Les rôles des cultures locaux et des plantes indigènes

pour améliorer la nutrition,

renforcer la gestion des ressources naturelles

et combattre le VIH/SIDA

Josep A. Garí

Organisation des Nations Unies

pour l’Alimentation e l’Agriculture

(FAO)

Cours à distance (vidéoconférence) organisée par la Banque Mondiale

-- Présentation bilingue anglais/français --

17 janvier 2006

Plantes et santé humaine

cultures et plantes alimentaires

plantes médicinales

NUTRITION

SANTE

Selected traditional, neglected and under-utilised crops of Sub-Saharan Africa

Common names

Scientific name

African Cucurbitaceae crops (*) Cucurbita spp., Cucumis spp., et al.

African rice Oryza glaberrima

Amaranth Amaranthus spp.

Bambara nut Vigna subterranea

Cassava Manihot esculenta

Cowpea Vigna unguiculata

Finger millet Eleusine coracana

Fonio Digitaria exilis & Digitaria iburua

Groundnut Arachis hypogaea

Jute Corchorus spp.

Pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum

Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa

Sorghum Sorghum bicolor

Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas

Tef Eragrostis tef

Velvet bean / Mucuna Mucuna spp.

Yams

Dioscorea spp.

(*) e.g. cucumber, gourds, melon, pumpkin, squash.

Agricultural diversification provides benefits such as:

- optimal use of scarce water resources- soil fertility management- pest and weed control- labour saving- insurance- diversification of diets and nutrition- optimal use of scarce land resources

Selected home garden crops among farmers of Soroti district, Uganda

Local names English name Scientific name Edible part Distinctive micronutrients

Akolel, okueker Cucumber Cucumis sp. Fruits Atungulu Onion Allium sp. Bulbs Vit. C Avokado Avocado Persea americana Fruits Vit. A Cabbage Cabbage Brassica sp. Leaves Vit. C Eboga, dodo Amaranth Amaranthus spp. Leaves Ca, Vit. A Eboo, boyo Cowpea Vigna unguiculata Leaves, grains Ca, Folic ac., Fe, Vit. A Ebrinyanya, berejanya Eggplant Solanum spp. Fruits Ecadoi, akeu Cat's whiskers Cleome gynandra Leaves Vit. A Eimulalu, amulalu Pepper Capsicum spp. Fruits Vit. A, Vit. C Emalakany, malakuany Roselle Hibiscus spp. Leaves Vit. A Emiebe, emiyembe Mango Mangifera indica Fruits Vit. A, Vit. C Enyanya Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Fruits Vit. A, Vit. C Esuyo, suyu Pumpkin Cucurbita spp. Fruits, leaves Ca, Vit. A Etigo Corchorus, jute Corchorus spp. Leaves Vit. A Lavaro Banana Musa sp. Fruits Vit. A Mapera Guava Psidium guajava Fruits Vit. A, Vit. C Matonda Passion fruit Passiflora edulis Fruits Vit. C Muchonga Orange Citrus sp. Fruits Vit. A, Vit. C Nanasi Pineapple Ananas comosus Fruits Vit. C Pawpaw, apapalu Papaya Carica papaya Fruits Vit. A, Vit. C

Sources: Participatory research with Teso and Kumam farmers in Soroti district, Uganda, 2001.

Local name (1) Seasonal availability (2) Part consumed Preservation (3)

Chidingulilu

Dry

Flowers

+

Chimhela Rain Roots - Chipali Rain Leaves + Chiwandagulu Rain / Dry Leaves + Dinhi Rain Leaves - Fulu Rain Fruits - Fwene Rain Leaves + Ikuwi / Upela (4) Rain / Dry Leaves / Fruits - Ilende Rain / Dry Leaves + Kayeba (5) Rain / Dry Leaves + Lwamuya Rain Leaves - Mahulihuli Rain / Dry Leaves + Manhala Rain Leaves / Fruits - Matanga Rain Leaves / Fruits - Mbuli Rain Leaves - Mhelemehe Dry Fruits - Mhilile Rain Leaves + Mkuyu Rain / Dry Fruits - Mnamha Rain Leaves + Mnghonjela Rain Leaves + Msisi Dry Fruits - Mujinanhandala Rain Roots - Mzimwe Rain Leaves + Ndalangwe Rain Fruits - Ndejeha Dry Leaves / Fruits - Ngazi Rain Leaves + Ng'hole Rain / Dry Fruits - Ng'homwa Rain Roots - Nghwata Dry Fruits - Ngologolo Rain / Dry Roots - Ngwelu Rain / Dry Fruits - Nhafuta Rain Fruits - Nhingha Dry Roots - Nhumba Dry Fruits - Nhundwe Rain / Dry Fruits - Nyakifwega Rain Leaves + Saka Dry Fruits - Sang'hala Dry Leaves / Flowers - Sunga Rain Leaves - Susunha Rain / Dry Fruits - Udawi Rain / Dry Fruits - Uwoga Rain Mushroom - Yagayaga Rain Leaves - Yambu

Rain Leaves -

Exemples d’utilisation de plantes sauvages pour

l’alimentation dan le groupe Gogo à Dodoma (Tanzanie)

Source: Field research, 2001 (in collaboration with the Tanzanian Association of Women Leaders in Agriculture and the Environment - TAWLAE)

This rapid field survey in a few villages indicates that rural population in this area use over 40 different wild food plants.

This high use of wild food plants is widespread in rural Africa, yet highly ignored in agricultural and environmental policies and programmes.

Importance des plantes sauvages et des jardins potagers en Afrique

arid semi-arid subhumid humid

Agroecological zones

Div

ersi

ty a

nd

im

po

rtan

ce

wild food plants home garden crops

J.A.Gari, 2001

Medicinal plants and HIV/AIDS

Medicinal plants from Uganda that have proven useful after clinical trialsin treating Herpes Zoster and diarrhea, two major diseases associated with HIV/AIDS

Local name (1) Scientific name (2) Plant group Main use

Akasogaasoga Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Herpes Zoster

Kibwankulata Iboza multiflora Labiatae Herpes Zoster

Lukandwa Securinega virosa Euphorbiaceae Herpes Zoster

Luwoko Phytolacca dodecandra Phytolaccaceae Herpes Zoster

Mutulika Phyllanthus guineensis Euphorbiaceae Herpes Zoster

Embutamu Hydrocotyle mannii Umbelliferae Diarrhea

Enkami Priva cordifolia, variety flabelliformis Verbenaceae Diarrhea

1. Luganda language.2. Provisional taxonomic identification. Scientific names revised according to the International

Plant Name Index.

Source: Internal data, THETA, Kampala, Uganda, 2001. Personal communications with ClaireNsubuga, co-curator of THETA's herbal garden, November 2001.

Nutrition / Santé

• diversification d'alimentation / amélioration de prise de

micronutriments

• usage optimale des plantes et nourritures locales

• reconnaissance et soutien pour le rôle des femmes rurales dans l'agriculture, la production alimentaire et la nutrition

• aliments et nourriture satisfaisants pour les malades

• usage des plantes médicinales (santé basique)

• la nutrition comme première médicine contre la VIH/SIDA

Travail agricole

• pratiques pour épargner travail / flexibilité du travaux agricole

• options per l'agriculture de bas intensité de main d’oeuvre

• optimisation et diffusion du travail

Sécurité économique

• agriculture de bas intrants: diminution des coûts de production, gain de revenu agricole plus haut

• divers alternatives de revenue et commercialisation

• agriculture organique: moyens économiques pour fertiliser

les sols et manager les pestes

• accès local aux semences / autonomie en semences

Gestion agricole

• conservation des ressources naturelles

• gestion des risques d'environnement (sécheresse, pestes)

• usage des terres marginales / manager le manque des terres

• transmission des savoir-faire et ressources agricoles aux jeunes et enfants rurales

• recherche participative / essais des paysans

• maintenance de la base pour la reconstruction rural

Articles

Garí, J.A. (2004). "Plant diversity, sustainable rural

livelihoods and the HIV/AIDS crisis". UNDP / FAO.

http://www.hiv-development.org/publications

Garí, J.A. (2003). "Agrobiodiversity strategies to combat foor

insecurity and HIV/AIDS impact in rural Africa: Advancing

grassroots responses for nutrition, health and sustainable

livelihoods". FAO (SDWP); preliminary edition.

http://www.geocities.com/rural_Africa

Informations supplémentaires

http://www.fao.org/hivaids

http://www.fao.org/es/esn/nutrition/household_hivaids_en.stm

http://www.fao.org/sd/links/resources/resources.html

http://www.underutilized-species.org