitih grke

KTDC^. Lbktfir pkcbt tk bkti cs tflt ÊIs lppilr tk di ubhirriprisibtih cb tfi nlsi kg LX, HI, BM lbh AD, fibni tfi selmmir buedir kg

res cb tfi gumm KTDC^ slepmi.




Hui tk tfi imcecbltckb kg kutmcirs, tfiri lri smcaft hcggiribnis cb pirnibtlais kg res gkr ilnf Eie-

dir ^tlti wfib nkeplrcba tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi lbh tfi hltl grke Iurkstlt. Lb lhhctckblm rilskb

cs tflt tfi pirnibtlais cb Iurkstlt lri gkr 4:<<, wfcmst tfi pirnibtlais cb tfi rlbhkecsih KTDC^slepmi nkvir tfi pirckh 4::4 tk 4:<:.

Xfi rlbhkecsih slepmi cb tfi mlst nkmueb, nkeprcscba <>4 411 res, cs usih cb tfi lblmyscs pri-

sibtih cb sudsiquibt nflptirs. Cb plrtcnumlr, lmm tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmysis cb Nflptir 7 lri dlsih

kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi.4: Xfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns prisibtih cb Nflptir 9 lri dlsih kb ictfir

tfi rihunih slepmi kr tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi, wfcnfivir cs ekri lpprkprclti cb ilnf nlsi. Gkr

ixlepmi, wfib lblmyscba CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi cb Xldmi 6, tfi rihunih slepmi cs usih, scbni

uscba tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi (wfcnf dy nkbstruntckb fls rkuafmy iqulm buedirs kg kwbirs lbh bkb-

kwbirs) wkumh flvi acvib cbnkrrint risumts cb tfcs nlsi.

Wlrcldmis cbnmuhih cb tfi slepmi

Dkx 4 sfkws l sueelry kg tfi vlrcldmis tflt lri cbnmuhih cb tfi hltlsit. L hcstcbntckb cs elhi

ditwiib nkeplby vlrcldmis, blbnclm hltl lbh CZT hltl.

4: Ls l rkdustbiss nfino sivirlm cbhipibhibtmy hrlwb rlbhke slepmis wiri usih tk ibsuri tflt tfi inkbkeitrcn risumts hk bkt

hipibh kb tfi sud-slepmi hrlwb lbh tflt tfi istceltckb princsckb hkis bkt suggir grke tfi rihunih slepmi sczi.




Dkx 40 Wlrcldmis cb tfi hltlsit

Nkeplby vlrcldmis (tcei-cbhipibhibt)0

➘KTDC^ CH (chibtcty) buedir?

➘Eiedir tlti wfiri nkeplby cs mknltih?

➘CH buedir kg hkeistcn kwbcba nkeplby?

➘ Silr kg cbnkrpkrltckb?

• Xfcs wls usih tk nkbstrunt l vlrcldmi ripkrtcba tfi re–s lai

➘BLNI Tiv. 4 nkhi0 gkur-hcact lbh drklh nltiakrcis, ls higcbih dy Iurkstlt?4<

➘ ^czi0 Ecnrk, êlmm, Eihcue kr Mlrai lnnkrhcba tk tfi higcbctckb kg tfi Iurkpilb Nkeecssckb. 44

• Xfi oiy cbhcnltkr usih cb tfi lblmyscs cs l dcblry cbhcnltkr kg wfitfir tfi re cs lb ÊI kr l

mlrai nkeplby.

Gcblbnclm hltl (tcei-hipibhibt)

➘Tivibui?

➘Buedir kg iepmkyiis?

• Xfcs wls usih tk nkbstrunt vlrckus pir-iepmkyii vlrcldmis (i.a. rivibui pir iepmkyii)

➘Qlais (nksts kg iepmkyiis)?

CZT hltl (tcei-cbhipibhibt)

➘CZT kwbirs0 sivirlm vlrcldmis wiri nkbstruntih tk nlpturi tfi typi kg kwbirsfcp kg CZTs dy ilnf gcre0

• dcblry (kwbir/bkb-kwbir). L re cs hibih ls lb kwbir kg CZT cg ct wls arlbtih l rcaft (pltibt,

trlhi elro kr hiscab) lt lby mivim (bltckblm kr Iurkpilb) lt lby pkcbt cb tfi pirckh nkvirih cb

tfi plbim?

• dy typi kg rcaft (i.a. kwbir/bkb-kwbir kg hiscabs)?

• dy typi kg rcaft lbh bltckblm/Iurkpilb mivim (i.a. kwbir/bkb-kwbir kg Iurkpilb hiscabs)? lbh

• nkedcbltckb kg tfi typis kg rcaft kwbih (i.a. kwbir kg pltibts lbh trlhi elros). ^cbni tfrii

typis kg CZT lri nkbschirih, tfiri lri icaft pksscdmi kwbirsfcp nkedcbltckbs.

➘Silr cb wfcnf ilnf CZT cs gcmih, arlbtih kr ixpcrih. Xfi hltis kg arlbt lbh ixpcrltckb wiri usih tk

nkbstrunt, gkr ilnf nkeplby cb ilnf kg tfi yilrs nkvirih cb tfi plbim0

• Iurkpilb pltibt stkno?

• bltckblm pltibt stkno?

• Iurkpilb trlhi elro stkno? • bltckblm trlhi elro stkno?

• Iurkpilb hiscab stkno? lbh

• bltckblm hiscab stkno.

4< 44

4< Gkr l hisnrcptckb kg tfi BLNI nmlsscnltckb, sii0 fttp0//ipp.iurkstlt.in.iurkpl.iu/pkrtlm/plai/pkrtlm/prkhunt[hitlcms/pudmcnltckb;p[

prkhunt[nkhi5O^-TL-:1-:<9

44 îi fttp0//in.iurkpl.iu/ibtirprcsi/pkmcncis/sei/glnts-auris-lblmyscs/sei-hibctckb/cbhix[ib.fte.




8.> Eitfkhkmkay

Xfi hltlsit nkbstruntih gkr tfcs stuhy wls lblmysih stlrtcba wctf hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns, nkbtcbu-cba wctf nmustir lblmyscs, lbh blmmy prkarisscba tk gumm inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs. Gkr ilnf kg tfisi

lblmysis, ictfir tfi rihunih slepmi kr tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi wls usih, wfcnfivir wls ekst

lpprkprclti, ls ixpmlcbih cb sintckb 8.4 ldkvi.

Xfcs sud-sintckb nkbtlcbs l aibirlm tinfbcnlm hisnrcptckb kg tfi eitfkhkmkay usih cb ilnf kg tfisi

tfrii lblmysis. Lhhctckblm hitlcm, cb plrtcnumlr ls rialrhs tfi cbtirpritltckb kg tfi risumts lbh tfi

hibctckb kg tfi vlrcldmis, cs prkvchih cb nkbùbntckb wctf tfi prisibtltckb kg tfi risumts cb krhir tk

glncmctlti tfi rilhir–s ubhirstlbhcba kg tfksi risumts.

8.>.< Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns

Xfi kvirlrnfcba aklm kg tfi stltcstcnlm lblmyscs cb tfcs stuhy cs tk lbswir tfi gkmmkwcba quistckbs0

➘ Qflt cs tfi prkpkrtckb kg CZT kwbirs lekba mlrai res lbh ÊIs; Hk nkeekb plttirbs

ixcst cb tfi wly CZTs lri kwbih;

➘ Lri tfiri lpplribt mcbos ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh res– nflrlntircstcns;

➘ Qflt lri tfi mcbos ditwiib tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh nkeplbcis– pirgkrelbni;

Xfisi quistckbs flvi diib lhhrissih uscba dktf dlscn lbh ekri lhvlbnih hisnrcptcvi stltcstcnlm

tinfbcquis. Ls l rst stip, l buedir kg nrkss-tldumltckbs lri prisibtih tflt chibtcgy oiy hcggiribnisditwiib tfi nflrlntircstcns kg CZT kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs, lbh cmmustrlti mcbos ditwiib CZT

kwbirsfcp lbh nkeplby pirgkrelbni. Gkr tfcs lblmyscs, hltl grke tfi ekst rinibt yilr gkr wfcnf

tfiri cs rilskbldmy nkepmiti cbgkreltckb, 4:<:, cs usih. Dktf tfi rihunih lbh tfi rlbhkecsih

slepmis lri usih cb tfcs sintckb.

Cb lhhctckb, tists lri nlrrcih kut kb tfi stltcstcnlm scabcnlbni kg tfi hcggiribnis ditwiib tfi arkup

eilbs cb rispint kg tfi vlrcldmis kg cbtirist (sunf ls rivibui pir iepmkyii kr lvirlai wlais).

Xfisi tists, obkwb ls t tists, lri hiscabih tk hitirecbi tfi hiarii kg nkbhibni kbi nlb flvi

tflt kdsirvih hcggiribnis (gkr ixlepmi, tfi glnt tflt CZT kwbirs flvi fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii

tflb bkb-kwbirs) lri bkt eirimy tfi risumt kg nflbni.

Xfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lri ripkrtih cb Nflptir 9.

>: Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay



8.>.4 Nmustir lblmyscs

Ls l bixt stip diykbh tfi dlscn hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lbh nrkss-tldumltckbs, nmustir lblmyscs wlsusih tk chibtcgy typcnlm prkmis kg CZT uslai.

Nmustir lblmyscs cs lb Lblmyscs kg Wlrclbni (LBKWL) eitfkh wfcnf lces tk lsscab l sit kg kdìnts

(i.a. CZT cbhcnltkrs) cbtk siaeibts (nmustirs) sk tflt tfi kdìnts cb tfi slei nmustir lri ekri scecmlr

tk ilnf ktfir tflb tk tfksi cb ktfir nmustirs. Lppmcih tk CZT cbhcnltkrs, tfi tinfbcqui nlb di usih

tk chibtcgy nmustirs kg nkeplbcis tflt sflri nkeekb lbh ubcqui nflrlntircstcns cb tires kg CZT

kwbirsfcp. Nmustir lblmyscs nlb, gkr ixlepmi, di usih tk hcstcbaucsf CZT kwbirs tflt flvi l mlrai

CZT pkrtgkmck pir iepmkyii lbh flvi CZT prktintckb cb eumtcpmi nkubtrcis grke tfksi wctf l selmm CZT

pkrtgkmck lbh flvcba prktintckb cb giw nkubtrcis.

Nmustir lblmyscs nlb di pirgkreih uscba hcggiribt nkeputltckblm lmakrctfes, lbh tfi nfkcni kg

lmakrctfe wkumh typcnlmmy hipibh kb tfi blturi kg tfi ubhirmycba hltl. Ct cs cepkrtlbt tk striss tflt

tfisi stltcstcnlm tinfbcquis riqucri l scabcnlbt hiarii kg ixtirblm uhaeibt. Gkr ixlepmi, tfi cbctclm

buedir kg arkups/nkepkbibts cb wfcnf tfi vlrcldmi wkumh di nmustirih eust di hinchih digkri

rubbcba tfi lblmyscs. Qfcmi stltcstcnlm tists tk suppkrt tfi risilrnfir cb tfcs hincsckb ixcst, ct cs

nkeekb prlntcni tk ripkrt tfi risumts gkr hcggiribt lssueptckbs kb tfi cbctclm buedir kg nmustirs/

nkepkbibts. Xfi prigirrih nfkcni cs tfib usulmmy hcntltih dy tfi ldcmcty tk prkvchi l nmilr lbh

cbtuctcvi cbtirpritltckb gkr tfi ieiracba prkmis.

Xfi nmustir lblmyscs nkbhuntih cb tfcs stuhy cs dlsih kb scx vlrcldmis0 tfi stknos kg pltibts, trlhi

elros lbh hiscabs dktf lt tfi bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb mivims. Lblmyscs risumts kdtlcbih grke tfi rlb-hkecsih slepmi lri ripkrtih. Xfi yilr 4:<: wls nfksib ls tfi dlsi yilr, lbh tfi vlrcldmis wiri

bkrelmcsih tk lnnkubt gkr hcggiribnis cb snlmi lbh vlrcldcmcty.

Kbni tfi nmustirs flvi diib chibtcih, tfiy lri ixlecbih gkr systieltcn hcggiribnis lekba tfie

cb tires kg lvirlai buedir kg iepmkyiis pir re, lai, prkpkrtckb kg ÊIs cb ilnf nmustir,4> wfcnf

sintkrs prihkecblti, lbh wfitfir tfi nmustirs hcggir lnnkrhcba tk lvirlai rivibui pir iepmkyii.

Xfi risumts kg tfi nmustir lblmyscs lri ripkrtih cb tfi Lbbix 6.8.

4> L rinibt stuhy dy Iurkstlt (4:<8) istceltis tfi prkpkrtckb kg pltibts (IZK lbh ZNX lppmcnltckbs lbh Y^ZXK pltibt arlbts) mih

dy Iurkpilb nkeplbcis lbh lnnkubtih gkr dy EIs gkr hcggiribt imhs kg tinfbkmkay. Xfi stuhy bhs tflt 13 pirnibt kg lmm pltibts

nlb di lttrcdutih tk mlrai res lbh <1 pirnibt tk ÊIs. Xfi re sczi rielcbih ubnmilr gkr 8 pir nibt kg nkrpkrlti lppmcnlbts.

Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay ><



8.>.> Inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs

Cb tfi mlst stip kg tfi lblmyscs, lb inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs tk gurtfir cbvistcalti tfi rimltckbsfcpditwiib re pirgkrelbni lbh CZT kwbirsfcp wls nkbhuntih. Tivibui pir iepmkyii, wfcnf sirvis

ls tfi eilsuri kg re pirgkrelbni, nkbstctutis tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi. Cbhipibhibt vlrcldmis lri

vlrcldmis wfcnf cbhcnlti wfitfir l re kwbs CZTs kr plrtcnumlr typis kg CZT lt lmm lbh vlrcldmis

wfcnf spincgy tfi buedir kg pltibts, hiscabs kr trlhi elros fimh dy l re. Xfirigkri, tfi rst sit kg

riarissckbs lblmysis tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib re pirgkrelbni lbh tfi aibirlm kwbirsfcp kg CZTs.

Xfi sinkbh sit ixlecbis tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib re pirgkrelbni lbh stknos kg CZTs.

Xfi hltl lmmkws gkr usi kg plbim hltl inkbkeitrcn tinfbcquis wfcnf ixpmkct vlrcltckb cb twk hceib-

sckbs. Xfi rst cs tfi sk-nlmmih nrkss-sintckblm hceibsckb, wfcnf rigirs tk kdsirvih hcggiribnis

ditwiib res lt kbi plrtcnumlr pkcbt cb tcei. Xfi sinkbh cs tfi sk-nlmmih tcei-sircis hceibsckb

lbh rigirs tk kdsirvih nflbais gkr kbi plrtcnumlr re kvir tcei. Yscba plbim hltl tinfbcquis sunf

ls tfi ”xih-iggints― lbh ”rlbhke-iggints― ekhims, kbi nlb nkbtrkm gkr ubkdsirvih fitirkaibicty

lekba res stieecba grke hcggiribnis cb tires kg tfi cbhustry sintkr, nkubtry, re typi kr lai.

Ekrikvir, ubkdsirvih fitirkaibicty48 nlb lmsk di tloib cbtk lnnkubt dy sunf eitfkhs, ecbcecscba

tfi rcso kg kdtlcbcba spurckus kr dclsih risumts hrcvib prcelrcmy dy res– nflrlntircstcns. Lmm inkbk -

eitrcns lri pirgkreih uscba kbmy tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi, cb krhir tk ibsuri sugncibt riprisibtl-

tckb kg kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs cb tfi lblmyscs.

48 Ybkdsirvih fitirkaibicty rigirs tk tfi pksscdcmcty tflt rimivlbt hcggiribnis lekba res (i.a. hcggiribnis cb rivibui pir iepmkyii)

stie grke ubhirmycba ‒cbvcscdmi” glntkrs sunf ls tfi qulmcty kg l re‖s elblaieibt tile.

>4 Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay



Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay >>

8.8 ûeelry lbh mcectltckbs

Xfi prisibt stuhy cs ducmt kb tfi gkubhltckbs kg l nlrigummy nkbstruntih hltlsit. Xk tfi dist kg tfilutfkrs– obkwmihai, tfi nkvirlai kg tfi hltlsit cs scabcnlbtmy mlrair tflb lby ktfir hltl skurni

kg tfcs typi nurribtmy lvlcmldmi, ibsurcba l sugncibtmy mlrai slepmi tk hrlw rkdust lbh riprisibtl-

tcvi nkbnmusckbs. Xfi lblmyscs cb tfi sudsiquibt nflptirs nkbres tflt tfiri cs l strkba pksctcvi

rimltckbsfcp ditwiib tfi kwbirsfcp kg hcggiribt typis kg CZT lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg res.

Bivirtfimiss, tfiri lri mcectltckbs ls rialrhs dktf tfi hltl lbh tfi eitfkhkmkay tflt eust di

bktih. ^kei kg tfisi mcectltckbs lri cbfiribt cb tfi eitfkhkmkay kr tfi hltl, wfcmi ktfirs nlb

fkpigummy di kvirnkei cb guturi stuhcis.

Kbi kg tfi mcectltckbs kg tfcs stuhy tflt elois ct hcgnumt tk istldmcsf l nluslm mcbo ditwiib CZT

kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni cs tfi mlno kg hltl kb cbtlbacdmi lssits (skei kg wfcnf nlb di

prktintih dy CZTs, ls cbvisteibt cb T&H lbh cb hiscab lbh elroitcba lntcvctcis) lbh tfi qulmcty

kg tfksi lssits. Xfi hltlsit lt flbh nkbtlcbs bk cbgkreltckb kb l re–s cbvisteibts cb cbtlbacdmi

lssits, lbh ct cs tfirigkri cepksscdmi tk nkbtrkm gkr tfcs nflrlntircstcn cb tfi lblmyscs. Cg, gkr ixlepmi,

res tflt flvi elby CZTs lri lmsk tfksi tflt cbvist ekri cb cbtlbacdmi lssits cb aibirlm, tfib tfi

lpplribt rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh inkbkecn pirgkrelbni gkubh cb tfcs stuhy nkumh

di ixpmlcbih dy tfi fcafir cbvisteibt cb cbtlbacdmis. Qctfkut hltl kb cbtlbacdmi cbvisteibts, tfcs

fypktfiscs nlbbkt di rumih kut, bkr nlb cts pktibtclm ceplnt kb tfi risumts di lssissih.

Xfi CZT hltl usih gkr tfi lblmyscs cbnmuhis trlhi elros lbh hiscabs riacstirih cb tfi nkeplby–s

kwb nkubtry kr wctf KFCE (c.i. NXEs lbh TNHs), dut bkt bltckblm trlhi elros lbh hiscabs riacs-tirih cb ktfir nkubtrcis (ls ixpmlcbih cb Lbbix 6.<). Ct cs cb prcbncpmi pksscdmi tk cbnmuhi sunf bltckblm

CZTs fimh cb ktfir nkubtrcis, dut tfi risumtcba eltnfcba ixirncsi wkumh pmlni ibkrekus hielbhs kb

tcei lbh riskurnis, dy krhirs kg elabctuhi.

Xfi qulmcty kg tfi inkbkecn lbh blbnclm hltl cb KTDC^ mlraimy hipibhs kb tfi hcggiribt ripkrt -

cba riqucrieibts cb tfi Eiedir ^tltis, lbh kb tfi hiarii tk wfcnf nkeplbcis nkepmy wctf tfisi

riqucrieibts. Ls ixpmlcbih cb întckb 8.4.>, scabcnlbt iggkrts wiri elhi cb tfcs stuhy tk nkrrint gkr

tfcs prkdmie. Bivirtfimiss, tfi glnt rielcbs tflt tk tfi ixtibt tfi hltl cs bkt suppmcih dy res tk tfi

rimivlbt bltckblm lutfkrctcis, tfiri cs bk lmtirbltcvi skurni kg sunf hltl‘ct scepmy hkis bkt ixcst cb

lb lnnisscdmi gkre.

Xfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs wls nkbhuntih cb l elbbir sk ls tk nkrrint gkr pktibtclm prkdmies cb tfi

hltl, sunf ls fitirksoihlstcncty49 lbh ubkdsirvih fitirkaibicty (sii Lbbix 6.9). Fkwivir, tfi glnt

rielcbs tflt tfi kdsirvih rimltckbsfcps cb tfi hltl nkumh di l risumt kg skei ubhirmycba glntkrs bkt

nlpturih dy tfi lblmyscs. Xfcs cs lb cbfiribt pktibtclm rcso cb iviry inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs.

49 Kbi kg tfi oiy lssueptckbs cb riarissckb lblmyscs, tfi elcb inkbkeitrcn tinfbcqui usih cb tfcs stuhy, cs tflt tfi rischulms (kr

irrkr tires) flvi l nkbstlbt vlrclbni. Cg tfcs cs bkt tfi nlsi (gkr ixlepmi, cg tfi vlrclbni cbnrilsis ls tfi vlmui kg tfi hipibhibt

vlrcldmi cbnrilsis), tfib tfi irrkr tires lri slch tk di fitirksoihlstcn. Cg tfcs fitirksoihlstcncty cs bkt nkrrintih gkr, tfib tfi

stltcstcnlm risumts ely bkt di vlmch.



:9 / L gcrst mkko lt tfi

ivchibni0 hisnrcp-tcvi stltcstcns

9.< Cbtrkhuntckb

Xfcs sintckb prisibts hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns wfcnf ixpmkri plttirbs kg CZT kwbirsfcp dy res cb

Iurkpi. Cb plrtcnumlr, ct rst gknusis kb wfitfir CZT-kwbcba res ixfcdct scabcnlbt hcggiribnis

nkeplrih tk res tflt hk bkt kwb CZT, cb tires kg oiy blbnclm lbh nkeplby vlrcldmis, cbnmuhcba

rivibui lbh buedir kg iepmkyiis. Bixt, ct cbvistcaltis fkw CZT kwbirsfcp hipibhs kb res–

nflrlntircstcns. Xfi lblmyscs rimcis kb nrkss-tldumltckbs tk stuhy fkw CZT kwbirsfcp vlrcis lnrkss

mlrai res lbh EIs, res cb hcggiribt sintkrs, lbh ykubair lbh kmhir res. Cb lhhctckb, tfcs sintckb

wcmm lmsk lblmysi tfi lvirlai stknos kg CZTs lbh nkeplri tfie lnrkss re typis.

Ls ixpmlcbih cb Nflptir 8, tfi stltcstcns ripkrtih cb tfcs sintckb lri dlsih ictfir kb tfi rihunih

slepmi kr kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi gkr tfi yilr 4:<:, wfcnfivir cs ekri lpprkprclti hipibhcbakb tfi nkbtixt. Ekri spincnlmmy, tfi rihunih slepmi cs usih wfib ct cs cepkrtlbt tk striss tfi hcs-

trcdutckb ditwiib kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs. Xfi rlbhkecsih slepmi cs bkt suctldmi gkr tfcs

purpksi dinlusi, dy nkbstruntckb, ct nkbtlcbs rkuafmy iqulm prkpkrtckbs kg kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs.

Kb tfi ktfir flbh, scbni tfi rihunih slepmi ely di dclsih tkwlrhs plrtcnumlr nkubtrcis cb

wfcnf tfi buedir kg ÊIs cs mcoimy tk di ubhir-ripkrtih, wfib ripkrtcba kb nflrlntircstcns kg CZT

kwbirs kbmy, tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lri dlsih kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi (wfcnf lnnkubts gkr tfcs

pktibtclm dcls).

Gurtfirekri, tfi buedir kg res ely vlry tfrkuafkut tfi tldmis scbni bkt lmm vlrcldmis lri lvlcmldmigkr lmm res.

>8



9.4 Oiy blbnclm lbh nkeplby vlrcldmis

Xldmi 7 sueelrcsis tfi oiy blbnclm lbh nkeplby vlrcldmis kg tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi (rivibui piriepmkyii, buedir kg iepmkyiis, wlais lbh lai), drkoib hkwb dy kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs

lbh lmsk dy typi kg CZT. ^cabcnlbni tists wiri nkbhuntih tk hitirecbi wfitfir tfi eilb vlmuis kg

cbtirist ditwiib tfi arkup kg kwbirs lbh tfi arkup kg bkb-kwbirs wiri scabcnlbtmy hcggiribt gkr ilnf

typi kg CZT. Xfi risumts kg tfisi stltcstcnlm tists sfkw tflt0

➘ rivibui pir iepmkyii cs scabcnlbtmy ariltir gkr kwbirs tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs?

wfib nkbschircba lmm CZTs, rivibui pir iepmkyii cs 46.7 pir nibt fcafir gkr CZT kwbirs

tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs.47 Xfi priecue cb tfi nlsi kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs cs

49.1 pir nibt, 43.9 pir nibt lbh ><.8 pir nibt, rispintcvimy?41

➘ kwbirs kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh/kr hiscabs flvi l ariltir buedir kg iepmkyiis tflb

bkb-kwbirs hk (iepmkycba lt milst 9.6 tceis tfi buedir kg pikpmi nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs)?

➘ iepmkyiis kg nkeplbcis tflt kwb pltibts, trlhi elros lbh/kr hiscabs ilrb fcafir wlais

tflb tfksi tflt wkro gkr nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt kwb tfisi typis kg CZT (dy <3.6 pir nibt

kb lvirlai). Firi, tfi strkbaist iggint cs lsskncltih wctf kwbcba pltibts (8:.7 pir nibt),

gkmmkwih dy hiscabs (4> pir nibt) lbh trlhi elros (<6.6 pir nibt)? lbh

➘ kwbirs kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs lri kmhir tflb bkb-kwbirs, wctf lb lvirlai

lai kg 47.3 yilrs nkeplrih tk 4:.3 yilrs gkr bkb-kwbirs.

47 Xfi rivibui-pir-iepmkyii priecue gkr lmm CZT kwbirs wls nlmnumltih ls gkmmkws0 Zriecue 5 ((43:.<-449.9)/449.9)* <:: 5 46.7pir nibt. Zriecues gkr ktfir vlrcldmis lbh cbhcvchulm CZTs wiri nlmnumltih cb l scecmlr elbbir.

41 Bkti tflt tfi hcggiribni cb rivibui pir iepmkyii priecue ditwiib CZT kwbirs lbh CZT bkb-kwbirs cs bkt iqulm tk l wicaftih

lvirlai kg tfi priecues gkr trlhi elros, pltibts lbh hiscabs. Xfi rilskb cs tflt tfi kwbir lbh bkb-kwbir arkups lri hcggiribt

gkr ilnf CZT kr nkedcbltckb kg CZTs.

L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns >9



Xldmi 70 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT

kwbirsfcp (rlbhkecsih slepmi)

Buedir kg

iepmkyiis

Tivibui pir

iepmkyii

(IYT/yilr)

Qlais pir

iepmkyii

(IYT/yilr)

Lai (yilrs)

Bkb-CZT kwbirs 3>.7 449 98: >1 337 4:.3

CZT kwbirs Lmm CZTs 981.> 43: <:7 89 94: 47.3

% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs 868.7%*** 46.7%*** <3.6%*** 46.7%***

Zltibts < 9>1.7 46> 971 9> 848 >8.:

% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs < 984.7%*** 49.1%*** 8:.7%*** 74.9%***

Xrlhi elros 973.3 434 :<< 89 <>3 47.6

% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs 9:6.6%*** 43.9%*** <6.6%*** 46.8%***

Hiscabs 4 <:>.< 437 ><7 87 181 >>.3

% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs 4 <87.1%*** ><.8%*** 4>.:%*** 74.4%***

Bkti0 Lai cs hibih lt 4:<> lnnkrhcba tk tfi hlti kg cbnkrpkrltckb ripkrtih dy KTDC^. Xfi lstircsos hibkti tflt tfi bumm fypktfiscs tflt tfi

arkup eilbs lri iqulm cs riìntih lt tfi <: pir nibt (*), 9 pir nibt (**) kr < pir nibt (***) scabcnlbni mivim.46

Xfi arkup kg ‖Lmm CZTs kwbirs–

cs hibih ls res tflt kwbih lt milst kbi pltibt, trlhi elro kr hiscab, kr lby nkedcbltckb tfirikg. Xfi arkups kg ‐Zltibt kwbirs‖, ‖Xrlhi

elro kwbirs– lbh ‖Hiscab kwbirs– lri hibih ls res tflt kwbih lt milst kbi kg tfi plrtcnumlr CZTs. cbni elby res kwbih nkedcbltckbs

kg tfi tfrii CZTs, tfi vlrckus arkups kg CZT kwbirs kvirmlp.

46 ^cabcnlbni tists lri usih tk nlmnumlti tfi prkdldcmcty tflt tfi kdsirvih hcggiribni nkumh flvi nkei ldkut eirimy dy nflbni (lbhtfirigkri hkis bkt riint l rilm hcggiribni ditwiib kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs). Cg tfi nlmnumltih prkdldcmcty cs miss tflb < pir nibt, tfib

tfi risumt (tflt cs, tfi kdsirvih hcggiribni) cs slch tk di scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim. Cg tfi prkdldcmcty cs ditwiib < pir nibt

lbh 9 pir nibt, tfib tfi risumt cs scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim, lbh cg ct cs ditwiib 9 pir nibt lbh <: pir nibt, tfib tfi risumt cs

scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim.

>7 L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns



Xfi risumts prisibtih ldkvi lri dlsih kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi. Lbbix 6.> sfkws tfi risumts gkr tfi

rihunih slepmi (wfcnf cs mlrair dut dclsih cb rispint kg ÊIs). Xfi rivibui pir iepmkyii kg lmm typis

kg CZT kwbirs cs ariltir cb tfi rihunih slepmi, wfcmi tfiri cs rimltcvimy mcttmi hcggiribni cb tfi nlsi kgbkb-kwbirs. Dy nkbtrlst, tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cs mkwir gkr kwbirs cb tfi rihunih slepmi, wfcmi

wlais lri fcafir.

Bkbitfimiss, tfiri cs scabcnlbt nkbscstibny ditwiib tfi twk slepmis cb tires kg tfi risumts kg scabc-

nlbni tists kb tfi hcggiribni ditwiib kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs. Cbhiih, ilnf kg tfi hcggiribnis tflt

wiri gkubh tk di scabcnlbt cb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi cs lmsk scabcnlbt cb tfi rihunih slepmi, wctf

tfi ixniptckb kg hcggiribnis gkr wlais cb tfi nlsi kg hiscab kwbirs.

9.> CZT kwbirsfcp dy re nflrlntircstcn

9.>.< CZT kwbirsfcp dy sintkr (BLNI nltiakry)

Xldmi 1 prisibts hcggiribnis cb tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs hipibhcba kb tfi elcb lntcvcty kg res, ls

hibih dy BLNI sintckb nmlsscnltckb.




Xldmi 10 CZT kwbirsfcp dy BLNI nltiakry (rlbhkecsih slepmi)

BLNI sintckbBkb-kwbir(%)

Zltibt kwbir(%)

Xrlhi elrokwbir

(%)

Hiscabkwbir

(%)

N0 Elbuglnturcba <1.4 77.6 >4.7 96.6

H0 Imintrcncty, als, stile lbh lcr-nkbhctckbcba suppmy :.7 :.9 :.1 :.4

I0 Qltir suppmy? siwirlai, wlsti elblaieibt lbh

rieihcltckb lntcvctcis

:.1 :.7 :.7 :.4

G0 Nkbstruntckb <>.< >.7 8.7 4.6

A0 Qfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi? riplcr kg ektkr vifcnmis

lbh ektkrnynmis

4>.7 <:.9 4>.4 4<.9

F0 Xrlbspkrtltckb lbh stkrlai 9.: :.6 4.> :.6

C0 Lnnkeekhltckb lbh gkkh sirvcni lntcvctcis 8.7 :.4 4.6 :.6

@0 Cbgkreltckb lbh nkeeubcnltckb 8.4 4.7 1.1 4.7

O0 Gcblbnclm lbh cbsurlbni lntcvctcis 7.: <.4 8.4 4.:

M0 Tilm-istlti lntcvctcis 8.6 :.6 4.9 :.6

E0 Zrkgissckblm, sncibtcn lbh tinfbcnlm lntcvctcis 6.9 3.> 3.< 9.1

B0 Lhecbcstrltcvi lbh suppkrt sirvcni lntcvctcis 8.6 <.1 8.1 <.3

K0 Zudmcn lhecbcstrltckb lbh higibni? nkepumskry

sknclm sinurcty

:.< :.< :.< :.:

Z0 Ihunltckb :.6 :.< :.6 :.<

\0 Fuelb filmtf lbh sknclm wkro lntcvctcis 4.6 :.8 <.8 :.>

T0 Lrts, ibtirtlcbeibt lbh rinriltckb <.< :.> <.8 :.3

^0 Ktfir sirvcni lntcvctcis <.3 :.9 <.> :.9

Xktlm <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:

Buedir kg res 5 <>4 411.

>6 L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns



Xfi gkur mlraist sintkrs cb tfi slepmi lri elbuglnturcba, nkbstruntckb, wfkmislmi lbh ritlcm lbh

prkgissckblm, sncibtcn lbh tinfbcnlm sirvcnis. Xfi risumts sfkw tflt elbuglnturcba res riprisibt

kbmy kbi-tfcrh kg res tflt kwb trlhi elros dut lmekst twk-tfcrhs kg tfi res tflt kwb pltibts.Nkbstruntckb riprisibts l (rimltcvimy) selmm grlntckb kg kwbirs gkr lmm tfrii CZTs (ditwiib 4.6 lbh

8.7 pir nibt kg kwbirs cb ilnf arkup). Nkeplrih tk ktfir sintkrs, tfi wfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi

sintkr kwbs rimltcvimy elby trlhi elros lbh hiscabs (4>.4 lbh 4<.9 pir nibt kg trlhi elro kwbirs

lbh hiscab kwbirs, rispintcvimy), dut kwbs miss pltibts (<:.9 pir nibt kg pltibt kwbirs).

^cecmlrmy, prkgissckblm sirvcnis res (”prkgissckblm, sncibtcn lbh tinfbcnlm lntcvctcis―) kwb

trlhi elros lbh pltibts (3.< lbh 3.> pir nibt), dut riprisibt l selmmir grlntckb kg hiscab kwbirs

(9.1 pir nibt).




9.>.4 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi

Cb lhhctckb tk ubhirstlbhcba hcggiribnis cb CZT kwbirsfcp ditwiib res wctf vlrycba rivibui, ct cslmsk cepkrtlbt tk ubhirstlbh wfitfir tfiri lri hcggiribnis ditwiib ÊIs lbh mlrai res, cb tires kg0

➘ tfi ixtibt tk wfcnf CZTs lri kwbih?

➘ tfi typis kg CZT tflt lri typcnlmmy kwbih? lbh

➘ tfi ixtibt tk wfcnf Iurkpilb rltfir tflb bltckblm rcafts lri usih.

Xldmi 60 CZT kwbirsfcp dy gcre sczi (rihunih slepmi)

Mlrai (%) ÊI (%) Kvirlmm (%)

CZT bkb-kwbir 93.1 3:.3 63.3

CZT kwbir 8:.> 3.< <:.<

<::.: <::.: <::.:

Zltibt Zltibt bkb-kwbir 63.7 33.4 36.3

BLX kbmy* >.4 :.9 :.9

IYT kbmy <.3 :.< :.4

BLX & IYT 9.> :.4 :.>

<::.: <::.: <::.:

Xrlhi elro Xrlhi elro bkb-kwbir 7<.3 3<.8 3:.9

BLX kbmy 4<.: 1.> 1.1

IYT kbmy 4.< :.> :.8

BLX & IYT <9.: <.: <.8

<::.: <::.: <::.:

Hiscab Hiscab bkb-kwbir 3>.7 33.> 33.4

BLX kbmy >.: :.9 :.7

IYT kbmy <.7 :.< :.4

BLX & IYT <.6 :.< :.<

<::.: <::.: <::.:

Buedir kg res 5 4 >78 :7>.

* ‖BLX kbmy– cbhcnltis tflt tfi re kwbs bltckblm pltibts lbh bkt Iurkpilb pltibts. Ct nlb bkbitfimiss kwb ktfir typis kg CZT, sunf ls

trlhi elros kr hiscabs.

8: L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns



Xldmi 6 sfkws l buedir kg cbtiristcba risumts0

➘

l nkbschirldmi buedir kg res (63.3 pir nibt) hk bkt kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs?➘ l ariltir prkpkrtckb kg ÊIs lri bkb-kwbirs kg lmm tfrii CZTs tflb lri mlrai res (3:.3

pir nibt kg ÊIs virsus 93.1 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis)?

➘ cb ktfir wkrhs, kbmy 3 pir nibt kg ÊIs kwb lby ocbh kg CZT.

Mkkocba lt tfi kwbirsfcp kg cbhcvchulm CZTs, kbi nlb sii tflt >6.< pir nibt kg lmm mlrai nkeplbcis

lbh 6.7 pir nibt kg lmm ÊIs kwb trlhi elros. Ekrikvir, kbmy :.6 pir nibt kg ÊIs lri rimycba kb

pltibts lbh :.1 pir nibt kb hiscab rcafts, wfirils 7.8 pirnibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis kwb hiscabs lbh

<:.8 pir nibt kwb pltibt rcafts. Ct sfkumh lalcb di strissih tflt nkeplbcis tflt lri bkt tfi gkrelm

kwbirs kg CZTs nlb stcmm usi CZTs. Gkr ixlepmi, l nkeplby tflt cs plrt kg l nkeplby arkup ely bkt

di tfi ibtcty wctfcb tfi arkup tflt gkrelmmy kwbs tfi CZTs, dut stcmm lntulmmy usi tfie.

Cb Xldmi 3, tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi cs usih tk nkeplri CZT kwbirs lnrkss ÊIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis.

Xldmi 30 CZT kwbirsfcp dy gcre sczi, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlb-

hkecsih slepmi, 4:<:)

Xypi kg CZT Ysi dy aikarlpfy Mlrai (%) ÊI (%) Kvirlmm (%)

Zltibt BLX kbmy* >>.8 7<.: 86.9

IYT kbmy <7.4 <1.: <7.7

BLX & IYT 9:.8 44.< >8.3

<::.: <::.: <::.:

Xrlhi elro BLX kbmy 9<.> 13.3 1>.4

IYT kbmy 7.9 9.1 9.3

BLX & IYT 84.< <8.9 4:.3

<::.: <::.: <::.:

Hiscab BLX kbmy 49.6 99.> 88.<

IYT kbmy 99.: >1.: 8>.6

BLX & IYT <3.4 1.6 <4.<

<::.: <::.: <::.:

Buedir kg res 5 7> >>6.* ‖BLX kbmy– cbhcnltis tflt tfi re kwbs bltckblm pltibts lbh bkt Iurkpilb pltibts. Ct nlb bkbitfimiss kwb ktfir typis kg CZT, sunf ls


L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns 8<



Gcrst, bkti tflt kg lmm tfi res tflt kwb pltibts, ÊIs kwb bltckblm rcafts ekri griquibtmy tflb mlrai

nkeplbcis. Gkr ixlepmi, wfirils 7< pir nibt kg pltibt-kwbcba ÊIs kwb ixnmuscvimy bltckblm

pltibts, kbmy >>.8 pir nibt kg mlrai pltibt-kwbcba nkeplbcis hk sk (lmkbi kr pksscdmy cb nkedcbl-tckb wctf trlhi elros lbh/kr hiscabs). Ct cs lmsk bktiwkrtfy tflt, cb tficr rispintcvi arkups, tfi sflri

kg mlrai res kwbcba nkedcbltckbs kg bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb CZTs cs mlrair tflb tfi sflri kg ÊIs.

Gkr ixlepmi, cb tfi nlsi kg trlhi elros 84.< pir nibt kg mlrai trlhi elro-kwbcba nkeplbcis kwb

bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb trlhi elros, wfirils kbmy <8.9 pir nibt kg ÊIs hk sk. Cb tfi nlsi kg plt-

ibts, 9:.8 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis kwb Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm pltibts, nkeplrih tk 44.< pir

nibt kg ÊIs. Cb tfi nlsi kg hiscabs, <3.4 pir nibt kg mlrai res kwb dktf Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm

hiscabs, virsus 1.6 pir nibt kg ÊIs.

Sit lbktfir nflrlntircstcn kg CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi cs sfkwb cb Xldmi <:. Xfcs tldmi cs dlsih

kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi lbh prisibts tfi typis kg CZT tflt lri kwbih dy mlrai nkeplbcis lbh

ÊIs, lbh wfitfir tfisi CZTs lri kwbih cb cskmltckb kr cb nkedcbltckb wctf ktfir CZTs.

Xldmi <:0 CZT kwbirsfcp dy typi kg CZT, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlb-

hkecsih slepmi)

Xypi kg CZT Mlrai (%) ÊI (%) Kvirlmm (%)

Zltibt kbmy 9.< 8.6 8.6

Xrlhi elro kbmy 74.< 6<.9 11.4

Hiscab kbmy :.9 <.6 <.9

Zltibt lbh trlhi elro <7.8 7.: 6.>

Zltibt lbh hiscab :.9 :.8 :.8

Xrlhi elro lbh hiscab 9.6 >.1 8.4

Zltibt, hiscab lbh trlhi elro 3.9 <.3 >.7

<::.: <::.: <::.:

Buedir kg res 5 7> >>6.

Bkti tflt lekbast CZT kwbirs, res eloi ekst usi kg trlhi elros ls stlbh-lmkbi rcafts (6<.9

pir nibt kg lmm ÊI CZT kwbirs lbh 74.< pir nibt kg lmm mlrai res tflt kwb CZT). Lbktfir cbtiristcba

glnt cs tflt mlrai nkeplbcis kwb hcggiribt CZT typis ekri kgtib cb nkedcbltckb tflb ÊIs. Gkr

ixlepmi, <7.8 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis tflt kwb CZTs kwb l nkedcbltckb kg pltibts lbh trlhi

elros, lbh 3.9 pir nibt kwb l nkedcbltckb kg pltibts, hiscabs lbh trlhi elros. Kvirlmm, kbmy <7.7

pir nibt kg lmm res rimy kb l nkedcbltckb kg hcggiribt typis kg CZT0 >4.> pir nibt kg mlrai res lbhkbmy <4.: pir nibt kg ÊIs.

84 L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns



9.>.> CZT kwbirsfcp dy rivibui pir iepmkyii

Xldmi << hcstcbaucsfis arkups kg res cb vi iqulmmy-sczih nltiakrcis, grke mkw (<) tk fcaf (9)lnnkrhcba tk tficr rivibui pir iepmkyii.

Xldmi <<0 Kwbirsfcp kg CZT dy rivibui pir iepmkyii

(rihunih slepmi)

Nltiakry kg re lnnkrhcba tk rivibui pir iepmkyii

<

(mkwist)

(:-4:%)

(%)

4

(4:-8:%)

(%)

>

(8:-7:%)

(%)

8

(7:-6:%)

(%)

9

(fcafist)

(6:-<::%)

(%)

Kvirlmm

(%)

CZT bkb-kwbir 34.3 3:.9 63.< 69.3 64.8 66.4

CZT kwbir 1.< 3.9 <:.3 <8.< <1.7 <<.6

<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:

Zltibt Zltibt bkb-kwbir 33.1 33.7 36.3 31.6 31.1 36.1

BLX kbmy* :.4 :.> :.7 <.: <.: :.7

IYT kbmy :.< :.: :.< :.8 :.9 :.4

BLX & IYT :.< :.< :.> :.6 :.3 :.8

<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:

Xrlhi elro Xrlhi elro bkb-kwbir 3>.< 3:.3 63.1 67.1 6>.> 66.1

BLX kbmy 7.8 6.4 6.7 3.3 <<.3 3.:

IYT kbmy :.4 :.4 :.8 :.1 :.3 :.9

BLX & IYT :.8 :.1 <.8 4.1 >.3 <.6

<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:

Hiscab Hiscab bkb-kwbir 33.1 33.9 33.< 36.8 36.4 33.:

BLX kbmy :.4 :.8 :.1 :.3 <.: :.1

IYT kbmy :.: :.< :.< :.> :.9 :.4

BLX & IYT :.: :.: :.< :.> :.> :.4

<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:

Buedir kg res 5 < 897 <49.

* ‖BLX kbmy– cbhcnltis tflt tfi re kwbs bltckblm pltibts lbh bkt Iurkpilb pltibts. Ct nlb bkbitfimiss kwb ktfir typis kg CZT, sunf ls


L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns 8>



Xfi pirnibtlai kg nkeplbcis kwbcba CZTs cbnrilsis ls rivibui pir iepmkyii cbnrilsis. Xfiri

lri <1.7 pir nibt CZT kwbirs cb tfi fcafist qucbtcmi kg rivibui pir iepmkyii lbh kbmy 1.< pir nibt

cb tfi mkwist kbi. Xfcs plttirb ieirais cb tfi nlsi kg pltibts, trlhi elros, kr hiscabs. Ct cs lmskkdsirvih gkr bltckblm rcafts kbmy, Iurkpilb rcafts kbmy, kr l nkedcbltckb kg dktf. Xfus, cb tfi nlsi kg

trlhi elros, cb tfi fcafist rivibui/iepmkyii nltiakry, <7.1 pir nibt kg res lri kwbirs, nkeplrih

tk 7.3 pir nibt cb tfi mkwist nltiakry? gkr pltibts, tfi rispintcvi pirnibtlais lri 4.> lbh :.>? lbh

gkr hiscabs, <.6 lbh :.>.

Xldmi <4 sfkws tfi slei cbgkreltckb ls Xldmi <<, dut gkr CZT kwbirs kbmy.

Xldmi <40 Kwbirsfcp kg CZT dy rivibui pir iepmkyii, CZT kwb-

irs kbmy (rlbhkecsih slepmi)

Nltiakry kg re lnnkrhcba tk rivibui pir iepmkyii

Xypi kg CZT <

(mkwist)

(:-4:%)

(%)

4

(4:-8:%)

(%)

>

(8:-7:%)

(%)

8

(7:-6:%)

(%)

9

(fcafist)

(6:-<::%)

(%)

Kvirlmm

(%)

Zltibt BLX kbmy* 78.7 91.6 86.< 88.< 8<.8 81.>

IYT kbmy <1.3 <9.3 <9.8 <7.8 <3.3 <7.3

BLX & IYT <1.9 47.> >7.9 >3.8 >6.7 >9.6

<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:

Xrlhi elro BLX kbmy 66.9 13.4 71.6 7>.3 77.< 1<.8

IYT kbmy >.< 9.< 7.> 7.3 7.6 9.3

BLX & IYT 6.> <9.7 49.3 43.< 41.< 44.1

<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:

Hiscab BLX kbmy 73.8 98.< 8:.9 >4.3 >9.6 8<.:

IYT kbmy 49.9 >>.> 88.3 9>.7 9<.3 87.<

BLX & IYT 9.< <4.7 <8.7 <>.7 <4.> <4.3

<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:

Buedir kg res wctf pltibts 5 7 4:4, wctf trlhi elros 5 >6 >>7 lbh wctf hiscabs 5 > 491.

*‖BLX kbmy– cbhcnltis tflt tfi re kwbs bltckblm pltibts lbh bkt Iurkpilb pltibts. Ct nlb bkbitfimiss kwb ktfir typis kg CZT, sunf ls

hiscabs kr trlhi elros.




L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns 89

Gcres cb tfi fcafir qucbtcmis kg CZT kwbirs tibh tk rimy miss kb bltckblm CZTs kbmy lbh ekri kb

Iurkpilb kbmy kr l ecx kg Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm CZTs. Gkr ixlepmi, 66.9 pir nibt kg trlhi elro-

kwbcba res cb tfi mkwist qucbtcmi kwb bltckblm trlhi elros kbmy, >.< pir nibt kwb Iurkpilb trlhielros kbmy, lbh 6.> pir nibt kwb Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm trlhi elros cb nkedcbltckb. Cb nkbtrlst,

77.< pir nibt kg trlhi elro-kwbcba res cb tfi fcafist qucbtcmi kwb bltckblm trlhi elros, 7.6 pir

nibt kwb Iurkpilb trlhi elros lbh ls elby ls 41.< pir nibt kwb l nkedcbltckb kg dktf.

Lmtfkuaf tfcs cs bkt sfkwb cb tfi tldmi, lbktfir bhcba cs tflt res wctf fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii

lri miss mcoimy tk kwb stlbh-lmkbi pltibts, trlhi elros kr hiscabs tflb res wctf mkwir rivibui pir

iepmkyii, lbh ekri mcoimy tk kwb nkedcbltckbs kg tfi tfrii CZTs.



9.>.8 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re lai

Ls glr ls lai kg res cs nkbnirbih, gkur nltiakrcis lri hcstcbaucsfih0 ditwiib 4 lbh 9 yilrs,ditwiib 9 lbh <: yilrs, ditwiib <: lbh 4: yilrs, lbh kmhir tflb 4: yilrs.

Xldmi <> sfkws CZT kwbirsfcp dy re lai gkr tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi. Xwk cbtiristcba glnts nlb di

siib cb tfi tldmi. Gcrst, ykubair res kwb trlhi elros ekri tflb kmhir res. Gurtfirekri, tfiy lri

ekri mcoimy tk kwb trlhi elros ls stlbh-lmkbi rcafts (61.< pir nibt kg res laih ditwiib 4 lbh 9

yilrs tflt kwb CZTs kwb kbmy trlhi elros? tfcs cs kbmy 14.: pir nibt gkr res kmhir tflb 4: yilrs).

înkbh, cb tficr rispintcvi arkups, tfi sflri kg kmhir res kwbcba nkedcbltckbs kg vlrckus CZTs cs

fcafir tflb kg ykubair kbis (6.6 pir nibt kg CZT-kwbcba res laih ditwiib 4 lbh 9 yilrs lbh 4<.<

pir nibt gkr res kmhir tflb 4: yilrs kwbih nkedcbltckbs kg CZT).43

Xldmi <>0 CZT kwbirsfcp dy lai, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih

slepmi)

Xypi kg CZT Ditwiib

4 lbh 9

yilrs kmh

(%)

Ditwiib

9 lbh <:

yilrs kmh

(%)

Ditwiib

<: lbh 4:

yilrs kmh

(%)

Ekri tflb

4: yilrs

kmh

(%)

Kvirlmm

(%)

Zltibt kbmy 4.9 >.1 8.8 9.8 8.6

Xrlhi elro kbmy 61.< 69.7 6<.8 14.: 11.4

Hiscab kbmy <.7 <.9 <.7 <.8 <.9

Zltibt lbh trlhi elro 8.< 8.8 7.7 <:.9 6.>

Zltibt lbh hiscab :.4 :.4 :.> :.9 :.8

Xrlhi elro lbh hiscab 4.4 4.3 >.8 9.< 8.4

Zltibt, hiscab lbh trlhi elro 4.> <.7 4.4 9.: >.7

<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:

Buedir kg res 5 7> >>:

Lbktfir cbtiristcba bhcba wfcnf cs bkt sfkwb cb Xldmi <>, cs tflt, cb tfi nlsi kg trlhi elros lbh

hiscabs, l mlrair prkpkrtckb kg kmhir res kwb bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb CZTs cb nkedcbltckb

nkeplrih wctf ykubair res. Cb tfi nlsi kg pltibts tfcs cs rivirsih0 ykubair res tibh tk kwb

bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb pltibts ekri cb nkedcbltckb.

43 Mkkocba lt tfi rihunih slepmi (bkt sfkwb firi), ct nlb di kdsirvih tflt ykubair res aibirlmmy kwb CZTs miss griquibtmy

tflb kmhir res0 7.< pir nibt kg res laih ditwiib 4 lbh 9 yilrs lri kwbcba CZTs, wfirils <9.4 pir nibt kg res kg 4: yilrs

lbh kmhir kwb CZTs.




9.>.9 Lvirlai stkno dy re sczi

Gcblmmy, Xldmi <8 prisibts tfi lvirlai stkno (nkubts) gkr ilnf arkup kgCZTs fimh dy EIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis lnrkss Iurkpi ls l wfkmi.

Xldmi <80 Lvirlai stkno (nkubts) dy gcre sczi, CZT kwbirs kbmy

(rlbhkecsih slepmi)

IYT trlhi

elro

BLX trlhi

elro

IYT

hiscab

BLX

hiscab

IYT

pltibt

BLX

pltibt

Mlrai 6.4 <7.7 47.6 44.7 44.: 44.>

ÊI 4.9 >.8 3.4 <>.4 4.3 >.6

Kvirlmm 8.3 7.9 <6.: <7.: <8.< <4.4

Bkti0 Buedir kg res0 IYT trlhi elro 5 <8 414, BLX trlhi elro 5 9: 4<9, IYT hiscab 5 4 84:, BLX hiscab 5 4 8>9, IYT pltibt 5 8 ><6,

BLX pltibt 5 7 33:.

Xfi eilb vlmuis flvi diib nlmnumltih gkr tfi arkup kg kwbirs kg tfi rispintcvi CZT. Lmm bkb-kwbirs kg tflt CZT flvi diib ixnmuhih grke

tfi nlmnumltckb. Gkr skei nkubtrcis plrtcnumlr typis kg CZT wiri bkt kwbih dy tfi res cb tfi slepmi. Gkr ixlepmi, tfiri wls bk Mctfulbclb

re wfcnf kwbih l Iurkpilb pltibt cb 4:<:.

Kvirlmm, tfi stkno kg rcafts cs mlraist cb tfi nlsi kg hiscab kwbirs (kb lvirlai <6.: Iurkpilb hiscabrcafts lbh <7.: bltckblm hiscab rcafts), gkmmkwih dy pltibt lbh trlhi elro kwbirs. Cbtiristcba tk

bkti cs tflt, kb lvirlai, mlrai nkeplbcis kwb ekri rcafts tflb ÊIs tfrkuafkut lmm typis kg CZT

lbh cbhipibhibtmy kg aikarlpfcnlm nkvirlai. Kvirlmm, res tibh tk flvi mlrair stknos kg bltckblm

tflb Iurkpilb CZTs, tfi kbmy ixniptckb dicba mlrai hiscab-kwbcba res. Xfi lvirlai stkno kg

Iurkpilb-hiscab-kwbcba res ixniihs tflt kg bltckblm-hiscab-kwbcba res.

L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns 81



9.8 ûeelry

Xfcs sintckb prisibts l rst mkko lt l biwmy nkbstruntih hltlsit, wfcnf cs scabcnlbtmy mlrair tflblby ktfir hltl skurni kg tfcs typi nurribtmy lvlcmldmi. Xfi gkmmkwcba hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lri ekst

bktiwkrtfy0

➘ Xfi rivibui pir iepmkyii kg kwbirs kg CZTs (pltibts, trlhi elros lbh/kr hiscabs,

bltckblm lbh/kr Iurkpilb) cs 46.7 pir nibt fcafir tflb kg bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs. Xfcs CZT

”rivibui priecue― cs mlraist gkr hiscab kwbirs lt ><.8 pir nibt, gkmmkwih dy trlhi elro

lbh pltibt kwbirs lt 43.9 pir nibt lbh 49.1 pir nibt, rispintcvimy. Lmm tfi hcggiribnis

gkubh lri stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt, eilbcba tflt tfiy lri viry ubmcoimy tk flvi knnurrih

purimy dy nflbni.

➘ CZT kwbirs kb lvirlai iepmky lmekst scx tceis ls elby wkroirs ls bkb-kwbirs. Lmsk,

wlais plch dy CZT kwbirs lri lmekst 4: pir nibt fcafir tflb dy res tflt hk bkt kwb

CZTs. Cb tfcs nlsi, tfi ”wlai priecue― cs fcafist gkr pltibts lt 8:.7 pir nibt, gkmmkwih

dy hiscabs lt 4> pir nibt lbh trlhi elros lt <6.6 pir nibt. Lalcb, tfisi hcggiribnis lri

stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt.

➘ L nkbschirldmi buedir kg res (63.3 pir nibt) hk bkt kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs. Ekrikvir,

l ariltir prkpkrtckb kg ÊIs lri bkb-kwbirs tflb lri mlrai res (3:.3 pir nibt kg ÊIs

virsus 93.1 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis). Cb ktfir wkrhs, kbmy 3.< pir nibt kg ÊIs kwb

lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs cbnmuhih cb tfcs stuhy. Bkt kwbcba CZTs hkis bkt binisslrcmy eilb

tflt tfisi res hk bkt usi CZTs. Xfiy ely usi CZTs cb tficr nkeeirnclm lntcvctcis, dutgkrelm kwbirsfcp ely di wctf ktfir ibtctcis wctfcb tfi slei nkeplby arkup strunturi.

➘ CZTs lri ekstmy kwbih dy elbuglnturcba res, lmtfkuaf tfiri lri hcggiribnis ditwiib

CZTs. Ldkut kbi-tfcrh kg trlhi elro kwbirs lri elbuglnturcba res, wfcmst elbuglnturcba

res riprisibt lmekst twk-tfcrhs kg lmm pltibt kwbirs. Bixt tk elbuglnturcba res, res cb

wfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi nkbstctuti tfi mlraist arkup kg trlhi elro lbh hiscab kwbirs.

➘ Gcres cb tfi tkp qucbtcmi (4: pir nibt) cb tires kg rivibui pir iepmkyii lri ekri mcoimy tk

kwb CZTs tflb res cb tfi mkwist 4: pir nibt0 <1.7 pir nibt virsus 1.< pir nibt. Lekba

tfi CZT kwbirs, res cb tfi tkp nltiakry kg rivibui pir iepmkyii tibh tk rimy ekri kbIurkpilb rcafts (kgtib nkedcbih wctf bltckblm rcafts), wfcmi res cb tfi mkwist nltiakry

tibh tk kwb bltckblm rcafts.

➘ Xfiri lri bktcnildmi hcggiribnis lekba CZT-kwbcba res cb tires kg kwbirsfcp kg

plrtcnumlr CZTs, cb tires kg ÊIs virsus mlrai nkeplbcis kwbcba CZTs lbh cb tires kg

lvirlai stkno (nkubts) kg CZTs. Kb lvirlai, mlrai nkeplbcis kwb ekri CZTs kg lmm tfrii

typis tflb ÊIs, cbhipibhibtmy kg aikarlpfcn nkvirlai.




:7 / CZTs lbh gcre

pirgkrelbni0inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs

7.< Cbtrkhuntckb

Xfcs nflptir gurtfir ixlecbis tfi mcbo ditwiib CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni. Cb plrtcnumlr, inkbkeitrcn

ekhimmcba cs lppmcih tk istcelti tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib res– pirgkrelbni lbh tficr kwbirsfcp

kg CZTs kvirlmm, dut lmsk tfi kwbirsfcp kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh riacstirih hiscabs siplrltimy.

Gurtfirekri, tfi nflptir ixpmkris tfi mcbo ditwiib stknos kg hcggiribt typis kg CZT lbh tfi

pirgkrelbni kg tfi res.

Lppmycba inkbkeitrcn tinfbcquis tk tfi hltlsit elois ct pksscdmi tk nkbtrkm gkr ixtirblm cbuibnis

kb res– pirgkrelbni tk tfi ariltist ixtibt pksscdmi. Nkeplrih tk privckus stuhcis, tfi hltl usih

cb tfcs stuhy kggirs bkt kbmy l wchi aikarlpfcnlm snkpi dut lmsk cbgkreltckb kb sivirlm riacstirih CZT

typis lbh kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg l mlrai buedir kg res kvir sivirlm yilrs.

Xfi gknus cb tfcs nflptir cs kb tfi risumts kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs. Eitfkhkmkay cs hcsnussih

kbmy tk tfi ixtibt tflt ct cs binisslry tk ubhirstlbh tfi risumts. L hiipir hisnrcptckb kg tfi eitfkhkmkay

cs nkbtlcbih cb Lbbix 6.9.

7.4 îmintckb kg vlrcldmis

Inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs nkbscsts cb ixlecbcba, uscba stltcstcnlm tinfbcquis, tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib

l vlrcldmi wfksi ekvieibts tfi risilrnfir siios tk ixpmlcb (nlmmih tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi) uscbal sit kg ixpmlbltkry kr cbhipibhibt vlrcldmis.

Xfcs sintckb hisnrcdis tfi simintckb kg tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lbh tfi cbhipibhibt vlrcldmis.>:

Ekrikvir, ct prkvchis hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns gkr tfi elcb vlrcldmis usih.

>: îi Lbbix 6.9.<.4 gkr l hitlcmih hisnrcptckb lbh hibctckbs kg tfi vlrcldmis.

83



9: CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs

Hipibhibt vlrcldmi

Xfi purpksi kg tfcs stuhy cs tk lblmysi tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZTs lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg res.Xfirigkri, tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi kg tfi ekhims biihs tk di lb cbhcnltkr kg nkeplby pirgkrelbni.

Xfi KTDC^ hltldlsi hisnrcdih cb Nflptir 8 nkbtlcbs sivirlm pktibtclm nlbhchltis, cbnmuhcba vlrckus

eilsuris kg rivibui, slmis lbh prkt kr mkss. Acvib tflt tfcs stuhy rimcis kb hltl grke sivirlm IY

Eiedir ^tltis, ct cs cepkrtlbt tflt tfi dlscs kb wfcnf tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs nkbstruntih cs

chibtcnlm ditwiib nkubtrcis kvir tcei ls tfcs wcmm ecbcecsi tfi rcso tflt wilobissis cb tfi hltl

milh tk dclsih risumts. Gkr tfcs rilskb, vlrckus eilsuris kg prktldcmcty, wfcnf lri kgtib lggintih dy

lnnkubtcba lbh tlx nkbschirltckbs, wiri hcsnlrhih cb glvkur kg rivibui ls tfi dlscs kg tfi

pirgkrelbni eilsuri cb tfi ekhims. Acvib tfi sudstlbtclm vlrcltckb cb rivibui ditwiib res kg

hcggiribt sczis, tfi hincsckb wls elhi tk trlbsgkre tfi pirgkrelbni eilsuri dy hcvchcba ct dy tfi

buedir kg tfi re–s iepmkyiis.

Xfus, rivibui pir iepmkyii (kpirltcba rivibui pir iepmkyii cb l acvib yilr) cs tfi eilsuri kg

pirgkrelbni cb tfi inkbkeitrcn ekhims.

Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis

Xfi hcggiribnis ditwiib res cb tficr pirgkrelbni, ls riprisibtih dy rivibui pir iepmkyii, lri

tfib skuaft tk di ixpmlcbih dy l sit kg ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis, wfcnf glmm cbtk twk elcb nltiakrcis0

➘ dcblry kr hueey vlrcldmis tflt cbhcnlti wfitfir tfi re kwbs CZTs (kr wfitfir tfi re

kwbs l plrtcnumlr typi kg CZT)?➘ qulbtcty kg CZTs kwbih dy tfi re.

Qctf rialrh tk eilsuris kg CZT kwbirsfcp, tfi gkmmkwcba hueey vlrcldmis wiri nkbstruntih grke

tfi rlw hltl0><

➘ CZT kwbir0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs lby typi kg CZT cb lby kg tfi yilrs, lbh :

ktfirwcsi

➘ l sit kg hueey vlrcldmis wfcnf cbhcnltis wfitfir kr bkt l re kwbs l spincn nkedcbltckb

kg CZTs cb lby kg tfi yilrs lbh wfcnf hcvchis tfi slepmi cbtk icaft nkrrispkbhcba arkups0

• Zltibts kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts dut bk ktfir typi kg CZT, lbh :ktfirwcsi

• Xrlhi elros kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs trlhi elros dut bk ktfir typi kg

CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi

• Hiscabs kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs hiscab rcafts dut bk ktfir typi kg CZT,

lbh : ktfirwcsi

• Zltibts lbh trlhi elros0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts lbh trlhi elros

dut bkt hiscabs, lbh : ktfirwcsi

• Zltibts lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts lbh hiscabs dut bkt

trlhi elros, lbh : ktfirwcsi

>< Hueey kr dcblry vlrcldmis lri vlrcldmis wfcnf tloi l vlmui kg ictfir zirk kr kbi. Gkr ixlepmi, l hueey vlrcldmi cbhcnltcba

wfitfir kr bkt tfi nkeplby cs hkecncmih cb ^plcb wkumh tloi l vlmui kg kbi gkr lmm ^plbcsf nkeplbcis lbh zirk gkr lmm ktfir

nkeplbcis.



CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 9<

• Xrlhi elros lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs trlhi elros lbh hiscabs

dut bkt pltibts, lbh : ktfirwcsi

• Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs lmm tfrii typis kgCZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi

• Bk CZTs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re hkis bkt kwb lby typi kg CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi

➘ ^tkno eilsuris kg l plrtcnumlr gkre kg CZT wiri lmsk usih, hcstcbaucsfcba ditwiib stkno

eilsuris gkr Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm CZTs. Ls wctf tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi, tfisi

ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis kg cbtirist wiri trlbsgkreih dy hcvchcba dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis0

• IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb pltibts kwbih dy tfi re

hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.

• BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm pltibts kwbih dy tfi re hcvchih

dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.

• IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb trlhi elros kwbih dy tfi

re hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.

• BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm trlhi elros kwbih dy tfi


• IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb hiscab rcafts kwbih dy tfi re


• BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm hiscab rcafts kwbih dy tfi re


Cb lhhctckb, sk-nlmmih nkbtrkm vlrcldmis wiri lmsk usih. Xfisi lri vlrcldmis wfcnf cbhcnlti, kr nkbtrkm

gkr, bkb-CZT glntkrs wfcnf ecaft lggint nkeplby pirgkrelbni lbh wfcnf tfirigkri biih tk di tloibcbtk lnnkubt wfib lblmyscba tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib pirgkrelbni lbh CZT kwbirsfcp0

➘ Nkubtry hueecis0 tfi nkubtry cb wfcnf tfi nkeplby cs hkecncmih.

➘ întkr hueecis0 tfi sintkr cb wfcnf tfi nkeplby cs lntcvi (BLNI sintckbs).

➘ Silr hueecis0 tfi yilr (tk nkbtrkm gkr tfi iggints kg tfi inkbkecn nynmi).

➘ ÊI0 l hueey vlrcldmi wfcnf tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi nkeplby cs lb ÊI, lbh : cg tfi

nkeplby cs mlrai.>4

➘ Lai kg nkeplby0 l vlrcldmi tflt cbhcnltis tfi lai kg tfi nkeplby cb tfi yilr 4:<>.>>

>4 Gcres lri nmlsscih ls EIs kbmy cg tfiy wiri lb ÊI gkr tfi wfkmi pirckh cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs. Cg l nkeplby wls ‖mlrai– gkr ltmilst kbi yilr, ct wls triltih ls ‖mlrai– cb tfi lblmyscs.

>> Xfi vlrcldmi wls nlmnumltih dy sudtrlntcba tfi yilr kg cbnkrpkrltckb ripkrtih cb KTDC^ grke tfi yilr lt tfi pkcbt kg lblmyscs -

4:<>. Xfiri lri l selmm buedir kg kdsirvltckbs tflt lri plrtcnumlrmy kmh, cbnmuhcba kbi nkeplby tflt fls lb lai kg 6<> yilrs.

KTDC^ ripkrts cts hlti kg cbnkrpkrltckb tk di <4::. L giw ktfir nkeplbcis flvi lb lai kg >::-8:: yilrs.



94 CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs

Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns gkr elcb vlrcldmis

Xfi dlscn hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns gkr tfi hipibhibt lbh ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis lri sfkwb cb Xldmi 48cb Lbbix 6.9.<.4.

Xfi hltlsit usih gkr tfi riarissckb lblmyscs nkbscsts kg <>: 999 res.>8 Gkr ilnf re rivibui

lbh iepmkyeibt cbgkreltckb cs lvlcmldmi gkr 9.8 yilrs kb lvirlai, ycimhcba l tktlm kg 1:9 343 hltl

pkcbts. Xfi el`krcty kg tfi nkeplbcis flh rivibui pir iepmkyii pir yilr kg miss tflb IYT 49: :::,

lmtfkuaf l selmm grlntckb ripkrtih buedirs cb ixniss kg kbi ecmmckb. Xfi eilb vlmui cb tfi wfkmi

slepmi wls IYT 47> 6::. Kb lvirlai, res kwb ekri bltckblm tflb Iurkpilb CZTs pir iepmkyii.

Gkr ixlepmi, tfi lvirlai bltckblm trlhi elro stkno gkr lmm res cb tfi slepmi cs 3.8 trlhi elros pir

<:: iepmkyiis, wfirils ct kbmy lekubtih tk :.3 gkr Iurkpilb trlhi elros.

Gkr tinfbcnlm rilskbs, tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib rivibui pir iepmkyii lbh tfi CZT-rimltih vlrcldmis

(ktfir tflb hueey vlrcldmis) cs ekst lpprkprcltimy ekhimmih dy trlbsgkrecba tfi vlrcldmis mkalrctf-

ecnlmmy, l nkeekb tinfbcqui cb inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs.

>8 Nkeplrih tk întckb 8 tfi buedir kg res fls rihunih grke <>4 411 tk <>: 999. Xfi rilskb cs tflt gkr skei res sivirlm

rivibui-pir-iepmkyii kdsirvltckbs wiri ecsscba, ictfir dinlusi tfiri wls hltl kbmy gkr rivibui kr gkr iepmkyiis (dut bkt dktf),

kr dinlusi tfi ripkrtih buedir kg iepmkyiis wls zirk.



CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 9>

7.4.> Ekhim spincgcnltckbs

Lbbix 6.9 nkbtlcbs l gumm tinfbcnlm hisnrcptckb kg tfi ekhim spincnltckbs tflt flvi diib usih lbhl hisnrcptckb kg sivirlm inkbkeitrcn nflmmibais tflt wiri glnih. Xfrkuafkut lmm ekhims l mcectih

buedir kg kdvckus re-spincn nkbtrkm vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih tflt kbi wkumh l prckrc ixpint tk

flvi lb iggint kb nkeplby pirgkrelbni0 cbhustrclm sintkr, Eiedir ^tlti, re typi lbh tfi lai kg

tfi nkeplby.>9 Xcei-spincn iggints wfcnf lggint lmm res cb tfi slei wly, i.a. inkbkecn nynmis,

wiri lmsk tloib cbtk lnnkubt dy cbnmuhcba l vlrcldmi gkr ilnf tcei pirckh.>7

Yscba tfisi nkbtrkm vlrcldmis, twk hcggiribt ekhim spincnltckbs wiri lppmcih, ilnf hiscabih tk

lblmysi l hcggiribt rimltckbsfcp.

<. Xfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni0 cb tfcs

spincnltckb tfi (mka kg) tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii cs tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lbh tfi

kwbirsfcp kr bkt kg CZTs kvirlmm kr spincn CZTs cs tfi oiy ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi.

4. Xfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT stkno lbh re pirgkrelbni0 gkr tfi sinkbh sit kg

riarissckbs, vlrcldmis kg pltibt, hiscab lbh trlhi elro stknos wiri nkbstruntih grke tfi

rlw hltlsit. Xfi stkno eilsuris tfi buedir kg l plrtcnumlr gkre kg CZT tflt wls fimh

dy l re cb l acvib yilr. îplrlti stkno eilsuris wiri hibih gkr Iurkpilb hiscabs,

bltckblm hiscabs, Iurkpilb trlhi elros, itn., sunf tflt l tktlm kg scx stkno vlrcldmis wiri

nkbstruntih. Ls wls hkbi gkr tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi, tfisi oiy ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis kg

cbtirist wiri trlbsgkreih dy hcvchcba dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis lbh tlocba mkalrctfes.

>9 Hui tk hltl mcectltckbs ct wls bkt pksscdmi tk usi lhhctckblm ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis. Qfcmi tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi nkbtlcbs l

nkbschirldmi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb, tfiri lri ecsscba kdsirvltckbs gkr elby res cb sivirlm yilrs, gkr elby kg tfi blbnclm

vlrcldmis. Cg tfisi giw alps lri sueeih tkaitfir, tfiy nkbschirldmy rihuni tfi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb lvlcmldmi lbh sk wkumh milh

tk elby kdsirvltckbs dicba mkst.>7 Ls l rkdustbiss nfino plcrwcsi cbtirlntckbs ditwiib Eiedir tltis, cbhustrclm sintkrs lbh tcei vlrcldmis flvi diib cbnmuhih cb

lmm riarissckb ekhims tk lm mkw tfi inkbkecn nynmis tk vlry dy nkubtry lbh cbhustry sintkr, ls wimm ls tk lm mkw nkubtry iggints tk vlry

dy cbhustry sintkr. cbni tfi risumts hch bkt nflbai scabcnlbtmy, gkr tfi sloi kg scepmcncty lbh nmlrcty tfisi lri bkt cbnmuhih cb tfi

blm ripkrt.



7.> Tisumts

Cb tfcs sintckb tfi oiy risumts kg tfi inkbkeitrcn ekhimmcba lri prisibtih uscba sueelry risumtstldmis. \ulmctltcvi cbtirpritltckb kg tfi risumts cs prkvchih. Xfi gkmmkwcba sud-sintckb nkbtlcbs l drcig

ixpmlbltckb kg fkw tfi risumts sfkumh di cbtirpritih.

7.>.< Cbtirpritcba riarissckb risumts

Xk cbtirprit tfi riarissckb risumts prisibtih cb tfi tldmis dimkw, l mcttmi dlnoarkubh obkwmihai kg

inkbkeitrcns lbh stltcstcns cs riqucrih. Cb tfcs sintckb, tfi binisslry obkwmihai tk ubhirstlbh tfi

hcsnussckb tflt gkmmkws cs prkvchih.

Ybhirstlbhcba nkiggcncibts

Xfi tldmis nkbtlcbcba tfi riarissckb risumts nkbscst kg tfi gkmmkwcba nkmuebs0

Wlrcldmi Nkig

Xfi ”Wlrcldmi― nkmueb nkbtlcbs tfi ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis kg tfi riarissckb ekhim. Ixpmlbltkry

vlrcldmis lri tfksi glntkrs tflt lri dimcivih tk flvi lb ceplnt kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg tfi re.

Xfi ”Nkig― nkmueb sfkws tfi ceplnt kg ilnf ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg tfi re.

L pksctcvi vlmui gkr tfi nkigncibt eilbs tflt lb cbnrilsi cb tfi vlmui kg tfi vlrcldmi ceprkvis tfi

pirgkrelbni kg tfi re, wfcmst l bialtcvi nkigncibt eilbs tflt lb cbnrilsi cb tfi vlmui kg tfi

vlrcldmi wiloibs tfi pirgkrelbni. Xfi ariltir tfi elabctuhi kg tfi nkigncibt (ictfir pksctcvi kr

bialtcvi), tfi ariltir tfi ceplnt kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg tfi re.

Cb tfi vlst el`krcty kg tfi ekhims, dktf tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lbh tfi eilsuris kg CZT lri eilsurih

cb mkas. Cb tfisi nlsis, tfi nkigncibt eilsuris tfi imlstcncty kg re pirgkrelbni (rivibui pir

iepmkyii) wctf rispint tk CZT stknos. Cb ktfir wkrhs, tfi nkigncibt chibtcis tfi pirnibtlai

nflbai cb rivibui pir iepmkyii acvib l kbi pir nibt nflbai cb tfi stkno kg CZTs. Gkr ixlepmi,l nkigncibt kg :.4 kb l vlrcldmi eilsurcba tfi stkno kg bltckblm hiscabs eilbs tflt l < pir nibt

nflbai cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm hiscabs milhs tk l :.4 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb rivibui pir iepmkyii,

lmm imsi dicba iqulm.

Ct cs cepkrtlbt tk bkti tflt bkt lmm vlrcldmis flvi l stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt cbuibni kb tfi hipibhibt

vlrcldmi, fkwivir. ^tltcstcnclbs lbh inkbkeitrcnclbs usi scabcnlbni tists tk hitirecbi wfitfir kr

bkt l plrtcnumlr ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi fls l stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt rimltckbsfcp tk tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi.

Xfi scabcnlbni mivim cbhcnltis tfi prkdldcmcty kg l glmsi riìntckb kg tfi bumm fypktfiscs, gkr ixlepmi

tflt tfi nkigncibt cs hcggiribt grke zirk, cb l stltcstcnlm tist. Cb ktfir wkrhs, ct cbhcnltis tfi prkdldcmcty

tflt tfi nkigncibt lppilrs tk di bkb-zirk skmimy ls l risumt kg nflbni. Cb tfi tldmis kg risumts, l scbamilstircso bixt tk lb ibtry cb tfi ”Nkig― nkmueb cbhcnltis tflt tfi nkigncibt cs scabcnlbtmy hcggiribt grke

zirk lt tfi <: pir nibt nkbhibni mivim, wfcmst l hkudmi lstircso cbhcnltis tflt ct cs scabcnlbt lt tfi

vi pir nibt mivim lbh l trcpmi lstircso cbhcnltis tflt ct cs scabcnlbt lt tfi kbi pir nibt mivim.




Kbi nlb flvi ariltir nkbhibni tflt tfi cbhipibhibt vlrcldmi trumy fls lb ceplnt kb tfi hipibhibt

vlrcldmi cg ct cs scabcnlbt lt tfi kbi pir nibt mivim tflb cg ct cs scabcnlbt lt tfi vi kr ivib tib pir

nibt mivim.

Hueey vlrcldmis

^kei kg tfi vlrcldmis cbnmuhih cb tfi riarissckbs lri ‖hueey vlrcldmis–, wfcnf tloi l vlmui kg ictfir

zirk kr kbi. Gkr ixlepmi, skei kg tfi ekhims cbnmuhi l hueey vlrcldmi tflt tlois l vlmui kg kbi cg

tfi nkeplby kwbs CZTs (kr, cb skei ekhims, l spincn typi kg CZT) lbh zirk ktfirwcsi. Hueey

vlrcldmis lri cbhcnltih dy l ~ syedkm cb tfi risumts tldmis dimkw.

Cbtirpritcba tfi nkigncibts kb hueey vlrcldmis cs smcaftmy ekri nkepmix tflb cs tfi cbtirpritltckb kg tfi

nkigncibts kb stlbhlrh mkalrctfecn vlrcldmis. Xfi nkigncibt kb l hueey vlrcldmi cbhcnltis tfi nflbai

cb tfi pirgkrelbni kg tfi re, acvib l nflbai cb tfi vlmui kg tfi hueey vlrcldmi grke zirk tk kbi. Gkr

ixlepmi, l pksctcvi lbh scabcnlbt nkigncibt kb tfi ”CZT kwbir― hueey vlrcldmi cb l riarissckb ix-

lecbcba wfitfir CZT kwbirs ixfcdct supirckr pirgkrelbni tk bkb-kwbirs sfkumh di cbtirpritih ls gkm -

mkws0

CZT kwbirs flvi fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs, lmm imsi

dicba iqulm.

Lb lhhih nkepmcnltckb lrcsis wfiri hueey vlrcldmis lri usih tk cbhcnlti wfitfir kr bkt lb lppmcnltckb

fls kbi acvib nflrlntircstcn grke sivirlm nflrlntircstcn kptckbs. Cb tfcs nlsi ct cs lmwlys binisslry

tk kect kbi kptckb grke tfi riarissckb, lbh fibni tfi nkigncibts kb tfi ktfir hueecis lri cbtir -pritih rimltcvi tk tfi kecttih kptckb. Gkr ixlepmi, hltl grke bueirkus cbhustrclm sintkrs cs cbnmuhih

cb tfi lblmyscs. Xfi riarissckbs dimkw cbnmuhi hueey vlrcldmis gkr lmm cbhustrclm sintkrs ixnipt

Elbuglnturcba, lbh sk l pksctcvi nkigncibt kb, sly, l hueey vlrcldmi gkr tfi Nkbstruntckb sintkr

sfkumh di cbtirpritih ls gkmmkws0

Timltcvi tk nkeplbcis cb tfi Elbuglnturcba sintkr, nkeplbcis dlsih cb tfi Nkbstruntckb

sintkr flvi fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii, lmm imsi dicba iqulm.

Ct cs lmsk cepkrtlbt tk bkti tflt tfi hueey vlrcldmis ibtir cbtk tfi ekhims wctfkut l mkalrctfecn

trlbsgkreltckb. Lmm tfi ekhims wctf CZT hueecis flvi tfi mka-mcbilr gkre. Cb sunf ekhims, gkr lselmm nflbai cb mka (y), tfi nkigncibts, wfib eumtcpmcih dy <::, lpprkxcelti wimm tfi pirnibtlai

nflbai cb tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi. Fkwivir, ls tfi nflbai cb mka (y) dinkeis mlrair, tfi lpprkxcel-

tckb % ∇ y ≆ <:: * ∇mka( y) dinkeis cblnnurlti. Xk kdtlcb tfi ixlnt pirnibtlai nflbai cb tfi

prihcntih hipibhibt vlrcldmi, lb lhhctckblm nlmnumltckb uscba prkpirtcis kg ixpkbibtclm lbh mkalrctf-

ecn gubntckbs cs binisslry0 >1

% ∇ ű 5 <:: * _ixp( ) „ <U

Cb tfi risumts tldmis dimkw, tfi ibtry cb tfi ”Nkig― nkmueb gkr lmm hueey vlrcldmis prisibts tfcs

nlmnumltih elracblm iggint, bkt tfi nkigncibt.

>1 îi gkr ixlepmi Qkkmhrchai (4:<>).

CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 99



7.>.4 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni

Xfi purpksi kg tfcs rst sit kg ekhims cs tk lblmysi wfitfir tfksi nkeplbcis tfltkwb gkrelm CZTs ixfcdct supirckr inkbkecn pirgkrelbni tk tfksi tflt hk bkt fkmh

gkrelm CZTs. Xfi vlrcldmis kg cbtirist cb tfisi ekhims lri hueey vlrcldmis wfcnf

tloi l vlmui kg ictfir zirk kr kbi, cbhcnltcba

➘ wfitfir kr bkt l nkeplby kwbs lby gkre kg CZT (”CZT kwbir―)? lbh

➘ wfitfir kr bkt l re kwbs l spincn nkedcbltckb kg CZTs (”Zltibts kbmy―, ”Xrlhi elros

kbmy―, ”Hiscabs kbmy―, ”Zltibts lbh trlhi elros―, ”Zltibts lbh hiscabs―, ”Xrlhi elros lbh

hiscabs―, ”Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs―).>6

CZT kwbirs kvirlmm

Xfi rst sit kg risumts prisibtih cb Xldmi <9 cs dlsih kb l ekhim (Ekhim <) cb wfcnf l scbami hueey

vlrcldmi ‖CZT kwbir– cs lhhih tk tfi sit kg nkbtrkm vlrcldmis tk chibtcgy wfitfir kr bkt l nkeplby fls

ivir kwbih lby typi kg gkrelm CZT prktintckb. Cb Ekhim 4, tfi ‖CZT kwbir– hueey cs ripmlnih wctf

l sit kg hueey vlrcldmis tflt chibtcgy tfi spincn nkedcbltckbs kg gkrelm CZTs tflt wiri kwbih dy

tfi re hurcba tfi pirckh ubhir nkbschirltckb. Cb dktf nlsis, tfi elracblm iggint kb tfi hueey vlrc-

ldmis cbhcnltis tfi pirnibtlai dy wfcnf tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii kg tfi rimivlbt arkup kg CZT kwb-

irs ixniihs tflt kg bkb-kwbirs. Gkr ixlepmi, cb dktf ekhims tfi bialtcvi nkigncibts kg tfi ÊI

vlrcldmi (-41.4> lbh -41.73, rispintcvimy) cbhcnlti tflt, lmm imsi dicba iqulm, tfi rivibui pir

iepmkyii kg selmm lbh eihcue-sczih ibtirprcsis cs mkwir tflb tflt kg mlrai res.

>6 Xfi arkup kg bkb-kwbirs wcmm sirvi ls tfi dlsi nltiakry lbh tfi ”Bk CZTs― vlrcldmi wcmm tfirigkri di kecttih grke tfi riarissckbs.




Xldmi <90 Tisumts kg ekhims wctf CZT kwbirsfcp hueecis,

lmm gcres

Ekhim < (Nkig)) Ekhim 4 (Nkig)

Hipibhibt vlrcldmi

Mka rivibui pir iepmkyii


CZT kwbir ~ 41.31*** „

Zltibts kbmy ~ „ <9.>:***

Xrlhi elros kbmy ~ „ 43.3<***

Hiscabs kbmy ~ „ <8.74***

Zltibts lbh trlhi elros ~ „ <7.6>***

Zltibts lbh hiscabs ~ „ <9.:>*** Xrlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ „ >6.9>***

Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ „ <7.41***

Nkubtry hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih

întkr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih

Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih

ÊI ~ -41.4>*** -41.73***

Lai kg nkeplby =:.:<*** =:.:<**

Nkbstlbt 9.:8*** 9.:1***

Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 1:9 343 lbh buedir kg res 5 <>: 999 gkr dktf ekhims

Ekhim < „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.411? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::Ekhim 4 „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.416? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::

~ 5 hueey vlrcldmi? * 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim? ** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim? *** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim.

º Nkubtry, sintkr lbh yilr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt

cbnmuhih cb tfi tldmi. Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.

Xfi risumts cb Xldmi <9 nmilrmy cbhcnlti tflt CZT kwbirs flvi ariltir rivibui pir iepmkyii

tflb hk bkb-kwbirs. Lmm nkigncibts kb tfi CZT-rimltih hueey vlrcldmis lri pksctcvi lbh strkbamy

scabcnlbt. Kvirlmm, tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii kg CZT kwbirs cs 46 pir nibt fcafir tflb kg bkb-

kwbirs, dut tfcs lvirlai elsos skei scabcnlbt hcggiribnis ditwiib tfi hcggiribt arkups kg CZT

kwbirs. Cb plrtcnumlr, tfi risumts suaaist tflt trlhi elro kwbirs ixfcdct lb lmekst >: pir nibt supirckr

pirgkrelbni nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs. Lt tfi slei tcei tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii kg pltibts-kbmylbh trlhi elros-kbmy kwbirs ixniihs tflt kg bkb-kwbirs dy lrkubh <9 pir nibt.

Xfiri cs lmsk skei suaaistckb kg nkepmieibtlrcty ditwiib CZTs0 tfksi res tflt kwb l nkedcbltckb

kg hcggiribt gkres kg CZT ixfcdct supirckr pirgkrelbni hcggiribni tk tfksi bkt kwbcba CZTs lbh, kb

lvirlai, ceprkvi kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg lt milst tfi mkwist-pirgkrecba CZT cb tfi nkedcbltckb. Gkr

ixlepmi, res tflt kwb dktf trlhi elros lbh hiscabs flvi fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii nkeplrih

wctf tfksi tflt kwb kbmy trlhi elros kr kbmy hiscabs. Fkwivir, ct cs cepkrtlbt tk bkti tflt kbi nlbbkt

nkbnmuhi kb tfi dlscs kg tfisi bhcbas tflt hrkppcba kbi typi kg CZT grke l wkrsi-pirgkrecba nkedc -

bltckb kg CZTs wkumh ceprkvi l re–s inkbkecn pirgkrelbni. cecmlrmy, lhhcba lb CZT tk lbktfir scbami

CZT kr nkedcbltckb kg CZTs, wkumh bkt ceprkvi pirgkrelbni. Xfi risumts kb pirgkrelbni issibtclmmynkeplri hcggiribt arkups kg nkeplbcis cb tfi slepmi, wfcnf lri nflrlntircsih dy kwbirsfcp kg spincn

CZTs.




ÊIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis

Xfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns kg CZT kwbirs suaaistih tflt tfiri lri skei scabcnlbt hcggiribnis ditwiib EIslbh mlrair res. Gkr tfcs rilskb, risumts lri lmsk prisibtih siplrltimy gkr ÊIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis.

Xfi purpksi kg tfcs lblmyscs wls tk ubhirstlbh tfi ixtibt tk wfcnf tfi kvirlmm ceplnt istceltih

ldkvi cs nkbscstibt gkr res kg lmm sczis, lbh tk wflt ixtibt tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZTs lbh

rivibui pir iepmkyii hcggirs ditwiib ÊIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis.

Xfi risumts prisibtih cb Xldmi <7 cbhcnlti tflt tfiri lri scabcnlbt hcggiribnis ditwiib ÊIs lbh

mlrai nkeplbcis wctf rispint tk tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii.

Cb plrtcnumlr, tfi nkigncibts kb tfi CZT hueey vlrcldmis lri scabcnlbtmy ariltir gkr ÊIs tflb gkr

mlrai nkeplbcis0 wfirils ÊIs tflt kwb CZTs flvi rivibui pir iepmkyii tflt cs >4 pir nibt

fcafir tflb bkb-kwbirs, tfi iqucvlmibt stltcstcn gkr mlrai res cs 8 pir nibt.

Kbi pksscdmi ixpmlbltckb gkr tfcs risumt ely di tflt tfiri cs l gubhleibtlm hcggiribni ditwiib

ÊIs lbh mlrai res cb tires kg tficr prkpibscty tk usi cbtlbacdmi lssits,>3 gkr wfcnf tfi vlrcldmis

cb tfi hltl wiri bkt ldmi tk nkbtrkm. Mlrair res lri ekri cbnmcbih tk eloi usi kg cbtlbacdmi lssits

(sii Lrrcafittc it lm. (4:<8)). Xfirigkri, Ekhim 4 cb Xldmi <7, wfiri kbmy mlrai res lri lblmysih,

cs mcoimy tk eilsuri tfi hcggiribni cb pirgkrelbni ditwiib mlrai res tflt kwb pltibts, hiscabs kr

trlhi elros kb tfi kbi flbh lbh mlrai res tflt lri rimycba kb ktfir typis kg gkrelm (nkpyrcaft) lbh/

kr cbgkrelm (trlhi sinrits) CZTs.

Xfcs cs cb nkbtrlst tk tfi slepmi kg ÊIs, kg wfcnf l nkbschirldmi prkpkrtckb hkis bkt cbvist cblby typis kg cbtlbacdmi lssit (ictfir gkrelm kr cbgkrelm) lt lmm. Fibni, cb Ekhim <, tfi CZ kwbirsfcp

vlrcldmis lri pktibtclmmy nlpturcba tfi hcggiribni cb pirgkrelbni ditwiib ÊIs tflt lri cbbkvltcvi

lbh rimy kb riacstirih CZTs sunf ls pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs, lbh l arkup kg res tflt

cbnmuhis elby bkb-cbbkvltcvi ÊIs. Xfirigkri, tfi kdsirvih nkigncibts kg CZT kwbirsfcp sfkumh

di mlrair gkr ÊIs tflb gkr mlrai nkeplbcis.

Gurtfirekri, cb Ekhim 4, wfcmi lmm CZT-rimltih vlrcldmis lri scabcnlbt cb tfi ÊI riarissckbs, tfi

pcnturi cs hcggiribt gkr mlrai nkeplbcis. Xfi risumts cbhcnlti tflt kbmy mlrai res tflt kwb trlhi elros

(lbh bk ktfir CZT) ixfcdct scabcnlbtmy fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs.

Ekrikvir, tfi risumts suaaist tflt mlrai res tflt kwb skei spincn nkedcbltckbs kg CZTs (c.i.pltibts + trlhi elros, lbh pltibts + trlhi elros + hiscabs) ivib flvi scabcnlbtmy mkwir rivibui

pir iepmkyii tflb tfi arkup kg res tflt hkis bkt rimy kb CZTs.

L pksscdmi ixpmlbltckb wkumh di tfi blturi kg tfi KTDC^ hltl. ^kei mlrai res lri sudschclrcis kg

ktfir nkeplbcis, wctf tfksi mcbos bkt ripkrtih cb KTDC^, sk tflt skei kg tfi lpplribt bkb-kwbirs

kg CZTs ely cb glnt di dibitcba grke CZTs fimh dy ktfir ibtctcis cb tfi arkup. Yscba tfi lvlcmldmi

hltl, tfi vlmchcty kg bictfir kg tfisi fypktfisis nlb di tistih. Lmtirbltcvimy, tfcs risumt ely di hrcvib

dy tfi cbldcmcty tk nkbtrkm gkr nirtlcb tcei-vlrclbt hcggiribnis lekba res, gkr ixlepmi wctfcb cbhustry

nmustirs, tflt lri nkrrimltih wctf CZT kwbirsfcp vlrcldmis.

>3 Cbtlbacdmi lssits nkbscst kg tfi stkno kg ceeltirclm riskurnis tflt ibtir tfi prkhuntckb prkniss lbh lri binisslry gkr tfi nriltckb

lbh slmi kg biw kr ceprkvih prkhunts lbh prknissis (sii Lrrcafittc it lm., 4:<8). Xfiy nlb di cbtirblmmy prkhunih kr ixtirblmmy

lnqucrih lssits lbh cbnmuhi gkrelm ls wimm ls cbgkrelm CZTs.




Xldmi <70 Tisumts kg ekhims wctf CZT kwbirsfcp hueecis dy

gcre typi

ÊIs Mlrai nkeplbcis

Ekhim < (Nkig) Ekhim 4 (Nkig) Ekhim < (Nkig) Ekhim 4 (Nkig)

Hipibhibt vlrcldmi



CZT kwbir ~ ><.1<*** „ 8.:8*** „

Zltibts kbmy ~ „ <9.33*** „ -:.49

Xrlhi elros kbmy ~ „ >>.:9*** „ 6.88***

Hiscabs kbmy ~ „ <1.4>*** „ :.87

Zltibts lbh trlhi elros ~ „ 4:.16*** „ -9.97***

Zltibts lbh hiscabs~ „ <3.9:*** „ -3.4<

Xrlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ „ 81.7:*** „ 8.1>

Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ „ >8.>>*** „ -<4.79***

Nkubtry hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih

întkr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih

Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih

Lai kg nkeplby =:.:<*** =:.:<*** =:.:<*** =:.:<***

Nkbstlbt 8.93*** 8.7:*** 9.>>*** 9.>6***

Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 919 979 lbh buedir kg res 5 <:3 <93 gkr dktf ÊI ekhims

Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 <>: >78 lbh buedir kg res 5 4< >37 gkr dktf mlrai nkeplbcis ekhims

ÊIs ekhim < „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.476? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.::: lbh ÊIs ekhim 4 „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.473? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::

Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim < „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.4<7? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.::: lbh Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim 4 „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.4<6? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::




Kvirlmm, tfcs rst sit kg inkbkeitrcn ekhims fls gkubh tflt CZT kwbirs flvi fcafir pirgkrelbni

cb tires kg rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb hk bkb-kwbirs, ispinclmmy cb tfi nlsi kg ÊIs.

7.>.> tknos kg CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni




Xfi risumts prisibtih cb tfi privckus sintckb sfkwih tflt tfi pirgkrelbni kg nkeplbcis tflt kwb

gkrelm CZTs, ls eilsurih dy tficr rivibui pir iepmkyii, cs supirckr tk tflt kg bkb-kwbirs. Fkwivir,

tfi ekhims hch bkt hcstcbaucsf ditwiib CZT kwbirs wctf rispint tk tfi buedir kg rcafts fimh. Gkrixlepmi, l nkeplby tflt fkmhs kbi bltckblm hiscab cs triltih cb tfisi ekhims cb lb chibtcnlm elbbir

tk l nkeplby tflt fkmhs >:: bltckblm hiscabs lbh 4:: Iurkpilb hiscabs. Xfirigkri, cb tfcs sintckb,

tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib l re–s pirgkrelbni lbh tfi buedir kg pltibts, hiscabs kr trlhi elros ct

fkmhs cs cbvistcaltih.

Xfi buedir kg pltibts, hiscabs lbh trlhi elros cs eilsurih uscba tfi ‖stkno– fimh lt lby acvib

pkcbt cb tcei. Xfi stkno cs trlbsgkreih dy hcvchcba dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis lbh tlocba tfi mkal-

rctfe, sunf tflt tfi nkigncibt nlpturis tfi imlstcncty kg rivibui pir iepmkyii wctf rispint tk tfi

stkno kg CZTs pir iepmkyii.

îplrlti vlrcldmis cb tfi ekhims gkr bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb stknos lri cbnmuhih, riintcba scabc-

nlbt hcggiribnis ditwiib bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb CZTs (bkt milst tfi glnt tflt bltckblm rcafts nkbgir

prktintckb cb l scbami nkubtry, wfirils Iurkpilb hiscabs lbh trlhi elros nkbgir rcafts cb lmm Eie-

dir ^tltis lbh IZK-arlbtih pltibts lri typcnlmmy vlmchltih cb sivirlm nkubtrcis).

Xldmi <1 prisibts tfi risumts kg l riarissckb ekhim dlsih kb dktf kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs.8:

8: Lbbix 6.9.4.4 prisibts tfi risumts dlsih kb kwbirs kg CZTs kbmy, nkrrintih gkr l pksscdmi slepmi simintckb

dcls. Xfi risumts lri scecmlr tk tfksi prisibtih cb tfcs sintckb.

7: CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs



Xldmi <10 Tisumts kg stknos kg hcggiribt CZTs, lmm gcres

Ekhim < (Nkig)

Hipibhibt vlrcldmi



Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<6*

Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.87***

Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.46***

Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.94***

Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:<

Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1***

Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º

Nkbstlbt 8.31***

Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 1:9 343 lbh buedir kg res 5 <>: 999 gkr lmm res ekhim

Ekhim dlsih kb kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:> Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::


º Silr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt cbnmuhih cb tfi

tldmi. Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.

Qfib cbtirpritcba tfi risumts ct cs cepkrtlbt tk rinkabcsi tflt dktf tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lbh tfi

CZT vlrcldmis lri eilsurih cb mkas. Cb tfisi nlsis, tfi nkigncibt eilsuris tfi imlstcncty kg re

pirgkrelbni (tflt cs, rivibui pir iepmkyii) wctf rispint tk CZT stknos pir iepmkyii. Cb ktfir

wkrhs, tfi nkigncibt chibtcis tfi pirnibtlai nflbai cb rivibui pir iepmkyii acvib l kbi pirnibt nflbai cb tfi stkno kg CZTs pir iepmkyii.

Xfi risumts kg tfi ekhim prisibtih cb Xldmi <1 cbhcnlti tflt mlrair stknos kg Iurkpilb hiscabs pir

iepmkyii lri bkt binisslrcmy lsskncltih wctf fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii scbni tfi nkigncibt,

lmtfkuaf pksctcvi, cs cbscabcnlbt.8< Gkr ktfir typis kg CZT tfiri cs ivchibni kg l pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp

ditwiib cbnrilsis cb tfi pir-iepmkyii stkno kg CZTs lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii.84 Gkr ixlepmi, lmm

imsi dicba iqulm, lb cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm hiscabs pir iepmkyii dy < pir nibt akis lmkba

wctf l :.:1 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb l re–s pirgkrelbni eilsuri. Cb tfi nlsi kg bltckblm pltibt stknos

pir iepmkyii, tfi istceltih imlstcncty cs :.87, lbh ct cs ls fcaf ls :.94 gkr bltckblm trlhi elros pir

iepmkyii. Cb tfi nlsi kg Iurkpilb pltibts lbh trlhi elros, tfi imlstcncty cs :.<6 lbh :.46,rispintcvimy.

8< Xists wiri nkbhuntih tk nfino wfitfir tfisi cbscabcnlbt risumts ecaft di ixpmlcbih dy eumtcnkmmcbilrcty, dut bk ivchibni wlsgkubh kg nkrrimltckb lekba tfi nkbtcbukus ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis gkr tfi wfkmi slepmi.

84 Ekhims wctf qulmcty-wicaftih stknos kg Iurkpilb pltibts wiri lmsk lssissih, uscba lb cbhix wfcnf cbnkrpkrltih tfi oiy vlrcldmis

suaaistih cb tfi surviy kg tfi mctirlturi nkbhuntih dy tfi KINH (^qucnnclrcbc it lm., 4:<>). Xfi risumts kg tfisi ekhims wfcnf lri

prisibtih cb 6.9.> wiri lmekst chibtcnlm tk tfksi kg tfi ekhims wfiri l scepmi nkubt kg Iurkpilb pltibts wls usih.

CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 7<



Dkx >0 Fkw hk tfi risumts nkeplri wctf ktfir stuhcis;

Ls bktih dy Eublrc (4:<4), prckr risilrnf fls gkubh ecxih risumts kb tfi ceplnt kg pltibt nkubts kb repirgkrelbni. Qfcmi skei plpirs gkubh tflt tfi buedir kg pltibts fls l pksctcvi cbuibni kb pirgkrelbni

(Dmkke lbh Wlb Tiibib, 4::4? Irbst, <339, 4::<? Fimeirs lbh Tkairs, 4:<<? Mirbir lbh Pfu, 4::1? Oce

it lm., 4:<4), ktfirs flvi gkubh tfi kppkscti lbh stcmm ktfirs flvi gkubh bk rimltckbsfcp ditwiib pltibt

nkubts lbh inkbkecn pirgkrelbni (Nfiba it lm., 4:<:? Nkkeds lbh Dcirmy, 4::7).

Qctf rispint tk trlhi elros, Ariibflmaf lbh Tkairs (4:<<) gkubh l pksctcvi nkrrimltckb ditwiib trlhi

elros lbh pirgkrelbni, wfcmi Fimeirs lbh Tkairs (4:<<) gkubh tflt trlhi elros flvi l pksctcvi

lsskncltckb wctf survcvlm lbh re arkwtf.

Qctf rispint tk hiscabs, Dlsnlvuskamu-Ekrilu lbh Xitfir (4:<<) gkubh l pksctcvi lsskncltckb ditwiib

slmis pir iepmkyii lbh YO hiscabs, dut bk scabcnlbt lsskncltckb gkr Iurkpilb hiscabs.

Hcggiribnis ditwiib EIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis

^cecmlrmy tk tfi privckus sintckb, risumts kg ekhims dlsih kb sud-slepmis kg ÊIs lbh mlrai

nkeplbcis lri prisibtih cb Xldmi <6.

Xldmi <60 Ekhims kg CZT stknos dy gcre typi

ÊIs (Nkig) Mlrai nkeplbcis (Nkig)

Hipibhibt vlrcldmi



Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<3* :.>:

Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.83*** :.41

Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.><*** -:.<:

Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.9>*** :.98***

Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:: :.<<

Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1*** :.<4

Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih

Nkbstlbt 8.63*** 9.>8***

Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 919 979 lbh buedir kg res 5 <:3 <93 gkr ÊIs ekhim

Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 <>: >78 lbh buedir kg res 5 4< >37 gkr mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim

ÊIs ekhim „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:> Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::

Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:9 Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::


º Silr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt cbnmuhih cb tfi tldmi.

Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.




Xfi risumts cb Xldmi <6 sfkw tflt cbnrilsis cb CZT stknos pir iepmkyii flvi l pksctcvi lbh scabc-

nlbt lsskncltckb wctf rivibui pir iepmkyii gkr ÊIs, wctf tfi ixniptckb kg Iurkpilb hiscabs.

Dy nkbtrlst, kbmy tfi nkigncibt kb bltckblm trlhi elros cs pksctcvi lbh scabcnlbt gkr mlrai nkepl-bcis0 lmm ktfir nkigncibts kb tfi CZT vlrcldmis lri cbscabcnlbt. Xfisi risumts lri nkbscstibt wctf tfi

bhcbas cb privckus sintckbs.

Dkx 80 Fkw hk tfi risumts nkeplri wctf ktfir stuhcis;

Xfiri cs snlbt mctirlturi kb tfi rimltckbsfcps ditwiib re sczi, CZT kwbirsfcp lbh inkbkecn pirgkrelbni.

Fkwivir, Eublrc lbh lbtkbc (4:<:) lbh Fimeirs lbh Tkairs (4:<<) dktf bh tflt pltibtcba EIs tibh

tk pirgkre dittir tflb tficr bkb-pltibtcba nkubtirplrts. Eublrc (4:<4) cbtirprits tfisi bhcbas ls lb

cbhcnltckb tflt CZT acvi EIs l nkepitctcvi lhvlbtlai.

7.8 Nkbnmusckbs kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs lbh hcsnussckb

Kvirlmm, tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs fls mih tk tfi gkmmkwcba oiy bhcbas0

➘ CZT kwbirs pirgkre dittir tflb bkb-kwbirs. Kvirlmm, rivibui pir iepmkyii cs lp-

prkxceltimy 46 pir nibt fcafir gkr CZT kwbirs tflb gkr nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt kwb CZTs.

Xfcs rimltckbsfcp cs plrtcnumlrmy prkbkubnih gkr selmm lbh eihcue-sczih ibtirprcsis(ÊIs)0 ÊIs tflt kwb CZTs flvi lmekst >4 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb

ÊIs tflt hk bkt kwb CZTs lt lmm. Cb tfi nlsi kg mlrai nkeplbcis, rivibui pir iepmkyii

cs 8 pir nibt fcafir gkr CZT kwbirs tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs.

➘ Cbnrilsis cb dktf Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm CZT stknos lri lsskncltih wctf ceprkvih

pirgkrelbni kg tfi re. L <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg Iurkpilb trlhi elros kg

l re cs lsskncltih wctf l 4.6 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb rivibui pir iepmkyii, lbh l <: pir

nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm trlhi elros cs lsskncltih wctf l 9.4 pir nibt

cbnrilsi. Gkr pltibts, l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg pltibts milhs tk l <.6 pir nibt

cbnrilsi cb tfi nlsi kg Iurkpilb rcafts lbh tk l 8.7 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi nlsi kgbltckblm rcafts. Gkr bltckblm hiscabs tfi lblmyscs suaaists tflt l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb

stkno cs lsskncltih wctf l :.1 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb pirgkrelbni. Gkr Iurkpilb hiscabs tfi

inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs nkumh bkt istldmcsf l stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt rimltckbsfcp, wfcnf

eilbs tflt ct cs bkt pksscdmi tk stlti wctf ekri tflb 3: pir nibt nkbhibni tflt tfiri cs l

rimltckbsfcp ditwiib cbnrilsis cb l nkeplby–s stkno kg tfi rimivlbt CZTs lbh cts

inkbkecn pirgkrelbni.

➘ Cbnrilsis cb re pirgkrelbni hipibh kb typi lbh nkedcbltckb kg CZTs. Xfi fcafist

rivibui-pir-iepmkyii cbnrilsis lri mcboih tk trlhi elro-kbmy lbh nkedcbih trlhi elro

lbh hiscab kwbirs0 >: pir nibt lbh >3 pir nibt, rispintcvimy. Zltibt-kbmy kwbirs flvi <9pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii, hiscab-kbmy kwbirs <9 pir nibt, pltibt-lbh-trlhi

elro kwbirs <1 pir nibt, pltibt-lbh-hiscab kwbirs <9 pir nibt lbh kwbirs kg lmm tfrii CZTs

<7 pir nibt.

CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 7>



Lmtfkuaf hui nlri wls lppmcih cb lmm pflsis kg tfi risilrnf, skei eitfkhkmkacnlm nfkcnis, binis-

slry cb lmm lppmcih risilrnf, ely pktibtclmmy dcls tfi inkbkeitrcn risumts.8> Xfi kvirlmm hcrintckb lbh

ixlnt sczi kg tfksi dclsis lri flrh tk istcelti. Cb lby nlsi, tfiy sfkumh bkt ceplnt tfi scab lbh tfikrhir kg elabctuhi kg tfi CZT nkigncibts.

Gurtfirekri, ct cs cepkrtlbt tk bkti, tflt lmtfkuaf tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs wls ldmi tk sfkw strkba

lbh scabcnlbt nkrrimltckb ditwiib tfi vlrcldmis kg cbtirist, acvib tfi lvlcmldmi hltl l nluslm mcbo

ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni nlbbkt di istldmcsfih. Zrivckus stuhcis (sii K–Elfkby

lbh Winnfc, 4::3, kr Elrrknu it lm., 4:<<) flvi sfkwb tflt tfiri cs l pksctcvi cbuibni kg cbtlbacdmi

lssits kb res– pirgkrelbni. Cbtlbacdmi lssits nlb di prktintih dy gkrelm, riacstirih CZTs kr dy

ktfir cbgkrelm gkres kg prktintckb tflt hch bkt elbcgist ctsimg cb tfi CZT riacstrcis. Ct cs mcoimy tflt res

tflt usi gkrelm CZT prktintckb lmsk cbvist ekri cb cbtlbacdmi lssits lbh cbbkvlti ekri tflb res

tflt hk bkt usi gkrelm CZT prktintckb.

Cb lhhctckb, ct nlbbkt di rumih kut tflt tfi CZT eilsuris cb tfi ekhims lri nkrrimltih wctf skei kect-

tih vlrcldmi riprisibtcba tfi prkpibscty tk cbvist cb cbtlbacdmi lssits, wfcnf nlbbkt di kdsirvih cb

tfi hltl. Ls l risumt kg tfcs pksscdmi kecttih vlrcldmi dcls, CZT nkigncibts istceltih cb inkbkeitrcn

ekhims nlpturi bkt kbmy tfi iggint kg tfi usi kg gkrelm CZTs gkr cbtlbacdmi lssits prktintckb, dut lmsk

tfi pksctcvi iggint kg tfksi cbtlbacdmi lssits tfiesimvis. Xfi risumt tflt tfi rimltckbsfcp cs gkubh tk

di strkbair gkr ÊIs tflb gkr mlrai nkeplbcis cs nkbscstibt wctf tfcs fypktfiscs. Ekst mlrai nkepl-

bcis rimy cb skei wly kr lbktfir kb cbtlbacdmi lssits, wfirils elby selmmir res kgtib ducmh tficr

duscbiss kb tlbacdmi lssits lmkbi. Xrlhi elros, hiscabs lbh pltibts prkvchi mialm prktintckb gkr

spincn dut bkt lmm typis kg cbtlbacdmi lssit. Fibni, tfi arkup kg mlrai res bkt kwbcba tfisi plr -

tcnumlr gkres kg CZT ely nkbscst kg res tflt aibirlti ktfir typis kg cbtlbacdmi lssit (i.a. nkpyrcaftskr trlhi sinrits) lbh tfirigkri ixfcdct fcaf inkbkecn pirgkrelbni. Cb nkbtrlst, tfi arkup kg ÊIs

bkt kwbcba trlhi elros, pltibts kr hiscabs cs mcoimy tk nkbscst kg elby nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt kwb

lby cbtlbacdmi lssits lt lmm.

Lb lmtirbltcvi rilskbcba suaaistcba l hcggiribt nluslm rimltckbsfcp nlbbkt di rumih kut. Xfi pksctcvi

rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh pirgkrelbni nkumh lmsk stie grke l pksscdmi ceplnt kg fcafir

rivibui pir iepmkyii kb tfi kwbirsfcp kg riacstirih CZTs. Gcres tflt lmrilhy ib`ky fcaf rivibui

wctfkut uscba gkrelm CZTs nkumh hinchi tk stlrt uscba trlhi elros, pltibts, kr hiscabs tk prktint tficr

guturi riturbs lbh tk sinuri cbnkei wctf ibgkrnildmi lbh trlhldmi rcafts.

Bkbitfimiss, inkbkecn tfikry prkvchis l buedir kg lraueibts tflt nlb suppkrt tfi nmlce kg CZTs–

pksctcvi ceplnt kb re pirgkrelbni. CZTs prkvchi cbnibtcvis tflt cbnrilsi l re–s prkpibscty tk

ibalai cb cbbkvltcvi lntcvcty. Dy prkvchcba mialm nirtlcbty, CZTs prkekti mcnibscba lntcvcty lbh ib-

ldmi res tk cbnrilsi tficr rivibui wctfkut tfi binisscty tk ixplbh tficr prkhuntckb nlpldcmctcis.

Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs aulrlbtii tfi rcaft tk ixnmuhi nkepitctkrs lbh rihuni nkepitctcvi

prissuri kb tficr kwbirs, tfus milhcba tk fcafir rivibui lbh prkts. Xfisi fypktfisis, fkwivir,

nlbbkt di ixflustcvimy tistih wctf tfi hltl lt flbh.

8> îi Lbbix 6.< gkr l hcsnussckb kb fkw hltlsit nkbstruntckb nfkcnis nlb pksscdmy lint tfi risumts.




:1 / Nkbnmusckbs

kg tfi stuhy

Xfi elcb nkbtrcdutckb kg tfcs stuhy mcis cb tfi nkbstruntckb lbh sudsiquibt lblmyscs kg l ubcqui

lbh viry mlrai hltlsit wctf blbnclm cbgkreltckb lbh CZT hltl lt tfi re mivim.

Xfi kvirlrnfcba risumt kg tfcs lblmyscs cs tflt tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs, spincnlmmy pltibts, trlhi

elros lbh hiscabs, cs strkbamy lsskncltih wctf ceprkvih inkbkecn pirgkrelbni lt tfi mivim

kg tfi cbhcvchulm nkeplby. Xfcs lsskncltckb cs ispinclmmy strkba cb tfi nlsi kg ÊIs.

Cb plrtcnumlr, tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns cb Nflptir 9 sfkw tflt0

➘ Gcrst, rivibui pir iepmkyii gkr kwbirs kg CZTs (pltibts, trlhi elros lbh/kr hiscabs,

bltckblm lbh/kr Iurkpilb) cs 46.7 pir nibt fcafir tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs. Xfcs CZT

”rivibui priecue― cs mlraist gkr hiscab kwbirs lt ><.8 pir nibt, gkmmkwih dy trlhi elro kwbirs

lt 43.9 pir nibt lbh pltibt kwbirs 49.1 pir nibt. Lmm tfi hcggiribnis gkubh lri stltcstcnlmmy

scabcnlbt, eilbcba tflt tfiy lri viry ubmcoimy tk flvi nkei ldkut purimy dy nflbni.➘ înkbh, CZT kwbirs kb lvirlai iepmky lmekst scx tceis ls elby iepmkyiis ls bkb-kwb-

irs. Lmsk, wlais plch dy CZT kwbirs lri lmekst 4: pir nibt fcafir tflb dy res tflt hk bkt

kwb CZTs. Cb tfcs nlsi, tfi ”wlai priecue― cs fcafist gkr pltibts lt 8:.7 pir nibt, gkmmkwih

dy hiscabs lt 4>.: pir nibt lbh trlhi elros lt <6.6 pir nibt. Lalcb, tfisi hcggiribnis lri

stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt.

➘ Xfcrh, l nkbschirldmi buedir kg res (63.3 pir nibt) hk bkt kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs.

Ekrikvir, l ariltir prkpkrtckb kg ÊIs tflb mlrai res lri bkb-kwbirs (3:.3 pir nibt kg

ÊIs virsus 93.1 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis). Cb ktfir wkrhs, kbmy 3.< pir nibt kg ÊIs

kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs cbnmuhih cb tfcs stuhy, dut 8:.> pir nibt kg mlrai res hk. Xfcs

hkis bkt cepmy tflt 93.1 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis hk bkt usi CZTs cb tficr nkeeirnclmlntcvctcis. Xfiy ely usi CZTs, dut bkt di tfi gkrelm kwbirs „ cg plrt kg l mlrair arkup

strunturi, CZT kwbirsfcp ely di wctf ktfir ibtctcis wctfcb tfi arkup.

➘ Gkurtf, CZTs lri ekstmy kwbih dy elbuglnturcba res, lmtfkuaf tfiri lri hcggiribnis

ditwiib CZTs. Ldkut kbi-tfcrh kg trlhi elro kwbirs lri elbuglnturcba res, wfcmst tfiy

riprisibt lmekst twk-tfcrhs kg lmm pltibt kwbirs. Dischis elbuglnturcba res, res cb

wfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi nkbstctuti tfi fcafist arkup kg trlhi elro lbh hiscab kwbirs.

➘ Gcblmmy, tfiri lri bktcnildmi hcggiribnis lekba CZT-kwbcba res. Xfksi hcggiribnis lri

plrtcnumlrmy bktldmi cb nkeplrcskbs ditwiib ÊIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis ls rialrhs lvir-

lai stkno (nkubts) kg CZTs. Kb lvirlai, mlrai nkeplbcis kwb ekri rcafts tflb ÊIs,

cbhipibhibt kg tfi typi kg rcaft. Nkeplrih tk mlrai nkeplbcis, ÊIs tibh tk usi bltckblmrcafts ekri kgtib tflb Iurkpilb rcafts, lbh tfiy flvi l rimltcvimy ariltir rimclbni kb

trlhi elros.

79



Xfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs cb Nflptir 7 nkbres tfi mcbo ditwiib kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh inkbkecn

pirgkrelbni kg nkeplbcis. Cb plrtcnumlr, nkeplbcis tflt kwb CZTs wiri gkubh tk flvi 46 pir nibt

ariltir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt kwb CZTs, suppkrtcba tfi cbhcnltcvi risumtgrke tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns. Xfus, wfcmi l nlusi-lbh-iggint rimltckbsfcp fls bkt diib prkvib,

tfiri cs l strkba cbhcnltckb tflt sunf l rimltckbsfcp ecaft ixcst.

Xldmi <30 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii, lmm nkepl-

bcis lbh ÊIs* (hcggiribni ditwiib kwbirs kg tfi rispintcvi

CZTs lbh bkb-kwbirs)

CZT kr nkedcbltckb Lmm nkeplbcis* ÊIs

CZT kwbir ~ 46% >4%

Zltibts kbmy ~ <9% <7%

Xrlhi elros kbmy ~ >:% >>%

Hiscabs kbmy ~ <9% <1%

Zltibts lbh trlhi elros ~ <1% 4<%

Zltibts lbh hiscabs~ <9% 4:%

Xrlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ >3% 86%

Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ <7% >8%

*Dlsih kb Xldmis <9 lbh <7 kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs

Gurtfirekri, tfcs pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii cs

plrtcnumlrmy strkba gkr ÊIs. Ls sfkwb dy tfi risumts ripkrtih cb Xldmi <3, ÊIs tflt kwb CZTs

flvi >4 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb EIs tflt hk bkt. Cb lhhctckb, tfisi risumts fkmh

gkr lmm tfrii CZTs ubhir stuhy lbh gkr nkedcbltckbs kg tfksi CZTs.

^pincnlmmy, ÊIs tflt kwb pltibts flvi kbmy <7 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii

tflb bkb-kwbirs kg CZT. Cb tfi nlsi kg trlhi elros, tfcs ”pirgkrelbni priecue― cs >> pir

nibt, cb tfi nlsi kg hiscabs ct cs <1 pir nibt. ÊIs tflt kwb pltibts cb nkedcbltckb wctf trlhi

elros flvi l pirgkrelbni priecue kg 4< pir nibt nkeplrih wctf bkb-kwbirs, wfcmi tfksi

tflt kwb pltibts lbh hiscabs flvi l 4: pir nibt priecue. Gcblmmy, ÊIs tflt kwb trlhielros lbh hiscabs ib`ky l priecue kg 86 pir nibt wfcmi tfksi tflt kwb lmm tfrii CZTs flvi l

priecue kg >8 pir nibt. Lnrkss lmm cbhcvchulm CZTs lbh lmm nkedcbltckbs kg CZTs, tfisi pir -

gkrelbni priecues lri mlrair cb tfi nlsi kg ÊIs tflb cb tfi nlsi kg lmm nkeplbcis (sii

Xldmi <3). Ekrikvir, tfi glnt tflt tfi res tflt kwb l nkedcbltckb kg CZTs kgtib pirgkre ivib dittir

tflb tfksi tflt kwb ùst kbi kg tfisi rcafts cs lb cbhcnltckb tflt CZTs nkepmieibt ilnf ktfir. Xfcs

”nkedcbltckb dkbus― cs plrtcnumlrmy mlrai gkr ÊIs.

Qfib ixlecbcba tfi iggint kg cbnrilscba tfi stkno kg CZTs cb nkeplbcis tflt lmrilhy kwb tfksi

rcafts, ct wls gkubh tflt cbnrilsis cb dktf Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm CZT stknos pir iepmkyii lri

lsskncltih wctf tfi ceprkvih pirgkrelbni kg tfi re. L <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kgIurkpilb trlhi elros kg l re cs lsskncltih wctf l 4.6 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb rivibui pir iepmkyii,

77 Nkbnmusckbs kg tfi stuhy



l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm trlhi elros cs lsskncltih wctf l 9.4 pir nibt cbnrilsi,

wfcmi gkr pltibts l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm pltibts milhs tk l 8.7 pir nibt

cbnrilsi. Gkr bltckblm hiscabs tfi lblmyscs suaaists tflt l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb stkno cs lssknclt-

ih wctf l :.1 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb pirgkrelbni. Lalcb, tfcs rimltckbsfcp wls plrtcnumlrmy prkbkubnih

gkr ÊIs.

Xk sue up, tfcs ripkrt fls sfkwb tflt nkeplbcis cb Iurkpi tflt kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs ixle -

cbih cb tfcs stuhy pirgkre scabcnlbtmy dittir (+ 46 pir nibt) cb tires kg rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb

nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt kwb tfisi CZTs. Gurtfirekri, nkeplbcis tflt kwb CZTs kb lvirlai iepmky

glr ekri wkroirs lbh ply fcafir slmlrcis tflb tfksi tflt hk bkt. Gcblmmy, wfcmi tfi vlst el`krcty kg

ÊIs cb Iurkpi (3 kut kg <:) hk bkt kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs lblmysih cb tfcs stuhy, tfi pksctcvi

rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii cs plrtcnumlrmy strkba gkr ÊIs0

lekba ÊIs, CZT kwbirs flvi >4 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb bkb-kwbirs.

Nkbnmusckbs kg tfi stuhy 71



:6 / Lbbix

6.< Hltl priplrltckb prkniss

Eltnfcba eitfkhkmkay

Xfi eitfkhkmkay usih tk nrilti tfi hltlsit gkr tfi prisibt stuhy wls dlsih kb tfi eitfkhkmkay

hivimkpih gkr tfi privckus stuhy kb CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis pudmcsfih cb 4:<>. Xfi lpprklnf wls

ekhcih tk lmmkw tfi cbnmusckb kg bltckblm mcbas.88

Xfi rst stip cb tfi hltl priplrltckb prkniss (blei flrekbcsltckb) wls nlrrcih kut uscba lb

lmakrctfe hivimkpih lt tfi Nltfkmcn Ybcvirscty Miuvib (OYM) lbh gurtfir ribih dy tfi prkìnt tile.

Xfi sinkbh plrt, tfi lntulm eltnfcba kg tfi hltldlsis, wls dlsih kb lb krcacblm eitfkhkmkay

hivimkpih dy tfi prkìnt tile. Cb krhir tk kvirnkei tfi cbfiribt hcgnumtcis risumtcba grke hltl

cbnkbscstibncis (i.a. spimmcba, lddrivcltckbs, itn.) ditwiib hcggiribt hltldlsis, res wiri eltnfih

uscba blei, mialm gkre, pkstlm nkhi lbh ktfir nrctircl.

Ct cs wkrtf eibtckbcba tflt tfi eltnfcba prkniss wls bkt sunnissgum cb lmm nlsis. L nkbschirldmi

buedir kg CZTs lri kwbih dy pfyscnlm pirskbs tflt kdvckusmy hk bkt flvi nkrrispkbhcba rinkrhs cbKTDC^. Cb lhhctckb, skei blei hcggiribnis, ivib lgtir uscba skpfcstcnltih lmakrctfes, nkumh bkt di

ubcgkremy bkrelmcsih lbh eltnfih tk ilnf ktfir. Xfiri wiri lmsk eumtcpmi eltnfis cb KTDC^ tk l

ubcqui rinkrh cb CZT riacstrcis. Xfirigkri, lhhctckblm nfinos dlsih kb aikarlpfcnlm mknltckb, mialm

gkre lbh tfi strunturi kg inkbkecn arkups wiri cepmieibtih cb krhir tk hcsledcaulti tfi eumtcpmi

eltnfis. Xfi eltnfcba lmakrctfes wiri nkbstruntih cb sunf l wly ls tk riìnt l eltnf wfib ct

nkumh bkt di nmilrmy nkbreih tflt tfi eltnfih rinkrhs cb tfi vlrckus hltlsits nkrrispkbhih tk tfi

slei nkeplby.

Xfi lblmyscs cb tfcs ripkrt cs pirgkreih lt tfi re mivim, wfcnf cs nkepmcnltih dy tfi glnt tflt elby

nkeplbcis lri plrt kg l arkup. Xfirigkri, nkeplbcis ecaft ib`ky tfi dibits kg skei CZTs tfltlri fimh dy l sudschclry, plribt kr scstir nkeplby.89 Nkbvirsimy, skei nkeplbcis ecaft kwb CZTs

tflt lri bkt ixpmkctih hcrintmy dy tfiesimvis dut dy lbktfir nkeplby cb tficr arkup. Xfi hincsckb

wls elhi tk eltnf tfi CZTs wctf tficr kwbirs, rialrhmiss kg tfi rkmi pmlyih dy tfi nkeplby wctfcb

tfi inkbkecn strunturi kg tfi arkup. Xfiri wls kbi ixniptckb tk tfcs aibirlm rumi. Qctfcb tfi eltnf-

cba prkniss, wfiri hcsledcaultckb ditwiib eumtcpmi eltnfis wls binisslry tk chibtcgy l ubcqui

KTDC^ rinkrh, tfi hkeistcn umtcelti kwbir (HYK) cbgkreltckb prkvchih dy KTDC^ wls usih tk

lsscab CZTs tk tfi nkeplby (sudschclry kr plribt) wctf tfi fcafist turbkvir. Xflt prknihuri wls

88 Gurtfir hitlcms kg tfi eltnfcba eitfkhkmkay lri prkvchih cb Lppibhcx L.3 kg tfi IZK/KFCE (4:<>) stuhy kb CZT-cbtibscvi

cbhustrcis.89 Hurcba tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs tfi mlrai nkeplbcis slepmi fls diib rihunih dy riekvcba tfksi res wctf bkb-kwbir stltus

tflt wiri inkbkecnlmmy mcboih wctf tfi nkeplby tflt flh CZTs cb cts pkrtgkmck. Xfcs prknihuri wls lppmcih tk tfi hltl kg < >3> kut

kg tktlm 6 6<: mlrai nkeplbcis wctf bkb-CZ kwbir stltus cb tfi slepmi. Chibtcnltckb kg tfi inkbkecn arkup fls diib hkbi kb tfi

dlscs kg mcbolais wctf tfi slei HYK plribt.

76



Lbbix 73

usih cb viry giw nlsis. Cb plrtcnumlr, ct wls usih wfib lmm KTDC^ nkeplbcis wiri sudschclrcis kg

tfi slei HYK lbh lmm ktfir eitfkhs kg hcsledcaultckb wiri bkt iggintcvi.87

Xfi eitfkhkmkay usih cb tfi stuhy lmmkws gkr chibtcnltckb kg kwbirs kg CZ rcafts dy nkeplby blei,

ls ct lppilrs cb tfi CZ riacstirs, lbh eltnfis tfcs blei tk tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi. KTDC^ cs tfi ekst

ixtibscvi skurni kg hiekarlpfcn lbh blbnclm cbgkreltckb kg Iurkpilb res lvlcmldmi tk risilrnfirs.

Fkwivir, tfiri cs bkt sugncibt cbgkreltckb cb KTDC^ tk chibtcgy lmm dibinclrcis/usirs kg CZ rcafts

diykbh tficr ceeihclti kwbirs.

Lmtfkuaf tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi nkbtlcbs cbgkreltckb kb tfi inkbkecn mcbos ditwiib nkeplbcis

(Hkeistcn Ymtcelti Kwbir lbh Amkdlm Ymtcelti Kwbir) tfcs cbgkreltckb cs bkt nkepmiti. Cb ktfir

wkrhs, tfiri lppilr tk di nkeplbcis cb KTDC^ tflt lri plrt kg mlrair inkbkecn arkups dut gkr wfcnf

KTDC^ hkis bkt ripkrt kwbirsfcp mcbos.

Kwbirsfcp mcbos wiri tloib cbtk lnnkubt ls eunf ls pksscdmi cb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi tflt wls

usih gkr lmm inkbkeitrcn ekhims tflt gkre tfi nkri kg tfcs stuhy (Nflptir 7). Xfcs selmmir slepmi

wls nmilbih ls eunf ls pksscdmi, sk tflt nkeplbcis tflt lri plrt kg l mlrair arkup strunturi lri

nkbschirih ls kbi ibtcty. Xfus, cb tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs nkeplbcis tflt nkumh dibit grke tfi

CZ rcafts kwbih dy ktfir ibtctcis cb tficr arkup wiri bkt triltih ls tfi bkb-kwbirs kg CZ rcafts. Xfcs

nmilbcba prkniss, fkwivir, nkumh di hkbi kbmy plrtclmmy gkr rilskbs ixpmlcbih ldkvi, lbh ct cs bkt

gilscdmi tk nlrry ct kut kb tfi mlrair slepmi kg 4.> ecmmckb nkeplbcis tflt cs usih gkr tfi hisnrcptcvi

stltcstcns.

Lmtfkuaf mlno kg sugncibt cbgkreltckb ldkut tfi pktibtclm dibinclrcis kg CZ rcafts lggints dktf mlrainkeplbcis lbh ÊIs, tfi ceplnt kb tfi risumts gkr mlrai nkeplbcis cs mlrair. Mlrai nkeplbcis lri

ekri mcoimy tflb ÊIs tk sit up drlbnfis cb elby Iurkpilb nkubtrcis lbh arkup CZ kwbirsfcp cb

kbi ibtcty tflt elblais tfi wfkmi CZ pkrtgkmck. Lmtfkuaf riacstirih ls lb kwbirsfcp kg kbmy kbi re,

tfcs CZ pkrtgkmck drcbas dibits tk lmm tfi res tflt lri plrt kg tfi inkbkecn arkup.

Inkbkecn lblmyscs kg tfi dibits lnnruih tk lmm tfi CZ usirs (kwbirs, usirs lbh mcnibsiis) wkumh

pktibtclmmy di ekri cbgkreltcvi. Fkwivir, tfiri cs bk pudmcnmy lvlcmldmi ripksctkry nkbtlcbcba

sugncibt cbgkreltckb kb CZ mcnibscba. Xfirigkri lmm inkbkecn stuhcis scecmlr tk tfi prisibt stuhy, tflt

lri dlsih kb mlrai slepmis kg res, lri binisslrcmy mcectih tk tfi dibits kg CZ kwbirsfcp rltfir

tflb usi.

Xfi eltnfcba eitfkhkmkay nkedcbis Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm pltibt, trlhi elro lbh hiscab hltl cb

l acvib nkubtry wctf blbnclm cbgkreltckb kg nkeplbcis tflt lri mknltih cb tflt slei nkubtry kbmy.

Xfi hincsckb tk mcect tfi lblmyscs tk Iurkpilb lbh fkei-nkubtry lppmcnltckbs wls hrcvib dy twk

glntkrs0 tfi igncibny kg tfi eltnfcba lmakrctfe lbh tfi qulmcty kg tfi hltl lvlcmldmi gkr trlhi elros

lbh hiscabs. Eltnfcba lmm res cb tfi hltlsit wctf lmm CZT ripksctkrcis lvlcmldmi cb tfi slepmi wkumh

flvi nkbschirldmy cbnrilsih tfi eltnfcba tcei lbh iggkrt. Fkwivir, ct wkumh bkt flvi prkvchih

nkepmiti cbgkreltckb kb tfi res– CZT pkrtgkmcks scbni elby res ely flvi riacstirih tficr CZT cb

nkubtrcis wfcnf lri kutschi tfi snkpi kg tfi prisibt stuhy.

87 Kbi pksscdmi lmtirbltcvi, dlsih kb KTDC^ hltl lvlcmldcmcty, wkumh di tk usi amkdlm umtcelti kwbir (AYK) cbgkreltckb. Fkwivir,

AYK kwbirs nkumh flvi tficr silt cb nkubtrcis bkt nkvirih dy lvlcmldmi CZT hltl.



Lhhctckblmmy, tfi CZT hltlsit hkis bkt nkbtlcb ibkuaf cbgkreltckb kb tfi trlhi elro kr hiscab prckrc-

tcis tk di ldmi tk hcstcbaucsf ditwiib, kb tfi kbi flbh, ibtcrimy bkvim CZT lppmcnltckbs, lbh, kb tfi

ktfir flbh, lppmcnltckbs gkr trlhi elros lmrilhy riacstirih cb lbktfir nkubtry. Xfcs eilbs tflt tfislei trlhi elro kr hiscab wkumh di nkubtih eumtcpmi tceis, cg riacstirih cb hcggiribt urcshcntckbs. Xk

lvkch tfcs dcls, ct wls hinchih tk mcect tfi eltnfcba ixirncsi tk kbmy CZT lppmcnltckbs cb tfi nkubtry

wfiri tfi nkeplby fls cts filhqulrtirs lbh Iurkpilb CZTs. Xk gkmmkw l nkbscstibt lpprklnf lbh

tk lvkch soiwcba tfi rimltcvi wicafts kg hcggiribt CZTs cb ilnf nkeplby–s pkrtgkmck, kbmy pltibts gkr

nkeplbcis mknltih cb tfi slei nkubtry ls tfi bltckblm CZ kgni wiri cbnmuhih.81

Zktibtclm dclsis

Ls privckusmy hcsnussih, skei CZT kwbirs wiri bkt sunnissgummy eltnfih wctf KTDC^ rinkrhs.

Xfus, nkeplbcis tflt wiri cb glnt CZT kwbirs ely flvi diib triltih ls tfkuaf tfiy hch bkt flvi

lby cbtlbacdmi lssits (glmsi bialtcvi irrkr). Lbktfir prkdmie nlb di lttrcdutih tk pktibtclm mcectltckbs

stieecba grke tfi eltnfcba lmakrctfe ctsimg. Xfiri ecaft di res tflt mih gkr CZT prktintckb cb tfcrh

nkubtrcis, dut tflt flvi bk CZT lntcvcty cb tfi fkei nkubtry lbh lt tfi Iurkpilb mivim. Hui tk tfisi

iggints ct cs mcoimy tflt giwir CZT kwbirs lri kdsirvih cb tfi hltlsit. Xfirigkri, tfi hcggiribnis cb

re pirgkrelbni kdsirvih cb tfi hltl lbh tfus tfi nkigncibts kg bltckblm CZT kwbirsfcp vlrcldmis

nkumh pktibtclmmy di kvirstltcba kr ubhirstltcba tfi trui iggint. ^cecmlrmy, tfcs gilturi kg tfi eltnfcba

prkniss ecaft nlusi l dcls cb tfi istceltckb kg tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT stknos lbh re pirgkr -

elbni. Cb lhhctckb, scbni CZTs riacstirih cb tfcrh nkubtrcis kbmy lri bkt nlpturih, gkr skei res tfi

bltckblm CZT stkno vlrcldmis cb tfi hltlsit ecaft di dclsih hkwbwlrhs. Xfirigkri, tfi nkigncibts

kg bltckblm CZT stknos ecaft kvirstlti tfi rilm iggint. Fkwivir, tfisi dclsis lri mcoimy tk di glcrmy

selmm scbni tfiri sfkumh di rimltcvimy giw sunf res cb tfi hltl.

81 Gkr ixlepmi, tfi cbgkreltckb nkbtlcbih cb tfi hltlsit gkr Airelb nkeplbcis nkbtlcbs Iurkpilb pltibts, Nkeeubcty Xrlhi Elros

(NXEs) lbh Tiacstirih Nkeeubcty Hiscabs (TNHs), bltckblm pltibts, bltckblm trlhi elros lbh bltckblm hiscabs arlbtih dy tfi

Airelb Zltibt lbh Xrlhi Elro Kgni. Ct hkis bkt nkbtlcb cbgkreltckb kb bltckblm rcafts fimh dy Airelb nkeplbcis cb ktfir

nkubtrcis.

1: Lbbix



6.4 Nkhis usih gkr ixpcrltckb kr mlpsi hltis gkr bltckblm pltibts86

LX Nkhi Hisnrcptckb Griquibny kb

ZLX^XLX83

LX TIT NILÎH L^ XK ZLTLATLZF 9 MCX. > MLQ CBXTKHYNCBA ZLXIBX XTILXCI^ >3 618

LX TIB NILÎH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII >4 61>

LX IM@ ITTKBIKY^ MLZÎ 48 <68

LX IIML NLBNIMMIH HYI XK MLZÎ KG XCEI < 1><

LX IML IVZCTIH HYI XK MLZÎ KG XCEI < 943

LX EE3O MLZÎ HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG TIBIQLM GII < 94<

LX TPB ZLXIBX TIWKOIH < 466

LX EB3O NLBNIMMIH HYI XK MLZÎ KG XCEI 7<1

LX IMW NILÎH HYI XK TIBYBNCLXCKB 44LX IIMW MLZÎH HYI XK QCXFHTLQLM <>

LX IB HINMLTLXCKB KG BYMMCGCNLXCKB 3

LX L<QT TIWKNLXCKB 7

LX EL3O MLZÎ HYI XK TIBYBNCLXCKB 9

LX TF HINMLTIH BYMM LBH WKCH 9

LX IIB HINMLTLXCKB KG BYMMCGCNLXCKB <

LX IAL HINC^CKB KG ATLBX QL^ TIWKOIH <

DI TI MLZÎH 9 917

DI TI4: ZLXIBX IVZCTIH 743

DI ITI MLZÎH <8DI I4: ZLXIBX IVZCTIH 7

HI 6>>3 NILÎH/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII 3 <47

HI T:1< IVZCTS KG TCAFX >>7

HI T<<3 LZZMCNLXCKB HIIEIH QCXFHTLQB, KT CZT MLZ IH, HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX

KG TIBIQLM GII

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HI IF@ NILÎH/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII 34

HI 6<>3 HC^ZK^LM/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII 4>

HI T<91 MLZÎ KG CZT LGXIT 7 SILT^ <7

HI T<96 MLZÎ KG CZT LGXIT 6 SILT^ <7

HI 6>8: ZLXIBX KG LHHCXCKB NILÎH/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII KG ELCB ZLXIBX <9HI T<4> LZZMCNLXCKB HIIEIH QCXFHTLQB HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GCMCBA GII <:

HI T<97 MLZÎ KG CZT LGXIT > SILT^ <:

HI 6<>7 HC^ZK^LM/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI GII GKT ZYDMCNLXCKB/ATLBX 3

HI 6>7< BKXCGCNLXCKB KG ATLBX TIWKOIH 6

HI T<84 MLZÎ KG ZLXIBX KG LHHCXCKB HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG TIBIQLM GII^

GKT ZLTIBX ZLXIBX

9

HI IFP ZLXIBX KG LHHCXCKB NILÎH/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG LBBYLM GII KG ZLTIBX

ZLXIBX

>

HO ZDZ ZLXIBX MLZÎH 8 63>

HO ZYZ ZLXIBX IVZCTIH < 8:1

HO LFD LZZMCNLXCKB ^FIMWIH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX <43

86 Xfi griquibny wls kdtlcbih dlsih kb ibtrcis cb ZLX^XLX gkr ilnf kg tfi pltibtcba lutfkrctcis cb lmm yilrs. Xflt cs, tfi griquibncis

lri bkt ristrcntih tk tfi pirckh 4::4-4:<:.

Lbbix 1<



HO Z^Z ZLXIBX ^YTTIBHITIH >6

HO ZYA ZLXIBX TIWKOIH <4

HO ZFD LZZMCNLXCKB ^FIMWIH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX 9HO YYZ YXCMCXS EKHIM IVZCTIH >

HO YDZ YXCMCXS EKHIM MLZÎH 4

I^ GH<L ZLXIBX MLZÎH 3 7>:

I^ GH<O YXCMCXS EKHIM MLZÎH > >83

I^ GL4L LZZMCNLXCKB QCXFHTLQB < 196

I^ ^L7 IVZCTLXCKB HLXI (^BLZ^FKX 34:<:<) 11<

I^ GH4L LBBKYBNIEIBX KG MLZÎ CB ^ZLCB >69

I^ EE8L ZLXIBX MLZÎH >79

I^ GN4L ATLBX TIGYÎH <34

I^ GL<O LZZMCNLXCKB QCXFHTLQB <14

I^ TH<L ZLXIBX ÎCPIH 66

I^ EE<O YXCMCXS EKHIM MLZÎH >6

I^ ^S IVZCTLXCKB HLXI (^BLZ^FKX 34:<:<) >>

I^ TM4L LBBYMEIBX DS NKYTX HINC^CKB 46

I^ GN<O YXCMCXS EKHIM TIGYÎH 49

I^ EF<O LDLBHKBEIBX 9

I^ EF<L LDLBHKBEIBX 4

I^ ^D> IVZCTLXCKB HLXI (^BLZ^FKX 34:<:<) <

GT ^X BKXCGCNLXCKB KG MLZÎ >: 611

GT TA MCIB (ZMIHAI) NLBNIMMIH 89

GT H> HINC^CKB XK TIWKOI XFI HINC^CKB KG MLZÎ 8:

GT TX NKEZMIXI TIBYBNCLXCKB 7

AD ZNBZ ZLXIBX NILÎH XFTKYAF BKB-ZLSEIBX KG TIBIQLM GII^ 66 879

AD ZMBZ ZLXIBX MLZÎH XFTKYAF BKB-ZLSEIBX KG TIBIQLM GII^ << 6<6

AD ZI4: ZLXIBX IVZCTIH LGXIT XITECBLXCKB KG 4: SILT^ 3 <1>

AD 11>O ZLXIBX TIWKOIH YBHIT INX. 1>(4)/<311 783

AD ZI ZLXIBX IVZCTIH >64

AD 11>4 NLÎ HINCHIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX.

1>(4)/<311)

<69

AD 143Y KGGIT XK YTTIBHIT LNNIZXIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT (ÎNX. 43/<311) >:

AD ^ZNI ^ZN IVZCTIH 41

AD 8>>D NLÎ HINCHIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX. >>/<383) <3

AD ^43 ^YTTIBHIT KG ZLXIBX (ÎNX. 43/ZLX. LNX <311) <3

AD 8>>> ZTKNIIHCBA XITECBLXIH DS ^YTTIBHIT KG ZLXIBX YBHIT ÎNXCKB >8

ZLXIBX^ LNX <383

<4

AD 114T ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX. 14/<311) 3

AD 114D NLÎ HINCHIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX. 14/<311) 6

AD 8>> ZTKNIIHCBA XITECBLXIH DS WKMYBXLTS ^YTTIBHIT KG XFI ZLXIBX

(ÎNX. >>/<383)

7

AD 8>8C KTHIT ELHI TIWKOCBA XFI YBHITEIBXCKBIH ZLXIBX (ÎNX. >8/<383) 7

AD 1D ZLXIBX IVZCTIH LGXIT ZTKMKBALXCKB KG 4: SILT^ 8

AD 8>8N ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX. >8/<383) >

AD 8>8H KGGIT XK ^YTTIBHIT LNNIZXIH ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX. >8/<383) >

14 Lbbix



Lbbix 1>

AD 8>8D NLÎ HINCHIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX. >8/<383) 4

AD 8>8A ZTKNIIHCBA XITECBLXIH DS ^YTTIBHIT KG ZLXIBX YBHIT ÎNXCKB >8

ZLXIBX^ LNX <383

4

AD 1><L NLÎ HINCHIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX.

1>(<)/<311)

4

AD 11>M ZLXIBX TIWKOIH YBHIT ÎNX. 1>(<)/<311 4

AD 119I ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX. 19/<311) 4

AD 843V ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX. 43/<383) <

AD 8>:H ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX. >:/<383) <

AD 114H ZTKNIIHCBA XITECBLXIH DS WKMYBXLTS ^YTTIBHIT KG ZLXIBX (ÎNX.

14/<311)

<

AD 1L ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (ÎNX. <<1/<311) <

AD ZT ZLXIBX TIWKOIH <

FY FEE8 NLBNIMMLXCKB KG GCBLM ZTKX. HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII < <67

FY EE8L MLZÎ KG HIGCBCXCWI ZLXIBX ZTKXINXCKB HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII^ 774

FY HGH3 XIEZKTLTS ZTKX. NLBNIMMIH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII^ >>9

FY HGN8 NLBNIMMLXCKB KG XIEZKTLTS ZTKX. HYI XK TIGY^LM <36

FY HGL3 XIEZKTLTS ZTKX. NLBNIMMIH HYI XK LDLBHKBEIBX 33

FY GH3L MLZÎ KG ZTKWC^CKBLM ZTKXINXCKB HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII^ 43

FY FEF8 NLBNIMMLXCKB KG GCBLM ZTKX. HYI XK TIMCB\YC^FEIBX <9

FY GL3L MLZÎ KG ZTKWC^CKBLM ZLXIBX ZTKXINXCKB HYI XK TIMCB\YC^FEIBX KT

ZTKXINXCKB NKB^CHITIH TIMCB\YC^FIH

1

FY EF8L MLZÎ KG HIGCBCXCWI ZLXIBX ZTKXINXCKB HYI XK TIMCB\YC^FEIBX 7

FY DGH3 XIEZKTLTS ZTKX. NLBNIMMIH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII^ >

MX EE3L MLZÎH ZLXIBX^ 71:

MX EO3L IVZCTS KG L ZLXIBX <:

MX EA3L ZLXIBX CBWLMCHLXIH <

MX ^ZNQ QCXFHTLQLM KG LB ^ZN <

BM WH< MLZÎH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII 1 :86

BM W< MLZÎH DINLYÎ KG BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII 8 <99

BM W8 MLZÎH DINLYÎ KG TILNFCBA XFI ELVCEYE MCGIXCEI KG L ZLXIBX 6<6

BM WH4 MLZÎH HYI XK IVZCTLXCKB KG XFI XITE KG ZTKXINXCKB 1:8

BM DW XFI ZLXIBX LZZMCNLXCKB FL^ MLZÎH 77

BM WH8 MLZÎH HYI XK TI^CABLXCKB DS XFI ZTKZTCIXKT ><

BM W@N MLZÎH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI HYI ELCBXIBLBNI GII GKT XFI

ZLXIBX KT ZLXIBX LZZMCNLXCKB

<<

BM WH> LBBYMEIBX 7

BM W7 ZLXIBX ^YTTIBHITIH (LTX. 86) >

BM WCX MLZÎH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI HYI ELCBXIBLBNI GII GKT XFI

ZLXIBX KT ZLXIBX LZZMCNLXCKB

4

BM W9 LBBYMEIBX (LTX. 9<) <

ZX EE>L LBBYMEIBX KT MLZÎ < 1>7

ZX EE8L LBBYMEIBX/MLZÎ HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII^? ÎLTNFIH & IVLE-

CBIH ZLXIBX

8>3

ZX EE8O LBBYMEIBX KT MLZÎ (ATLBXIH YXCMCXS EKHIM) 97

ZX GN>L TIGY^LM 7

ZX EL>L QCXFHTLQLM KG ZLXIBX >



18 Lbbix

6.> Tihunih slepmi nflrlntircstcns

Xldmi 4:0 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT kwbir-

sfcp (rihunih slepmi)

Buedir kg

iepmkyiis

Tivibui pir

iepmkyii

(IYT/yilr)

Qlais pir

iepmkyii

(IYT/yilr)

Lai (yilrs)

Bkb-kwbir 41.< 439 463 8< :36 <1.7

Lmm CZTs Kwbir 478.8 7>8 :68 78 79: 4>.8

% hcggiribni (kwbir/bkb-kwbir) 617.6%*** <<8.1%*** 91.>%*** >>.8%***

Zltibt Kwbir < :94.4 3<9 88: 64 :>< ><.8

% hcggiribni (kwbir/bkb-kwbir) > 161.7%*** 4<:.:%*** 33.7%*** 16.3%***

Xrlhi elro Kwbir 41:.4 7>3 398 78 694 4>.>

% hcggiribni (kwbir/bkb-kwbir) 636.>%*** <<7.1%*** 91.6%*** >4.6%***

Hiscab Kwbir < <>9.: 1:< 3:9 93 167 43.6

% hcggiribni (kwbir/bkb-kwbir) 8 :3>.8%*** <>1.1%*** 89.9%*** 73.6%***

Bkti0 Lai cs hibih lt 4:<> lnnkrhcba tk tfi hlti kg cbnkrpkrltckb ripkrtih dy KTDC^. Xfi lstircsos hibkti tfi gkmmkwcba scabcnlbni mivims0

<: pir nibt (*), 9 pir nibt (**) kr < pir nibt (***).

6.8 Hcstcbntcvi arkups kg scecmlr CZT kwbirs0 nmustir lblmyscs

6.8.< Cbtrkhuntckb0 nmustir lblmyscs

Cb lhhctckb tk tfi dlscn hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns ripkrtih cb tfi privckus sintckb, ct cs pksscdmi tk kwb

CZT cbhcnltkrs tk chibtcgy typcnlm prkmis kg CZT kwbirsfcp. Gkr ixlepmi, prkmis ely di hibih kb

tfi dlscs kg0

➘ tfi cbtibscty wctf wfcnf CZTs lri usih (i.a. hcstcbaucsfcba ditwiib ”Filvy CZT usirs―,

”Ekhirlti CZT usirs― lbh ”Mcaft CZT usirs―)?

➘ tfi spincn wly cb wfcnf CZTs lri usih (i.a. dy hcstcbaucsfcba ditwiib res tflt kwb

eumtcpmi typis kg CZT sceumtlbikusmy ‘ i.a. pltibts lbh trlhi elros ‘ lbh tfksi tflt

gknus kb l plrtcnumlr typi kg CZ)? kr

➘

lby ktfir rimivlbt nkedcbltckb kg tfi twk (i.a. ”Filvy eumtcpmi-CZT usirs―, vs. ”Filvypltibt-kbmy usirs―, itn.).



Lbbix 19

Hcggiribt lpprklnfis nlb di usih tk hitirecbi tfi tfrisfkmhs hibcba CZT kwbirsfcp prkmis. Gkr

ixlepmi, tfrisfkmh mivims nkumh di dlsih kb scepmi pirnibtcmis (i.a. wctf ”Filvy usirs― dicba

hibih ls tfksi nkeplbcis wfksi cbtibscty cbhix mivim dimkbas tk tfi tkp 19 pir nibt, ”Mcaftusirs― dicba hibih ls tfksi nkeplbcis wfksi cbtibscty cbhix mivim dimkbas tk tfi dkttke 49 pir

nibt, itn.), kr hipibhcba kb wfitfir hcggiribt CZTs lri kwbih sceumtlbikusmy (i.a. hcstcbaucsfcba

ditwiib ”Zltibt-kbmy kwbirs― lbh ”Zltibt lbh trlhi elro kwbirs―). Lbktfir wly wkumh di tk hibi

tfrisfkmhs uscba l eilsuri kg lai (i.a. lai kg kmhist pltibt, lai kg ekst rinibt pltibt, itn.).

Lmtirbltcvimy, tfrisfkmh mivims nkumh di hitirecbih kb tfi dlscs kg lblmyscs kg vlrclbni (LBKWL)

tinfbcquis sunf ls nmustir lblmyscs.

6.8.4. ^pincgcn lpprklnf

Xfi nmustir lblmyscs nkbhuntih cb tfcs stuhy cs dlsih kb scx vlrcldmis0 tfi stknos kg pltibts, trlhi

elros lbh hiscabs, lt dktf tfi bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb mivims. Xfi lblmyscs wls nkbhuntih uscba

stknos kg CZTs eilsurih cb dktf ldskmuti lbh pir-iepmkyii tires. Gkr nkbscstibny wctf ktfir

sintckbs kg tfi ripkrt, kbmy tfi nmustir lblmyscs risumts kdtlcbih dy uscba tfi stknos kg CZTs

bkrelmcsih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis lri prisibtih firi (fkwivir, wfiri lpprkprclti, tfi

risumts kdtlcbih dy uscba tfi ldskmuti buedir kg CZTs lri eibtckbih). 4:<: cs tfi dlsi yilr, lbh

tfi vlrcldmis wiri bkrelmcsih tk lnnkubt gkr hcggiribnis cb snlmi lbh vlrcldcmcty. Cb mcbi wctf tfi

hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns prisibtih ldkvi, tfi lblmyscs wls pirgkreih kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi. Cb

lhhctckb, kbmy res tflt lri kwbirs kg lt milst kbi typi kg CZT wiri cbnmuhih.

Xfi nfksib nmustircba eitfkh cs o-eilbs wctf rlbhke stlrtcba pkcbts. Xfi buedir kg stlrtcba pkcbtscs tfi slei ls tfi buedir kg nmustirs, o , wfcnf cs pri-spincih. Xfi lmakrctfe rlbhkemy nfkksis

stlrtcba pkcbts ls tfi nibtris kg tfi cbctclm sit kg nmustirs lbh arkups lmm kdsirvltckbs cb nmustirs sk

tflt tfi Iunmchilb hcstlbni ditwiib tfi kdsirvltckbs lbh tfi nibtris cs ecbcecsih. Lgtir tfcs rst

ctirltckb, biw nibtris lri nfksib dy nlmnumltcba tfi eilb wctfcb ilnf kg tfi nmustirs (ktfir

lmakrctfes ecaft nfkksi ktfir rumis gkr simintcba tfi biw nibtris, i.a. o-eihclbs simints tfi

eihclb kdsirvltckb wctfcb ilnf nmustir). Xfi lmakrctfe tfib ripilts tfcs prkniss ubtcm nkbviraibni

cs lnfcivih0 tfi hcstlbni ditwiib tfi nibtris digkri lbh lgtir lb ctirltckb lri dimkw l nirtlcb (selmm)

tfrisfkmh. Cb ktfir wkrhs, upkb nkbviraibni tfi nibtri kg tfi nmustirs lbh tfi eilb nkcbnchi.

Xfcs lblmyscs wls pirgkreih systieltcnlmmy, spincgycba lmm pksscdmi nkbaurltckbs grke 4 tk 4:nmustirs. Fkwivir, elby kg tfi nmustirs lri selmm. Nmustirs tflt nkbtlcb giwir tflb 9:: res wiri

hcsnlrhih. Gcblmmy, tfi nmustircba tflt kggirih tfi mlraist buedir kg hcstcbnt plttirbs wls simintih.



17 Lbbix

6.8.>. Tisumts0 vi nmustirs kg typcnlm kwbirs

Gcauri < sfkws tfi nmustirs kdtlcbih gkr CZT cbhcnltkrs bkrelmcsih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis.Gkr tfi stknos kg CZTs pir iepmkyii, tfi nmustircba eitfkh hisnrcdih ldkvi prkhunih vi mlrai

nmustirs tflt nkvir 31.1 pir nibt kg tfi res cb tfi slepmi. Xfisi lri ripkrtih cb Xldmi 4<. Xfi

vlrcldmis kb tfi rlhlr arlpf y-lxcs riprisibt tfi vlmuis kg hcggiribt nmustir nibtris. Gkr ilnf nmustir,

l nibtri cs tfi lvirlai vlmui kg tfi stlbhlrhcsih CZTs/pir iepmkyii lnrkss lmm res dimkbacba tk

tflt nmustir. ^k, gkr ixlepmi, cg l nmustir fls l pksctcvi (bialtcvi) vlmui lmkba tfi ”IY trlhi elro―

hceibsckb, tfcs cbhcnltis tflt tfi buedir kg IY trlhi elros pir iepmkyii kg res dimkbacba tk tfcs

nmustir cs ldkvi (dimkw) tfi lvirlai buedir kg IY trlhi elros gkr tfi kvirlmm slepmi kg res nkb -

schirih. L mlrair elabctuhi kg tfi nibtri cbhcnltis l mlrair hcstlbni ldkvi (cg tfi buedir cs pksctcvi)

kr dimkw (cg tfi buedir cs bialtcvi) tfi kvirlmm slepmi eilb. Xfi ixlnt vlmuis kg nmustir nibtris

lri ripkrtih cb tfi tldmi.

Gcauri <0 Nmustir nibtris gkr stknos pir iepmkyii

-:.>

-:.<

:.<

:.>

:.9

:.1

:.3

<.<

<.>

IYT trlhielro

BLX trlhielroBLX pltibt

IYT hiscab

BLX hiscab

IYT pltibt

Nmustir < Nmustir 4 Nmustir > Nmustir 8 Nmustir 9



Lbbix 11

Xldmi 4<0 Nmustir nibtris cb tires kg (stlbhlrhcsih) stknos kg

CZTs pir iepmkyii

IYT trlhi

elro

BLX trlhi

elro

IYT

hiscab

BLX

hiscab

IYT

pltibt

BLX

pltibt

Mcaft CZT usirs (Nmustir <) -:.:61 -:.<>8 -:.:89 -:.:<8 -:.:>3 -:.:9:

Ekhirlti bltckblm trlhi elro usirs

(Nmustir 4)

-:.:3> :.:3< -:.:9< -:.:<8 -:.:89 -:.:91

Cbtibscvi bltckblm trlhi elro usirs

(Nmustir >)

-:.:68 :.718 -:.:94 -:.::6 -:.:89 -:.:94

Cbtibscvi IY trlhi elro lbh IY hiscabusirs (Nmustir 8)

<.48> :.<4> :.74: -:.::< -:.:44 -:.:4>

Zltibt usirs (Nmustir 9) :.494 -:.:6: -:.::4 -:.:<> :.:37 :.<64

Ls nlb di siib grke Gcauri <, tfi vi nmustirs83 chibtcih flvi lb cbtuctcvi cbtir -

pritltckb0

➘ ”Mcaft― CZT usirs (Nmustir <) ‘ res dimkbacba tk tfcs nmustir flvi l selmm buedir kg

CZTs pir iepmkyii. Xfi nmustir nibtris typcnlmmy flvi tfi mkwist vlmuis cb lmekst lmm rcaftsnkeplrih tk tfi ktfir nmustirs.

➘ Ekhirlti bltckblm trlhi elro usirs (Nmustir 4) ‘ res dimkbacba tk tfcs nmustir kwb l

ekhist buedir kg bltckblm trlhi elros.

➘ Cbtibscvi bltckblm trlhi elro usirs (Nmustir >) ‘ tfi CZT kwbirsfcp prkmi kg res

dimkbacba tk tfcs nmustir cs scecmlr tk tflt kg res dimkbacba tk Nmustir 4, dut tfiy kwb

scabcnlbtmy ekri bltckblm trlhi elros.

➘ Cbtibscvi Iurkpilb trlhi elro lbh Iurkpilb hiscab usirs (Nmustir 8) ‘ tfcs nmustir

nkbtlcbs res tflt pkssiss lb ubusulmmy fcaf buedir kg Iurkpilb trlhi elros lbh

Iurkpilb hiscabs pir iepmkyii. Xfiy lmsk pkssiss bltckblm trlhi elros cb vkmueis

nkeplrldmi wctf ekhirlti bltckblm trlhi elro usirs (Nmustir 4).➘ Zltibt usirs (Nmustir 9) ‘ tfcs nmustir nkbtlcbs res tflt kwb scabcnlbtmy ekri

pltibts (dktf bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb) nkeplrih tk tfksi dimkbacba tk ktfir nmustirs.

Ct sfkumh di bktih tflt res cb tfcs nmustir lmsk pkssiss l ekhist buedir kg Iurkpilb

trlhi elros.

83 Xfi nmustircba vlrcldmis lri hibih kb lb CZTs-pir-iepmkyii dlscs. Qfib tfi nmustir ixirncsi cs nkbhuntih dlsih kb ldskmuti

stkno kg CZTs (ls kppksih tk stknos bkrelmcsih dy buedir kg iepmkyiis), kbmy tfrii nmustirs lri kdtlcbih. Bk nflrt gkr tfi tfrii

nmustirs cs ripkrtih dut, gkr nkepmitibiss, ct nlb di bktih tflt tfisi nlb di cbtuctcvimy rlboih grke mcaftir tk filvcir CZT uslai

ls gkmmkws0 Mcaft CZT usirs (Nmustir <d) ‘ tfi CZT uslai prkmi kg tfcs nmustir cs scecmlr tk tflt kg Nmustir < kdtlcbih wfibuscba CZTs pir iepmkyii? Cbtibscvi bltckblm trlhi elro usirs (Nmustir 4d) ‘ tfi CZT uslai prkmi kg tfcs nmustir cs scecmlr tk tflt

kg Nmustir > (kdtlcbih wfib uscba CZTs/pir iepmkyii)? lbh Filvy CZT usirs (Nmustir >d) ‘ tfi CZT uslai prkmi kg tfcs nmustir

lppilrs tk cbnkrpkrlti gilturis kg dktf Nmustir 8 lbh Nmustir 9, ls ct cbnmuhis res tflt kwb elby Iurkpilb trlhi elros,

Iurkpilb hiscabs, lbh pltibts (dktf bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb).



16 Lbbix

6.8.8. tltcstcnlm lblmyscs kg nmustirs

Xfiri lri sivirlm cbtiristcba stltcstcnlm gilturis kg tfi nmustirs chibtcih ldkvi. Xfcs sintckb

prisibts tfi drilohkwb kg tfisi arkups cbtk l buedir kg nltiakrcis tk chibtcgy skei kg tfi plttirbs

ixfcdctih dy tfi hltl.

Xldmi 44 rst prkvchis hitlcms kg tfi buedir kg res tflt lri nkbtlcbih cb ilnf kg tfi nmustirs. Xfi

”mcaft CZT usirs― nmustir cs tfi mlraist, lnnkubtcba gkr >> 146 res, wfcmst tfi ”cbtibscvi IY trlhi

elro lbh IY hiscab usirs― nmustir (Nmustir 8) cs tfi selmmist, lnnkubtcba gkr 168 res.

Zirflps kg ekri cbtirist cs tfi drilohkwb kg tfisi nmustirs dy nkeplby sczi, c.i. tfi pirnibtlai kg

ÊIs virsus mlrai res nkbtlcbih cb ilnf nmustir. Gcrst, tfi ”mcaft CZT usirs― nmustir fls tfi selmmist

prkpkrtckb kg ÊIs. Lalcb, tfcs cs hui tk tfi glnt tflt tfi nmustircba ixirncsi cs dlsih kb CZTs pir

iepmkyii ls kppksih tk ldskmuti stknos kg CZTs .9: L ekri cbtiristcba plttirb nlb di kdsirvih

wfib nkeplrcba tfi ktfir nmustirs. Ekri spincnlmmy, tfi ”pltibt usirs― arkup (Nmustir 9) fls tfi

mlraist sflri kg mlrai nkeplbcis kg tfi rielcbcba nmustirs (<7.3 pir nibt), gkmmkwih dy ”cbtibscvi IY

trlhi elro lbh IY hiscab usirs― (Nmustir 8), lbh tfib ”trlhi elro usirs― (Nmustir 4 lbh Nmustir >).

Xldmi 44 lmsk prisibts tfi lvirlai buedir kg iepmkyiis gkr res wctfcb ilnf nmustir. Xfi rst

strcocba risumt cs tflt res cb tfi ”mcaft CZT usirs― nmustir tibh tk flvi scabcnlbtmy ekri iepmkyiis

tflb res dimkbacba tk lby ktfir nmustir. Ls lmrilhy ixpmlcbih ldkvi, tfcs cs hui tk tfi glnt tflt tfi

nmustircba vlrcldmis lri CZT stknos hibih kb l pir-iepmkyii dlscs lbh tfirigkri, gkr l acvib vlmuikg CZT stkno, res wctf ekri iepmkyiis wcmm binisslrcmy flvi mkwir CZT cbhcnltkr vlmuis.9< Qctf ri-

alrh tk ktfir nmustirs kbi bktis tflt pltibt usirs (Nmustir 9) flvi kb lvirlai ekri iepmkyiis tflb

res cb Nmustirs 4, > lbh 8, lbh res tflt eloi cbtibscvi usi kg dktf Iurkpilb trlhi elros lbh

Iurkpilb hiscabs (Nmustir 8) flvi ekri iepmkyiis tflb tfksi tflt rimy prcelrcmy kb trlhi elros

(Nmustir 4 lbh Nmustir >).

9: Cb glnt wfib uscba stknos kg CZTs ls nmustircba vlrcldmis, ls ixpintih tfi pirnibtlai kg ÊIs nkbtlcbih cb tfi ”mcaft CZT usirs―

nmustir (Nmustir <d) cs gkubh tk di scabcnlbtmy mlrair (c.i. 6:.< pir nibt) tflb tflt gkr tfi twk ekri CZT-cbtibscvi nmustirs (Nmustir4d lbh Nmustir >d, wctf rispintcvimy 8>.< pir nibt lbh >3.9 pir nibt kg ÊIs).

9< Qfib tfi nmustircba lblmyscs cs dlsih kb tfi ldskmuti vlmui kg CZT stknos, tfi res cb tfi ”mcaft CZTs usirs― nmustir (Nmustir <d)

lri gkubh tk flvi tfi selmmist lvirlai buedir kg iepmkyiis, wfcnf nkbres tfi wimm-istldmcsfih bhcba tflt selmmir res tibh tk

kwb miss CZTs.



Lbbix 13

Xldmi 440 Nflrlntircstcns kg gcres cb ilnf nmustir

Mcaft CZT

usirs

(Nmustir <)

Ekhirlti

bltckblm

trlhi elro

usirs

(Nmustir 4)

Cbtibscvi

bltckblm

trlhi elro

usirs

(Nmustir >)

Cbtibscvi

IY trlhi

elro lbh

IY hiscab

usirs

(Nmustir 8)

Zltibt

usirs

(Nmustir 9)

Buedir kg res >> 146 7 46< > :7< 168 4 77>

Mlrai >4.4% >.3% <.6% 7.6% <7.3%

ÊI 71.6% 37.<% 36.4% 3>.4% 6>.<%

Lvirlai buedir kg

iepmkyiis

17<.13 <7.<7 8.66 48.7> 63.<8

Lvirlai rivibui pir

iepmkyii (IYT/yilr)

>:4 98: >:< :61 >66 833 861 84> >6< 817

Lvirlai lai (yilrs) 88.6 44.8 <6.< 4<.3 46.1

Qfib mkkocba lt tfi lvirlai lai kg res cb hcggiribt nmustirs kbi bktis tflt mcaft CZT usirs lri tfi

kmhist res wctf kb lvirlai 88.6 yilrs. Xfi arkup kg pltibt usirs cs sinkbh wctf lb lvirlai lai

kg 46.1 yilrs. Xfi arkup kg cbtibscvi bltckblm trlhi elro usirs nkbtlcbs tfi ykubaist res wctf l

eilb vlmui kg <6.< yilrs.

Gcblmmy, rivibui pir iepmkyii cs ripkrtih dimkw. Gcres wctf l mcaft lbh ekhirlti usi kg CZTs (c.i.

Nmustirs < lbh 4) tibh tk flvi mkwir rivibui pir iepmkyii nkeplrih tk res tflt usi CZTs ekri

cbtibscvimy (c.i. Nmustirs >, 8 lbh 9). Xfi arkup kg cbtibscvi IY trlhi elro lbh IY hiscab-uscba

res (Nmustir 8) fls tfi fcafist lvirlai vlmui wctf IYT 861 84> pir iepmkyii.

Xfi nkepksctckb kg tfi nmustirs lnnkrhcba tk tfi elcb BLNI lntcvctcis kg tfi res cb ilnf kg tfie

cs prisibtih cb Xldmi 4>.



Xldmi 4>0 Hcstrcdutckb kg gcres dy BLNI lntcvcty cb ilnf nmustir

(sflri kg gcres cb pir nibt)

BLNI sintckb Mcaft CZT

usirs

(Nmustir <)

Ekhirlti

bltckblm

trlhi elro

usirs

(Nmustir 4)

Cbtibscvi

bltckblm

trlhi elro

usirs

(Nmustir >)

Cbtibscvi IY

trlhi elro

lbh IY

hiscab usirs

(Nmustir 8)

Zltibt usirs

(Nmustir 9)

Elbuglnturcba >1.8 4>.3 >1.8 >9.> 9<.7

Imintrcncty, als, stile lbh lcr-nkbhctckbcba < :.< < : :.4

Qltir suppmy, siwirlai, wlsti elblaieibt:.6 :.8 :.6 :.6 :.>

Nkbstruntckb 9 9 9 <.> 4.>

Qfkmislmi lbh ritlcm 4<.7 >:.4 4<.7 >:.1 4<.4

Xrlbspkrtltckb lbh stkrlai >.< <.8 >.< < :.9

Lnnkeekhltckb lbh gkkh sirvcnis >.< > >.< :.3 :.7

Cbgkreltckb lbh nkeeubcnltckb 7.4 3.4 7.4 7.< 7.8

Gcblbnclm lbh cbsurlbni lntcvctcis >.6 4.8 >.6 >.6 4.<

Tilm-istlti lntcvctcis <.6 >.> <.6 4 :.3

Zrkgissckblm, sncibtcn lbh tinfbcnlm sirvcnis 1.8 <:.4 1.8 3.1 3.<

Lhecbcstrltcvi lbh suppkrt sirvcnis 8.< 9.8 8.< 9.4 4.6

Zudmcn lhecbcstrltckb lbh higibni :.< : :.< : :

Ihunltckb :.1 < :.1 :.9 :.>

Fuelb filmtf lbh sknclm wkro lntcvctcis <.9 <.8 <.9 :.< :.>

Lrts, ibtirtlcbeibt lbh rinriltckb <.8 <.8 <.8 <.9 :.6

Ktfir sirvcni lntcvctcis <.< <.1 <.< :.3 :.7

6: Lbbix



Xfi nmilrist plttirb tflt nlb di kdsirvih dy nkeplrcba lnrkss nmustirs cs tfi sflri kg res kpirltcba

cb tfi tfrii mlraist sintkrs0 Elbuglnturcba, Nkbstruntckb lbh Qfkmislmi lbh ritlcm. Xrlhi elro-gknusihnmustirs (Nmustirs 4, >, lbh 8) flvi l mlrair pirnibtlai kg res cb tfi wfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi

sintkr nkeplrih tk tfi pltibtcba nmustir (Nmustir 9). Cb nkbtrlst, tfi pltibt nmustir nkbtlcbs lb ldskmuti

el`krcty kg elbuglnturcba res.

6.8.9. ueelry

Xfi nmustir lblmyscs nkbres skei aibirlm plttirbs lmrilhy chibtcih cb tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns

ripkrtih cb Nflptir 9. Xfi oiy lhhih vlmui kg tfcs nmustircba ixirncsi mcis cb tfi glnt tflt ct prkvchis

gurtfir cbgkreltckb kb CZT uslai plttirbs. Ekri spincnlmmy, tfi chibtcih nmustirs suaaist tfiri lri

twk oiy hceibsckbs lnrkss wfcnf CZT uslai vlrcis lnrkss tfi nkeplbcis0

➘ Cbtibscty kg uslai, wfcnf lppilrs tk di rimivlbt spincnlmmy cb rimltckb tk bltckblm trlhi

elros. Nkeplbcis uscba bltckblm trlhi elros tibh tk dimkba tk twk hcggiribt nmustirs0

tfksi tflt usi tfie ixtibscvimy (Nmustir >) kr ekhirltimy (Nmustir 4).

➘ Tlbai kg CZTs usih lbh nkepmieibtlry usi. Iurkpilb trlhi elros, gkr ixlepmi, tibh

tk di usih viry griquibtmy cb nkbùbntckb wctf Iurkpilb hiscabs (Nmustir 8) lbh tk l missir

ixtibt cb nkbùbntckb wctf pltibts, lt ictfir bltckblm kr Iurkpilb mivim (Nmustir 9).

➘ Drilohkwb kg tfisi nmustirs dy nkeplby sczi, c.i. tfi pirnibtlai kg ÊIs virsusmlrai res nkbtlcbih cb ilnf nmustir. Gcrst, tfi ”mcaft CZT usirs― nmustir fls tfi selmmist

prkpkrtckb kg ÊIs. Xfi ”pltibt usirs― arkup (Nmustir 9) fls tfi mlraist sflri kg mlrai

nkeplbcis kg tfi rielcbcba nmustirs (<7.3 pir nibt), gkmmkwih dy ”cbtibscvi IY trlhi elro

lbh IY hiscab usirs― (Nmustir 8), lbh tfib ”trlhi elro usirs― (Nmustir 4 lbh Nmustir >).

Lbbix 6<



6.9 Dlnoarkubh tk riarissckb ekhim spincnltckbs

6.9.<. Inkbkeitrcn lpprklnf

Xfcs sintckb hisnrcdis tfi lpprklnf tk tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs usih cb tfi stuhy. Ct rst ixpmlcbs

tfi rltckblmi gkr uscba plbim eitfkhs, acvib tfi lvlcmldmi hltlsit. Ct tfib hisnrcdis tfi lpprklnf

tk spincgycba tfi ekhim. Gcblmmy, ct ixpmlcbs fkw sivirlm spincn inkbkeitrcn nflmmibais flvi

diib tlnomih.

6.9.<.< Zlbim hltl

Xfi hltlsit fls l sk-nlmmih plbim gkrelt ls ct nkbtlcbs dktf l nrkss-sintckblm lbh l tcei-sircis

hceibsckb. Zlbim hltl elois ct pksscdmi tk ixpmkct bkt kbmy nrkss-sintckblm vlrcltckb (hcggiribnis di-

twiib res lt kbi pkcbt cb tcei) dut lmsk tcei-sircis vlrcltckb (nflbais gkr kbi re kvir tcei). cbni

dktf hceibsckbs kg vlrcltckb wctfcb tfi hltl nlb di ixpmkctih sceumtlbikusmy, plbim hltl istceltis

lri dlsih kb l mlrair slepmi sczi, lbh lri tfus pktibtclmmy ekri lnnurlti tflb tfksi kdtlcbih

tfrkuaf scepmi nrkss-sintckb kr tcei-sircis riarissckbs.

Gurtfirekri, l plrtcnumlr typi kg inkbkeitrcn ekhimmcba nlb di lppmcih, bleimy plbim riarissckb

tinfbcquis. Xfcs eitfkh cs ldmi tk nkbtrkm gkr ubkdsirvih fitirkaibicty (c.i. tfi iggint kg vlrcldmis

tflt lri bkt kdsirvldmi cb tfi hltl dut wfcnf ecaft flvi lb ceplnt kb tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi

kg cbtirist).

Xfcs gilturi cs plrtcnumlrmy cepkrtlbt scbni ct ecbcecsis tfi rcso kg kdtlcbcba spurckus risumts hrcv-

ib prcelrcmy dy res– nflrlntircstcns tflt flvi lb iggint kb res– pirgkrelbni dut wfcnf lri bkt

kdsirvih lbh lri bkt rimltih tk tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs. Gkr cbstlbni, l nkeplby–s spincn kralbc -

sltckblm strunturi, cts duscbiss ekhim, lbh cts elblaieibt qulmcty lri lmm glntkrs wfcnf ely flvi l

scabcnlbt ceplnt kb tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni dut gkr wfcnf

hltl cs mlnocba. Glcmuri tk hilm wctf ubkdsirvih nflrlntircstcns nkumh prkhuni dclsih risumts.

Fkwivir, ubkdsirvih fitirkaibicty cb l plbim grleiwkro nlb di hilmt wctf tfrkuaf tfi usi kg

plrtcnumlr plbim istceltckb tinfbcquis, wfcnf lri hiscabih wctf tfi princsi aklm kg nkbtrkmmcba gkr

spincn nkeplby gilturis tflt lri bkt hcrintmy kdsirvldmi cb tfi hltl.

64 Lbbix



Lbbix 6>

6.9.<.4 îmintckb kg vlrcldmis

Xfcs sintckb hisnrcdis fkw tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lbh tfi cbhipibhibt vlrcldmis wiri simintih.Ekrikvir, ct hcsnussis tfi usi kg mkas virsus mivims kg vlrcldmis lbh prkvchis hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns

gkr tfi elcb vlrcldmis usih.

Hipibhibt vlrcldmi

Xfi purpksi kg tfcs stuhy cs tk lblmysi tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZTs lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg res.

Xfirigkri, tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi kg tfi ekhims biihs tk di lb cbhcnltkr kg res– kutput. Xfi

KTDC^ hltldlsi hisnrcdih cb Nflptir 8 nkbtlcbs sivirlm pktibtclm nlbhchltis, cbnmuhcba vlrckus

eilsuris kg rivibui, slmis lbh prkt kr mkss. Acvib tflt tfcs stuhy rimcis kb hltl grke sivirlm

IY Eiedir ^tltis, ct cs cepkrtlbt tflt tfi dlscs kb wfcnf tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs nkbstruntih

cs chibtcnlm ditwiib nkubtrcis, ls tfcs wcmm ecbcecsi tfi rcso tflt wilobissis cb tfi hltlsit milh

tk dclsih risumts.

Xk cmmustrlti tfcs nkbnirb, ct cs wkrtf bktcba tflt prkt eilsuris lri lggintih dy glntkrs sunf ls

lnnkubtcba prcbncpmis lbh stlbhlrhs ls wimm ls hincsckbs nkbnirbcba tfi trilteibt kg tlx, hidt,

itn. Acvib tflt tfisi cssuis lri bkt flrekbcsih lnrkss Eiedir ^tltis, tfiri cs l scabcnlbt rcso

cb uscba l prkt eilsuri ls lb cbhcnltkr kg pirgkrelbni.94 Gkr tfcs rilskb, rivibui cs usih ls tfi

dlscs kg tfi pirgkrelbni eilsuri cb tfi ekhims. Acvib tfi sudstlbtclm vlrcltckb cb rivibui ditwiib

res kg hcggiribt sczi, tfi hincsckb wls tloib tk trlbsgkre tfi pirgkrelbni eilsuri dy hcvchcba ct

dy tfi buedir kg tfi re–s iepmkyiis. Xfcs eilsuri (rivibui pir iepmkyii) fls lmrilhy diibiepmkyih dy l buedir kg privckus stuhcis, cbnmuhcba Dlsnlvuskamu-Ekrilu lbh Xitfir (4:<<),

Ariibflmaf lbh Tkairs (4:<<) lbh Dmkke lbh Wlb Tiibib (4::4).

➘ Tivibui pir iepmkyii0 kpirltcba rivibui pir iepmkyii cb l acvib yilr


Xfiri lri twk drklh strltiacis tflt nlb di usih wfib istceltcba inkbkeitrcn ekhims0 l ‖aibirlm tk

spincn– strltiay lbh l ‖spincn tk aibirlm– strltiay. Cg tfi gkreir strltiay cs lhkptih, tfi inkbkei-trcnclb stlrts wctf l ekhim tflt nkbtlcbs ‖elby– pktibtclm ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis lbh imcecbltis tfksi

tflt lri bkt scabcnlbt (grke ictfir l stltcstcnlm kr lb inkbkecn pirspintcvi) tk hivimkp l scepmir

ekhim tflt cs nlpldmi kg ‖ixpmlcbcba– tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lt milst ls wimm ls l ekri nkepmix

ekhim dut cs prigirrih tk tfcs kbi dinlusi ct riqucris giwir ixpmlbltkry glntkrs. Kb tfi ktfir flbh,

cg tfi mlttir strltiay cs lhkptih, tfi inkbkeitrcnclb stlrts wctf l scepmi ekhim (usulmmy kbi wctf l

scbami ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi) lbh lhhs lhhctckblm vlrcldmis ubtcm lhhcba gurtfir vlrcldmis bk mkbair

prkvchis lhhctckblm cbgkreltckb tk tfi ekhim.

94 Xfi kbi ixniptckb tk tfcs aibirlm rumi cs IDCXHL, wfcnf cs l rilskbldmy stlbhlrhcsih eilsuri lnrkss nkubtrcis. Fkwivir, ct wls

gkubh tflt IDCXHL kdsirvltckbs wiri ecsscba gkr bilrmy lm m kdsirvltckbs cb Mctfulbcl, wfcmi nkvirlai wls rimltcvimy pkkr cb sivirlm

ktfir nkubtrcis, cbnmuhcba tfi YO lbh Hibelro.



68 Lbbix

Xfiri lri tfikritcnlm rilskbs wfy ct cs usulmmy prigirldmi tk lhkpt l ‖aibirlm tk spincn– lpprklnf

tk inkbkeitrcn ekhimmcba. Fkwivir, tfcs cs, cb prlntcni, bkt lmwlys pksscdmi dinlusi elby kg tfi

lutkeltih prknihuris tflt cepmieibt tfcs strltiay stlrt wctf tfi kdsirvltckbs lvlcmldmi wfib tfigumm ekhim cs istceltih lbh tfib oiip tfi slei sit kg kdsirvltckbs gkr tfi gkmmkwcba stips kg tfi

prknihuri. Xfcs cepmcis tflt cg lb kdsirvltckb cs ecsscba lt tfi diacbbcba kg tfi prknihuri dinlusi,

sly, hltl kb tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis gkr l plrtcnumlr re cs bkt lvlcmldmi, tfib tflt kdsirvltckb

wkumh bkt di usih cb tfi ekhims.

Xfcs nkbnirb wls plrtcnumlrmy rimivlbt gkr tfcs prkìnt dinlusi, wfcmi tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi nkbtlcbs l

nkbschirldmi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb, tfiri lri ecsscba kdsirvltckbs gkr elby res cb sivirlm yilrs,

gkr elby kg tfi blbnclm vlrcldmis. Cg tfisi giw alps lri sueeih tkaitfir, tfiy nkbschirldmy rihuni

tfi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb lvlcmldmi lbh sk wkumh milh tk elby kdsirvltckbs dicba mkst cg l ‖aibirlm

tk spincn– lpprklnf wiri cepmieibtih.

Qctf rialrh tk eilsuris kg CZT kwbirsfcp, tfi gkmmkwcba hueey vlrcldmis wiri nkbstruntih grke

tfi rlw hltlsit09>

➘ CZT kwbir0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs lby typi kg CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi

➘ L sit kg hueey vlrcldmis wfcnf cbhcnltis wfitfir l re kwbs l spincn nkedcbltckb kg

CZTs kr bkt lbh wfcnf hcvchis tfi slepmi cbtk icaft nkrrispkbhcba arkups0

• Zltibts kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts dut bk ktfir typi kg CZT, lbh :

ktfirwcsi

• Xrlhi elros kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs trlhi elros dut bk ktfir

typi kg CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi • Hiscabs kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs hiscab rcafts dut bk ktfir typi kg CZT,

lbh : ktfirwcsi

• Zltibts lbh trlhi elros0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts lbh trlhi elros

dut bkt hiscabs, lbh : ktfirwcsi

• Zltibts lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts lbh hiscabs dut bkt

trlhi elros, lbh : ktfirwcsi

• Xrlhi elros lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs trlhi elros lbh hiscabs

dut bkt pltibts, lbh : ktfirwcsi

• Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs lmm tfrii typis kg

CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi • Bk CZTs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi res hkis bkt kwb lby typi kg CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi

➘ ^tkno eilsuris kg l plrtcnumlr gkre kg CZT wiri lmsk usih, lbh l hcstcbntckb wls

elhi ditwiib stkno eilsuris gkr Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm CZTs. Ls wctf tfi hipibhibt

vlrcldmi, tfisi ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis kg cbtirist wiri trlbsgkreih dy hcvchcba dy

tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis.

• IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb pltibts kwbih dy tfi re


• BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm pltibts kwbih dy tfi re


9> Hueey kr dcblry vlrcldmis lri vlrcldmis wfcnf tloi l vlmui kg ictfir zirk kr kbi. Gkr ixlepmi, l hueey vlrcldmi cbhcnltcba wfitfir

kr bkt tfi nkeplby cs hkecncmih cb ^plcb wkumh tloi l vlmui kg kbi gkr lmm ^plbcsf nkeplbcis lbh zirk gkr lmm ktfir nkeplbcis.



Lbbix 69

• IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb trlhi elros kwbih dy tfi


• BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm trlhi elros kwbih dy tfire hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.

• IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb hiscab rcafts kwbih dy tfi re


• BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm hiscab rcafts kwbih dy tfi re


Cb lhhctckb, tfi gkmmkwcba nkbtrkm vlrcldmis wiri lmsk usih0

➘ Nkubtry hueecis0 <4 hueey vlrcldmis gkr tfi nkubtrcis LX, DI, HI, HO, I^, GT, AD,

FY, CX, MX, BM, ZX

➘ întkr hueecis0 <1 hueey vlrcldmis gkr tfi gkmmkwcba BLNI sintckbs0 Elbuglnturcba?

Imintrcncty, als, stile lbh lcr-nkbhctckbcba suppmy? Qltir suppmy, siwirlai, wlsti elb-

laieibt lbh rieihcltckb lntcvctcis? Nkbstruntckb? Qfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi riplcr kg

ektkr vifcnmis lbh ektkrnynmis? Xrlbspkrtltckb lbh stkrlai? Lnnkeekhltckb lbh gkkh

sirvcni lntcvctcis? Cbgkreltckb lbh nkeeubcnltckb? Gcblbnclm lbh cbsurlbni lntcvctcis? Tilm-

istlti lntcvctcis? Zrkgissckblm, sncibtcn lbh tinfbcnlm lntcvctcis? Lhecbcstrltcvi lbh suppkrt

sirvcni lntcvctcis? Zudmcn lhecbcstrltckb, higibni lbh nkepumskry sknclm sinurcty? Ihunl-

tckb? Fuelb filmtf lbh sknclm wkro lntcvctcis? Lrts, ibtirtlcbeibt lbh rinriltckb? Ktfir

sirvcni lntcvctcis.

➘ Silr hueecis0 3 hueey vlrcldmis gkr tfi yilrs 4::4 - 4:<:

➘ ÊI0 hueey vlrcldmi wfcnf tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi nkeplby cs lb ÊI, lbh : cg tfi

nkeplby cs mlrai98

➘ Lai kg nkeplby0 vlrcldmi tflt cbhcnltis tfi lai kg tfi nkeplby cb tfi yilr 4:<>.99

98 Gcres lri nmlsscih ls EIs kbmy cg tfiy wiri lb ÊI gkr tfi wfkmi tcei pirckh cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs. Cg l nkeplby wls ‖mlrai–

gkr lt milst kbi yilr, ct wls triltih ls ‖mlrai– cb tfi lblmyscs.99 Xfi vlrcldmi wls nlmnumltih dy sudtrlntcba tfi yilr kg cbnkrpkrltckb ripkrtih cb KTDC^ grke tfi yilr lt

tfi pkcbt kg lblmyscs - 4:<>. Xfiri lri l selmm buedir kg kdsirvltckbs tflt lri plrtcnumlrmy kmh, cbnmuhcba

kbi nkeplby tflt fls lb lai kg 6<> yilrs.KTDC^ ripkrts cts hlti kg cbnkrpkrltckb tk di <4::. L giw ktfir

nkeplbcis flvi lb lai kg >::-8:: yilrs.



67 Lbbix

Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns gkr elcb vlrcldmis

Xfi ekhims nkbtlcb twk sits kg vlrcldmis tflt ely pktibtclmmy di mka-trlbsgkreih0 rivibui pir ie-pmkyii? lbh tfi stknos kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs pir iepmkyii. Xfi hltlsit usih gkr tfi

riarissckb lblmyscs nkbscsts kg <>: 999 res.97 Xfi dlscn hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns gkr tfi elcb vlrc-

ldmis lri sfkwb cb Xldmi 48.

Xldmi 480 Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns kg elcb vlrcldmis

Wlrcldmi Eilb ^th. hiv. Ecb Elx Kdsirvltckbs

Tivibui pir iepmkyii(IYT–:::)

Kvirlmm 47>.6: ><9.8> <<.>8 4 ><9.<: B 5 1:9343

Ditwiib >:6.17 <<.>7 4 >:6.:: b 5 <>:999

Qctfcb <46.39 -< >>:.>< 4 499.1: X-dlr 5 9.8<

CZT kwbir Kvirlmm :.9> :.9: :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343

Kwbir kg pltibts kbmy Kvirlmm :.:4 :.<9 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343

Kwbir kg trlhi elros kbmy Kvirlmm :.8: :.83 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343

Kwbir kg hiscabs kbmy Kvirlmm :.:< :.:6 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343

Kwbir kg pltibts lbh trlhi

elros

Kvirlmm :.:9 :.4< :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343

Kwbir kg pltibts lbh hiscabs Kvirlmm =:.:< :.:9 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343

Kwbir kg hiscabs lbh trlhi

elros

Kvirlmm :.:4 :.<9 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343

Kwbir kg pltibts, trlhi elros

lbh hiscabs

Kvirlmm :.:4 :.<8 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343

Bivir kwbih lby typi kg CZT Kvirlmm :.81 :.9: :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343

Iurkpilb pltibt stkno pir

iepmkyii

Kvirlmm =:.:< :.<6 :.:: 16.:: B 5 1:9343

Ditwiib :.<3 :.:: 74.91 b 5 <>:999

Qctfcb :.:9 -49.4> <9.88 X-dlr 5 9.8<

Bltckblm pltibt stkno pir

iepmkyii

Kvirlmm :.:< :.<9 :.:: >>.:: B 5 1:9343

Ditwiib :.<7 :.:: >4.7: b 5 <>:999

Qctfcb :.:7 -<>.>3 44.9: X-dlr 5 9.8<

Iurkpilb trlhi elro stkno

pir iepmkyii

Kvirlmm :.:< :.<> :.:: >9.:: B 5 1:9343

Ditwiib :.<> :.:: 48.88 b 5 <>:999

Qctfcb :.:1 -4:.<: <7.46 X-dlr 5 9.8<

97 Nkeplrih tk Nflptir 8, tfi buedir kg res fls rihunih grke <>4 411 tk <>: 999. Xfi rilskb cs tflt gkr skei res sivirlm

rivibui-pir-iepmkyii kdsirvltckbs wiri ecsscba, ictfir dinlusi tfiri wls kbmy hltl gkr rivibui kr gkr iepmkyiis (dut bkt gkr

dktf), kr dinlusi tfi ripkrtih buedir kg iepmkyiis wls zirk.



Lbbix 61

Bltckblm trlhi elro stkno pir

iepmkyii

Kvirlmm :.:3 <.41 :.:: 7<:.9: B 5 1:9343

Ditwiib <.83 :.:: 88>.46 b 5 <>:999

Qctfcb :.99 ->4:.>9 <71.>4 X-dlr 5 9.8<

Iurkpilb hiscab stkno pir

iepmkyii

Kvirlmm =:.:< :.<4 :.:: 8<.49 B 5 1:9343

Ditwiib :.<: :.:: 48.>8 b 5 <>:999

Qctfcb :.:1 -48.>8 <7.3< X-dlr 5 9.8<

Bltckblm hiscab stkno pir

iepmkyii

Kvirlmm :.:4 <.13 :.:: < 4:>.:: B 5 1:9343

Ditwiib >.94 :.:: < 4:>.:: b 5 <>:999

Qctfcb :.83 -33.7> ><1.1> X-dlr 5 9.8<

ÊI Kvirlmm :.64 :.>3 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343

Lai Kvirlmm 87.>3 4::.43 <.:: < 338.:: B 5 1:9343

Bkti0 Xfi buedir kg kdsirvltckbs b cs tfi buedir kg res gkr wfcnf tfiri cs hltl. X-dlr cs tfi lvirlai buedir kg yilrs wctf kdsirvltckbs

pir re. Xfi buedir kg kdsirvltckbs B cs tfi prkhunt kg b lbh X-dlr . Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lri hcspmlyih gkr tfi kvirlmm slepmi, ls wimm ls,

hinkepksih cbtk ditwiib (lnrkss res) lbh wctfcb (kvir tcei) nkepkbibts.

Mkas virsus mivims

Xfi ldkvi hcsnussckb fls hisnrcdih tfi vlrcldmis tflt lri cbnmuhih cb tfi ekhims dut fls bkt

nkbschirih tfi princsi gkre cb wfcnf tfisi vlrcldmis ibtir tfi ekhims. Ekri princsimy, tfi cssuics wfitfir tfi bueircn ixpmlbltkry lbh hipibhibt vlrcldmis sfkumh ibtir tfi ekhims ls mivims kr

wfitfir tfiy sfkumh di mka-trlbsgkreih.

Cb riarissckb lblmyscs, ct cs nkeekb tk mkalrctfecnlmmy trlbsgkre vlrcldmis wfiri l bkb-mcbilr

rimltckbsfcp ixcsts ditwiib tfi cbhipibhibt lbh hipibhibt vlrcldmis. Xfcs lpprklnf elois tfi

iggintcvi rimltckbsfcp bkb-mcbilr, wfcmi stcmm prisirvcba tfi mcbilr riarissckb ekhim. Mkalrctfecn trlbs-

gkreltckbs lri lmsk l nkbvibcibt eilbs kg trlbsgkrecba l fcafmy soiwih vlrcldmi cbtk kbi tflt cs

ekri lpprkxceltimy bkrelm. Cb tfcs stuhy, tfi hcstrcdutckbs kg tfi pirgkrelbni vlrcldmi ls wimm

ls kg tfi stkno vlrcldmis lri fcafmy soiwih. Gcblmmy, ct cs lpprkprclti tk eloi l mkalrctfecn trlbsgkr-

eltckb wfib ct cs suspintih tflt l acvib pirnibtlai nflbai cb lb ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi wcmm milh tk lnkbstlbt pirnibtlai nflbai cb tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi.

Cb tfi nlsi kg ekhimmcba tfi ceplnt kg CZT stknos pir iepmkyii kb rivibui pir iepmkyii, ct siies

rilskbldmi tk lssuei tflt tfi ceplnt kg l acvib ldskmuti nflbai, sly, cb tfi buedir kg trlhi elros

pir iepmkyii wkumh hcggir hipibhcba kb tfi re–s ixcstcba stkno kg trlhi elros pir iepmkyii (c.i.

lb lhhctckblm trlhi elro cs mcoimy tk flvi l ariltir ceplnt cg ct cs tfi rst trlhi elro fimh dy tfi re

tflb cg ct cs tfi re–s <::tf trlhi elro, lmm imsi dicba iqulm). Dy nkbtrlst, kbi ecaft ixpint tflt

l < pir nibt nflbai cb tfi stkno kg trlhi elros pir iepmkyii wkumh flvi tfi slei pirnibtlai

ceplnt kb rivibui pir iepmkyii crrispintcvi kg tfi cbctclm stkno. Cg tfcs fypktfiscs cs nkrrint, tfi

rimltckbsfcp cs ekst lpprkprcltimy ekhimmih dy tlocba mkas kb dktf schis.



6.9.4 Ekhim spincnltckbs

Nfkcni kg plbim riarissckb ekhim

Ls ixpmlcbih privckusmy, plbim hltl lblmysis lmmkw gkr tfi usi kg istceltckb tinfbcquis tflt lri

spincnlmmy hiscabih tk ecbcecsi tfi rcso kg kdtlcbcba spurckus risumts hrcvib prcelrcmy dy res–

chcksybnrltcn gilturis. Xfiri lri twk dlscn plbim hltl ekhims wfcnf nlb di lppmcih, tfi sk-nlmmih

”xih-iggints― ekhim lbh tfi ”rlbhke-iggints― ekhim.

➘ Gcxih-iggints ekhim0 Xfi cbnmusckb kg re-spincn xih iggints rimcis kb tfi lssuep-

tckb tflt tfiri lri skei ubkdsirvldmi re nflrlntircstcns wfcnf flvi l systieltcn (bkb-

rlbhke) iggint kb res– pirgkrelbni lbh ely di nkrrimltih wctf tfi ixpmlbltkry vlrc-

ldmis, c.i. CZT kwbirsfcp. Xfi vlmui lbh tfi iggint kg tfisi ubkdsirvih nflrlntircstcns lri

suppksih bkt tk vlry kvir tcei (c.i. tfiy lri xih).

➘ Tlbhke-iggints ekhim0 Kb tfi ktfir flbh, tfi cbnmusckb kg re-spincn rlbhke iggints

rimcis kb tfi lssueptckb tflt tfi re-spincn ubkdsirvldmi nflrlntircstcns flvi l bkb-

systieltcn (c.i. rlbhke) cbuibni kb res– pirgkrelbni lbh lri ubnkrrimltih wctf tfi

ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis.

Lb lhvlbtlai kg riarissckbs wctf rlbhke iggints mcis cb tfi pksscdcmcty kg cbnmuhcba tcei-cbvlrclbt

vlrcldmis cb tfi riarissckb risumts (i.a. re typi, nkubtry kg krcacb, sintkr), wfirils istceltckb wctf

xih iggints dy nkbstruntckb riekvis grke ripkrtih risumts lmm vlrcldmis tflt hk bkt nflbai kvir t

cei. Kb tfi ktfir flbh, tfi xih-iggints ekhim ecaft di dittir suctih tk nkbtrkmmcba gkr ubkdsirvihfitirkaibicty cb tfi prisibt nkbtixt. Ls tfi nfkcni ditwiib twk eitfkhs kg istceltckb cs bkt kdvc -

kus, ct wls hinchih tk nrkss-nfino tfi risumts kg dktf wfibivir lpprkprclti.

Lmm riarissckbs usi nmustir-rkdust stlbhlrh irrkrs.

6.9.4.< Gcre pirgkrelbni lbh CZT kwbirsfcp

Cb tfi rst sit kg riarissckbs, hcnfktkekus vlrcldmis kg CZT kwbirsfcp wiri usih ls ixpmlbltkry

vlrcldmis. Xfirigkri, tfi aibirlm plbim riarissckb ekhim fls tfi gkmmkwcba gkre0

mka (Zc,t) 5 l + CZT[kwb3c δ + V3c,tξ + ιc,t Iq.<

wfiri Zc,t hibktis tfi pirgkrelbni cbhcnltkr (rivibui pir iepmkyii) gkr re c cb yilr t . Cb tfi

rst riarissckb ekhim, CZT[kwbc riprisibts tfi aibirlm kwbirsfcp kg CZTs, cbhcnltcba wfitfir

re c kwbih lby typi kg CZT cb lby yilr t . Cb tfi sinkbh riarissckb ekhim, CZT[kwbc cs l vintkr

kg vlrcldmis gkr ilnf typi kg CZT (i.a. pltibt, hiscab, trlhi elro) kr l nkedcbltckb tfirikg.

Xfirigkri tfi vintkr δ wfcnf eilsuris tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib hcggiribt typis kg CZT lbh nkeplby

pirgkrelbni nkbtlcbs tfi oiy nkigncibts kg cbtirist.

^cbni tfi elcb vlrcldmis kg cbtirist CZT[kwbc hk bkt nflbai kvir tcei kbmy tfi rlbhke-iggints

ekhim cs lppmcnldmi gkr tfcs sit kg riarissckbs. Xfirigkri, tfrkuafkut lmm ekhims l buedir kg kdvc-

kus re-spincn nkbtrkm vlrcldmis tflt kbi wkumh ixpint l prckrc tk flvi lb iggint kb nkeplby

66 Lbbix



Lbbix 63

pirgkrelbni wls cbnmuhih, sunf ls cbhustrclm sintkr, Eiedir ^tlti, re typi lbh tfi lai kg tfi

nkeplby.91 Xcei-spincn iggints wfcnf lggint lmm res cb tfi slei wly, i.a. inkbkecn nynmis, wiri

lmsk nkbtrkmmih gkr dy cbnmuhcba l vlrcldmi gkr ilnf tcei pirckh. Xfisi vlrcldmis lri riprisibtih dy

tfi rkw vintkr V3 cb lmm riarissckb iqultckbs, lbh ξ cs tficr nkigncibt vintkr. ιc,t cs tfi nkrrispkbh-

cba irrkr tire. Xfi riarissckb risumts lri ripkrtih cb Xldmis <9 lbh <7 cb Nflptir 7.

6.9.4.4 Gcre pirgkrelbni lbh CZT stknos

Gkr tfi sinkbh sit kg riarissckbs, vlrcldmis kg pltibt, hiscab lbh trlhi elro stknos wiri nkb-

struntih grke tfi rlw hltlsit. Xfi stkno eilsuris tfi buedir kg l plrtcnumlr gkre kg CZT tflt wls

fimh dy l re cb l acvib yilr. iplrlti stkno eilsuris wiri hibih gkr Iurkpilb hiscabs, bltckblm

hiscabs, Iurkpilb trlhi elros itn. sunf tflt l tktlm kg scx stkno vlrcldmis wiri nkbstruntih. Ls wctf

tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi, tfisi oiy ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis kg cbtirist wiri trlbsgkreih dy hcvchcba dy

tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis. ^cbni tfi hcstrcdutckbs kg tfisi vlrcldmis lri ixtrieimy soiwih lbh tfi

rimltckb ditwiib tfie lbh tfi pirgkrelbni eilsuri cs mcoimy tk di bkb-mcbilr, l mkalrctfecn trlbs-

gkreltckb wls lppmcih. Xfcs milhs tk l plbim riarissckb ekhim kg tfi gkmmkwcba gkre0

mka (Zc,t) 5 lc + mka(CZT[stkno c,t)3 δ + V3c,tξ + ιc,t Iq. 4

wfiri, Zc,t lalcb hibktis tfi pirgkrelbni cbhcnltkr, CZT[stkno c,t cs l vintkr kg tfi stkno kg

hcggiribt typis kg CZT kg re c cb yilr t , V3 riprisibts tfi vintkr kg tcei-vlrclbt lbh tcei-cbvlrc-

lbt nkbtrkm vlrcldmis lbh δ cs tfi vintkr kg nkigncibts kg cbtirist. ^cbni tfi vlrcldmis kg cbtirist,

mka(CZT[stknoc,t), lri tcei-vlrclbt, xih-iggints lbh rlbhke-iggints riarissckbs flvi diibnlrrcih kut lbh tistih lalcbst ilnf ktfir.

Tisumts grke tfi rlbhke-iggints ekhim

Lmtfkuaf tfi scab, krhir kg elabctuhi lbh scabcnlbni wiri nkbscstibt ditwiib rlbhke-iggints

lbh tfi xih-iggints eitfkhs, tfiri wiri skei hcggiribnis cb tfi elabctuhi kg istceltih nkig -

ncibts. Lhhctckblmmy, l rkdust Fluselb-typi tist sfkwih tflt tfiri lri stlt cstcnlmmy scabcnlbt hcggir -

ibnis ditwiib tfi twk istceltckb eitfkhs. Ls l nkbsiquibni tfi xih-iggints ekhims sfkumh di

prigirrih. Xfi risumts kg tfi xih-iggints ekhims lri ripkrtih cb Xldmis <1 lbh <6 cb Nflptir 7.

Xfi risumts kg tfi rlbhke-iggints ekhims lri sfkwb cb Xldmis 49 lbh 47.

91 Hui tk hltl mcectltckbs ct wls bkt pksscdmi tk usi lhhctckblm ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis. Qfcmi tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi nkbtlcbs l

nkbschirldmi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb, tfiri lri ecsscba kdsirvltckbs gkr elby res cb sivirlm yilrs, gkr elby kg tfi blbnclm

vlrcldmis. Cg tfisi giw alps lri sueeih tkaitfir, tfiy nkbschirldmy rihuni tfi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb lvlcmldmi lbh sk wkumh milh

tk elby kdsirvltckbs dicba mkst.



Xldmi 490 Tisumts kg stknos kg hcggiribt CZTs, rlbhke iggints, lmm

gcres

Ekhim < (Nkig)

Hipibhibt vlrcldmi



Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<4

Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.>7***

Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.>4***

Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.94***

Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:8

Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1*** Nkubtry hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º

întkr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih

Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih

ÊI ~ ->4.3:***

Lai kg nkeplby :.::***

Nkbstlbt 9.49***

Xist kg kvirchibtcgycba ristrcntckbs0 xih vs rlbhke iggints

^lralb-Flbsib stltcstcn 39< 14> Nfc-sq(<8) Z-vlmui = :.:<


Ekhim dlsih kb kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.417? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::Ekhim dlsih kb kwbirs kbmy „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.47>? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::

Bkti0 ~ 5 hueey vlrcldmi? * 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim? ** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim? *** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim.



3: Lbbix



Lbbix 3<

Xldmi 470 Ekhims kg CZT stknos, rlbhke iggints dy gcre typi

ÊIs (Nkig) Mlrai nkeplbcis (Nkig)

Hipibhibt vlrcldmi



Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<< :.49

Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.>1*** :.4<

Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.>9*** -:.:6

Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.9>*** :.7:***

Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:> :.<>

Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1*** :.<4

Nkubtry hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih întkr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih


Lai kg nkeplby =:.:<*** =:.:<***

Nkbstlbt 8.18*** 9.>9***

Xist kg kvirchibtcgycba ristrcntckbs0 xih vs rlbhke iggints

^lralb-Flbsib stltcstcn 674 947 Nfc-sq(<8) Z-vlmui

=:.:<

<7> 19> Nfc-sq(<8) Z-vlmui

=:.:<



ÊIs ekhim „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.478? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::

Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.449? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::




^lepmi simintckb

Cb lssisscba tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib res– pirgkrelbni lbh tficr stknos kg CZTs, twk lhhctckblm

ekhims wiri istceltih. Xfi rst kbi wls dlsih kb lmm res, wfitfir kwbirs kr bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs.

Cb tfi sinkbh ekhim tfi pktibtclm slepmi simintckb prkdmie lrcscba grke tfi glnt tflt kbmy CZT stknos

gkr res wfcnf kwb CZTs lri kdsirvih, wls lnnkubtih gkr. Xfirigkri Iqultckb 4 wls lmsk istceltih

kb l sud-slepmi tflt nkbscsts kg kbmy tfksi res tflt kwb gkrelm CZTs lbh nkrrintih gkr tfi slepmisimintckb prkdmie dy lhhcba tfi Ecmms rltck ls lb lhhctckblm ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi. Xfi Ecmms rltck wls

nlmnumltih grke lb ixpmcnct simintckb riarissckb kg tfi hincsckb wfitfir kr bkt tk usi CZTs kb sintkr

hueecis lbh tfi EI stltus.96 Ls nlb di siib cb Xldmi 41, tfi risumts gkr tfi nkigncibts kg cbtirist

hk bkt scabcnlbtmy hcggir grke tfi dlsimcbi riarissckb risumts uscba tfi gumm slepmi. Xfi nkigncibt

kg tfi Ecmms rltck cb tfi kwbirs-kbmy ekhim cbhcnltis tflt CZT kwbirs flvi fcafir rivibui pir ie-

pmkyii tflb hk bkb-kwbirs, wfcnf cs lmsk nkbscstibt wctf ktfir bhcbas.

96 ^cbni sintkr hueecis lbh ÊI stltus lri tcei-cbvlrclbt, tfi istceltckbs lri dlsih kb tfi rlbhke-iggints ekhim.



34 Lbbix

Xldmi 410 Ekhims kg CZT stknos, rlbhke iggints, lmm gcres

Ekhim dlsih kb lmm res

(CZT kwbirs lbh

bkb-kwbirs) (Nkig)

Ekhim dlsih kb CZT

kwbirs kbmy (Nkig)

Hipibhibt vlrcldmi



Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<4 :.<4

Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.>7*** :.>8***

Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.>4*** :.><***

Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.94*** :.86***

Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:8 :.:>

Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1*** :.:1***

Nkubtry hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih

întkr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih


ÊI ~ ->4.3:*** -9:.8>***

Lai kg nkeplby =:.:<*** =:.:<

Ecmms - <.::***

Nkbstlbt 9.49*** 8.61***


Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 >14 398 lbh buedir kg res 5 7> <1< gkr lmm kwbirs ekhim?

Ekhim dlsih kb kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.417? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::

Ekhim dlsih kb kwbirs kbmy „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.47>? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::




Hyblecn plbim hltl ekhims

Xfi rltckblmi gkr cbnmuhcba mlas kg tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs tk lmmkw gkr tfi ekhimmcba kg l plrtclm

lhùsteibt einflbcse. Cb tfcs nlsi tfi lntulm vlmui kg tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs l nkeprkecsi

ditwiib cts vlmui cb tfi privckus tcei pirckh lbh tfi vlmui ùstcih dy tfi nurribt vlmui kg tfi

ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis. Xfi rltckblmi gkr spincgycba sunf l ekhim gkr lssisscba tfi rimltckbsfcpditwiib CZTs lbh pirgkrelbni cs tflt lhhctckbs tk tfi stkno hurcba tfi nurribt yilr ely bkt

ceeihcltimy di riintih cb tires kg lhhctckblm rivibui. Xfirigkri, tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii tfcs

yilr wcmm di l gubntckb dktf kg tfi privckus yilr –s vlmui lbh kg tfi vlmui ustcih dy tfi nurribt stknos

kg CZTs. Xfi cbnmusckb kg l mlaaih hipibhibt vlrcldmi eilbs tflt tfi stlbhlrh rlbhke-iggints plbim

ekhimmcba lpprklnf cs bkt lpprkprclti. Xfi mlaaih hipibhibt vlrcldmi wcmm di nkrrimltih wctf tfi

rlbhke iggint cb tfi irrkr tire kg sunf l ekhim, wfcnf wkumh milh tk dclsih istceltis.

Xk kvirnkei tfcs cssui, tfi Lrimmlbk-Dkbh istceltkr wls usih, wfcnf tlois rst hcggiribnis tk

riekvi tfi cbhcvchulm iggints lbh usis lmm tfi plst cbgkreltckb kg tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi ls cbstru-

eibts cb tfi riarissckb. Xlocba rst hcggiribnis cepmcis tflt lmm tcei-cbvlrclbt nflrlntircstcns kg tfire (i.a. Eiedir ^tlti lbh sintkr) lri hrkppih grke tfi ekhim. Gkr tfcs rilskb nkigncibts gkr

sunf vlrcldmis nlbbkt di istceltih cb l hyblecn plbim ekhim.



Lbbix 3>

Xfi risumts kg l ekhim cb wfcnf l scbami mla kg tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs cbnmuhih lmkbaschi

tcei-vlrycba ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis lri prisibtih cb Xldmi 46.93

Xldmi 460 Ekhim kg CZT stknos cbnmuhcba scbami mlaaih

hipibhibt vlrcldmi

Kvirlmm (Nkig) ÊIs (Nkig) Mlrai (Nkig)

Hipibhibt vlrcldmi



Kbi-yilr mla kg rivibui pir iepmkyii :.>7*** :.>17*** :.8<***

Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<4 :.<> :.>:

Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.6:*** :.64*** :.94

Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.91*** :.7:*** :.43

Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.34*** :.3>*** <.:1***

Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.<>* :.<< :.>>*

Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.<4*** :.<>*** -:.<7

Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih

Lai kg nkeplby :.:1*** :.:6*** :.:8***

Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 >39 744 lbh buedir kg res 5 <<6 4>3 gkr kvirlmm ekhim

Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 ><8 6:4 lbh buedir kg res 5 31 634 gkr ÊIs ekhim

Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 6: 64: lbh buedir kg res 5 4: >81 gkr mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim

Kvirlmm ekhim „ Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::ÊIs ekhim „ Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::

Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim „ Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::




Xfi risumts sfkw tflt tfi mlaaih hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs pksctcvi lbh scabcnlbt, prkvchcba ivchibni

gkr tfi fypktfiscs tflt rivibui pir iepmkyii ixfcdcts cbirtcl kvir tcei. Ls cb privckus ekhims, ct wls

gkubh tflt tfi nkigncibts kb tfi el`krcty kg typis kg CZT lri pksctcvi lbh strkbamy scabcnlbt cb tfi

kvirlmm ekhim lbh lmsk, ls digkri, tflt tfi nkigncibts kb bltckblm trlhi elros lbh pltibts ixniih

tflt kb bltckblm hiscabs. Fkwivir, gkmmkwcba tfi cbnmusckb kg l mlaaih hipibhibt vlrcldmi, tfi nkig-ncibt kb Iurkpilb hiscabs cs scabcnlbt lt tfi tib pir nibt mivim.

Cb lhhctckb, hyblecn plbim hltl ekhims wiri lmsk nkbschirih, cbnmuhcba mlas kg dktf tfi hipibhibt

lbh tcei-vlrycba ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis (stknos kg CZT) ls lhhctckblm riarisskrs. Xfi rltckblmi gkr

cbnmuhcba mlas kg CZT stknos, fkwivir, cs bkt nmilr. Xfi stkno vlrcldmi, dy hibctckb, cbnmuhis CZTs

tflt wiri arlbtih cb tfi nurribt pirckh cb lhhctckb tk lmm CZTs lnnueumltih cb tfi plst tflt rielcb

vlmch cb tfi rimivlbt yilr. Xfirigkri, plst hincsckbs lri lmrilhy nlpturih dy tfcs vlrcldmi lbh tfi

nflbai cb stkno pir iepmkyii grke kbi yilr tk tfi bixt wcmm, cb aibirlm, di mcectih. Xfcs eilbs tflt

cbnmuhcba l mla kg tfi stkno wkumh nkei wctf l nmilr rcso kg fcaf nkrrimltckb ditwiib twk ixpmlbltkry

93 Acvib tflt tfi mctirlturi skeitceis cbnmuhis up tk vi-yilr mlas, mkbair mla strunturis wiri ixpmkrih. Fkwivir, ct wls gkubh tflt

tfi buedir kg kdsirvltckbs hrkppih scabcnlbtmy gkr mlas mkbair tflb twk yilrs, lbh fibni ariltist nkbhibni mcis cb tfi risumts

prisibtih gkr l kbi-yilr mla.



38 Lbbix

vlrcldmis, lbh tfcs wkumh milh tk l eumtcnkmmcbilrcty prkdmie. Gkr tfcs rilskb, mlaaih stknos wiri bkt

cbnmuhih cb tfi ekhims.7:

Ekhims kg CZT stknos wctf qulmcty-lhùstih Iurkpilb pltibts

L mlrai mctirlturi fls ixpmkrih tfi cssui kg pltibt qulmcty. Xfi nkbstruntih cbhix cbnkrpkrltis tfi

oiy pltibt qulmcty cbhcnltkrs suaaistih cb tfi surviy kg tfi mctirlturi nkbhuntih dy tfi KINH lbh

fls tfi gkmmkwcba gilturis07<

➘ ct cs nkepksih kg vi vlrcldmis0 pltibt snkpi (eilsurih ls ubcqui 8-hcact CZN syedkms),

gkrwlrh nctltckbs, nmlces, buedir kg nkubtrcis wfiri vlmchltih lbh glecmy sczi (lnnkrhcba

tk HKNHD nmlsscnltckb)?

➘ bkrelmcsltckb0 mcbilr snlmi gkr ilnf kg tfi vi vlrcldmis, wctf ecbceue sit iqulm tk zirk

lbh elxceue sit iqulm tk kbi?

➘ iqulm wicafts kg lmm vi vlrcldmis?

➘ cb nkbtrlst tk tfi KINH plpir, tfi ixtriei vlmuis cb tfi hltl wiri bkt mcectih? lbh

➘ cb lhhctckb tk tfi scepmi cbhix hisnrcdih ldkvi, tfrii siplrlti nkubt eilsuris wiri

nkbstruntih0 buedir kg pltibts tflt flvi lb lsskncltih cbhix cb tfi mkwist, echhmi lbh

fcafist tfcrh kg tfi cbhix hcstrcdutckb, rispintcvimy.

Ls sfkwb cb Xldmi 43, tfi risumts kg tfisi ekhims lri lmekst chibtcnlm tk tfksi kg tfi ekhims wfiri

l scepmi nkubt kg Iurkpilb pltibts wls cbnmuhih ls lb ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi.

7: Xfiri wkumh surimy di eirct cb cbnmuhcba mlaaih ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis cg tfi ekhims wiri dlsih kb CZT arlbts rltfir tflb stknos.Arlbts eilsuri tfi kw kg CZTs, lbh tfcs vlrcldmi cs mcoimy tk vlry ekri scabcnlbtmy grke kbi yilr tk tfi bixt tflb tfi stkno kg

CZTs. Lmsk, tfi ceplnt kg CZTs kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg l re tlois pmlni kvir tcei, bkt kbmy cb tfi nurribt yilr. Xfirigkri, ekhimmcba

tfi ceplnt kg CZT arlbts wctfkut cbnmuhcba mlaaih vlmuis cs mcoimy tk aibirlti dclsih risumts.

7< îi ^qucnnclrcbc it lm. (4:<>).



Lbbix 39

Xldmi 430 Nkbtiepkrlbikus ekhims kg CZT stknos wctf qulmcty-

wicaftih Iurkpilb pltibts, gcxih iggints (lmm gcres, CZT kwbirs

lbh bkb-kwbirs)

Kvirlmm (Nkig) ÊIs (Nkig) Mlrai (Nkig)

Hipibhibt vlrcldmi



Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii, qulmcty wicaftih :.4> :.4> :.97

Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.81*** :.83*** :.4>

Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.46*** :.><*** -:.<:

Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.94*** :.9>*** :.98***

Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:< =:.:< :.<< Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1*** :.:1*** :.<>

Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih

Nkbstlbt 8.31*** 8.66*** 9.>8***

Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 1:9 343 lbh buedir kg res 5 <>: 999 gkr kvirlmm ekhim



Kvirlmm ekhim „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:>? Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::

ÊIs ekhim „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:>? Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::

Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:9? Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::




Lmtfkuaf tfi nkigncibts kb Iurkpilb pltibts lri smcaftmy mlrair cb tfi qulmcty-wicaftih ekhims, tfiy

rielcb cbscabcnlbt. Ekrikvir, l hcrint nkeplrcskb kg tfisi nkigncibts tk tfksi kg tfi nkubt ekhims

cs bkt lpprkprclti dinlusi tfi cbtirpritltckb kg tfi nkigncibts cs hcggiribt. Cb plrtcnumlr, tfi nkig-

ncibts cb tfi nkubt ekhims eilsuri tfi imlstcncty kg rivibui pir iepmkyii wctf rispint tk tfi pltibt

stkno pir iepmkyii. Dy nkbtrlst, tfi nkigncibts cb tfi qulmcty-wicaftih ekhims nlpturi tfi imlstcncty

kg rivibui pir iepmkyii wctf rispint tk l bkrelmcsih cbhix kg pltibt qulmcty.

Acvib tfi hcgnumtcis kg cbtirpritcba tfi qulmcty-wicaftih ekhims, l sircis kg riarissckbs wls lmskrub cb wfcnf tfi nkubt kg Iurkpilb pltibts wls siplrltih cbtk tfrii arkups0 fcaf-qulmcty pltibts?

eihcue-qulmcty pltibts? lbh mkw-qulmcty pltibts. Xfi tfrisfkmhs ditwiib tfi arkups wiri hibih kb

tfi dlscs kg tfi qulmcty cbhix, sunf tflt kbi-tfcrh kg Iurkpilb pltibts wkumh dimkba tk ilnf arkup.

Ilnf re nkumh fkmh l vlrcity kg pltibts kg hcggiribt qulmctcis. Lb inkbkeitrcn ekhim wls tfib rub,

wfcnf skuaft tk ixlecbi wfitfir fcaf-qulmcty pltibts flvi l ariltir ceplnt kb re pirgkrelbni

tflb hk mkw-qulmcty pltibts. Ct wls gkubh tflt lmm Iurkpilb pltibt vlrcldmis rielcb cbscabcnlbt ivib

wfib drkoib hkwb dy qulmcty.



37 Ceprcbt

:3 / Tigiribnis

L. Lrrcafittc, G. Mlbhcbc, L. Mlslabc, ”Cbtlbacdmi lssits lbh re fitirkaibicty0 Ivchibni grke Ctlmy―,

Tisilrnf Zkmcny, vkm. 8>(<), Gidrulry 4:<8.

I. Dlsnlvuskamu-Ekrilu, D. Xitfir, ”Hiscab Inkbkecns Nflptir Xwk0 Tiacstirih Hiscabs &

Duscbiss Zirgkrelbni „ Ixpmkrcba tfi Mcbo―, Cbtimmintulm Zrkpirty Kgni, Tipkrt 4:<</7, <->7.

B. Dmkke, @. Wlb Tiibib, ”Zltibts, Tilm Kptckbs lbh Gcre Zirgkrelbni―, Inkbkecn @kurblm, vkm.

<<4, 4::4, 31-<<8.

S. Nfiba, G.-S. Oulb, ^.-N. Nfulba, S. Oib, ”Zrktldcmcty hinchih dy pltibt qulmcty; Lb iepcrcnlm

stuhy kg tfi Y.^. siecnkbhuntkr cbhustry―, ^ncibtkeitrcns 64, 4:<:, <19-<6>.

@. Nkkeds, Z. Dcirmy, ”Eilsurcba tinfbkmkacnlm nlpldcmcty lbh pirgkrelbni―, T&H Elblaieibt,

>7(8), 4::7, 84<-8>6.

F. Irbst, ”Zltibtcba strltiacis cb tfi Airelb einflbcnlm ibacbiircba cbhustry lbh tficr rimltckbsfcp

tk nkeplby pirgkrelbni―, Xinfbkvltckb <9(8), <339, 449-48:.

F. Irbst, ”Zltibt lppmcnltckbs lbh sudsiquibt nflbais kg pirgkrelbni0 ivchibni grke tcei-sircis

nrkss-sintckb lblmysis kb tfi re mivim―, Tisilrnf Zkmcny >:, 4::<, <8>-<91.

Iurkpilb Zltibt Kgni (IZK) lbh Kgni gkr Flrekbczltckb cb tfi Cbtirblm Elroit (KFCE), ”Cbtim-

mintulm prkpirty rcafts cbtibscvi cbhustrcis0 nkbtrcdutckb tk inkbkecn pirgkrelbni lbh iepmkyeibt

cb tfi Iurkpilb Ybckb―, îptiedir 4:<>.

Iurkstlt, ”Zltibt stltcstcns lt Iurkstlt0 Elppcba tfi nkbtrcdutckb kg ÊIs cb IY pltibtcba―, 4:<8.

N. Ariibflmaf, E. Tkairs, ”Xrlhi Elros Cbnibtcvis―, YO CZK Tipkrt, Mkbhkb0 4:<<.

N. Fimeirs, E. Tkairs, ”Hkis pltibtcba fimp fcaf-tinf stlrt-ups;―, Tisilrnf Zkmcny 8:, 4:<<, <:<7-

<:41.

S. Oce, O. Mii, Q. Zlro, O. Nfkk, ”Lpprkprclti cbtimmintulm prkpirty prktintckb lbh inkbkecn arkwtf

cb nkubtrcis lt hcggiribt mivims kg hivimkpeibt―, Tisilrnf Zkmcny, 8<, 4:<4, >96->19.

@. Mirbir, G. Pfu, ”Qflt cs tfi ceplnt kg skgtwlri pltibt sfcgts; Ivchibni grke Mktus v. Dkrmlbh―,

Cbtirbltckblm @kurblm kg Cbhustrclm Kralbczltckb, 49, 4::1, 9<<-943.

@. Elmlnokwsoc, O. Nlrhkzl, N. Arly, T. Nkbrky, ”Xfi Cbtimmintulm Zrkpirty Elroitpmlni0 Ieiracba

Xrlbslntckb lbh Cbvisteibt Wifcnmis―, Xfi Mcnibscba @kurblm, vkm. 4(4), Gidrulry 4::1.

37



Gkriwkrh 31

I. Elrrknu, T. Zlnc, E. Zkbtcs, ”Cbtlbacdmi nlpctlm lbh res– prkhuntcvcty―, Cbhustrclm lbh Nkrpkrlti

Nflbai, vkm. 4<(4), @umy 4:<<.

G. Eublrc, ”Tivciw kg tfi Mctirlturi kb tfi Ysi lbh Ceplnt kg CZTs lt tfi Gcre Mivim0 Zltibts, Xrlhi

Elros, lbh Hiscabs―, Qkrocba Zlpir nkeecssckbih dy KFCE, 4:<4.

G. Eublrc, ^. ^lbtkbc, ”Ixpmkctcba nkepmieibtlrctcis cb CZT einflbcses0 tfi `kcbt usi kg pltibts,

trlhi elros lbh hiscabs dy ÊIs―, plpir prisibtih lt tfi ^trltiacn Elblaieibt ^kncity Lbbulm

Nkbgiribni, Tkei, CX, îptiedir 3-<4, 4:<:.

E. K–Elfkby lbh E. Winnfc, ”T&H, obkwmihai spcmmkvirs lbh nkeplby prkhuntcvcty pirgkrelbni―,

Tisilrnf Zkmcny, vkm. >6(<), Gidrulry 4::3.

KINH, ”KINH ^ncibni, Xinfbkmkay lbh Cbhustry ^nkridklrh 4:<>―, KINH Zudmcsfcba, 4:<>.

Z. nflutsnfcno, N. Ariibflmaf, ”Iepcrcnlm stuhcis kg trlhi elros - tfi ixcstcba inkbkecn mctirlturi―,

Qkrocba plpir Bk. 793, Hiplrteibt kg Inkbkecns Hcsnussckb Zlpir îrcis, Ybcvirscty kg Kxgkrh,

@ubi 4:<>.

E. ^qucnnclrcbc, F. Hirbcs, ”L Nrkss-Nkubtry Nflrlntircsltckb kg tfi Zltibtcba Diflvckur kg Gcres

dlsih kb Eltnfih Gcre lbh Zltibt Hltl―, KINH ^ncibni, Xinfbkmkay lbh Cbhustry Qkrocba Zl-

pirs, KINH Zudmcsfcba, Ely 4:<>.

E. ^qucnnclrcbc, F. Hirbcs, N. Nrcsnukmk, ”Eilsurcba Zltibt \ulmcty0 Cbhcnltkrs kg Xinfbkmkacnlm lbhInkbkecn Wlmui―, KINH ^ncibni, Xinfbkmkay lbh Cbhustry Qkrocba Zlpirs, KINH Zudmcsfcba,

Elrnf 4:<>.

@. Qkkmhrchai, ”Cbtrkhuntkry Inkbkeitrcns. L ekhirb lpprklnf―, 9tf ihctckb, ^kutf-Qistirb

NIBALAI Milrbcba, 4:<>.

Tigiribnis 31







Zudmcsfih lbh ihctih dy KFCE

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Droits de propriété intellectuelle et résultats des entreprises en Europe: une analyse économique