juL{s/0f (Classification) ul/Ps} lg0f{o g+=(& · 2013. 9. 11. · ljåfg gfojdxfGofoflwjQmf >L /fhgf/fo0f kf7s / ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L t]hgf/fo0f kf}8]nn] lgj]bg bfjL c:ki6 /x]sf]

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lg0f{o g+=*(*&

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdLdfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfxl/6 g+= )^*–WS–))$$cfb]z ldltM @)^(.!!.@$.%

ljifoM pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .

lgj]bsM sf=k=lh=, v/]nyf]s uf=lj=;=, j8f g++$ v/]nyf]s a:g] clwjQmf cRo"tk|;fbv/]n

lj?4ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

;d]t

§ kmf}hbf/L sfg"g pNnª\3gsf] dfqf /kl/df0fcg';f/ b08 ;hfo lgwf{/0fdfleGgtf /xg] s'/f c:jfefljs x'Fb}g .b08 gLlt s;"/sf] dfqfg';f/ ;hfodfleGgtf x'g] l;4fGts} hudf v8f ePsf]x'G5 . s;"/df /x]sf] ;+nUgtf jf e"ldsfljrf/ gu/L cf/f]k nufPs} e/df;a}nfO{ ;dfg k|s[ltsf] ;hfo ug'{kb{5eGg] dfGotf Goflos ljj]sdf cfwfl/tgeO{ oflGqs x'g hfg] .

§§§§§ Ps} k|s[ltsf] s;"/df s'g} x}l;otsfcfwf/df ;hfodf lje]b ul/G5 eg]To:tf] b08gLlt lje]bsf/L x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_

§ juL{s/0f (Classification) ul/Ps}sf/0fn] dfq s'g} klg sfg"g e]befjo'QmeGg ldNb}g . t/, To;/L juL{s/0f ug]{cfwf/ / sf/0f j:t'lgi7, af]wuDo,ts{;Ddt\ / Gofof]lrt\ eg] x'g}kb{5 .ljjflbt k|ltaGwfTds jfSof Fzn]af]emafxs ;fwgsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/dfhkmt ug]{ / gug]{ ;DaGwdf s]xL lje]bv8f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/, ;f] lje]bdfTo;/L lje]b ug'{kg]{ ljj]s;Ddt\ leGgtf(Intelligible differentia), ts{;Ddttf(Rationality) / sfg"g;Ddt\ p2]Zo(Lawful objective) /fv]sf] 5, 5}g eGg]s'/f x]l/g'kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=^_§ hkmt x'g] egL sfg"gn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf

af]emafxssf] ;Defljt d"NofÍg a/fa/g} hkmt gx'g] ;fwgsf xsdf yk ;hfox'g] Joj:yf ePs} b]lvFbf jg P]g, @)$(sf] bkmf ^^ ;dfgtfsf] ljk/Lt tyf;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] gb]lvg] .

-k|s/0f g+=*_

lgj]bstkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf cRo"tk|;fb v/]nk|ToyL{tkm{af6M ljåfg gfojdxfGofoflwjQmf

/fhgf/fo0f kf7s / ljåfgpkGofoflwjQmf t]hgf/fo0f kf}8]n

cjnlDat ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM

§ jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^^

cfb]zGof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& sf] pkwf/f-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)&), ;fpg&), ;fpg&), ;fpg&), ;fpg&), ;fpg

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cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M–

jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^^ df of]P]gadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;"/ u/]sf] 7l/xPdfs;"/df a/fdb ePsf ;a} af]emafxs, cf}hf/,rf}Kffof / cGo ;fwgx¿ hkmt x'g]5g\ eGg]Joj:yf eO{ ;f]xL k|ltaGwfTdsf jfSof+zdf t/lauf] bz xhf/ ¿k}ofFeGbf sDtL df]n kg]{ jgk}bfjf/ nfbL Nofpg] 6]«S6/, 6«s, nx/L, df]6/ /cGo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] xsdf To:tf] ;jf/L ;fwghkmt gu/L pQm sfo{ ug]{nfO{ cGo bkmfn] x'g];hfodf bz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd yk ;hfo x'g]5eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^^ sf]k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf /x]sf] jg k}]bfjf/nfbL Nofpg] 6]«S6/, 6«s, nx/L, df]6/ / cGo;jf/L ;fwg hkmt gul/g] eGg] sfg"gLJoj:yfsf] cIf/, dd{ / efjgfn] g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_, -@_/ -#_ åf/f k|bQ ;dfgtf;DaGwL df}lns xssf]wHhL p8fPsf] 5 . u/La ls;fgn] jgk}bfjf/;DaGwL s;"/ ubf{ k|of]udf NofPsf]xFl;of, v'kf{, a~r/f], 8f]sf]gfDnf], jg k}bfjf/af]Sg k|of]udf NofPsf] 7]nfuf8f, jonuf8f,jg k}bfjf/;DaGwL af]em af]sfpg k|of]uul/Psf uf]? / vRr/nufotsf rf}kfof hkmtx'g] t/ jg;DaGwL s;"/ ug{ kNs]sf k]z]j/;'lsnfd'lsnf jg t:s/n] jg;DaGwL s;"/ubf{ k|of]udf NofPsf 6]«S6/, 6«s, nx/L, df]6// cGo ;fjf/L ;fwg hkmt gu/L ;f]afktbz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf ug]{ eGg] Joj:yfcToGt lje]bsf/L x'g'sf] ;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_, -@_ / -#_åf/f k|bQ ;dfgtf;DaGwL df}lns xssf] ;d]tljk/Lt /x]sf] k|i6 5 .

ctM k]z]j/ / ;'lsnfd'lsnf jgt:s/n] jg;DaGwL s;"/ ubf{ k|of]udf NofPsf6]«S6/, 6«s, nx/L, df]6/ / cGo ;jf/L ;fwg;d]thkmt gx'g] u/L jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ̂ ^ sf]k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf ul/Psf] pQm e]befjo'Qmsfg"gL Joj:yf 3f]if0ffTds cfb]zå/f ab/ u/LTo:tf ;fwg;d]t hkmt x'g] Joj:yf cljnDaug{' u/fpg' egL k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFmeGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < ljkIfLx¿af6lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 lgodadf]lhdk]z ug'{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt PsGofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z .

lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] bkmf ^^ sf]sfg"gL Joj:yf a/fdb ePsf] dfnj:t' hkmtx'g] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;P]gadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;"/ u/]sf] 7xl/Pdfs;"/df a/fdb ePsf ;a} af]emafxs, cf}hf/,rf}kfof / cGo ;fwgx¿ hkmt x'g]5g\ eGg]pQm bkmf ^^ sf] d"n Joj:yf xf] . o;nfO{lgj]bsn] klg cGoyf eGg'ePsf] 5}g . ;f]sf]k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFzdf t/ lauf] bz xhf/¿k}ofFeGbf sDtL df]n kg]{ jg k}bfjf/ nfbLNofpg] 6]«S6/, 6«s, nx/L, df]6/ / cGo ;jf/L;fwgsf] xsdf To:tf] ;jf/L ;fwg hkmt gu/LpQm sfo{ ug]{nfO{ cGo bkmfn] x'g] ;hfodf bzxhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd yk ;hfo x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yful/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf]Joj:yfnfO{ ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt eGg] lgj]bssf]bfjL /x]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfn] bz xhf/ ¿k}ofFeGbfsDtL df]n kg]{ jg k}bfjf/ nfbL Nofpg] 6]«S6/,6«s, nx/L, df]6/ / cGo ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ hkmtgu/] klg p;nfO{ sfg"gL bfloTjaf6 d'Qm u/]sf]5}g . ;/sf/L ;DklQ xflg gf]S;fgL u/]sf] df]nlauf]sf] cfwf/df bz xhf/ ¿k}of;Dd yk ;hfo

471471471471471

*(*& –*(*& –*(*& –*(*& –*(*& – cRo"tk|;fb v/]n lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfn] s;"/ck/fwdf ;+nUg sf]xL klg JolQmnfO{ cfly{sx}l;otsf] cfwf/df km/s–km/s ;hfosf] Joj:yfu/]sf] geO{ a/fdb j:t' hkmt ug]{ ;Gbe{dfdfq lglZrt\ cj:yfsf ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ Psd'i6/sd g} hkmtafkt\ df}lb|s ;hfo ug]{ u/Lsfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xh / Jojxfl/s Joj:yfu/]sf] dfq xf] . of] Joj:yfn] lgj]bs jf u/Lals;fgsf] ;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ cg'lrt aGb]hnufpg] cj:yf g} ljBdfg 5}g . ctM l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnosf tkm{af6 k]zePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

;dfgtfsf] cjwf/0ff lg/k]If cjwf/0fxf]Og . s'g} vf; cfjZostfsf] k"lt{sf] nflu jfs'g} vf; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu s'g} ljz]ifsfg"gL Joj:Yff ug{ ljwflosf ;Ifd x'G5 /To;f] ubf{ ljwflosfn] Tof] sfg"g b]zsfgful/sx¿ dWo] s;nfO{ nfu" x'g] / s;nfO{nfu" gx'g] egL 5'6\ofO{ juL{s/0f ug{ ;Qm5 .t;y{ sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ ;Ifd lgsfo Joj:yflksf;+;baf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] / ljwflosfn] cfjZostfdx;"; u/L /flvPsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cGoyfeGg ldNg] x'Fb}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFmeGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqLtyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nosf tkm{af6 k]z ePsf]lnlvt hjfkm .

jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^^ sf]k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFzdf lauf] bz xhf/¿k}ofFeGbf sDtL df]n kg]{ jg k}bfj/ nfbLNofpg] 6]«S6/, 6«s, nx/L, df]6/ / cGo ;jf/L;fwgsf] xsdf To:tf] ;jf/L ;fwg hkmt gu/LpQm sfo{ ug]{nfO{ cGo bkmfn] x'g] ;hfodf bzxhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd yk ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf]b]lvG5 . bz xhf/ ¿k}ofFeGbf sd df]n kg]{ jg

k}bfjf/ Nofpg] sfo{ ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf] s;"/dfgL To:tf jg k}bfjf/ Nofpg k|of]u ePsf;fwg hkmt gul/g] Joj:yf pQm bkmfn] u/]sf]/ ;f] Joj:yfn] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf];dfgtf;DaGwL xssf] pkof]udf cg'lrt aGb]hnufPsf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bgcf}lrToxLg 5 . ctM l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFmeGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf]tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

s;"/df k|of]u ePsf af]emafxs, cf}hf/,rf}kfof / cGo ;fwgx¿ hkmt ug]{ sfo{ s;"/sf]k|s[lt / dfqfdf e/ kb{5 . o;} cfwf/df bzxhf/ ¿k}ofFeGbf sd df]n kg]{ jg k}bfjf/ nfbLNofpg] 6«s, 6]«S6/, df]6/nufotsf nfvf}+ d"Nokg]{ ;jf/L ;fwg hkmt gu/L yk bzxhf/¿k}ofF;Dd ;hfo ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] xf] .csf{tkm{ o:tf] sfo{df k|of]u ePsf xFl;of, v'kf{,a~r/f], 7]nfuf8f, aonuf8f, uf]? h:tf cf}hf/tyf rf}kfofsf] xsdf hkmt ug]{ t/ yk ;hfogug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 ;jf/L ;fwgsf]xsdf yk ;hfo ug]{ / cGosf] xsdf hkmtug]{ k|fjwfg /fvL ;hfosf] dfqfdf ;dfgtfsfod ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . To;}n] bzxhf/¿k}ofFeGbf sd df]nkg]{ jg k}bfjf/ nfbL Nofpg]6«s, 6]«S6/, nx/L, df]6/nufotsf cGo ;jf/L;fwg hkmt ubf{ cf}lrTok"0f{ / Gofof]lrt gx'g]x'Fbf yk ;hfo ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] xf] .plNnlvt cfwf/df jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ̂ ^sf] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#sf] wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu aflemPsf]cj:Yff gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]tJoxf]/fsf] jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf] tkm{af6k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t'tl/6 lgj]bgdf :jo+ pkl:yt x'g'ePsf ljåfg


472472472472472

clwjQmf >L cRo"tk|;fb v/]nn] jg P]g, @)$(sf] bkmf ^^ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFzn] jgk}bfjf/ nfbL Nofpg] u/La ls;fgsf] 8f]sf]gfDnf]/ bf]kfof rf}kfof hkmt x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .t/ jg t:s/Ldf ;+nUg x'g] 6]«S6/, 6«s, nx/L/ cGo ;jf/L ;fwg hkmt gu/L !) xhf/¿k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf ug]{ lje]bsf/L Joj:yf u/]sf]5 . ctM ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# ljk/Ltsf] pk/f]QmJoj:yf ab/ u/L To:tf ;jf/L ;fwg;d]t hkmtx'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{ egL ljkIfLsf gfpFdfk/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t ax; ug'{eof] .

k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:ytljåfg gfojdxfGofoflwjQmf >L /fhgf/fo0f kf7s/ ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L t]hgf/fo0f kf}8]nn]lgj]bg bfjL c:ki6 /x]sf] 5 . lauf]sf cfwf/df;hfodf leGgtf /xg ;Sg] s'/f :jfefljs xf] .sd lauf] ePsf] d'2fdf a9L d"Nosf] ;jf/L;fwg hkmt gx'g] Joj:yf cf}lrTok"0f{ ePsf]n]l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/g'kb{5 eGg];d]t ax;k|:t't ug'{eof] .

ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] pko'{Qmax; lhsL/ dgg\ u/L l/6 lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;ncWoog u/L x]bf{ jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ̂ ^ sf]k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+z g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# sf] wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtf;DaGwL Joj:yf;FuaflemPsf] 5, 5}g / lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf]cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf], xf]Og eGg] ljifodf lg0f{olbg'kg]{ x'gcfPsf] 5 .

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ u/La ls;fgn]k|of]u ug]{ xFl;of, v'kf{ tyf 8f]sf]gfDnf], uf]?uf8fnufotsf af]emafxs ;fwg hkmt x'g] t/wgLdfgLn] k|of]u ug]{ 6«s, nx/L, 6]«S6/nufotsf;fwg hkmt gx'g] jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^^sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFz e]befjk"0f{ ePsf]n]ab/ u/L To:tf ;fwg;d]t hkmt x'g] Joj:yf

ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/Lul/kfpFm eGg] g} lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu bfjL /x]sf]b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{x¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ lauf]sf]dfqfcg';f/ sd d"Nosf af]emafxs ;fwg hkmtx'g] / a9L d"No kg]{ ;jf/L ;fwg hkmt gu/Lyk ;hfo x'g] u/L ePsf] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtk|lts"n gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bgvf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg];d]t lhsL/ lnOPsf] kfOG5 .

#= o;df lgj]bsn] jg P]g, @)$( sf]bkmf ^^ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFz ;+ljwfg;FuaflemPsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvFbf k|ydtM;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yf b[li6ut ug'{ jf~5gLo x'gcfPsf] 5 . pQm bkmf ^^ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf]b]lvG5 M–

^^= a/fdb ePsf] dfnj:t' hkmt x'g]M– of]P]gadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;"/ u/]sf]7xl/Pdf s;"/df a/fdb ePsf ;a}af]emafxs, cf}hf/, rf}kfof / cGo;fwgx¿ hkmt x'g] 5g\ .

t/ lauf] bz xhf/ ¿k}ofFeGbfsDtL df]n kg]{ jg k}bfjf/ nfbL Nofpg]6]«S6/, 6«s, nx/L, df]6/ / cGo ;jf/L;fwgsf] xsdf To:tf] ;jf/L ;fwg hkmtgu/L pQm sfo{ ug]{nfO{ cGo bkmfn] x'g];hfodf bz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd yk;hfo x'g]5 .

$= pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cWoogaf6bkmf ^^ n] d'VotM jg P]g cGtu{tsf] s;"/dfa/fdb ePsf af]emafxs, cf}hf/, rf}kfof /cGo ;fwgx¿ hkmt x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .s;"/ ubf{ k|of]u ePsf To:tf ;fwgx¿ a/fdbul/g] eGg] ;f] Joj:yf k|i6, af]wuDo / cf}lrTok"0f{

473473473473473

*(*& –*(*& –*(*& –*(*& –*(*& – cRo"tk|;fb v/]n lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

g} b]lvg cfpF5 . t/ ;f]xL bkmfsf] k|ltaGwfTdsjfSofFzn] bzxhf/ ¿k}ofFeGbf sd df]n kg]{ jgk}bfjf/ nfbL Nofpg] 6]«S6/, 6«s, nx/L / cGo;jf/L ;fwg hkmt gu/L ;f] sfo{ ug]{nfO{ cGobkmfcg';f/ x'g] ;hfodf bzxhf/ ¿k}ofF;Ddyk ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgj]bsn]bkmf ^^ sf] d"n Joj:yf geO{ k|ltaGwfTdsjfSofFzdf ul/Psf] ;f]xL Joj:yf c;dfg ePsf]lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yf 5 .

%= ;txL¿kdf x]bf{ lgj]bsn] lhsL/lnPcg'¿k ls;fgx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfGok|s[ltsf 3/]n' cf}hf/ / af]emafxs ;fwgx¿hkmt x'g] t/ 6]«S6/, 6«s, nx/L cflb ;jf/L;fwg k|of]u u/L jg P]gåf/f lgif]lwt s;"/ePdf To:tf ;fwg hkmt gx'g] pQm Joj:yfc;dfg jf e]befjk"0f{ h:tf] k|tLt x'g ;Sb5 .j:t'tM kmf}hbf/L sfg"g pNnª\3gsf] dfqf /kl/df0fcg';f/ b08 ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf leGgtf/xg] s'/f c:jfefljs x'Fb}g . b08gLlt s;"/sf]dfqfcg';f/ ;hfodf leGgtf x'g] l;4fGts}hudf v8f ePsf] x'G5 . s;"/df /x]sf];+nUgtf jf e"ldsf ljrf/ gu/L cf/f]k nufPs}e/df ;a}nfO{ ;dfg k|s[ltsf] ;hfo ug'{kb{5eGg] dfGotf Goflos ljj]sdf cfwfl/t geO{oflGqs x'g k'Ub5 . t/ Ps} k|s[ltsf] s;"/dfs'g} x}l;otsf cfwf/df ;hfodf lje]b ul/G5eg] To:tf] b08gLlt lje]bsf/L x'gk'Ub5 .b [i6fGtsf nflu pxL k|s[ltsf ] plQ g}kl/df0fsf] jg k}bfjf/ nfbL Nofpg] Pp6fls;fgsf] uf]?uf8f hkmt ug]{ / csf]{sf] gug]{Joj:yf ul/G5 eg] To:tf] sfg"g ;dfgtfsf]l;4fGtljk/Lt x'g;Sb5 . t/ uf]? uf8f /:jrflnt ;jf/L ;fwg hkmt ug]{ / gug]{eGg] ;DaGwdf Pp6} dfkb08 sfod gePsf]s'/fnfO{ c;dfg ePsf] dfGg ldNb}g .

^= juL{s/0f (Classification) ul/Ps}sf/0fn] dfq s'g} klg sfg"g e]befjo'Qm eGgldNb}g . t/ To;/L juL{s/0f ug]{ cfwf/ /sf/0f j:t'lgi7, af]wuDo, ts{;Ddt\ / Gofof]lrt\eg] x'g}kb{5 . ljjflbt k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFzn]af]emafxs ;fwgsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df hkmtug]{ / gug]{ ;DaGwdf s]xL lje]b v8f u/]sf]b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] lje]bdf To;/L lje]b ug'{kg]{ljj]s;Ddt\ leGgtf (Intelligible diferentia),ts{;Ddttf (Rationality) / sfg"g;Ddt\ p2]Zo(Lawful objective) /fv]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] s'/f x]l/g'kb{5 .

&= j:t'tM pk/f]Qm sfg"gn] af]emafxs;fwg hkmt x'g] / gx'g] km/s Jojxf/ ug{sf]nflu s;"/sf] lauf] / ;jf/Lsf] k|sf/nfO{ cfwf/agfPsf] b]lvG5 . bz xhf/ ¿k}ofFeGbf a9Ldf]n lauf] sfod ePsf] jf/bftdf pk/f]Qmk|ltaGwfTds jfSofFzsf] Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g]l:ylt g} b]lvFb}g . lsgls lauf]sf] dfqf bzxhf/gf£b5 eg] af]emafxs h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] ;jf/L;fwg hkmt ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] ljifodf ;dfgdfkb08 cjnDag x'g] b]lvG5 . t/ lauf] bzxhf/ ¿k}ofFeGbf sd ePsf] cj:yfdf eg]af]emafxs ;fwgsf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df To:tf];fwg hkmt x'g] jf gx'g] eGg] k[ys–k[ysdfkb08 clVtof/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf]nflu 6] «S6/, 6«s, nx/L, df]6/nufotsfOlGhgaf6 rNg] :jrflnt ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{Ps ju{df juL{s/0f u/L :yfgLo / 3/]n' k|s[ltsfaf]emafxs ;fwgnfO{ km/s juL{s/0fdf /fVgvf]h]sf ] b]lvG5 . To:tf 3/]n' k|s[ltsf;fwgx¿df lgj ]bsn] pNn ]v u/ ]h:t }8f]sf]gfDnf], uf8f, rf}kfof cflb kg{ ;Sb5g\ .k|s[lt / d"No ;d]tsf] cfwf/df tL ;jf/L;fwgnfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ ldNg] g} b]lvPsf] /


474474474474474

To:tf] juL{s/0fdf af]wuDotf ;d]t b]lvg] x'FbfcGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvFb}g .

*= bkmf ̂ ^ sf] d'Vo p2]Zo jg;DaGwLs;"/df k|of]u ePsf] af]emafxs / cf}hf/x¿hkmt ug]{ xf] . k/Gt' bz xhf/eGbf sDtLdf]n kg]{ jg k}bfjf/ cf];f/k;f/ ug{ k|of]uePsf] af]emafxssf xsdf To:tf] af]emafxssf]k|s[lt / d"NofÍgsf cfwf/df hkmt gug]{ckjfbfTds Joj:yf k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFzdf;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . s;"/sf] lauf] !)xhf/eGbf sd 5 t/ ;f] s;"/df k|of]u ePsf];jf/L ;fwg nfvf}+ d"Nosf] 5 eg] yf]/} lauf]dfw]/} d"Nosf] ;jf/L ;fwg hkmt ug'{ Gofof]lrt\gx'g ;Sg] ljwflosL cfzo x'g;Qm5 . To;}n]3/]n' k|s[ltsf af]emafxsx¿sf] d"No /OlGhgaf6 rNg] :jrflnt af]emafxssf] d"No;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L hkmt x'g] / gx'g] sfg"gLdfkb08 to ul/Psf] af]wuDo g} b]lvG5 .hkmt gul/g] To:tf ;jf/L ;fwgsf xsdfcGo bkmfn] x'g] ;hfodf bz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Ddyk ;hfo x'g] ;f]xL k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFzsf]Joj:yf b]lvG5 . o;af6 To:tf ;jf/L ;fwghkmt geP klg lauf]sf] ;fk]Iftfdf yk;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/L ;dfgtf sfod ug{vf]lhPsf] k|i6 b]lvPsf] 5 . hkmt x'g] egLsfg"gn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf af ]emafxssf];Defljt d"NofÍg a/fa/ g} hkmt gx'g];fwgsf xsdf yk ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ePs}b]lvFbf ljjflbt sfg"g ;dfgtfsf] ljk/Lttyf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] b]lvg cfPg .

(= t;y{, plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0faf6lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# ;Fu aflemPsf]egL cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug{ dfu u/]sf] jgP]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ̂ ^ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFz;+ljwfg;Ddt\ g} b]lvg cfPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg

dfuadf]lhd cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul//xg'k/]g . ctM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .

k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLGof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx

Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn kmfu'g @$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\=Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL

lg0f{o g+=*(**

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx

dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;

kmf}=k'=O{=g+=)^*–CF–))!^km};nf ldltM @)^(.^.!*.%

d'2fM st{Jo Hofg .

k 'g/fjb ]s k | ltjfbL M lhNnf ¿kGb ]x L ,uf=lj=;=k/f]{xf, j8f g++= ^ ags§f 3/eO{ lhNnf sf/fuf/ zfvf, ¿kGb]xLdfy'gfdf /x]sf] cDa/axfb'/ k'g du/

lj?4k|ToyL{ jfbLM ljgf]b zdf{;d]tsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn

;/sf/

&&&&&

475475475475475

*(** –*(** –*(** –*(** –*(** – cDa/axfb'/ k'g du/ lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

z'¿ km};nf ug]{M–df=Gof=>L xl/s'df/ kf]v/]n

k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{Mdf=d'=Gof=>L s]z/L/fh kl08tdf=Gof=>L Ps/fh cfrfo{

§ s'g} cd's 36gf jf Jojxf/ s'g} JolQmsfnflu tTsfn} uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] /L; p7\g]ljifo aGg ;Sb5 eg] s;}sf nflu;fdfGo jf s;}s;}nfO{ /L;} gp7\g] klgx'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] s] s:tf] cfr/0f jfJojxf/af6 s] s:tf] k|s[ltsf] s] sltdfqfdf /L; p7\5 jf p7\b}g eGg] s'/fsf]:jLsfo{ dfkb08 agfpg ;lhnf] x'Fb}g .t/ tTsfn p7]sf] /L;af6 cfj]zdf cfO{ul/g] cfr/0f, Jojxf/ jf lqmofsnfksf]Go"gtd\ :jLsfo{ dfkb08 eg] x'g ;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!)_§ 3fF6L GofsL k6s–k6s 6]a'ndf 6fpsf]

7f]SsfOPsf] sf/0faf6 a]xf]; eO{ e"OFdfn8]sL dlxnfnfO{ lghs} -r'GgL_ ;nn]3fF6L s;]/ dfl/Psf] lqmof d'n'sL P]gHofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= n] kl/sNkgfu/]sf] tTsfn p7]sf] /L; yfDg g;sLu/]sf]] sfo{ tyf ;fdfGo nf7f, 9'Ëf jfnft d'Ssfn] xfg]sf] cj:yf ge} 3fF6Ldf;nn] s;L df/]sf] lqmofnfO{ o;cGtu{t;dfj]z ug{ gldNg] .

§ k6s–k6s 6fpsf] 7f]SsfO{ klxn] g} a]xf];eO{ n8]sf] JolQmsf] k'gM 3fF6L s;Ldfg]{;Ddsf] sfo{ ul/G5 eg] To:tf]dfdflg; dfg]{ dg;fo lyof] lyPg egLvf]hL ul//xg' kb}{g . ;f] sfo{ :jo+ g}dg;fo k'li6 x'g] kof{Kt / j:t'lgi7cfwf/ xf] . o:tf sltko qm"/ / cdfgjLo

xTofsf jf/bftdf cfk/flws sfo{af6 g}dg;fo lgM;[t x'g] x'Fbf dg;fo tTjsf]lg/k]If vf]hL ug{ cfjZos gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=!!_

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLtkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmfrGb|sfGt 1jfnL

k|ToyL{ jfbLtkm{af6McjnlDat ghL/M

§ g]sfk @)^$, lg=g+=&*(!, k[i7 !#%!;Da4 sfg"gM

§ d'n'sL P]g Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_,!$ g+=

km};nfGof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfxM Gofo k|zf;g

P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgcbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)^^.%.#) sf] km};nfpk/k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df ;fwssf] /f]xaf6o; cbfntaf6 km};nf eO;s]sf] sf/0f k'gM;dfg:t/sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] x]g{ gldNg] eO{k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 x]l/g' kg]{ eGg] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf]cfb]zadf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] k|:t'td'2fsf]] ;+lIfKt tYo Pjd\ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M–

ldlt @)^$.^.!* ut] lbpF;f] cGbfhL%M)) ah]sf] ;dodf Ps hgf cGbfhL jif{ #%sf] k'?if, lghs} ;fydf cGbfhL jif{ #) sLdlxnf;d]t d]/f] gjb'uf{ nhdf cfO{ cDa/ k'gsf]gfpFdf lgh dlxnfn] ( g+= sf]7f a's u/La;]sf]df laxfgsf] vfgf vfg;d]t aflx/ cfPgg\ .$ ah];Dd klg lghx¿ sf]7faf6 glg:s]sf]n]x]g{ hfFbf pQm sf]7fsf] 9f]sf aflx/af6 r's'nnufPsf], leq kª\vf rn]sf] cfjfh ;'g]sf]n]9f]sf vf]nL x]bf{ sf]7fleq e"OFdf pQfgf] cj:yfdflgh dlxnf d[t e]l6Psf] / cDa/ k'g eGg]


476476476476476

JolQm gePsf]n] lgh} cDa/ k'gsf] st{Joaf6lgh dlxnfsf] d[To' ePsf]n] kqmfp u/L sf/jfxLul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljgf]b zdf{sf] hfx]/Lb/vf:t .

lhNnf lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf j8fg++=$ l:yt gjb'uf{ nhsf] sf]7f g+=( df n]l8hAofu v'Nnf cj:yfdf /x]sf], ;f] AofudfcDa/axfb'/ k'g, lhNnf ¿kGb]xL, k/f]{xf–^ ags§fpNn]v ePsf] Unf]jn sDKo'6/ sG;N6]G;L ;le{;/ /f]on OlGi6Ro'6 ckm 6'l/;]G6 a]l;s xf]6nDofg]hd]G6sf kmf]6f];lxtsf] @ yfg kl/rokq/x]sf], cGbfhL jif{ #) sL dlxnf d[ts cj:yfdf/x]sf], d[tssf] lgwf/sf] afofFtkm{ gLn8fd /x]sf],d'vaf6 /ut au]sf], 3fF6Ldf ;nn] ufF7f] kf/Ls;]sf] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] 36gf:yn Pjd\ nfzk|s[lt d'r'Nsf .

36gf:yndf k]mnf k/]sf] kl/rokqdfePsf] kmf]6f]jfnf JolQm / d[ts;Fu sf]7fdf a'sug{ cfpg] JolQm Ps} JolQm xf] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]]ljgf]b zdf{sf] ;gfvt sfuh .

d b/vf:tjfnfsf] efO s'nrGb| kf}8]nxfn j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ;fpbLc/adf 5g\ . a'xf/L lgd{nf kf}8]n / lghsf]5f]/f jif{ * sf] lgs'~h kf}8]n;d]t lhNnf¿kGb]xL, k/f]{xf uf=lj=;=j8f g++= ^ df 8]/fu/L a:b} cfPsL lyOg\ . ;f]xL 8]/f glhsa:g] cDa/axfb'/ k'gn] lgh a'xf/L;Fu cg'lrt;DaGw /fvL efOn] ljb]zaf6 k7fPsf] aL;f}+nfv ¿k}ofF;d]t lxgfldgf u/L ;f]xL s'/fdfa'xf/L / lgh h'NdL cDa/axfb'/ k'gsf] ljjfbk/L pQm ¿k}ofF vfg] lgotn] a'xf/L lgd{nfnfO{lhNnf lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, j8fg+ + =$ l:yt gjb'uf { nhdf NofO { ldlt@)^$.^.!* ut] $M)) ah]sf] ;dodf st{Jou/L df/]sf] x'Fbf kqmfp u/L sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm

eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] e/tdl0f kf}8]nsf] hfx]/Lb/vf:t .

b]vfOPsf % hgf JolQmx¿ dWo] pQ/af6t];|f] / blIf0faf6 klg t];|f] JolQm g} ldlt@)^$.^.!* ut] laxfg d]/f] nhsf] ( g+=sf]7fa's ug]{, d[ts lgd{nf kf}8]n;Fu cfpg] tyf36gf:yndf km]nf k/]sf kl/rokqdf kmf]6f]ePsf] JolQm g} xf] . lgh lhNnf ¿kGb]xL, k/f]{xfuf=lj=;=j8f g++= ^ ags§f a:g] jif{ @( sf]cDa/axfb'/ k'g /x]5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]] ljgf]bzdf{sf] ;gfvt sfuh .

d[tssf] 3fF6Ldf Zjf; k|Zjf; aGbePsf] sf/0f d[To' ePsf], osLg s'/f le;]/fk/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkZrft\ v'nfpg;lsg] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg .

d}n] d[ts lgd{nf kf}8]n;Fu k6s–k6su/L ¿=@*,))).–lnPsf]df lghn] ¿=# nfvlnPsf] egL ljjfb u/]sLn] lghnfO{ ldlt@)^$.^.!* ut] lhNnf lrtjg, e/tk'/gu/kflnsf j8f g++=$ l:yt gjb'uf{ nhsf]sf]7f g+=( df 6fpsf] 6]a'ndf 7f]SsfO{ 3fF6LGofsL lbPkl5 e"OFdf nDk;f/ k/]sLn] lghs};nn] 3fF6L afFwL st{Jo u/L df/]sf] x'F eGg];d]tJoxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL cDa/axfb'/ k'gn] clwsf/k|fKtclwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg .

k|ltjfbL cDa/axfb'/ k'gn] lgd{nfnfO{xTof ug]{ dg;fon] if8oGq u/L, of]hgf agfO{ldlt @)^$.^.!* ut] lhNnf lrtjg, e/tk'/gu/kflnsf j8f g+=$ l:yt ljgf]b zdf{n];~rfng u/]sf] gjb'uf{ nhdf NofO{ pQm nhsf]( g+=sf]7fdf 3fF6L GofsL 6]a'ndf 7f]SsfO{ e"OFdfn8fO{ tTkZrft\ lgh lgd{nfs} ;nn] 3fF6LdfafFwL st{Jo u/L df/]sf] jf/bft k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n]k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] sfo{ d''n'sL P]g, Hofg;DaGwLdxnsf] ! g+=tyf !#-#_ g+= cg';f/sf] s;"/

477477477477477


ck/fw x'g cfPsf]n] lgh k|ltjfbL cDa/axfb'/k'gnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfoul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]] cleof]u kq .

d}n] k/f]{xf–^, ags§fdf sDo'lgs]zg;~rfng u/L cfPsf] lyPF . >Ldfg\nfO{ kmf]gug]{ qmddf lgd{nf kf}8]n d]/f] sDo'lgs]zgdfcfpg] ug'{x'GYof] . ;f]xL qmddf lgh;Fu d]/f]lrghfg ePsf] xf] . lgd{nfsf] >Ldfg\ ljb]zdfx'g'x'GYof] . lj:tf/} lgh;Fu d]/f] zf/Ll/s;Dks{;d]t x'g yfNof] . lghn] d;Fu k};fdfUg yfNg'eof], d}n] lbFb} uPF . d}n] xf]6nd]g]hd]G6 l;Sg], sDKo'6/ l;Sg] qmddf lghn]l8:6a{ u/L dnfO{ ljb]z hfg;d]t /f]Sg'eof] .lgd{nfn] cfkm"nfO{ pkrf/ u/fpg egL d;Fuw]/} k};f lng'eof] . lgd{nfnfO{ pkrf/ u/fpg]qmddf lgh / d ldlt @)^$.^.!* ut]gf/fo0fu9 cfO{ gjb'uf{ nhdf a;]sf lyof}+F .;f] ;do lghn] d;Fu ¿=#,)),))).– dfuu/]sf]df d}n] lbg g;Sg] atfPF . To;kl5 lbg]eP b]p gq s]6fx¿ nufP/ lk6\5' df5'{ egLwDsL lbOg\ . lgd{nfn] dnfO{ ufnL klg ul/g\,xft klg 5fl8g\, d k|];/sf] /f]uL ePsf]n] /L;p7\of] . xfdLaLr ws]nfws]n xfgfxfg eof] .d}n] lgd{nfnfO{ 6]a'ndf 7f]SsfO{ lbPF, pgLa]xf]; cj:yfdf eOg\ . To;kl5 lghs} s'tf{;'?jfn;Fu nufpg] r'GgL -;n_ n] 3fF6Ldfs;]F / To;k5 d aflx/ lg:s]F . d}n] @%÷#);]s]G8 hlt 3fF6L s;]sf] x'F . ;f] ;dodf lghsf]d[To' e} ;s]sf] lyof] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]] k|ltjfbLcDa/axfb'/ k'gn] lrtjg lhNnf cbfntdfu/]sf] aofg .

ldlt @)^$.^.!* ut] d[ts dlxnfn]cDa/ k'gsf] gfpFdf d]/f] gjb'uf{ nhsf] sf]7f g++=( a's u/]sL, laxfg xf]6ndf vfgf vfg klggcfPsf] / a]n'sf $M)) ah] aflx/af6 r's'n

nufPsf], sf]7fleq k+vf rln/x]sf] ;'gL k+vfaGb ug{sf] nflu r's'n vf]Nbf dlxnfsf] d[tcj:yfdf nfz b]vL k|x/LnfO{ va/ u/]sf] x'F .d[ts dlxnfsf] Aofudf lgh;Fu cfpg] JolQmcDa/ k'gsf] kl/rokq / lr¶Lkq ;d]t /x]5 .d[ts lgd{nf kf}8]nnfO{ dfg]{ JolQm cDa/ k'g g}xf] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnf ljgf]b zdf{n]z'¿ lhNnf cbfntdf u/]sf] askq .

k|ltjfbL cDa/ k'gsf] lk=l;=cf]=kmf]gePsf] sf/0f d[ts lgd{nf >Ldfg\nfO{ ljb]zkmf]g ug{ cfpg] qmddf k|ltjfbL;Fu cj}w ;DaGwsfod ePsf] yfxf ePsf] xf] . d[tsn] lghsf]>Ldfg\n] ljb]zaf6 k7fPsf] k};f k|ltjfbLnfO{;fk6L lbg] u/]sL / ;f] /sd lkmtf{ dfUbfk|ltjfbLn] glbO{ /sd ltg'{k5{ eGg] 7fgLlgd{nfnfO{ nnfO{kmsfO{ gf/fo0fu9 NofO{ st{Jou/L df/]sf] xf] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnfe/tdl0f kf}8]nn] z'¿ lhNnf cbfntdf u/]sf]askq .

d[ts lgd{nf kf}8]n d]/f] 3/df 8]/f u/La:g'x'GYof] . k|ltjfbL cDa/ k'g / d[ts lgd{nfaLr@÷$ dlxgf cufl8b]lv n]gb]g Jojxf/df v6k6rln/x]sf] lyof] . n]gb]g Jojxf/ gldn]sf]/L;Olasf] sf/0f k|ltjfbLn] lgd{nfnfO{gf/fo0fu9df NofO{ df/]sf x'g\ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]]df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ lr/~hLjL vgfnn] z'¿lhNnf cbfntdf u/]sf] askq .

hfx]/jfnfåosf] ls6fgL hfx]/L b/vf:t/ ;f ]x L ldnfgsf ] lghx¿sf ] askq,cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf sfuh ug]{ lr/~hLjLvgfnn] u/ ]sf ] askq tyf k | ltjfbLn]clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L / cbfntdf u/]sf];flatL aofg ;d]tsf k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbLpk/sf]cleof]u bfjL k'li6 e}/x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] tTsfnp7]sf] /L;sf] cfj]zdf lgd{nf kf}8]nnfO{ st{Jo


478478478478478

u/L df/]sf] eGg] k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf u/]sf]aofgsf cfwf/df dfq cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sfxf]Ogg\ egL Goflos lgisif{ lgsfNg ldn]g .ctM k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/]sf]n]Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{Zj;lxthGds}b x'G5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'¿ lrtjglhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.#.!% df ePsf]km};nf .

clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIfsf] aofgd]/f] OR5fljk/Lt u/fOPsf] xf] . k|df0f P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08-s_-@_ ljk/Lt ePsf] To:tf] aofgnfO{ dfqcfwf/ lng ldNb}g . d[tsnfO{ dfg'{kg]{;Ddsf]d]/f] s'g} k"j{ /L;Ola 5}g . tTsfn p7]sf]/L; yfDg g;sL ws]nL lbFbf 6]a'ndf 7f]lSsO{d[To' x'g k'u]sf] xf] . d[tsnfO{ hj/\h:tLs'6kL6 u/L 3fF6L lyrL st{Jo u/L dfg]{p2]Zo /fvL rf]6 k|xf/ u/]sf] eP d[ts cflQP/?g] s/fpg] u'xf/ dfUg] cj:yf x'GYof] . t/To:tf] cj:yf gx'Fbf tTsfn p7]sf] /L; yfDgg;sL ws]nL lbFbf 6]a'ndf 7f]lSsO{ a]xf];ePsf] sf/0f d[To' ePsf] k|i6 5 . 36gf;'lgof]lht tl/sfn] dfg] { g} p2]Zo /fvL36fPsf] xf]Og eGg] k'li6 e}/x]sf]n] o:t}k|s[ltsf] d'2fdf >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 g]sfk@)$@, lg=g+=#@%# df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt;d]tljk/Lt ePsf] z'¿ km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/u/L ;kmfO kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]] k|ltjfbLcDa/axfb'/ k'g du/sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

ldl;n ;+nUg k|ltjfbLsf] aofg;d]tsf]sfuhsf] k|s[ltn] tTsfn p7]sf] /L; cfj]usf]sf/0faf6 36\gf jf/bft ePsf] eGg] cj:yfdfz'¿sf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] d'n'sLP]g c=a+=@)@ g+=adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/LjsLn sfof{no, x]6f}+8fnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/

k]z ug'{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,x]6f}+8fsf] cfb]z .

d[tssf] zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6Zjf; k|Zjf; aGb ePsf] sf/0fn] lghsf]d[To' ePsf] eGg];d]t pNn]v ePsf], d[tssf]cg'xf/df rf]6k6sx¿ nfu]sf], cg'xf/df /utnfu]sf], nfzsf] 6fpsf] glhs e"OFdf /uthd]sf] b]lvPsf] x' Fbf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLcDa/axfb '/ k 'g du/n ] clwsf/k | f Ktclwsf/L;dIf / cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg,hfx]/jfnf ljgf]b zdf{ tyf e/tdl0f kf}8]nsf]hfx]/L Joxf ]/f / askq;d]tsf ldl;nk|df0fx¿af6 d[ts lgd{nf kf}8]nsf] d[To'k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLs} st{Joaf6 ePsf] tYodfs'g} ljjfb /x]g . t;y{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLcDa/axfb'/ k'g du/nfO{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf]!#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{Zj;lxt hGd s}b ug]{u/L z'¿ lrtjg lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt@)^%.#.!% df ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvFbf;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bgcbfnt, x]6f } +8fsf] ldlt @)^^.%.#) sf]km};nf .

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] pQm km};nfdflrQ a'e]mg . >Ldfg\ ljb]z uPsL dlxnfnfO{of}g ;Dks{ u/L k};fsf] sf/f]af/sf] sf/0faf6xTof ul/Psf] x'g;S5 egL st{Jo Hofg h:tf]d'2fdf ;j{Zj;lxt hGd s}bsf] cfwf/ lnOPsf]q'l6k"0f{ 5 . xfdLaLr k|]d a:b} uPkl5 lghnfO{cf}iflw pkrf/ u/fpg lrtjg lnP/ cfPsf]xf] . t/ PSsf;L tLg nfv ¿k}ofF lbg] ePb]p gq s]6fx¿ nufP/ s'6\5', df5'{ egLcg]s lsl;dsf] wDsL lbFb} dnfO{;d]t k6s–k6s xfg]sLn] pRr /Qmrfksf] lj/fdL ePsf]x'gfn] tTsfn p7]sf] /L; yfDg g;sL 6]a'ndf7f]lSsg uO{ a]xf]; ePkl5 r'GgLn] 3fF6Ldf

479479479479479


afFwL lbFbf d[To' ePsf] xf] . d}n] lghnfO{dfg]{ dg;fo /fvL, of]hgf agfO{ df/]sf] xf]Og .d}n] lghnfO{ k};f lbg'kg]{ klg lyPg . cf}iflwpkrf/ u/fpg lnO{ lxF8]sf] JolQmn] ;f]xLJolQmnfO{ dfg'{kg]{ s'g} cj:yf gePsf]n] z'¿/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L;kmfO kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfnt;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bgkq .

o;df k|:t't d'2f ;fwssf] /f]xdf k]zx'Fbf o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;fws;b/ x'g] 7x/L ldlt @)^&.(.#) df km};nfe};s]sf] cj:yfdf k|:t't k'g/fj]bg bfo/ x'gcfPsf] b]lvG5 . To;/L ;dfg:t/sf] Ohnf;af6;fwssf] /f]xdf km};nf e};s]sf] kl/k|]Io x'Fbfk|:t't d'2fsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] nut s§f u/Lk"0f{ Ohnf;;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.!.!# df ePsf]cfb]z .

lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t'td'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:ytljåfg clwjQmf >L rGb|sfGt 1jfnLn]k'g/fj]bssf] d[tsnfO{ dfg'{kg]{ ;Ddsf] k"j{/L;Ola s]xL b]lvFb}g . cf}iflw pkrf/ u/fpglnO{ lxF8]sf]df d[tsn] tTsfn p7fPsf] /L;yfDg g;sL k|:t't jf/bft ePsf] b]lvG5 .tTsfn p7]sf] /L; yfDg g;sL k|xf/ u/]sf]sfo{{ cfj]z k|]l/t x'g] egL g]sfk @)^$,lg=g+=&*(!, k[i7 !#%! df l;4fGt;d]tk|ltkfbg ePsf] x'Fbf z'¿ / k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]km};nf pN6L u/L k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ;kmfO lbg'kb{5egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .

k'g/fj]bg kq;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhftcWoog u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfldn]sf] 5, 5}g / k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg

lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{olbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbLn] lgd{nf kf}8]nsf] 3fF6L GofsL, 6]a'ndf7f]SsfO{, e"OFdf n8fO{ tTkZrft\ ;nn] 3fF6LdfafFwL st{Jo u/L df/]sf] x' Fbf d'n'sL P]gHofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfoul/kfpFm eGg];d]t cleof]u dfu bfjL /x]sf]b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL cf/f]lkt s;"/df;fljt /x]sf] eGg];d]t cfwf/df z'¿n]cleof]u dfuadf]lhd d'n'sL P]g Hofg;DaGwLdxnsf] !#-#_ g+= sf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x¥ofO{;j{Zj;lxt hGds}b ;hfo u/]sf] km};nfk'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;d]t ;b/ ePsf] /;fws lgsf;fsf nflu k]z ePsf]df o;cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;fws ;b/ePsf] cj:yf /x]5 . k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kq /;fws Ps} ;fy ;+nUg gePsf] sf/0faf6;fwspk/ km};nf ePklg k|ltjfbLn] lbPsf]k 'g/fj ]bg af FsL g } /x ]sf ] tyf ;+o 'QmOhnf;af6 ;fwssf] /f]xaf6 km};nf e};s]sf]cj:yf x'Fbf k|:t't d'2f k"0f{ Ohnf;;dIfk]z ePsf] b]lvof] .

#= k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xs sfg"gL xsePsf]n] ;fwssf] /f]xaf6 OG;fkm hfFr eO;s]sf]eGg] cy{ ubf{ k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] JolQmsf];f/jfg\ clwsf/ g} ;ª\s'rg x'g] x'Fbf ;fwssf]/f]xaf6 ePsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] km};nf :jtMab/ eO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 OG;fkm x'g] egLk'g/fj]bs lxdf s'df/L e§/fO{ lj?4 >L % sf];/sf/;d]t ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf o;cbfntsf] a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o eO{l;4fGt k|ltkfbg -g]sfk @)%&, cÍ !).!!,k[i7 &)$_ ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm k|ltkflbtl;4fGt / sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df


480480480480480

k|:t't d'2fdf ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bgsf]/f]xaf6 OG;fkm ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] ;fwssf] /f]xaf6;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] u/]sf] ldlt @)^&.(.#) sf]km};nf ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 .

$= ca, k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 kg{cfPsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 ljrf/ubf{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt s;"/df;fljt xF'b} clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf aofgu/ ]sf ] b ] lvG5 . ;fy } lgh k | ltjfbLn ]cbfnt;dIfsf] aofgdf ;d]t d[tssf] xTofu/]sf] eGg] cleof]u bfjLsf] cfwf/e"t tYonfO{:jLsf/ u/]s} b]lvP klg k"j{ /L;Ola jfdg;fok"j{s geO{ tTsfn p7]sf] /L; yfDgg;sL df/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvgcfpF5 . ldl;n ;+nUg 36gf:yn tyf nfzk|s[lt d'r'Nsfaf6 d[tssf] 6fpsf] nufotsfljleGg efudf rf]6 k6s nfu]sf], 3fF6Ldf-r'GgL_ ;nn] sl;Psf] cj:yfdf /utkR5]eO{ e"OFdf n8]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . zj k/LIf0fk|ltj]bgaf6 klg d[tssf] 6fpsf] nufotdfuDeL/ k|s[ltsf 3f–rf]6x¿ b]lvg'sf ;fy}d[To'sf] sf/0fdf Asphyxia due to strangulationeGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} hfx]/jfnfljgf]b zdf{ / e/tdl0f kf}8]nsf] df}sfsf]hfx]/L tyf cbfntsf] askq tyf a'lemPsflr/~hLjL vgfnsf ] df }sfsf ] egfO { /cbfnt;dIfsf] askq ;d]tsf ldl;n ;+nUg;a"b k|df0fx¿af6 k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] ]clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] ;flatLaofg ;dly{t e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

%= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] z'¿ cbfntdfu/]sf] aofg / o; cbfnt;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bgkqdf dg;fok"j{s geO{ tTsfn p7]sf] /L;yfDg g;sL lgd{nf kf}8]nsf] xTof u/]sf] eGg]lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . d[ts lgd{nf kf}8]nsf]

s] s'g Aojxf/af6 k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{ tTsfnyfDg} g;Sg] /L; p7]sf]] /x]5 / k|ltjfbLn]d[tssf] xTof ubf{ ckgfPsf] z}nL jf tf}/tl/sf(Modus-operandi) af6 ;f] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 jfx'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] ljZn]if0faf6 g} o;;DaGwLlhsL/sf] ;xL lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 .

^= k|ltjfbLsf] cbfnt;dIfsf] aofgtyf o; cbfnt;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ x]bf{cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm d'VotM cf}ifwf]krf/sfnflu lrtjg lnP/ cfPsL d[ts lgd{nfnfO{cf}iflw ;]jg u/] gu/]sf] tyf lghsf] :jf:Yocj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ;f]wvf]h ubf{ pN6} ltdLnfO{s] dtna egL ufnL u/]sf], xft klg 5f8]sf] /tLg nfv ¿k}ofF lbg] eP b]p gq s]6fx¿nufP/ s'6\5' df5'{ egL wDsL lbPsf];d]tsf/0faf6 To:tf] /L; p7]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]b]lvg cfpF5 .

&= j:t'tM d[tsnfO{ cf}ifwf]krf/sf]nflu lrtjgdf NofO{ u]i6xfp;df /fv]sf]eGg] k'g/fj]bssf] egfO{ b]lvP klg k'g/fj]bs/ k|ltjfbLaLr s'g} gftf ;DaGw gb]lvPsf]tyf ;+/IfsTj u|x0f ug'{kg] { ljj]s;Ddt\cj:yf / l:ylt klg b]lvFb}g . df}sfdf a'lemPsflr/~hLjL vgfn tyf d[tssf b]j/ gftf kg]{hfx]/jfnf e/tdl0f kf}8]nn] d[tssf] kltj}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf] sf/0f k|ltjfbL /d[tsaLr cj}w ;DaGw /x]sf], d[tssf] kltn]ljb]zaf6 k7fPsf] /sd;d]t k|ltjfbLn] g}df:g] u/]sf] / lghsf] 3/ kms{g] cj:yfePsf]n] ;f] /sdsf ;DaGwdf s]xL lbgcl3b]lv g} ljjfb ePsf] x'Fbf pQm /sdltg'{knf{ egL k|ltjfbLn] of]hgfa4 9Ëaf6d[tsnfO{ lrtjg gf/fo0fu9;Dd k'¥ofO{df/ ]sf x'g \ eGg];d]t Joxf ]/f n]vfPsf ]b]lvG5 .

481481481481481


*= d[tssf] /sd cfk"mn] df;]sf] s'/fnfO{k'g/fj]bsn] OGsf/ u/]sf] b]lvP klg lgh;Fudfof k|]d /x]sf] tYo eg] :jLsf/} u/]sf] kfOG5 .To:t}, tTsfn p7]sf] /L; yfDg g;sL ws]nLlbFbf6fpsf] 6]a'ndf 7f]lSsg uO{ a]xf]; ePkl5-r'GgL_ ;nn] 3fF6Ldf afFwLlbFbf d[To' ePsf] xf]egL :jod\ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bgkqdfpNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jf/bftsf ;DaGwdfk'g/fj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] pQm cfwf/e"t tYoaf6klg b]xfosf b'O{ k"jf{j:yf b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M–

-!_ klxnf], d[tsnfO{ ws]nL lbPsf] sf/0f 6]a'ndf6fpsf] 7f]lSsg uO{ a]xf]; ePsf] /

-@_ bf];|f ], To;/L a]xf]; eO{ e"O{df n8]sLdlxnfnfO{ lghs} -r'GgL_ ;nn] 3fF6L s;Ldf/]sf] .

(= d[ts / k|ltjfbLaLr /x]sf] elgPsf]cGo ;DaGw k|;+ujz p7]sf] b]lvP klg ;f]ljifo k|:t't d'2fdf lg¿k0f ug'{kg]{ / ug{ ldNg]ljifo geO{ s]jn jf/bft 36\g'sf] k[i7e"lddfb]vfOPsf] ljifo;Dd b]lvg cfpF5 . pQm ljifodflg/k]If /xL d[tssf] sf/0faf6 g} k'g/fj]bsnfO{yfDg} g;Sg] u/L tTsfn /L; p7]sf] /x]5 egLcg'dfg ubf{ klg k|ltjfbLaf6 s;"/ ug{ cjnDagul/Psf] lqmofn] ;f] s'/f ;dly{t x'G5 jf x'Fb}gegL ;"Id 9Ëaf6 ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

!)= j:t'tM s'g} cd's 36gf jf Jojxf/s'g} JolQmsf nflu tTsfn} uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] /L;p7\g] ljifo aGg ;Sb5 eg] s;}sf nflu ;fdfGojf s;}s;}nfO{ /L;} gp7\g] klg x'g ;Sb5 .To;}n] s] s:tf] cfr/0f jf Jojxf/af6 s] s:tf]k|s[ltsf] s] slt dfqfdf /L; p7\5 jf p7\b}geGg] s'/fsf] :jLsfo{ dfkb08 agfpg ;lhnf]

x'Fb}g . t/ tTsfn p7]sf] /L;af6 cfj]zdf cfO{ul/g] cfr/0f, Jojxf/ jf lqmofsnfksf] Go"gtd\:jLsfo{ dfkb08 eg] x'g ;Sb5 . d'n'sL P]g,Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= df cfj]zk|]l/t xTofsf];DaGwdf ul/Psf] sfg"g Joj:yfaf6 s] s:tf]lqmofsnfknfO{ tTsfn p7]sf] /L; yfDg g;sLul/Psf] Jojxf/sf ¿kdf lng' kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf]dfkb08sf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . pQm !$ g+= sf]agfj6 b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5M–

Hofg dfgf{sf] dg;fo /x]g5, Hofglng'kg]{;Ddsf] Ola klg /x]g5, n'sLrf]/Lsg xfg]sf] klg /x]g5, p;} df}sfdfp7]sf] s'g} s'/fdf /L; yfDg g;sL hf]lvdLxltof/n] xfg]sf] jf ljif v'jfPsf]df afx]s;fwf/0f nf7f, 9'Ëf, nft d'Ssf OToflbxfGbf ;f]xL rf]6 kL/n] P]gsf DofbleqHofg d/]df bz jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ .

pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd cfj]z k|]l/txTof x'gsf] nflu b]xfosf k"jf{j:yf ljBdfgx'g'kg]{ b]lvof]M–

-!_ Hofg dfg]{ dg;fo (Mens-rea) sf] cefj,-@_ k"j{ /L;Ola s]xL gePsf],-#_ n'sL rf]/L gxfg]sf] cyf{t\ ;Lw} lxsf{Psf],-$_ p;} df}sfdf jf tTsfn p7]sf] /L; yfDg

g;s]sf],-%_ hf]lvdL xltof/sf] k|of]u gePsf],-^_ ljif gv'jfPsf],-&_ ;fwf/0f nf7f, 9'Ëf, nft d'Ssfn] dfq

xfg]sf], /-*_ ;f]xL rf]6sf] kL/af6 P]gsf] Dofbleq

d/]sf] .


482482482482482

!!= k |:t 't jf/bftsf ;DaGwdfk|ltjfbLn] d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ cfk\mgf] dg;fogePsf] / tTsfn p7]sf] /L;sf] sf/0faf636gf 36\g k'u]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yf5 . tTsfn /L; p7]sf] sf/0faf6 ws]Ng] /ws]n]sf] sf/0faf6 6]a'n jf cGoq 7f]lSsguO{ To;/L ws]lnPsf] JolQm n8\g], rf]6k6snfUg], a]xf ]; x'g] jf sltko cj:yfdfdg]{;Ddsf] cj:yf klg x'g ;Sb5 . t/, k|:t'td'2fdf ws]n]sf] jf 6fpsf] 7f]lSsPsf] sf/0faf6lgd{nf kf}8]nsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yf 5}g .k'g/fj]bssf] sygadf]lhd lghn] d[tssf]3f F6L GofsL k6s–k6s 6]a'ndf 6fpsf]7f]SsfOPsf] sf/0faf6 a]xf]; eO{ e"OFdf n8]sLdlxnfnfO{ lghs} -r'GgL_ ;nn] 3fF6L s;]/dfl/Psf] eGg] eO{ 36gf k|s[lt ;d]taf6 ;f]egfO{ ;dly{t ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bssf];f] lqmof d'n'sL P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]!$ g+= n] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] tTsfn p7]sf]/L; yfDg g;sL u/]sf]] sfo{sf] kl/efiffcGtu{tkg{ ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . o;/L g} ;fdfGo nf7f,9'Ëf jf nft d'Ssfn] xfg]sf] cj:yf 5}g eg]3fF6Ldf ;nn] s;L df/]sf] lqmofnfO{ o;cGtu{t ;dfj]z ug{ klg ldNb}g . k6s–k6s 6fpsf] 7f]SsfO{ klxn] g} a]xf]; eO{n8]sf] JolQmsf] k'gM 3fF6L s;L dfg]{;Ddsf]sfo{ ul/G5 eg] To:tf]df dflg; dfg]{ dg;folyof] lyPg egL vf]hL ul//xg' kb}{g . k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbLsf] ;f] sfo{ :jo+ g} lghsf] dg;fok'li6 x'g] kof{Kt / j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ xf] . o:tfsltko qm"/ / cdfgjLo xTofsf jf/bftdfcfk/flws sfo{af6 g} dg;fo lgM;[t x'g] x'Fbfdg;fo tTjsf] lg/k]If vf]hL ug{ cfjZosx'Fb}g . cem To;/L dfl/;s]kl5 klg sf]7fsf]9f]sf aflx/af6 aGb u/L k|ltjfbL km/f/ /x]sf]

b]lvPaf6 k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] dg;fok"j{sg} d[tssf] xTof u/]sf] l;4 ePsf] x'Fbf tTsfnp7]sf] /L;sf sf/0faf6 xTof u/]sf] eGg]k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ cfwf/xLg b]lvof] . jf/bftsf]k|s[lt / tYout cj:yf g} leGg /x]sf]k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLn]ax;sf] qmddf pNn]v u/]sf] g]sfk @)^$,lg=g+=&*(!, k[i7 !#%! df k|sflzt l;4fGtk|:t't d'2fdf cfs{lift x'g] b]lvPg .

!@= t;y{, plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0fx¿af6k'g/fj]bsn] d[ts lgd{nf kf}8]nnfO{ dg;fok"j{slghsf] -r'GgL_ ;nn] 3fF6L s;L df/]sf] / ;f] s'/fzj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf ldl;n ;+nUgk|df0fx¿af6 ;dly{t ePsf] b]lvFbf lghsf] ;f]sfo{ d'n'sL P]g, Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= adf]lhdsf]s;"/ /x]sf] b]lvg gcfO{ ;f]xL !#-#_ g+=cGtu{tsf]s;"/ b]lvg cfPsf] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLcDa/axfb'/ k'g du/nfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjLcg';f/s;"/bf/ 7x/ u/L d'n'sL P]g, Hofg ;DaGwLsf]!#-#_ g+=adf]lhd s;"/bf/ 7x¥ofO{ ;j{Zj;lxthGds}bsf] ;hfo u/]sf] z'¿ lrtjg lhNnfcbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntx]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)^^.%.#) sf] km};nf dgfl;ab]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nuts§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .

Gof=sNof0f >]i7Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;

Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h !* ut] /f]h % z'ed\Ohnf;clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL

&&&&&

483483483483483

*(*( –*(*( –*(*( –*(*( –*(*( – /fdk|j]z ;fx ;d]t lj=k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g ;d]t

lg0f{o g+=*(*(

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL

dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{@)^* ;fnsf] l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^*–WO–

)%*)cfb]z ldltM @)^(.!!.@).!

ljifoM– pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .

l/6 lgj]bsM nlntk'/ lhNnf, nlntk'/pkdxfgu/kf lnsf j8f g + = #eujtLdfu{ a:g] /fdk|j]z ;fx;d]t

lj?4ljkIfLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g;d]t

§ ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]cg';"rL ! df plNnlvt s'g} ck/fwdfcg';Gwfgsf] nflu kqmfp k/]sf JolQmnfO{y'gfd} /fvL txsLsft ug'{kg]{ cj:yf:ki6 pNn]v u/]/ dfq k|x/L sfof{non]lx/f;tdf /fVg] cg'dlt dfu ug'{kg]{ /cbfntn] klg cg'dlt lbg ;Sg] .

§ kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ k|x/L lx/f;tdfg/fVbf cg';Gwfg txsLsft g} cj?4x'g hfg] jf cg';Gwfg txsLsftdfk|lts"n k|efj kg]{, kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmn]cfkm"lj?4 nfUg] ;a"b k|df0fdf x:tIf]ku/L gi6 ug{ ;Sg] / lghn] ;dfhdfk'gM ck/fw ug{;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPdfy'gfd} /fv]/ txsLsft ug'{kg]{ . k|x/Llx/f;tdf g/fvL cg';Gwfg x'g ;Sg]

cj:yfdf k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fVg'cf}lrTok"0f{ gb]lvg] .

-k|s/0f g+=^_

lgj]bstkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf tLy{/fh j;f}nfljkIfLtkm{af6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf p4jk|;fb

k'8f;}gL / ljåfg clwjQmf /0faxfb'/ y]j]cjnlDat ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM

§ d'n'sL P]g, c=a+= !& g+=§ ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]

bkmf !%-@_

cfb]zGof=;'zLnf sfsL{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf wf/f !)&-@_adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qleqsf] eO{bfo/ x'g cPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKttYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M–

ljkIfLx¿ dWo ]sf k | ljg >]i7n]lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿, ;jf/L ;fwgx¿ /ltgsf :k]o/ kf6{;\ ;d]t laqmL ug]{ egL d/fdk|j]z ;fx ;~rfns ÷ cWoIf /x]sf] cf/=P=lalhg]; u'|k k|f=ln= sf] vftfaf6 e'QmfgL x'g]u/L r]s lnO{ uO{ d /fdk|;fb bfxfnn] ;f]sDkgLsf] dfWodaf6 nufgL ug]{ ;xdltcg';f/pQm sDkgLsf] a}s vftfdf ldlt @)^^.!!.!)df d / fdk |; fbn ] hDd f u l / lbPsf ]¿=#*,)),))).– dWo]sf] /sdaf6 ;f]xLldltdf pQm r]ssf] /sd tL; nfv ¿k}ofFe'QmfgL lng'ePsf] lyof] . lghn] ;fdfgglbPkl5 a'´\bf lgh ljkIfn] hfn kl/k~ru/L ́ 'SofO{ lghsf] x'b} gePsf] ;fdfg cfkm\gf]xf], laqmL u5'{ egL dnfO{ wf]sf lbO{ ukmntdfkf/L 7u]sf] osLg eof] . ;f] /sd lkmtf{


484484484484484

dfUbf s'6kL6 ug]{ Pj+ Hofg;d]t lng] wDsLlbPsf x'gfn] ljkIfLdWo]sf] dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lkl/;/ nlntk'/df zfGtL ;/Iff u/L kfpglgj]bg lbO{ 7uL u/]tkm{ hfx]/L;d]t lbPsflyof}+ .

lghn] 7uL u/]sf] ljifodf xfdLn] ldlt@)^*.^.( sf lbg ljkIfLdWo]sf] dxfgu/Lok|x/L kl/;/, nlntk'/df hfx]/L lbPkl5 ;f]xLlbgdf kqmfp k/]sf lgh k|ljg >]i7sf lj?4dfsf/jfxL cl3 a9fpg] qmddf ljkIfL dxfgu/Lok|x/L kl/;/n] lghnfO{ lx/f;tdf /fvLaofgnufotsf cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{ ug{ Dofbyksf] nflu ljkIfdWo]sf] nlntk'/ lhNnfcbfntdf k]z u/]sf] lyof] . nlntk'/ lhNnfcbfntaf6 Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/sf] ljjfbnfO{7uL egL p7fg u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / k'g/fj]bgcbfntn] ;f] ljifodf lghnfO{ kqmfp ;d]tgug'{ egL lbPsf] lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]zsf] l;w}pNnª\3g x'g] u/L lghnfO{ kqmfp ul/Psf]cj:yfdf ;f]xL kqmfpnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] u/Lk|x/L lx/f;tdf /fVg / Dofb yk lbg ldn]gegL ldlt @)^*.^.!) df cfb]z eof] . ;f]cfb]z ab/ u/L k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ug{u/fpgsf] nflu cfjZos Joxf]/fsf] cfb]zul/kfpFm egL xfdLn] c=a+= !& g+= cg';f/ljkIfdWo]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf lgj]bglbPsf ]df k 'g/fj ]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6cleo'QmnfO{ y'gfd} g/fv]/ klg ;/sf/ jfbLx'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txsLsft x'g;Sg] b]lvFbf To; cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt@)^*.^.!) sf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] gb]lvFbf kl/jt{gul//xg' k/]g lgj]bg sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ egLldlt @)^*.*.!^ df cfb]z u/]sf] sf/0fn]7uLsf] cg';Gwfgsf] sf/jfxL cufl8 a9\g;s]sf] 5}g .

ljkIfL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 ldlt@)^&.!@.@# df hf/L ePsf] lgif]wf1fn] xfd|f]hfx]/L cg';f/ 7uLdf sf/jfxL ug{ s'g} /f]sgnufPsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g / nlntk'/lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf plNnlvt cfb]zx¿tyf ljkIfL k|x/L sfof{non] xfd|f] hfx]/Lsf]lji fodf cg ';Gwfgsf ] sfo { gu/ ]sf ]sfdsf/jfxLx¿ d'n'sL P]g, 7uLsf] ! / $ g+=sf] k|lts"n x'g'sf ;fy} ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g,@)$( sf] bkmf #, $, &, (, !) ;d]tsf]ljk/Lt 5 . ;fy}, tL sfdsf/jfxLaf6 g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# / !(;d]tn] xfdLnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] xfd|f] df}lns xsxgg\ x'g uPsf] / ;f]sf] pkrf/sf] nflu cGopkrf/sf] dfu{ cefj ePsf] x'gfn] wf/f #@cGtu{t of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf 5f}F .

t;y{, nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf]ldlt @)^*.^.!) sf] cfb]z / k'g/fj]bgcbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!^ sf] cfb]zPj + ;f ] cfb ]zsf cfwf/df eP u/ ]sfsfdsf/jfxLx¿ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/u/L lgj]bsx¿sf] hfx]/Lcg';f/sf] 7uLsf]ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf txsLsftsf ] nfludfuadf]lhdsf] lx/f;tdf /fVg Dofb yk u/Lcg';Gwfg tyf txsLsftsf] sfo{ k"/f u/Lu/fO{ ;/sf/ jfbL kmf}hbf/L ck/fw ePsf]kfOP ljkIfLdWo]sf k|ljg >]i7 / cGo hf] hf];+nUg b]lvG5g\ lghx¿sf lj?4df ;Ifdlgsfo;dIf d'2f bfo/ ug'{ u/fpg' eGg] /k/dfb]zsf ] cfb]znufotsf hf ] rflxg]Joxf]/fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L xfd|f] df}lns xssf]k|rng u/fO{ kfpFm . ;fy} of] l/6 lgj]bgsf]clGtd 6'ª \uf ] gnfu];Dd xfd|f ] hfx ]/Lb/vf:tcg';f/sf] ck/fw cg';Gwfg tyftxsLsftsf] sfo{ hf/L /fVg' eGg] nufotsf

485485485485485


cfjZos Joxf]/fsf] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/Lul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL cfkm}jf cfkm\gf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ lnlvthjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf ;"rgf k7fO{lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ .

l/6 lgj]bgdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L7uL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg k|lqmof hf/L /fVg dfuePtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ cfjZostfg';f/ cg';Gwfgsfo{ hf/L x'g ;Sg] g} ePaf6 cGtl/d cfb]zhf/L ul//xg k/]g eGg] o; cbfntsf] PsGofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^*.(.@$ sf]cfb]z .

l/6 lgj]bsx¿ /fdk|j ]z ;fx //fdk|;fb bfxfnn] ldlt @)^*.^.( ut] k|ljg>]i7sf] lj?4 7uL zLif{ssf] hfx]/L o; kl/;/dflbg' ePsf]df ;f] hfx]/L b/vf:t;DaGwLcg';Gwfg sf/jfxLsf] nflu lgh k|ljg >]i7pQm ldlt @)^*.^.( ut] kqmfp k/L o;kl/;/df bflvnf x'g cfPsf] / ;f] 7uL d'2fdfcg';Gwfg sfo{sf] nflu lx/f;tdf /fVg cg'dlt-Dofb_ sf] nflu ldlt @)^*.^.!) df ;DalGwtldl;n sfuhft / lgh k|ljg >]i7nfO{;DdfgLt lhNnf cbfnt nlntk'/;dIfpkl:yt u/fpFbf Dofb yksf] nflu k]z ePsf]jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL k|ljg >]i7 ePsf]7uL d'2fdf ldlt @)^*.^.!) sf cfb]zfg';f/k|ltjfbL k|ljg >]i7nfO{ cg';Gwfgsf nfluk|:t't d'2fdf Dofb yk ug{ gldNg] u/L cfb]zePsf] x'Fbf cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk / ldl;n;d]t

;fy} /fvL lkmtf{ k7fOPsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5egL ;DdfgLt nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] r=g+=!%!) ldlt @)^*.^.!) ut]sf] kq;fy ldl;n;d]t k|fKt x'g cfPsf]n] ;DdfgLt cbfntsf]cfb]zfg';f/ ;f]xL ldlt @)^*.^.!) ut] g}lgh k|ljg >]i7nfO{ lhDdf hdfgLdf 5f]l8Psf]5 . tTkZrft\ xfn;Dd k|:t't 7uL d'2fdfs'g}klg cg';Gwfg sfo{ cl3 a9]sf] 5}g . t;y{,o;;DaGwL eP u/]sf] ljj/0f Pj+ cg';GwfgePsf] ;Ssn ldl;n o;};fy ;+nUg /fvL;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf k|:t't ul/Psf] Joxf]/f;fb/ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 eGg]\ Joxf]/fsf]dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ nlntk'/sf] tkm{af6k|x/L pk/LIfs ef]uaxfb'/ yfkfsf] lnlvthjfkm .

/fdk|j]z ;fx;d]tsf] hfx]/Ln] jfbLg]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL k|ljg >]i7 ePsf] 7uLd'2fdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]bkmf !%-@_ cg';f/ y'gfdf /fvL d'2fsf]cg';Gwfg ug{ @) lbg lgh k|ljg >]i7nfO{k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fVg Dofb yk ug{ dxfgu/Lok|x/L kl/;/ nlntk'/, hfjnfv]nsf] kqaf6dfu u/]sf] . ldl;n ;+nUg hfx]/jfnfsf] hfx]/Lb/vf:t ;fy ;+nUg s/f/gfdfsf] lnvt x]bf{Go" ;f];fO6L ljN8;{sf tkm{af6 k|ljg >]i7n]b:tvt u/]sf] / cf/ P lahg]z u'|k k|f=ln=sf tkm{af6 /fdk|j]z ;fxn] b:tvt u/]sf]Jofkfl/s k|s[ltsf] s/f/ lghx¿sf aLrdfePsf] b]lvof] . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt nlntk'/sf]@)^& ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= &@^÷)$(( sf]lgif]wf1fsf] d'2fdf lgj]bs k|ljg >]i7 ljkIfLdxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/, nlntk'/ / /fdk|j]z;fx;d]t ePsf] kfOof] . ;f] d'2fdf o; d'2fsfhfx]/jfnfn] lnlvt hjfkm nufpFbf ;d]t clxn]hfx]/Ldf pNn]v ePsf] Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/sf]


486486486486486

ljifo p7fPsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntnlntk'/sf] km};nfaf6 ;f] ljifo b]jfgL k|s[ltsf]ePsf]n] ;f] ljifodf k|ljg >]i7bnfO{ kqmfpug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ ;d]t gug'{ egL lgif]wf1fsf]cfb]z hf/L ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f] ljifonfO{ clxn]7uL egL p7fP/ lghnfO{ lx/f;tdf /fvLd'2fsf] sf/jfxL ug{ Dofb yk dfu u/]sf]b]lvof] . Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/sf] ljjfbnfO{ 7uLegL p7fg u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / k'g/fj]bg cbfntn];f] ljifodf lghnfO{ kqmfp;d]t gug'{ egLlbPsf] lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]zsf] l;w} pNnª\3gx'g] u/L lghnfO{ kqmfp ul/Psf] cj:yfdf;f]xL kqmfpnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] u/L k|x/Llx/f;tdf /fVg Dofb lbg ldn]g . sfg"gadf]lhdug'{ eGg] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*.^.!) dfcfb]z ePsf] 5 . pk/f]Qm cfwf/ k|df0faf6lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpFg ;DdfgLtcbfnt;dIf ;fb/ cg'/f]w 5 eGg] nlntk'/lhNnf cbfntsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]j]/Ltsf] cfb]z jb/ ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bs/fdk|;fb bfxfn;d]tn] o; cbfntdf c=a+=!& g+= adf]lhd lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] k|ltj]bg g+=)^*–RE–)@$^ df nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfnts], æo;df cleo'QmnfO{ y'gfd} g/fv]/ klg;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';GwfgtxsLsft x'g ;Sg] b]lvFbf To; cbfntaf6ePsf] ldlt @)^*.^.!) sf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf]gb]lvFbf kl/jt{g ul//xg' k/]g, sfg"gadf]lhdug'{Æ egL ldlt @)^*.*.!^ df cfb]z ePsf]o; cbfntdf /x]sf] k|ltj]bg btf{ /lhi6«f/af6b]lvG5 . ctM pQm cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt\ ePsf]n]ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd l/6hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og, vf/]h u/L kfpg ;fb/ cg'/f]w

5 eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, nlntk'/sf] lnlvthjfkm .

ldlt @)^^.!!.$ ut] d]/f] sDkgL Go";f];fO6L ljN8;{ k|f=ln= / /fdk|j]z ;fxsf]sDkgL cf/= P= ljhg]; u|'k k|f=ln= aLrdflgdf{0f ;]jfsf] ;fdfg v/Lb u/L laqmLsf] nflus/f/ P]g, @)%^ adf]lhd ;D´f}tf ePcg';f/d]/f] sDkgL Go" ;f];fO6L ljN8;{ k|f=ln=n] rfOgfOG6/g]zgn jf6/ P08 On]S6«f]lgs skf]{/]zg-CWE_ sDkgL;Fu lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;]s]08xof08;fdfg laqmL u/L lbg] egL ldlt @)^^.!).!%ut] ¿=#@,)),))).– -aQL; nfv_ df klxnf]a}gf /sd lnPsf] xf] / k'gM ldlt @)^&.^.!& dfbf];|f] a}gf ul/;s]kl5 ;f] ;dfg /fdk|j]z zfxn]lsGg] egL d]/f] sDkgL / p;sf] sDkgLaLrdf;D´f }tf eof ] . To; ;D´f }tfdf¿=!),%),)),))).– -cIf¿kL bz s/f]8 krf;nfv ¿k}ofF_ df v/Lb laqmL ug]{ ;D´f}tf eof] .sDkgLsf] s/f/ cjlw # dlxgfsf] ePsf]df ljkIfL/fdk|j]z zfxn] # dlxgf;Dd klg /sd lnO{;fdfg v/Lb ug{ gcfPsf] / xfn ;f] ;dfgv/Lbsf] ;D´f}tf ePsf] !! dlxgf eO;Sbf;Ddklg ;Dks{ljlxg x'g'eof] . ljkIfLn] ldlt@)^&.!!.!) ut] dnfO{ ¿=@),)),))).–-cIf¿kL aL; nfv ¿k}ofF_ a/fa/sf] r]s lbPsf]/ ;f] r]s ;f6\gsf nflu a}+s ckm PlzofdfhfFbf r]s g+= @^!^#& r]s gDa/df /sd gePsf]vfnL r]s a}+sn] k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf]n] pQm r]sd]/f ;fydf ePsf] 5 . ;f] r]s a/fa/sf] sfuhu/fpgsf nflu ljkIfLn] lhNnf k|x/L kl/;/nlntk'/df ldlt @)^&.(.!% ut] lgj]bg lbO{ldlt @)^&.(.!^ ut] k|x/Ln] dnfO{ kqmfp ug{cfO{ ;f] r]s a/fa/sf] /sd lbg' geP sfuhug'{ egL k|x/Ln] dnfO{ s'6kL6 ug]{, 8/, qf;,wDsL lbPsf]n] d}n] ldlt @)^&.(.!@ ut]

487487487487487


k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bglbPsf] lyPF . pQm lgj]bgdf ldlt @)^&.(.@*ut] cGtl/d cfb]z ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'Fbf ljkIfL/fdk|j]z ;fx / lgj]bs k|ljg >]i7aLrdfn]gb]g;DaGwL ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]n]sfg"gadf]lhdafx]s n]gb]g d'2fdf xfn kqmfpgug'{ egL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf] / ldlt@)^&.!@.@# ut] ;f] d'2f km};nf x'Fbf cGtl/dcfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 .

ljkIfL /fdk|j ]z zfxn] ;jf ] {Rrcbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg btf{ u/L ldlt @)^*.(.@$ut]sf] sf/0f b]vfp cfb]znfO{ b]vfO{ dxfgu/Lok|x/L kl/;/ nlntk'/af6 dnfO{ ldlt @)^*.!).%ut] kqmfp u/L ldlt @)^*.*.* ut]sf] ldlt/fvL /fdk|;fb bfxfnsf] gfddf ¿=@*,)),))).–-cIf]¿kL c7\7fO; nfv ¿k}ofF_ sf] n]gb]g sfuhu}/sfg"gL ¿kdf u/fPsf]n] ;f] sfuh;d]t ab/u/L ljkIfLn] n]gb]g d'2fnfO{ kmf}hbf/L agfpgvf]h]sf] / dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ nlntk'/n];d]t cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ gePsf] sfo{ u/L dlgj]bsnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf]n] ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf]s'g} cf}lrTo gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFmeGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ljg >]i7sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf ]lhd k]zL ;"lrdf r9LOhnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bstkm{af6pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L tLy{/fh a;f}nfn]ljkIfLx¿ dWo]sf k|ljg >]i7n] cfkm\gf] x'Fb}gePsf ;fdfg cfkm\gf] xf], laqmL u5'{ egLhfn kl/k~r u/L ́ 'SofO{ wf]sf lbO{ ukmntdfkf/L lgj]bsx¿af6 tL; nfv ¿kofF lnPvfPsf] sfo{ d'n'sL P]g, 7uLsf] ! g+= cg';f/sf]ck/fw ePsf] k|i6 5 . ljkIfL k'g/fj]bg cbfntkf6gaf6 ldlt @)^&.!@.@# df hf/L ePsf]lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]zn] 7uLdf sf/jfxL ug{ s'g}

/f]s nufPsf] cj:yf 5}g . ljkIfL k|ljg>]i7nfO{ 7uLdf sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm egL lbPsf]hfx]/Lcg';f/ kqmfp k/]sf k|ljg >]i7nfO{ Dofbyksf nflu cbfntdf k]z ubf{ Dofb yk ug{gldNg] egL ePsf] nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf]cfb]z / pQm cfb]znfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgcbfnt kf6gsf] cfb]z / k|x/L sfof{non]hfx]/Lsf] ljifodf cg';Gwfg sfo{ gu/]sf] sfo{sfg"gk|lts"n eO{ lgj]bsx¿sf] ;+ljwfgk|bQxsdf cf3ft x'g uPsfn] nlntk'/ lhNnfcbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.^.!) sf] cfb]z /k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!^sf] cfb]z pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zaf6 ab/ u/Llgj]bsx¿sf] hfx]/Lcg';f/sf] 7uLsf] ck/fwsf;DaGwdf txsLsftsf] nflu dfuadf]lhdlx/f;tdf /fVg Dofb yk ug]{ u/fpg] nufotsfsfo{ u/L u/fO{ cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf] sfo{k"/f u/L ;Ifd lgsfo;dIf d'2f bfo/ ug'{u/fpg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]znufotsf hf]rflxg] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ ePsf]ax; ;'lgof] .

ljkIfL k|ljg >]i7sf] tkm{af6 pkl:ytljåfg clwjQmf >L /0faxfb'/ y]j]n] k|ljg>]i7ssf] sDkgL Go" ;f];fO6L ljN8;{ k|f=ln= /lgj]bsx¿sf] sDkgL cf/=P= lahg]; u|'k k|f=ln=aLrdf lgdf{0f ;]jfsf] ;fdfg v/Lb u/L laqmLsf]nflu s/f/ P]g, @)%^ adf]lhd ;D´f}tf ePsf]xf] . lgj]bsn] ;D´f}tfcg';f/sf] /sd glbO{ldlt @)^&.!!.!) df vftfdf /sd g} gePsf]¿=@),)),))).– -cIf¿kL aL; nfv ¿k}ofF_a/fa/sf] r]s lbg' ePsf] xf] . ;f] r]s a/fa/sf]sfuh u/fpgsf nflu ljkIfLn] lhNnf k|x/Lkl/;/ nlntk'/df lgj]bg u/L k|x/Ln] kqmfpug{ cfO{ ;f] r]s a/fa/sf] /sd lbg' gePsfuh ug'{ egL k|x/Ln] s'6kL6 ug]{, 8/, qf;,


488488488488488

wDsL lbPsf]n] ldlt @)^&.(.!@ ut] k'g/fj]bgcbfnt kf6gdf lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bg lbPsf]dfldlt @)^&.!@.@# ut] km};nf x'Fbf lgif]wf1fsf]cfb]z hf/L ePsf] 5 . b]jfgL ljifodf k|ljg>]i7nfO{ dxgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ nlntk'/af6kqmfp u/L ldlt @)^*.^.!) ut] txsLsftsfnflu Dofb yksf] cg'dlt kfpFm egL nlntk'/lhNnf cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fPsf]df lhNnfcbfntaf6 b]jfgL d'2fdf k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/Lsf/jfxL ug{ gldNg] egL cfb]z ePsf] / ;f]cfb]znfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,kf6gsf ] ldlt @)^*.*.!^ sf ] cfb ]zsfg"g;Ddt\ x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFmegL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .

ljkIfLdWo]sf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g;d]tsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf>L p4jk|;fb k'8f;}gLn] cleo'QmnfO{ y'gfd}g/fv]/ klg ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf]cg';Gwfg txsLsft x'g ;Sg] egL ePsf]k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g ;d]tsf] cfb]zsfg"g;Ddt\ xF'bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmFegL ug'{ ePsf] ax;;d]t ;'lgof] .

plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL x]bf{ k|:t'tl/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/Lug'{kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{b]lvof] .

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsx¿n]k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf cfkm\gf] x'Fb} gePsf ;fdfgcfkm\gf] xf], laqmL u5'{ egL hfn kl/k~r u/L

'́SofO{ tL;nfv ¿k}ofF lnO{ d'n'sL P]g, 7uLsf]! g+= cg';f/ 7uLsf] ck/fw ug]{ ljkIfL k|ljg>]i7nfO{ 7uLdf sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm egL lbPsf]hfx]/Lcg';f/ kqmfp u/L Dofb yksf nflucbfntdf k]z ubf{ Dofb yk ug{ gldNg] egLePsf] nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt

@)^*.^.!) sf] cfb]z Pj+ pQm cfb]znfO{;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt@)^*.*.!^ sf] cfb]z pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zaf6ab/ u/L lgj]bsx¿sf] hfx]/Lcg';f/sf] 7uLsf]ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf ljkIfL k|ljg >]i7nfO{txsLsftsf] nflu dfuadf]lhdsf] lx/f;tdf/fVg Dofb yk ug]{ u/fpg] nufotsf sfo{u/L u/fO{ cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf] sfo{ k"/fu/L ;Ifd lgsfo;dIf d'2f bfo/ ug'{ u/fpg'eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/Lsf] dfu u/]sf]b]lvG5 . ljkIfL k|ljg >]i7n] lnlvt hjfkmk]z ubf{ lgdf{0f ;]jfsf] ;fdfg v/Lb u/LlaqmLsf] nflu s/f/ P]g, @)%^ adf]lhd ;D´f}tfePsf ]d f vftfdf /sd g } gePsf ]¿=@),)),))).– -cIf¿kL aL; nfv ¿k}ofF_a/fa/sf] r]s lbg' ePsf] xf] . ;D´f}tfljk/LtljkIfLn] lhNnf k|x/L kl/;/ nlntk'/df lgj]bgu/L k|x/Ln] kqmfp ug]{, s'6kL6 ug]{, 8/, qf;,wDsL lbPsf]n] ldlt @)^&.(.!@ ut] k'g/fj]bgcbfnt, kf6gdf lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bg lbPsf]dfldlt @)^&.!@.@# ut] km};nf x'Fbf lgif]wf1fsf]cfb]z hf/L ePsf] 5 . pQm lgif]wf1fsf]cfb]zljk/Lt kqmfp u/L cbfntdf k]z ubf{Dofb yk ug{ gldNg] egL ePsf] nlntk'/lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.^.!) sf] cfb]zPj+ pQm cfb]znfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgcbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!^ sf] cfb]zsfg"g;Ddt\ ePsfn] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFmegL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .

#= k|:t't ljjfbdf ldlt @)^^.!!.$ut ] lgj ]bs /fdk |j ]z ;fxsf ] sDkgLcf/=P=lahg]; u|'k k|f=ln= / ljkIfL k|ljg >]i7sf]sDkgL Go" ;f];fO6L ljN8;{ k|f=ln= aLrdf lgdf{0f;]jfsf] ;dfg v/Lb u/L laqmLsf] nflu s/f/ePsf] tYodf ljjfb b]lvGg . lgj]bsx¿ / ljkIfL

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k|ljg >]i7sf aLrdf ePsf] ;D´f}tfadf]lhd/sd Pj+ ;fdfg v/Lb laqmLsf ;DaGwdfdgf]dflnGo eO{ ljjfb ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:t'tl/6sf ljkIfL k|ljg >]i7n] dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lkl/;/ hfjnfv]n, nlntk'/ / /fdk|j]z ;fxnfO{ljkIfL agfO{ hj/\h:tL kqmfp u/L sfuhu/fpg] s'6kL6 ug]{ 8/, qf; wDsL ;d]t lbPsfn]s'g} klg u}/sfg"gL sfdsf/jfxL gug'{ gu/fpg'eGg] lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egLlbPsf] lgj]bgdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6ldlt @)^&.!@.@# df sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s b]jfgLk|s[ltsf] dfldnfdf lgj]bsnfO{ kqmfp ug]{ u/fpg]/ sfuh u/fpg] h:tf sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egLljkIfLx¿sf gfddf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ePsf]b]lvG5 .

$= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bsx¿n] k|lj0f>]i7pk/ dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ nlntk'/dfldlt @)^*.^.( df 7uL d'2fsf] hfx]/L lbPsf]b]lvG5 . k|:t't l/6sf] ldl;n;fy k]z x'g cfPsf]pQm 7uL d'2fsf] ldl;n ;+nUg hfx]/L b/vf:tx]bf{ k|ljg >]i7n] ljleGg lgdf{0fsf ;fdu|Lx¿,;jf/L ;fwg / To;sf :k]o/ kf6{;x¿¿=!),%),)),))).– df laqmL u5'{ v/Lb u/Llng'xf];\ kmfObf x'G5 egL k|nf]eg Pj+ ljZjf;dfkf/L ¿=#),)),))).– nu]sf] / k'gM ¿=@)nfvsf] r]s nu]sf]df kl5 ;fdfg Pj+ /sds]xL glbO efuL lx8\g] u/L 7uL u/]sf]n] sf/jfxLul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .pQm hfx]/Lcg';f/ k|ljg >]i7nfO{ kqmfp u/Lcg';Gwfgsf] nflu lx/f;tdf /fVg k|yd k6s@) -aL;_ lbgsf] cg'dlt -Dofb_ dfu u/Lnlntk'/ lhNnf cbfnt;dIf ldlt @)^*.^.!)ut] k]z ubf{ nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/sf] ljifonfO{ 7uL egL p7fgu/]sf] b]lvPsf] / k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;f] ljifodf

k|ljg >]i7nfO{ kqmfp gug{ egL lbPsf] lgif]wf1fsf]cfb]zsf] pNnª\3g x'g] u/L kqmfp u/]sf] cj:yfdf;f]xL kqmfpnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] u/L k|x/Llx/f;tdf /fVg Dofb yk ug{ ldn]g egL ldlt@)^*.^.!) df cfb]z ePsf] kfOG5 . pQmcfb]zpk/ d'n'sL P]g, c=a+= !& g+= adf]lhdk'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf k/]sf] lgj]bgdfk'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 æcleo'QmnfO{ y'gfd} g/fv]/klg ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';GwfgtxsLsft x'g;Sg] b]lvFbf To; cbfntaf6 ePsf]ldlt @)^*.^.!) sf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] gb]lvFbfkl/jt{g ul//xg' k/]gÆ eGg] cfb]z ePsf]b]lvG5 . z'¿ nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfnt /k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 plNnlvt cfb]zx¿ePkZrft\ l/6 lgj]bsx¿n] bfo/ u/]sf]7uL;DaGwL hfx]/Ldf cg';Gwfg txsLsftcufl8 ga9]sf] s'/f ljkIfL dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lkl/;/ nlntk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 .

%= k|:t't l/6df l/6 lgj]bsx¿n] d"ntMnlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntn] ldlt @)^*.^.!) dfk|ljg >]i7nfO{ k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fVg Dofb lbgldn]g egL u/]sf] cfb]z / pQm cfb]znfO{ ;b/u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!^sf] cfb]z pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/Lcfkm"x¿n] bfo/ u/]sf] 7uLsf] hfx]/Ldf cg';GwfgtxsLsft u/L ;Ifd lgsfo;dIf d'2f bfo/ug{ dfu u/]sf] kfOG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^*.*.!^ df cleo'QmnfO{y'gfd} g/fv]/ klg ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/Ld'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txsLsft x'g ;Sg] eGg]cfwf/df z'¿ nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt@)^*.^.!) sf] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .pQm cfb]zn] k|ljg >]i7nfO{ tTsfn k|x/Llx/f;tdf /fVg aGb]h nufP tfklg lgj]bsx¿n]dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ hfjnfv]n, nlntk'/df


490490490490490

ljkIfL k|ljg >]i7pk/ bfo/ u/]sf] 7uL ljifosf]hfx]/Ldf cfjZostfcg';f/ sfg"gadf]lhdcg';Gwfg k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg /f]s nufPsf]b]lvGg .

^= ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]bkmf !%-@_ df æcg';"rL ! df plNnlvt s'g}ck/fwsf] txsLsftsf] l;nl;nfdf kqmfpul/Psf] / y'gfdf /flvPsf] JolQmsf] ;DaGwdfrf}aL; 306fleq txsLsft k"/f gx'g] eO{ lghnfO{y'gfdf /fvL txsLsft hf/L /fVg'kg]{ b]lvPdftxsLsft ug] { k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] lghnfO{cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt u/fO{ cbfntaf6 cg'dltlnP/ dfq y'gfdf /fVg' kg]{5 . ;f] adf]lhdcbfnt;Fu cg'dlt dfUbf y'gfdf k/]sf]JolQmpk/sf] cleof]u, To;sf] cfwf/, lghnfO{y'gfd} /fvL txsLsft ug'{kg]{ sf/0f / lghsf]aofg sfuh eO;s]sf] eP aofg sfuhsf]Joxf]/f :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{5Æ eGg] Joj:yfePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} bkmf !%-$_ df æpkbkmf-@_ adf]lhd y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dlt dfu]dfcbfntn] ;DalGwt sfuhftx¿ x]/L txsLsft;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf eP jf gePsf] ljrf/ u/L;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf txsLsft e}/x]sf] b]lvPdfPs} k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L a9Ldf kRrL;lbg;Dd y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]5Æ eGg]Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt sfg"gLJoj:yfcg';f/ ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$(sf] cg';"rL ! df plNnlvt s'g} ck/fwdfcg';Gwfgsf] nflu kqmfp k/]sf JolQmnfO{ y'gfd}/fvL txsLsft ug'{kg]{ cj:yf :ki6 pNn]vu/]/ dfq k|x/L sfof{non] lx/f;tdf /fVg]cg'dlt dfu ug'{kg]{ / cbfntn] klg cg'dltlbg ;Sg] x'G5 . kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ k|x/Llx/f;tdf g/fVbf cg';Gwfg txsLsft g} cj?4x'g hfg] jf cg';Gwfg txsLsftdf k|lts"n

k|efj kg]{, kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmn] cfkm" lj?4nfUg] ;a"b k|df0fdf x:tIf]k u/L To:tf] k|df0fgi6 ug{ ;Sg] / lghn] ;dfhdf k'gM ck/fwug{;Sg] b]lvPsf] ;d]tsf cj:yfdf y'gfd} /fv]/txsLsft ug'{kg]{ eGg] ljlw lgdf{0fstf{sf] dg;fo/x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|x/L lx/f;tdf g/fvL cg';Gwfgx'g ;Sg] cj:yfdf k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fVg'cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvGg . k|:t't l/6df lgj]bsx¿ /ljkIfL k|ljg >]i7aLr ldlt @)^^.!!.$ dfePsf] ;fdfg v/Lb laqmLsf] ;D´f}tf kq;DaGwLljjfb b]lvPsf] / ;f]xL ljifonfO{ 7uL egL bfo/ePsf] hfx]/Lsf ;DaGwdf pQm hfx]/Lsf k|ltjfbLk|ljg >]i7nfO{ y'gfdf g} g/fvL klg cg';GwfgtxsLsft k|lqmof cufl8 a9\g ;Sg] cj:yf/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

&= t;y{, dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf kqmfp k/]sfJolQmnfO{ cj:yfcg';f/ k|x/L lx/f;tdf g/fv]/klg cg';Gwfg txsLsft x 'g ;Sg] /lgj]bsx¿n] dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ nlntk'/dfbfo/ u/]sf] hfx]/Lsf] ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,kf6gsf] ldlt @)^*.*.!^ sf] cfb]zn]cfjZostfcg';f/ sfg"gadf]lhd cg';Gwfgk|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg /f]s nufPsf] cj:yfgb]lvFbf lgj]bsx¿sf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/Lul//xg' kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvPg . k|:t'tl/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't l/6sf]bfo/Ltkm{sf] nut sf6L ldl;n lgodfg';f/a'́ fO{ lbg" .

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdL

Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn kmfu'g @) ut] /f]h ! z'ed\Ohnf; clws[t -pk;lrj_ – lzjk|;fb vgfn

491491491491491

*(() –*(() –*(() –*(() –*(() – g]kfnL cflbjf;Lx?sf dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL jsLn ;d"x -nfx'lg{k_ lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

lg0f{o g+=*(()

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;;DdfggLo sf=d'=k|=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{

dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{)^%–WO–)$&%

cfb]z ldltM @)&).!.*.!

d'2fM pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z;d]t .

lgj ]bsM g ]kfnL cflbjf;Lx¿sf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL jsLn ;d"x -nfx'lg{k_,sf7df8f}+sf] tkm{af6 ;lrj clwjQmfz+s/ lnDj" ;d]t

lj?4ljkIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

§ ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbgsfnflu ljwflosfn] P]g sfg"gsfJoj:yfx¿ agfPsf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf]cIf/ / efjgfsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L jf;+ljwfgsf] kl/lwaflx/ uP/ s'g} P]gsfg"gx¿ aGg g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=*_§ ;lGwsf] kIf eO{ ;xdlt hgfPsf

cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfaf6 l;lh{tbfloTj ;Eo d'n'sx¿n] kfngf /sfof{Gjog ub{5g\ eGg] ck]Iff x'g':jfefljs 5 . cfkm"n] ;d]t ;xdlthgfPsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfnfO{d'n'ssf] cfjZostf, pknAw ;|f]t,

;fwg / Ifdtfcg ';f/ qmdzMsfof{Gjog x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ljjfbx'g g;Sg] .

§ sfg"g agfpg] ljifo ljwflosfsf]Psnf}6L If ]qflwsf/ -ExclusiveJurisdiction_ leqsf] ljifo xf] .cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] k|fjwfgnfO{sfof{Gjog ubf{ d'n'ssf] ;+j}wflgsJoj:yf, ;DalGwt sfg"gsf Joj:yfx¿tyf cGo cGt/f { li6 «o sfg"gsfJoj:yfx¿ / To;af6 kg]{ c;/x¿nfO{cWoog gu/L PsfËL ¿kdf sfof{Gjgx'g uPdf To:tf] sfof{Gjog k"0f{ gx'g];Defjgf ;d]t /xg;Sg] .

§ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] k|fjwfgnufotsfljifonfO{ sfof{Gjog ubf{ d'n'ssf];+j}wflgs Joj:yf tyf ;DalGwtsfg "gsf Joj:yfx¿df kg ] {c;/;d]tsf] Jofks cWoog x'gsf;fy} o;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGgkIfx¿;Fu 5nkmn tyf ljrf/ ljdz{u/L o:tf] cWoog, 5nkmn Pj+ ljrf/ljdz{af6 cfjZos / pko'Qm sfg"gagfpg] lhDd]jf/L ljwflosfsf] ePsf]n]ljwflosL a'l4 / Ifdtf -LegislativeWisdom and Competency_ dfcbfntn] x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=(_

lgj]bstkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ OlGb/fs'df/L>L;, eLd /fO{, lbg]zs'df/ 3n], pQdl;+xyfªb]g tyf z+s/ lnDj"

ljkIfLtkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f kf}8]ncjnlDat ghL/M


492492492492492

;Da4 sfg"gM§ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f

!#-#_, ##-3!_, ^#-#_, ^#-#_-s_ / -v_ /^#-$_

§ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$§ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg lgodfjnL,

@)^$§ ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod

^%-$_ ^^, ^(§ g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (

cfb]zGof=;'zLnf sfsL{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ cg';f/ o;}cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf]k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/5M

xfdL l/6 lgj ]bsx¿ g ]kfnsfcflbjf;Lx¿sf xs, dfgj clwsf/, cfwf/e"t:jtGqtf tyf ljsf;df sfo{/t, k|ltlglwd"ns;+3;+:yfx¿ xf}F . ;jf{]Rr cbfnt;dIf g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_adf]lhd lgj]bg ub{5f}F .

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ; + ljwfg , @)^# / g ]k fncflbjf;L÷hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fgP]g, @)%* åf/f cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d'bfosf¿kdf klxrfg tyf dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf]5 . pQm k|lti7fg P]gsf] bkmf @-s_ dfæcflbjf;L÷hghflt eGgfn] cfkm\gf] dft[efiff/ k/Dk/fut /Lltl/jfh, 5'§} ;fF:s[lts klxrfg,5'§} ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / lnlvt jf clnlvtOac:ltxf; ePsf] cg';"rLadf]lhdsf] hftL /;d'bfoÆ egL kl/efiff ub{} %( j6f hftLx¿nfO{;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] kl/efiffleq

k/]sf / cflbjf;Lx¿sf clwsf/;DaGwLcGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf]wf/f ! sf] dfkb08leq /x]sf / :j–klxrfgsfcfwf/df cflbjf;L÷hghflt pTyfg /fli6«ok|lti7fg P]g, @)%* sf] ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t x'gafFsL /x]sf cflbjf;Lx¿sf cf–cfkmg} k|sf/sfk/Dk/fut tyf k|ltlglwd"ns hftLo ;+:yfx¿/x]sf 5g\ . oL ;+:yfx¿ dfkm{t\ ;DalGwtcflbjf;Ln] k|yf, k/Dk/f cg'¿k /fhgLltsclwsf/sf] cEof; ub{5g\ . cflbjf;Lx¿;Fu;DalGwt / pgLx¿sf clwsf/nfO{ k|efljtkfg{] nufotsf ljifox¿df oL k|ltlglwd"ns;+:yfdfkm{t cfGtl/s tyf /fHosf ljleGgtxsf lg0f{o ug{] lgsfo tyf ;+oGqdf ;xeflutf/ k|ltlglwTj x'g kfpg] cflbjf;Lx¿sfcfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿nfO{ ljz]if clwsf/sf¿kdf g]kfn kIf /fi6« /x]sf dfgj clwsf/tyf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gx¿åf/f k|Tofe"tul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]k|:tfjgfdf plNnlvt b]zdf ljBdfg /x]sfjuL{o, hftLo, If ]qLo, n}lËs ;d:ofsf];dfwfgsf nflu /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;+{/rgfug'{kg{] tyf g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfkm\gf] nflucfkm} ;+ljwfg agfpg kfpg], eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf;+ljwfg;efsf] :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rgdf;xefuL x'g kfpg] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltpNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @ dfg]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo ;Qf g]kfnLhgtfdf /xg] tyf cfkm\gf] ljifodf clGtdlg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|To]s g]kfnL hgtfdf/xg] ls6fgL Joj:yf 5 . To;}u/L ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f @! Dff cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n]kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La ls;fg /

493493493493493


dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg]h:tf df}lns xsx¿sf] k|Tofe"lt 5 . pk/f]Qmk|fjwfgsf] pNnª\3g ub{} ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:olgjf{rg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf % / ^ tyf;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg lgodfjnL, @)^$df JolQm ljz]if / /fhgLlts kf6L{dfkm{t\ dfq;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf efu lng kfpg]Joj:yf u/L cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿sf] cfwf/e"ttyf /fhgLlts clwsf/cGtu{t cfkm\gf ]k/Dk/fut tyf k | ltlglwd "ns hftLo;+:yfx¿af6 cfkm\gf] df}lns k|lqmofadf]lhd:jtGq ¿kn] 5flgP/ cfPsf k|ltlglwdfkm{t\;xefuL x'gaf6 lgif]w, lje]b, jlxis/0f ul/Psf]tyf /fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ dfq k|fyldstf lbg]/ oL kf6L{x¿df cflbjf;Lx¿nfO{ ljno ug{]sfo{ ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]df}lns xs zLif{scGtu{t wf/f !#-!_ df ;a}gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g]5}g eGg] pNn]v 5 . To:t} wf/f !#-#_ df/fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr wd{, j0f{, hft,hflt, lnË, pTklQ efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jftLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}geGg] Joj:yf /x]sf ] 5 . ;f ]xL wf/fsf ]k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿;d]tnfO{ ljz]if sfg"gåf/f ;+/lIft ug'{kg]{ egL/fHonfO{ :ki6 lbzflgb{]z ;d]t ul/Psf] cj:yf5 . pk/f]Qm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ gh/cGbfhub{} pgLx¿sf] cl:tTj, klxrfg / cf:yfsf]ljifo cGtu{tsf] k/Dk/fut tyf k|ltlglwd"ns;+:yfdfkm{t df}lns /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf]cEof; ug{af6 jl~rt x'g] u/L ;+ljwfg;eftyf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt

sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0fdf cflbjf;Lx¿nfO{ /fHon]lje]b u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/L tyf ;xdlt hgfO{kIf/fi6« ag]sf gful/s tyf /fhgLltsclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(^^ -InternationalCovenant on Civil And Political Rights) -ICCPR_ , cf ly {s ;fdf lhs ;f F :s [ ltsclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(^^, -InternationalCovenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

Right_ -ICESCR_, ;a} k|sf/sf] hftLo e]befjpGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw, !(^%, -InternationalConvention on the Elimination of all Forms

of Racial Discrimination_ -ICERD_, cflbjf;L;Fu;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+=!^( - Indigenous and Tribal PeoplesConvention, 1989_ -No 169_, cflbjf;Lx¿sf]clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkq,@))& -UN Declaration on the Rights ofIndigenous Peoples_ -UNDRIP 2007_ tyf cGocGt/f{li6«o sfg"gx¿åf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdfk|ToIf tyf :jtGq ¿kn] df}lns k|lqmofadf]lhd;xefuL x'g kfpg] cflbjf;Lx¿sf] sfg"gL clwsf/5 . plNnlvt cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gx¿, g]kfn ;lGwP]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( cg';f/ :jtM sfof{Gjogx'g]5g\ .

cflbjf;Lx¿sf] sfg"gL clwsf/;DaGwL;+o'Qm /fi6«;+l3o 3f]if0ffkq, @))& sf] wf/f %cg';f/ cflbjf;Lx¿sf] ljz]if k|sf/sf/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts;+:yfx¿nfO{ sfod tyf ;zlQms/0f ug{], leGg;d'bfosf] ¿kdf cfkm\gf] klxrfg;lxt /xgkfpg] / cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts ;+:yfdfkm{t /fHosf]/fhgLltdf efu lng kfpg] clwsf/ k|Tofe"tul/Psf] 5 . ;f] 3f]if0ffsf] wf/f !* sf]


494494494494494

Joj:yfcg';f/ cflbjf;Lx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{k|efljt kfg{] ;a} txsf] lg0f{o ug{] k|lqmofx¿dfcfkm\gf] df}lns lg0f{o ug{] ;+:yfx¿ dfkm{t;xefuL x'g kfpg] ;fd"lxs /fhgLlts;xeflutfsf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofelt ul/Psf] 5 .cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf]wf/f ^-!_-v_ n] ;a} txsf] lgjf{lrg lg0f{o ug{];+:yfx¿df cGo ;d'bfo hlQs} x}l;ot b]lvg]u/L :jtGqtfk"j{s efu lng ;Sg] pkfo :yfkgfug'{kg{] bfloTj /fHonfO{ tf]lslbPsf] 5 . o;/L:jtGq¿kn] ;xeflutfsf] nflu pkfo ckgfO{k/fdz{ ug'{kg{] bfloTj /fHonfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 .oL Joj:yfx¿ ljk/Lt cflbjf;Lx¿nfO{ k|ToIfk|efljt kfg{] / pgLx¿sf] eljio lgdf{0f;Fu3lgi6 ¿kdf hf]l8Psf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdfk|ToIf ;xeflutf tyf k/fdz{ g} gu/L;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf % /^ df :jtGq JolQm tyf /fhgLlts bnx¿n]dfq ;+ljwfg;efdf efu lng kfpg] Joj:yful/Psf] 5 .

;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$ sf]bkmf @-7_, bkmf &-#_ df ;+ljwfgsf] lgjf{rgdf/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] pDd]b\jf/sf] aGb;"rL tof/ubf{ cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d]tsf] ;dfg'kfltsk|ltlglwTjnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg{] / ;+ljwfg;eflgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod ̂ %-$_ ̂ ^, ̂ ( df/fhgLlts bnx¿åf/f ;+ljwfg;efcGtu{t u7gul/g ] ;ldltx¿df dgf ]gog ubf {cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d]tsf] ;dfg'kfltsk|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] bnLo ;+/rgfsf]cfwf/df Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . oL sfg"gx¿df plNnlvt ;dfg'kfltsJoj:yfn] cflbjf;Lx¿;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVb5/ k|efljt agfpFb5 . To:tf] cj:yfdfcGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf]

wf/f ^-!_ tyf ;a} k|sf/sf] hftLo e]befjpGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGwsf] wf/f %-u_ cg'¿kcflbjf;Lx¿;Fu cu|Ld k/dfz{ sfod u/]/dfq To:tf sfg"g nfu" ug'{kb{5 . ;a} k|sf/sf]hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGw cg'udgug{] ;ldltn] dxf;lGwsf] ljifodf JofVof ub}{cflbjf;Lx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ kIf/fi6«x¿nfO{ l;kmfl/z g+= @# sf] @ g+= a'Fbfdfdxf;lGw cflbjf;Lx¿sf] nflu k|of]u x'G5,;fy} a'Fbf $-u_ df kIf/fi6«x¿n] ;fj{hlgshLjgdf k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/nfO{dfGotf lbg], pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ / rfxgfnfO{k|ToIf c;/ kfg{]df ;';"lrt ;xdltlagf s'g}lg0f{o lnO{g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .g]kfnn] ;xdlt hgfPsf] cflbjf;Lx¿sf]clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkq,@))& sf] wf/f !( sf] Joj:yfcg'¿k /fHon]Odfgbf/Ltfsf ;fy Joj:yfksLo jf k|zf;lgspkfo ckgfp Fb f , sfof { Gjog ubf {cflbjf;Lx¿sf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf] cu|Ld/ :jtGq ;xdlt lng'kb{5 . oL k|fjwfgljk/Ltdfly plNnlvt ;+ljwfg;ef u7g, lgjf{rgtyf ;+ljwfg;ef;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnLnufotsf sfg"gx¿ cflbjf;Lx¿;Fu cu|Ldk/fdz{ tyf ;xdlt sfod gu/L nfu" ul/Psf]:ki6 5 .

;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod^$ n] ;+j}wflgs ;ldlt, ljifout ;ldlt /k|lqmofut ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfu/]sf] 5 . lgod ^%, ^^ / ^& df ljleGg;ldltx¿ /xg] Joj:yf 5 . plNnlvt ljifout;ldltx¿df b]zsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] #&=@ k|ltztcf]u6]sf] cflbjf;L÷hghflt pTyfg /fli6«ok|lti7fg P]g, @)%* åf/f ljleGg ;d'bfosf]¿kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ j]jf:tf u/L

495495495495495


cflbjf;L÷hghflt;DaGwL ;ldltsf] Joj:yfgu/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! / ## -3!_ åf/f k|bQ/fHo ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] xssf]pNnª\3g ul/Psf] 5 .

ctM dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf pNn]vul/Padf]lhd g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#k |:tfjgfsf ] efjgf tyf dd{ , df } lnsxscGtu{tsf wf/f !@-#_-s_, wf/f @! / wf/f^# sf] Joj:yfljk/Lt cflbjf;Lx¿nfO{;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cfkm\gf]k|ltlglwd"ns ;+3 ;+:yfdfkm{t :jtGq ¿kn]cfkm\gf] k|lqmofadf]lhd 5flgPsf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\;xefuL x'g, ljrf/ tyf cleJolQm /fVg kfpg]xssf] kl/kfng tyf k|rngsf nflu ;+ljwfg;ef;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL,@)^$ / ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^% tyf;+zf]wg ug{ jf cGo pko'Qm Joj:yfsf] nflug]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ /!)&-@_ adf]lhd hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z hf/Lul/kfpmF . ;a} k|sf/sf] hftLo e]befj pGd"ngug{] dxf;lGw, !(^% sf] wf/f %-u_ tyf dxf;lGwcg'udg ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z g+= @# sf] aF'bf g+=@ / $-3_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+=!^( sf ] wf/f ^-!_ cf lbjf;Lx¿sf ]clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkq,@))& sf ] wf/f !* adf ] lhdcflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿sf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fk|lqmofdf cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+3 ;+:yfdfkm{t\:jtGq ¿kn] cfkm\gf] k|lqmofadf]lhd 5flgPsf]k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;+ljwfg, P]gtyf lgodfjnLdf cfjZos ;+zf]wgnufot cGopko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f @!, wf/f ## -3!_ tyf ;a} k|sf/sf] hftLoe]befj pGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGw, !(^% sf] wf/f

%-u_ tyf dxf;lGw cg'udg ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zg+= @# sf] a'Fbf g+= @ / $-3_ cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] wf/f @=@-!_-s_ /-v_ wf/f ^-!_-s_-v_, cflbjf;Lx¿sf ]clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkq,@))& sf] wf/f !( åf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] cu|Ld;';"lrt ;xdltsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lgZrt ug{,;+ljwfg;ef cGtu{t ljifout ;ldltdfcflbjf;Lx¿sf] 5'§} ;ldlt jf ;+oGqsf] u7glglDt k/dfb]z jf cGo pko'Qm cfb]z hf/Lul/kfpmF . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cflbjf;Lhghfltx¿sf] :jtGq ;xeflutf, :jtGq;xdltsf] nflu cfjZos k|lqmof tyf ;+oGqlgdf{0f tyf ;+ljwfg;efcGtu{t cflbjf;Lhghfltx¿sf] 5'§} ;ldlt lgdf{0f gu/L ;+ljwfglgdf{0f k|lqmofsf s'g} klg sfo{x¿ gug{ gu/fpgljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/Lul/kfpmF eGg] lgj]bg kq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{] xf] <of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvLdxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkmk7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn;fy} /fvL ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]sfof{no;d]tnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkmk/] jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/L o;sf] u7gubf{b]lv g} hghflt, cflbjf;Lsf] clwsf/sf]ljifodf /fHo k"0f{tM ;r]t 5 / ;+ljwf;efn]klg of] ljifonfO{ lgs} ;+j]bgzLn ¿kdf u|x0ful//x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^%sf] lgod ^%-$_ / lgod ^(-@_ n] ;ldltdf;b:ox¿sf] dgf]gog ubf{ ;+ljwfg;efdf /x]sf]


496496496496496

bnLo ;+/rgf, dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt,dw]zL, blnt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, d'l:ndnufotcNk;+Vos ;a} kIfsf] ;efdf /x]sf] pkl:yltsf]cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f ul/g]5eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] l;Ëf]kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ul7t ;ldltx¿, o;sf;a} ljifo ;~rfng ug]{ ;a} ultljlwx¿df;a} kIfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k"0f{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf]k'li6 x'G5 . To;sf cltl/Qm ;efkltx¿dful/Psf ] ;b:ox¿sf ] dgf ]gog / ;a };ldltx¿sf ;efkltsf] lgjf{rgaf6 k|fKt ePsf]kl/0ffdaf6 ;d]t lgj]bsx¿sf] efjgfJofjxfl/s ¿kn] g} ;fsf/ ePsf] 5 . ctMlglZrt ;dofjlwleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] /fli6«onIo lnP/ :ki6 sfo{tflnsf;lxt cufl8a9]sf] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgld{t ;+ljwfg;eflgodfjnL / o;sf] ;ldlt u7gsf] ;Gbe{dfs'g} klg ;+j}wflgs q'l6 g/x]sf]n] k|:'t't l/6lgj]bgsf cfwf/df dfuadf]lhdsf] s'g} klgcfb]z hf/L ug'{kg{] cj:yf 5}g, l/6 lgj]bgvf/]h ul/kfpg ;fb/ lgj]bg ub{5' eGg];d]t;+ljwfg;efsf cWoIf ;'ef;rGb| g]jfËsf] 5''§}lnlvt hjfkm / ;f]xL ldnfgsf] ;+ljwfg;ef;+j}wflgs ;ldltsf] ;efklt, df}lns clwsf/tyf lgb{ ]zs l;4fGt ;ldltsf] ;efklt,cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] xsclwsf/ ;+/If0f ;ldltsf] ;efklt, /fHosf]k'gM ;+/rgf / /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf];efklt, Joj:yflksf cËsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f;ldltsf] ;efklt, /fHosf] zf;sLo :j¿klgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] ;efklt, Gofo k|0ffnL ;DaGwL;ldltsf] ;efklt, ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ;+/rgflgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] ;efklt, k|fs[lts ;|f]t,cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf];efklt, ;F:s[lt / ;fdflhs P]Soa4tfsf]

cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] ;efklt, /fli6«o lxtsf];+/If0f ;ldltsf] ;efklt, gful/s ;DaGw;ldltsf] ;efklt, hgdt ;ª\sng tyf;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;efklt, Ifdtf clej[l4tyf ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;efklt tyf;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno;d]tsf ] tkm {af6;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfnosf ;x;lrj 6]sk|;fb9'Ëfgfsf] ;+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm .

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿sf] :jtGq /k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fnfO{ ;'lglZrtug{ ;+ljwfg;efcGtu{t ljifout ;ldltdfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿sf] 5'§f5'§} ;ldlt jf;+oGq u7g ug{] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg;efdf;dfg'kflts tkm{af6 lgjf{lrt x'g] kbdf/fhgLlts bnx¿n] cflbjf;L÷hghflt dWo]af6}k|ltlglwTj u/fO{Psf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o>d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^(, gful/s tyf/fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL k|lt1fkq, !(^^,cfly{s ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwLk|lt1fkq, !(^^, ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ngug{] dxf;lGw, !(^% tyf cflbjf;Lx¿sf]clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkq,@))& ;d]tsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿sf]kfngf Pj+ sfof{Gjog o; dGqfnoaf6 ePsf]5, s'g} e]befj ul/Psf] 5}g eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqL /fdrGb|emfsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

ljkIfLn] lnPsf] lhsL/sf] ;DaGwdfs] s:tf] P]g lgdf{0f jf ;+zf]wg ug{] eGg] s'/fljwflosfsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/If]qleq kg{] ljifoePsf] / To:tf] ljifo g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\/ k|wfgdGqLn] lgoldt ug{] ljifo gePsf]n]g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\ / k|wfgdGqLnfO{ljkIfL agfpg' kg{] s'g} sf/0f / cfwf/ 5}g .t;y{ c;DalGwt ljifonfO{ lnP/ g]kfn ;/sf/

497497497497497


dlGqkl/ifb\ / k|wfgdGqL;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . hxfF;Ddg]kfn kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwsf] ;Gbe{dflnOPsf] 5, ;lGwsf] x}l;ot k|rlnt sfg"gdfs] s:tf] x'g] xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;lGw P]g,@)$& sf] bkmf ( df Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . t/;lGwsf] ljifonfO{ g} k|ToIf¿kdf clwsf/ :j¿kJolQmn] k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] cGt/f{li6«o;lGwsf] ;Gbe{ lnO{ u/]sf] lgj]bg sfg""g;Ddt\5}g . ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfdsf/jfxL ;~rfngug { ; + ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL ;fj {ef }d;+ljwfg;efn] g} agfpg] x'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/,dlGqkl/ifb\ / k|wfgdGqLn] ;f] lgodfjnL;+zf ]wg ug{ g;Sg] x ' Fbf ;f ] ;DaGwdfljkIfLx¿n] lng' ePsf] bfjL sfg"g;Ddt\gb]lvPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf, dw]zL, lk5l8Psf]If]qnufot cGo ju{ ;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTju/fpg 'kg { ] ; +j }wf lgs k | fjwfgadf ] lhd;+ljwfg;efdf ltgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;d]tePsf] x' Fbf ljkIfLx¿sf] bfjL ;+ljwfg /sfg"g;Ddt\ ;d]t gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL5 eGg];d]t ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL k'iksdnbfxfn k|r08sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

;+ljwfg;efsf] sfdsf/jfxL ;~rfngug { ; + ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL ;fj {ef }d;+ljwfg;efn] g} agfpg] x'Fbf ;f] lgodfjnL;+zf]wg ug{] clwsf/ o; dGqfnonfO{ gePsf]n];f];DaGwL bfjL sfg"g;Ddt\ 5}g . ctM l/6lgj ]bg vf/ ]hefuL 5 . /fHosf ]k'g;+{/rgfnufotsf cGo ljifox¿df hgtfsf]cledtåf/f pgLx¿s} ;+nUgtfdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fug{sf ] nflu @)^$ ;fn r}q @* ut];+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg e} ;+ljwfglgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof;d]t k|f/De ePsf] cj:yfdf

ljkIfLx¿sf] bfjLadf]lhd ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:olgjf{rg P]g Pj+ lgodfjnL ;+zf]wgsf] nflucfb]z hf/L ug'{ cf}lrTok"0f{ gePsf] x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+:s[lttyf /fHo k'gM ;+/rgf dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 P]=sfdfggLo dGqL uf]kfn ls/fFtLsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^% adf]lhd;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ u7g ul/g] ljleGg ljifout;ldltdf cflbjf;L÷hghflt;DaGwL 5'§};ldltsf] Joj:yf geP tfklg P]= sf] lgod^^ sf] qm=;+= ! df /x]sf] df}lns clwsf/tyf lgb{]zs l;4fGt ;ldltsf] sfo{If]qleqcflbjf;L hghflt ;d]tsf] ljz]if ;+/If0fsf]Joj:yf pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] lgod ̂ ( sf] pklgod -@_ n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|To]s ;ldltu7g ubf { cflbjf;L hghfltnufotsf;d'bfosf] ;+ljwfg;efdf /x]sf] pkl:yltsf]cfwf/df ;dg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f ul/g] 5egL ;'lglZrttf u/L ;f]xLcg'¿k ;ldlt u7geO{ sfo{/t\ /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm ;f]xLlgodfjnLsf] lgod ^% sf] pk lgod -$_ n];+j}wflgs ;ldlt u7g ubf{ ;d]t pko{'Qml;4fGtadf]lhd g} ug'{kg{] u/L Joj:yf u/]sf] /;f]xLcg'¿k ;ldlt u7g eO{ sfo{/t\ /x]sf]cj:yf 5 . o;/L ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ pRrtd¿kdf cËLsf/ u/L cufl8 al9/x]sf] ;+ljwfglgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ cGoyf 5 egL lnO{Psf]bfjL e|fds / tYoxLg x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hul/kfpm F eGg ];d ]t sfg "g, Gofo tyf;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yf dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLb]jk|;fb u'?Ësf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zLdf ;dfj]zeO{ k ]z x 'g cfPsf ] k |:t 't lgj ]bgdflgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿OlGb/fs'df/L >L;, led /fO{, lbg]zs'df/ 3n],


498498498498498

pQdl;+x yfªb]g tyf z+s/ lnDj"n] g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf b]zdfljBdfg /x ]sf ] juL {o, hftLo If ]qLo,n}lËsnufotsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf] nflu/fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf ug'{kg{] pNn]v 5 . To;}u/L;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! df cfly{s ;fdflhsjf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blntcflbjf;L÷hghflt nufotsf pTkLl8t ju{/ ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]cfwf/df /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfdf ;xefuL x'gkfpg] xs ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 .gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwLcGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw !(^^, cfly{s, ;fdflhs,;f F:s [ lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f {l i6 «odxf;lGw, !(^^ n] cflbjf;Lx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{;'/lIft u/]sf 5g\ . cflbjf;Lx¿;Fu ;DalGwtcGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^( -Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention,

1989 (No. 169) nufotsf cGt/f { l i6 «osfg"gx¿åf/f cflbjf;Lx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{k|efljt kfg{] ;a} txsf] lg0f{o ug{] k|lqmofx¿dfcfkm\gf] df}lns lg0f{o ug{] ;+:yfx¿ dfkm{t;xefuL x'g kfpg] ;fd"lxs /fhgLlts;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ k|Tofe"tL x'gsf] ;fy}c f lbj f; L÷hghf ltx¿n ] pgLx¿sf ]k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfdfkm{t\ ;xefuL u/fpg]/fHosf] bfloTj ;d]t tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]Joj:yf / ;lGw P]gcg';f/ g]kfn sfg"g;/xnfu" x'g] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf Joj:yfx¿nfO{d"t{¿k lbg g]kfn cflbjf;L÷hghflt pTyfg/fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g, @)%* åf/f cflbjf;Lhghfltsf ] cl:tTj tyf klxrfgnfO {sfg"gåf/f dfGotf;d]t k|bfg ul/Psf] k|i65 . t/, ;f]sf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ;+ljwfg;ef;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$ tyf ;+ljwfg;ef

;b:o lgjf{rg lgodfjnL, @)^$ df JolQmljz]if / /fhgLlts kf6L{dfkm{t dfq ;+ljwfglgdf{0f k|lqmofdf efu lng kfpg] Joj:yfu/L cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿sf] cfwf/e"t tyf/fhgLlts clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] 5 . xfn;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g eO;s]sf] ePklg gofF;+ljwfg;efsf] u7gsf nflu k|:t't lgj]bgsf]cf}lrTo afFsL g} 5 . t;y{ lgj]bsx¿sf]dfuadf]lhd ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g,@)^$, lgodfjnL, @)^$ / ;+ljwfg;eflgodfjnL, @)^% nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ jf cGopko'Qm Joj:yf ;d]tsf] nflu hf] rflxg]cf1f cfb]z hf/L x''g'k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/tkm{af6 pkl:ytljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f kf}8]nn] lgj]bsx¿n]h'g ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7gsf] ;Gbe{df k|:t'tlgj]bg bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] 5 xfn ;+ljwfg;efsf]Dofb ;dfKt eO{ lj36g eO{ ;s]sf]n] k|:t'tlgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt eO{;s]sf] 5 .;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$,lgodfjnL / ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL nufotsfsfg"gx¿ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] xf] eg] ;f] ab/sfnflu lgj]bsxx¿sf] dfu 5}g . cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf s]s;/L ;xefuL u/fpg] egL sfg"g agfpg]If]qflwsf/ ljwflosfsf] xf] . o:tf] sfg"g agfpg'egL cbfntn] cfb]z ug{' zlQmk[ysLs/0fsf]l;4fGtljk/Lt eO{ ldNb}g eGg];d]t ax;ug'{eof] .

pkl:yt ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n]ug' { ePsf] ax;;d]t ;'gL tyf ljåfg;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f kf}8]nn] k]z ug'{ ePsf]ax;gf]6nufot ldl;n sfuhftx¿ cWoogu/L cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg k]zL tf]lsPsf]dflg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsx¿sf] dfuadf]lhd

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cfb]z hf/L x'G5, x'Fb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{olbg'kg{] b]lvof] .

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# tyf hghflt pTyfg/ f l i6 «o k | lti7 fg P ]g , @)%* dfcflbjf;L÷hghfltsf] cl:tTj tyf klxrfgnfO{:jLsf/ ul/Psf], cflbjf;Lx¿;Fu ;DalGwtcGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw !(*(-Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention1989 (169) ;d]tsf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gx¿n]cflbjf;Lx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{] ;a}txsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf cfkm\gf] df}lns lg0f{oug{] ;+:yfx¿ dfkm{t\ ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/k|Tofe"t ul/Psf]df ;f]sf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$lgodfjnL, @)^% / ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL,@)^% df /fhgLlts kf6L{ tyf JolQmut ¿kdfdfq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf efu lng kfpg]Joj:yf ePsf]n] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿dfcfjZos ;+zf]wgsf] nflu pko'Qm cfb]zul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bsx¿sf] d'Vo dfu /x]sf]b]lvof] . P]g lgdf{0f ug{] jf ;+zf]wg ug{] ljifoljwflosfsf] Psnf}6L If]qflwsf/sf] ljifo ePsf]n]l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] ljkIfL ;DdfggLok|wfgdGqL;d]tsf] / ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL,@)^% cg';f/ ;ldltx¿df ;b:ox¿sf]dgf]gog ubf{ ;+ljwf;efdf /x]sf] bnLo ;+/rgftyf cflbjf;L hghfltnufotsf cNk;+Vos;a} kIfsf] pkl:yltsf] cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ ;a} kIfsf];xeflutfnfO{ k"0f{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] ljkIfL ;+ljwfg;efsf;DdfggLo cWoIf;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm/x]5 .

#= k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bsx¿n] d'Vo¿kdf ; + ljwfg lgdf { 0 f ug ] { sfo {dfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj pgLx¿sf]k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx¿dfkm{t x''g'kg{]df /fhgLltskf6L{dfkm{t / JolQmut¿kdf dfq x'g] ul/Psf]n]cGt/f { l i6 «o sfg "gljk/Lt cf lbjf;Lhghfltx¿sf] clwsf/ pNnª\3g x'g] u/LagfO{Psf ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg lgodfjnL, @)^$/ ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^% df cfjZos;+zf]wgsf nflu pko'Qm cfb]z ul/kfpFm eGg]b]lvof] .

$= k|:t't lgj]bg @)^$ ;fndf;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg eO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfg, @)^# cg';f/ ul7t ;+ljwfg;efdfx'g'kg{] k|ltlglwTjsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ bfo/ ePsf]b]lvG5 . @)^$ ;fndf u7g ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efk|:t't d'2f ljrf/fwLg /x]s} cj:yfdf @)^(h]7 !$ ut]af6 lgwf{l/t sfo{sfn ;dfKt eO{lj36g eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . h'g ;+ljwfg;efsf]u7gdf k|ltlglwTjsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ lgj]bgbfo/ ePsf] xf] ;f] ;+ljwfg;ef g} cfkm\gf] lgwf{l/tsfo{sfn ;dfKt eO{ lj36g eO;s]sf] x'Fbfk|:t't lgj]bgdf dfu ePcg';f/ l/6 hf/L x'g]cj:yf gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k|of]hgxLgeO;s]sf] b]lvg cfof] .

%= t/ lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf cflbjf;Lhghfltx¿sf ] ; + ljwfg;efdf x 'g 'kg { ]k | lt lg lwTj;DaGwL k |Zgx¿ cfufdL;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]tk|f;lËs b]lvPsf]n] ;f ]tkm { ljrf/ ubf {lgj]bsx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g / ;+ljwfglgdf{0f k|lqmofcGtu{t ;+ljwfgefsf ljleGg;ldltx¿df cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] cfkm\gf]k|ltlglwd"ns ;+3 ;+:yfdfkm{t\ :jtGq ¿kn]


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cfkm\gf] k|lqmofadf]lhd 5flgPsf k|ltlglwdfkm{t\;xefuL x'g / ljrf/ / cleJolQm /fVg kfpg]xssf] k|rngsf nflu ;fy{s / k|efjsf/Lk|ltlglwTjsf] nflu k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ ug'{ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# sf] k|:tfjgdf b]zdf ljBdfg juL{o,hftLo, If]qLo, n}lËs ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfgug{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;+{/rgf ug{] ;+sNkul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ##-3!_ dfæd'n'ssf] /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;a} cËx¿df dw]zL,blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfnufotlk5l8Psf ju{ / If]q ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg]Æ /fHosf]bfloTj ;d]t ls6fg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;dfgtfsf]df}lns xscGtu{t ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-#_ sf]k |ltaGwfTds afSof +zdf dlxnf, blnt,cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zLnufot cfly{s;fdflhs jf ;fF:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm JolQmsf];+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflusfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] nufotsf];+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/L ;f/e"t ;dfgtfsf]l;4fGtnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf cËLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .To;}u/L cflbjf;L÷hghftL pTyfg /fli6«ok|lti7fg P]g, @)%* sf] k|:tfjgfdf g]kfnsf]ljleGg cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf] ;fdflhs cfly{styf ;fF:s[lts ljsf; / pTyfg Pj+ /fli6«oljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dfg ;xeflutfsf]nflu cflbjf;L÷hghflt pTyfg /fli6«ok|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 .o;/L ljBdfg ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gx¿dfcflbjf;L÷ hghfltnufot k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{,If]q jf ;d'bfosf] ljsf; / pTyfgsf] k'lgtp2 ]Zo /f lvPsf ] eGg ] ljifodf ljjfbePg .

^ = c f l b j f ; L ÷ h gh f l t x ¿s f ];+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTjsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf]u7g;DaGwL k|fjwfg cWoog ug'{kg]{ x'g cfof] .;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^# sf] pkwf/f -#_ / -$_ dflgDg k|fjwfg /flvPsf] b]lvG5M

-#_ ;+ljwfg;efdf ;dfg hg;+Vof /ef}uf]lns cg's"ntf tyf ljlzi6tfsfcfwf/df / dw]zdf hg;+Vof k|ltztsf]cfwf/df sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhdldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg'¿k b]xfoadf]lhdlgjf{lrt

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juL{s/0f (Classification) ul/Ps} lg0f{o g+=*(*& · 2013. 9. 11. · ljåfg gfojdxfGofoflwjQmf >L /fhgf/fo0f kf7s / ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L t]hgf/fo0f kf}8]nn] lgj]bg bfjL c:ki6 /x]sf]

juL{s/0f (Classification) ul/Ps} lg0f{o g+=(& · 2013. 9. 11. · ljåfg gfojdxfGofoflwjQmf >L /fhgf/fo0f kf7s / ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L t]hgf/fo0f kf}8]nn] lgj]bg bfjL c:ki6 /x]sf]