Phytothérapie (2010) 8: 191–7© Springer 2010DOI 10.1007/s10298-010-0549-6

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Mycothérapie

Résumé : Les travaux réalisés par les Chinois, les Japonais et les Coréens depuis plus de 30 ans ne laissent aucun doute sur l’intérêt de la mycothérapie. Le mycélium (partie souter-raine du champignon) sera préféré au sporocarpe qui contient des polyamines protumorales, qui risque d’être contami-né ou vieilli et qui ne relargue pas facilement les principes actifs. Les principaux mycelia à connaître sont : Coriolus ver-sicolor (Karawataké), Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), Grifola frondosa (Maïtaké), Agaricus blazei, Lentinus edodes (shii-také), Hericium erinaceus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polypo-rus umbellatus, Armillaria mellea, Phellinus linteus. La plupart stimulent l’immunité, mais chacun présente des spécificités et mérite un article spécifique. Cet article expose les généralités indispensables à la mycothérapie.

Mots clés : Champignon – Immunité – Virus – Cancer – Auto-immunité

Basics on mycotherapy: preliminary concepts on the medicinal use of mycelia

Abstract: Researchs performed by the Chinese, the Japanese or the Koreans over the last thirty years do not leave any doubt on the usefulness of mycotherapy. Mycelia (the underground part of the mushroom) will be selected rather than the sporocarp which contains polyamines (that favour tumoral growth), which is most probably contaminated by heavy metals or pesticides and which does not easily release active compo-nents. Main therapeutic mycelia are: Coriolus versicolor (Ka-rawatake), Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), Grifola frondosa (Maïtake), Agaricus blazei, Lentinus edodes (shiitake), Heri-cium erinaceus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus umbellatus, Armillaria mellea, Phellinus linteus. Most of them stimulate immunity. Each of them deserve a specific article because each possesses specific activities. This article provides with the preliminary concepts useful to practice mycotherapy.

Keywords: Mushroom – Immunity – Virus – Cancer – Auto-immunity

Introduction

La tradition recommande l’usage des champignons médici-naux depuis des millénaires, mais la mycothérapie ou trai-tement par les champignons émerge des années 1970/1980. L’étude qui attira l’attention des occidentaux fut publiée en 1994 dans le prestigieux Lancet [73]. Depuis, des centaines de publications confirment les propriétés médicinales des champignons, et le temps des résultats in vitro, des cas isolés ou des études de faible envergure, est révolu. Désor-mais, de grands essais prospectifs et randomisés confirment l’intérêt de la consommation de champignons contre le cancer : 362 femmes pour l’étude menée par les Coréens [29] ou 1 009 patientes pour l’étude chinoise [124]. De quels champignons s’agit-il ? Quelles propriétés en attendre et comment les utiliser ?

Mycelia ou carpophores/sporocarpes ?

Les champignons que l’on déguste (sporocarpes ou carpophores) ne représentent que la fructification de la « plante » souterraine qui s’appelle mycélium. Il s’agit d’un feutrage blanc composé d’hyphes asexués (Fig. 1). Les sporocarpes se composent d’un mycélium et d’un squelette de chitine (N-acétyl-D-glucosamine β-(1,4) N-acétyl-D-glucosamine]n) (Fig. 2) [62,97]. Le mycélium contient un précurseur de la chitine : le chitosan, chitine désacétylée (Fig. 3) [12].

La chitine fixe les métaux et les sucres [80]. Or, les métaux sont rarement désirables (métaux lourds ou radioactivité), et les principes actifs, essentiellement des peptidoglycanes, s’éluent difficilement de la chitine [45].

La dégradation de chitine aboutit à la production de N-acétyl-glucosamines qui peuvent amplifier les effets biologiques des polyamines [88]. Or, les polyamines indui-sent la prolifération cellulaire, en particulier des cellules malignes [66]. Les régimes appauvris en polyamines

Introduction à la mycothérapie : généralités sur l’intérêt des principaux mycelia

B. Donatini

Médecine Information Éducation, 40, rue du Dr Roux, F-51350 Cormontreuil, FranceCorrespondance : donatini@numericable.fr

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(remboursables par la sécurité sociale) intègrent désormais la palette thérapeutique du cancérologue. À l’inverse de la chitine, le chitosan contenu dans les mycelia inhibe les polyamines [74].

En conséquence, l’utilisation de mycélium exonère du risque de contamination, permet une meilleure biodispo-nibilité (cinq fois plus selon un test sur intestin de poulet réalisé par mycoceutics et non publié) et évite l’effet délé-tère des polyamines.

Enfin, les mycelia contiennent les principes actifs des champignons [23,26,28,31,32,44,54,91,92,95,100,104,109, 115]. Désormais, nous penserons « mycelia » lorsque nous écrirons « champignon ».

Origine des produits

Plus que jamais, le thérapeute doit connaître la provenance et s’assurer de la qualité du produit, car :

– un carpophore concentre les toxiques (pesticides, compris aériens, ou métaux) ;

– le mode de stockage influe considérablement et très rapidement sur l’inactivation des principes actifs [64] ;

– le mode de culture (sur céréales) amène un risque de contamination par des mycotoxines ;

– le mode de séchage et de broyage détruit ou non les actifs fragiles.

En pratique, il convient de savoir si un test sur le produit final confirme l’absence de contamination ainsi que le taux de principes actifs.

Principaux champignons comestibles possédant des propriétés médicinales

De très nombreuses publications établissent sans la moindre équivoque l’efficacité thérapeutique et l’innocuité de nombreux mycelia. La liste des mycelia a volontaire-ment été limitée aux dix les plus étudiés et avec lesquels un thérapeute formé couvre toute la mycothérapie. Les publications isolées n’ont pas été retenues. Les mycelia sans spécificité ou avec une efficacité modeste ont été occultés. Les mycelia d’usage dangereux (ex. : le Coprinus atramen-tarius aux propriétés antabuse mais avec risque de tachy-cardie sévère) ont été éliminés de la liste.

Chacun des champignons suivants mérite une publica-tion spécifique : Coriolus versicolor (Karawataké), Gano-derma lucidum (Reishi), Grifola frondosa (Maïtaké), Agaricus blazei, Lentinus edodes (shiitaké), Hericium erina-ceus (Hydne hérisson), Pleurotus ostreatus (Pleurote en forme d’huitre), Polyporus umbellatus (polypore ombelle), Armillaria mellea (Armillaire miel), Phellinus linteus.

Liste des molécules actives

Le plus souvent les mycelia agissent par des sucres ramifiés spécifiques. Parfois par des « hormones » ou encore des inhibiteurs enzymatiques. Ils contiennent peu de minéraux et peu de vitamines. Le tableau 1 mentionne les principales molécules actives.

Principales utilisations médicinales

Les polysaccharides mycéliens possèdent des propriétés immunostimulantes et antitumorales complémentaires à la médecine allopathique. Ils n’interfèrent pas avec les traitements classiques et sont dépourvus de toxicité. Leur faible utilisation surprend compte tenu, d’une part, de la primauté des cancers sur toutes les autres causes de morta-lité et, d’autre part, de l’insuffisance d’efficacité des traite-ments actuels [107]. Les glycanes de haut poids moléculaire

Fig. 1. Sporocarpe ou carpophore et mycélium

Fig. 2. Chitine = N-acétyl-D-glucosamine β-(1,4) N-acétyl-D-glucosamine]n (ici n = 3)

Fig. 3. Chitosan = chitine désacétylée

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Tableau 1. Principales molécules actives des mycelia

Mycelia Principe actif Structures

Coriolus versicolor Krestine ou PSK ou PSP Pepto-glycane avec bêta-glycanesChaîne principale bêta-1,3 ; chaînes latérales bêta-1,6Avec galactose, mannose, arabinose, et xylose [89]

Ganoderma lucidum Acides ganodériquesGlycane

Acides gras [18]Bêta-D-(13)-glucanes [4]

Grifola frondosa Fraction D, Grifolan, GRN (13)-bêta-D-glucanes [84]Agaricus blazei Blazéine Stéroide [38]

(1,6)-bêta- D-polyglucose [85]Linéaire bêta-(1-3)-glucan [78]

Lentinus edodes Lentinane bêta-(16)-branché bêta-(13)-glucohexose [77]Hericium erinaceus Erinacérine H et I [77] Diterpénoïdes[118]Pleurotus ostreatus POE Alpha-glucane de bas poids moléculaire [52]

Protein hydrosoluble [21]Polyporus umbellatus Polyporustérone A et B acétosyringone Ecdysones [37]Armillaria mellea Armillaripine, Armillarigine, etc. Sesquiterpènes [117]Phellinus inteus Bêta-(1-3)-glycanes substitués avec du mannose

Présence de galactose et de xylose [3]

Tableau 2. Principales propriétés des mycelia

Mycelia Utilisations documentées Utilisations potentielles

Coriolus versicolor Antitumorale et anti VEGF (préventif, curatif en plus du traitement allopathique) [40,59,65,73,102,103,122]Antiherpétique [67]

Antivirale :– entérovirus : diabète, fatigue chronique, Gougerot-Sjögren, Lupus érythémateux disséminé, polyarthrite rhumatoïde, sclérose en plaques– papillomavirus, VIH

Ganoderma lucidum Antitumorale et anti-VEGF [19,24,60,94]Antiherpétique [16]Anti-HTA (inhibiteur de l’ACE) [69]Anti-inflammatoire [51]Intolérance glucidique [122]Hépatoprotecteur [121]

Antivirale :– entérovirus– papillomavirus ; VIH ; hépatite BAnti-RANK ligand– anti-ostéoclastose et anti-ostéoporosePrévention des infections respiratoires

Grifola frondosa Antitumorale [35]Amaigrissant [13]Hypocholestérolémiant [49] ; anti-HTA [39]Intolérance glucidique [47]

Peau sèche [70]

Agaricus blazei Antitumorale et anti-VEGF [1,14,17,38,43,79,82,101]Antihépatites C [20] et B [30]Anti-HTA et intolérance glucidique [28]Antiallergie (anti-IgE) [15]

Anti-inflammatoire [86]

Lentinus edodes Immunostimulant [2,50,61]Baisse du cholestérol [98] ; anti-HTA [53]Antivirale (papillomavirus) [119] ou influenza [36]

Prévention des caries [93]

Hericium erinaceus Gastrite chronique [112]Synthèse de NGF [53,118] ; antiparasite [95]Mémoire [68] ; neuropathie périphérique [46]

Dégénérescence du système nerveux central– Alzheimer ; Parkinson ; SLAGastrite à Helicobacter pylori

Pleurotus ostreatus Baisse du cholesterol (3-HMGCoA réductase) et de la glycémie [6,11,22]Protection de la muqueuse colique [5,7,81]Régulation hormonale [8,87,90]

Inhibition de l’ornithine décarboxylase [5]baisse des polyamines –cancer prostatique –hélicobacter pylori [9]

Polyporus umbellatus Pousse du cheveu [33,37]Antivirale (hépatite B) [57,111]Antipolype vésical [111]

Diurétique [120], amélioration de la rétention vésicale [99]Néphrocalcinose [58]

Armillaria mellea Antivertigineux [113] ; cérébroprotecteur [83, 107]Anti-inflammatoire [109]

Sédation [113]

Phellinus linteus Immunostimulant [25,42,106]Tolérance digestive [42] ; gastroprotecteur [55]Baisse les IgE [10,34,56] et le complément [63]Destructeur de la dioxine [70]

Arthrite [41]

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bêta-1,3 avec des chaînes latérales bêta-1,6 expliquent les propriétés antitumorales. Ils résistent à la tempéra-ture et sont hydrosolubles. Les trois principaux composés commercialisés s’appellent lentinan (issu du shiitaké), kres-tine (issue du Coriolus versicolor) et schizophyllane (issu du Schizophillum commune) [107].

Leur efficacité passe par la stimulation des lymphocytes T, des monocytes/macrophages ou des lymphocytes natural killer. Mais ils agissent aussi sur les caspases et donc indui-sent directement l’apoptose des cellules tumorales ou des cellules souches tumorales. Le Coriolus versicolor illustre au mieux les propriétés des bêta-glycanes qui stimulent le système TH1. Un article spécifique1 détaillera les trois types d’immunité (TH1, TH2 et TH3), les propriétés antitumo-rales du Coriolus versicolor ainsi que son action antimétas-tatique et apoptotique. Le Tableau 2 résume les principales propriétés des mycelia.

Dose et efficacité

L’efficacité dépendant de la concentration des principes actifs, des synergies présentes dans le totum, de la biodis-ponibilité et de la conservation du produit, il est très diffi-cile de savoir à quel(s) produit(s) se fier. Il conviendra d’éviter les champignons fruits (carpophores), les prove-nances extra-européennes ou les extraits. Les thérapeutes choisiront les mycelia d’origine européenne. À noter que les mycelia concentrent les polyphénols des substrats sur lesquels ils poussent [76]. Une culture sur des écorces enrichies en polyphénols, antioxydants ou antitumoraux amplifie les bénéfices des mycelia. En pratique, 150 à 300 mg de mycélium par jour suffisent. Le traitement doit durer au moins trois mois pour escompter une modifica-tion des statuts immunitaires ou oxydatifs. L’association à un régime sans laitages et pauvre en polyamines2 ainsi qu’une correction d’une éventuelle carence en vitamine D3 augmenteront l’efficacité de la mycothérapie.

Idéalement on dosera l’efficacité sur l’immunité par un test de fluorescence des monocytes [48] ou sur l’antioxydation (test global de résistance des hématies [27]) ou par chémolu-minescence des monocytes ou des granulocytes [105].

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