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I 1

1: ( )K C+ +

1mol/ . 24V.

. II .

.

1

( )2

2 7 aqCr O .

2 II( )2Cu aq+ .

3

. Cu2+(aq)

( )2

2 7 aqCr O .

:

.

. 2: :

U R I.= R

2+ + ( )Na C

2C 10 mol/=

.2V ( )GBF

U IU .

I U.

UI

* ( )I f U=

U. I . .

I G U.=U R I.=1

GR

=

G . (S).

U(V)

I(mA)

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3 3

.* S

.

UI * S L UI.

.1 G S

C L G S.2 G L

C S G L .4 .

4

:S1:

2

1C 10 mol/

=

S2: 3

2C 5 10 mol. /

=

S3: 3

3C 10 mol/

= .

2C 10 mol/= * L

. C3.C2C1 *

: 31035.1022.10( )mol/ C

222U(V)6,4.10-33,2.10-31,3.10-3I(A)

G(S)* .

Na OH+ +H C+ + Na C+ +

222U(V)12,4.10-321,6.10-36,4.10-3I(A)

G(S)1 1

. 2

.: G .

5 ( )G f C=

5 .

600m 500m S 1C 10 mol/= .

* V S .

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* .

* V S.1 V S.

:

SiV1

iC 10 mol/

= fV :

:ii i f f f if

VC V C V C C

V= =

2 :252015105( )V m

54321( )C mmol/

1,751,401,050,700,35( )G mS

3 ( )G f C= .

2C 10 mol/< G C :

G a C.= a ( )L S, .

4 G=mS. C .

. ( )G f C=

. .

( )G f C= :

. .

2C 10 mol/= . .

6 . S

L:SG L.=

(conductivit) ( )S m/.

S

L .

SK

L=G K.=

(la conductimtrie) 7

:G a C.=

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S

GL

.= :

S La C a C

L S. . . .

= =

:K C' . =

LaS

.

.

II 1 :

(la taille) ) . (

. : . . 2 1S m mol .

2 n iX

:[ ]i i iX

=

:

[ ]n n

i i i

i 1 i 1

X= =

= =

: ( )1S m.

[ ]iX iX mol/

i iX 2 1

S m mol. .

25C aqH+aqNa

+aqK+aqLi

+aqAg+

( )S m mol. /

34,9.10-35,0.10-37,3.10-33,9.10-36,2.10-3

aqOHaqC

aqI

( )3 aq

NO3 aqCH COO

( )S m mol. /

19,8.10-37,6.10-37,7.10-37,1.10-34,1.10-3

: 2C 10 mol/= 25 C

. ::

aq aqNa C

2 3

aq aq

3 2 1

Na

3 1

C

3 1

Na C

Na C 10 mol 10mol m

5 010 S m mol

7 6 10 S m mol

12610 S m

/ /

, . . .

, . . .

. .

+

+

+

+

= +

= = =

=

=

=