cfp6 ckm b Zof8f] ;'rsfÍ eg]sf] s] xf] <

/fi6«x?n] afn of}g zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/ s;/L ;Daf]wg u/L/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f cfly{s a'l4dQf OsfOn] tof/ kf/]sf] cfp6 ckm b Zof8f] ;'rsfÍn] dfkg ub{5 .

^) j6f b]zx?n] hf/L u/]sf] tYofÍn] ;/sf/, gLlh If]q / gful/s ;dfhn] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ of}g lx+;faf6 ;'/lIft /fVg / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo lbuf] ljsf; nIo !^=@ sf xsdf cfˆgf k|ltj4tf k"/f ug{ cem} a9L k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ b]vfp5 .

sfg'g, gLlt tyf /fli6«o ;/sf/sf ;Daf]wg cf+sng u/]/ ;'rsfÍ u0fgf ul/Psf] xf] . lzIff, k|hgg\ :jf:Yo, lkl8t ;xfotf, sfg'g sfof{Gjog / cgnfOg hutaf6 pTkGg hf]lvdnufot afn of}g lx+;f / b'Jo{jxf/sf d'2fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnx? o;n] ;d]6\5 .

;'/Iff / :yfloTj, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff h:tf jftfj/0fLo kIf / n}lËs ;jfnnufot cGo dfGotfn] of}g tyf of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ;DaGwL v'nf 5nkmnnfO{ afwf k'¥ofp5 ls k'¥ofpb}g eGg] h:tf kIf ;d]t ;'rsfÍn] ;Daf]wg ub{5 . afn of}g zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/ ;Daf]wg ug{ k|ljlw / ofqf ;DaGwL Joj;fosf] ;+nUgtf klg o;n] dfkg ub{5 . #$ j6f ;'rs / !#@ j6f pk;'rsaf6 pknAw tYofÍsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;du| /fli6«o c+ssf ;fy;fy} ljleGg pkzLif{s c+sx? o;df ;dfj]z 5g\ .

O;LkLP6L /fli6«o l;+xfjnf]sg s] x'g\ < O;LkLP6L /fli6«o l;+xfjnf]sgn] ;di6Lut ?kdf ;a} ljBdfg, ;fj{hlgs ?kdf pknAw ;'rgf / afnaflnsfsf of}g zf]if0f -P;O;L_ ;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] lj:t't ljZn]if0f k|:t't ub{5 . logn] sfof{Gjogsf] pknlAw / r'gf}ltsf] ljZn]if0f, P;O;L pGd"ngdf k|ltlqmof pknAw u/fp5 / P;O;L lj?4 /fli6«o ;+3if{ cl3 a9fpg a:t'ut ?kdf k|fyldstfsf sfd sf/jfxL ;DaGwL ;'emfj k|:t't ub{5 .

g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] of}g zf]if0f;+lIfKt kq

cfp6 ckm b Zof8f] ;'rsfÍ! / g]kfnsf nflu O;LkLP6L /fli6«o l;+xfjnf]sg@ nufotsf ;'rgf k|of]u u/]/ of]

;+lIfKt kq tof/ u/LPsf] 5 .

g]kfn

afn of}g zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/df /fli6«o ;Daf]wgnfO{ lnP/ $^=$ c+s k|fKt ub}{ cfp6 ckm b Zof8f] ;'rsfÍdf g]kfn ^) b]zdWo] #( >]0fLdf /Xof] . blIf0f Pl;of If]qdf, g]kfn a+unfb]z -#%=#_ / kfls:tfg -@*=^_ eGbf dfly t/ ef/t -%*=@_ / >LnÍf -%!=%_ eGbf tn b]lvof] .

;'rsfÍdf g]kfnsf] cj:yf tNnf] >]0fLdf kg'{df cf+lzs ?kdf afn of}g zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/ ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLltut vfsfdf ;+of]hgsf] cefj lhDd]jf/ 5 h;df ck/fw lgoGq0f ug]{ k|of;df cj/f]w l;hgf ug]{ c:ki6tf / lj;+ult ;dfj]z 5g\ .# o;df b]zdf ljBdfg afn of}g zf]if0fsf ;DaGwdf a:t'lgi7 tYofÍsf] cefj klg lhDd]jf/ 5 .$ tyflk g]kfnn] kl5Nnf] jif{x?df s]xL k|ult xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ;/sf/n] P;O;L, d"ntM cf];f/k;f/ / cgnfOg If]q b[li6ut ub}{ ljleGg /f]syfdsf k|of; / ;r]tgf ultljlwx? ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 .%

cfp6 ckm b Zof8f] ;'rsfÍdf ^) b]zdWo] #( >]0fLdf

k|fKtf+s $^=$

afnaflnsfsf] of}g zf]if0fsf] kl/efiff

of}ghGo ultljlwdf ;xefuL ePafkt afnaflnsf jf t];|f] kIfn] s]xL k|fKt u/]df afn of}g zf]if0fsf lkl8t aG5g\ . ljleGg k|sf/sf P;O;Ldf j]Zofj[lQdf afn

zf]if0f, cgnfOg afn of}g zf]if0f, of}ghGo p2]Zosf nflu afnaflnsfsf] a]rlarg / cf];f/k;f/, ofqf / ko{6gsf] ;Gbe{df afn of}g zf]if0f / s'g} k|sf/sf] afn,

cg]dn / hah{:tL ljjfx ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .^

jftfj/0fcfp6 ckm b Zof8f] ;'rsfÍ n] kof{Kt ?kdf g]kfndf :yL/ ;/sf/ /x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 eg] cl:y/tf ;'rsdf &!÷!)) c+s k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .& tyflk g]kfnn] bz jif{ nfdf] u[x o'4 -@)%@ b]lv @)^#_ / @)&@ ;fndf b'O{j6f e"sDk ;fdgf u¥of] h;n] ul/jL, a;fO{ ;/fO{ / ;':t cfly{s ljsf;sf sf/0f afnaflnsfnfO{ ;3g ?kdf k|efljt t'Nofof] h;n] of}g zf]if0fsf hf]lvdnfO{ a9fjf lbg ;Sb5 .* tyflk g]kfnn] ;du|df, @)&^ sf] &=!Ü cg'dflgt s'n u|fx:y pTkfbg j[l4n] k|If]k0f u/] h:tf] ljutsf jif{x?df g]kfnn] ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ k|ult xfl;n u/]sf] 5 .(

c;dfgtf klg dlxnf, of}lgs / n}lËs cNk;+Vos, ul/jL / ;fdflhs jl~rlts/0fdf /x]sf hftLo ;d"xnfO{ ;zQm k|efj kfg]{ g]kfndf ljBdfg lg/Gt/ r'gf}lt xf] . ljZjJofkL n}lËs c;fdgtf k|ltj]bgsf] ;g\ @)@) sf] ;+:s/0fdf, ljZj cfly{s d~rn] g]kfnnfO{ !%# /fi6«dWo] !)! cf}+ :yfgdf /fv]sf] lyof] h;df ljz]if u/]/ :jf:Yo / hLjgofkgdf n}lËs cGt/sf] b'/LnfO{ lnP/ sd c+s k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .!)

^@÷!))

k|fs[lts k|sf]k k|ltsf] ;fdflhs hf]lvd

k|fs[lts k|sf]kn] afnaflnsfsf] cf];f/k;f/ / of}g zf]if0f nufotsf of}ghGo lx+;fdf a9f]Q/L lbg ;Sb5 .!! @)&@ sf] e"sDkkl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] -cGt/f{li6«o / :yfgLo ;+u7gsf] ;fy ;xsfo{df_ afnaflnsfsf] cf];f/k;f/ / cgfjZos ?kdf afnu[xdf /fVg] qmd /f]syfd ug{ ;lqmo k|of; yfngL u¥of] . h; cGtu{t e"sDk k|efljt lhNnfdf rf+}sL / k|x/L s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf, ;LdfIf]qdf x:tIf]k / lagf clejfjs afnaflnsfnfO{ ofqf ug{df k|ltaGw nufpg] sfd eof] .!@

o:tf sbdsf afah'b, of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ / zf]if0fsf xsdf k|fs[lts k|sf]k k|ltsf] ;fdflhs hf]lvd ;DaGwL ;'rsfË ;'rssf] nflu ljZn]if0f ul/Psf b]zx?sf] t'ngfdf g]kfnsf] ;du| c+s -@%÷!))_ ;a}eGbf Go"gdWo] lyof] . afnaflnsfsf] a9\bf] hf]lvdsf] pbfx/0f afn, cgd]n / hah{:tL ljjfxsf] qmddf b]lvg ;lsG5 hf] — o;df n}lËs c;dfgtf / ;fdflhs dfGotf;Fu ghlbssf] ;DaGw b]lvG5 — ;+s6sf] ;dodf gfaflns 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx ul/lbP/ cfly{s sl7gfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ / afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+ejtM of}ghGo lx+;faf6 ;'/lIft /fVg] ;f]r kl/jf/x?df ljBdfg /x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .!# :yfgLo txdf lqmofzLn JolQmsf egfO{ / k|ltj]bgn] @)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDksf] k|ltkmn g]kfndf afn, cgd]n / hah{:tL ljjfx a9\g] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 .!$ o"gL;]kmsf] ;g\ @)!( ;+:s/0fsf] k|ltj]bg, ljZjsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfn] hgfP cg';f/ g]kfndf afn ljjfxsf] cj:yf ljZjdf !& cf}+ pRr :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 h;df $)Ü dlxnf / !)Ü k'?if !* jif{sf] pd]/leq} ljjfx ug]{ u5{g\ .!%

;fdflhs wf/0ff / ;fdflhs ;+/If0f

of}g, of}lgs / lnËk|lt ;fdflhs wf/0ff ;DaGwL ;'rsfË ;'rssf] nflu g]kfnn] ^&÷!)) c+s / afnaflnsfnfO{ pknAw ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;'rsfË ;'rssf] nflu %@÷!)) c+s xfl;n u¥of] .

clfy{s lhDd]bf/L axg ug]{ 5f]/fsf t'ngfdf aflnsf / dlxnfsf] dxTj gh/cGbfh ug]{ jf ltgnfO{ kl/jf/sf] …af]emÚ sf] ?kdf dfq x]g]{ ;fdflhs dfGotfn] b]zdf n}lËs e]befjnfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg u5{ .!^ To;}u/L cflbjf;L ;d"x / tNnf] hftsf ;d'bfo jl~rlts/0fdf 5g\ h;sf/0f ltgLx? of}g zf]if0fnufot ljleGg k|sf/sf of}ghGo lx+;fsf] df/df kg]{ pRr ;e+fjgf axg u5{g\ .!& hft / lnËdf cfwfl/t e]befjnfO{ ul/jLn] cem a9L a9fjf lbG5 .!* Icfly{s cj;/sf vf]hLdf /x]sf ul/j kl/jf/sf aflnsf / dlxnfx? lglZrt ?kdf dgf]/~hgsf] If]qdf sfd ug{ cfslif{t x'G5g!( h;df afnaflnsfsf] ;d]t of}g zf]if0f ug]{, x'g] a9\bf] qmd b]lvg ;lsG5 . sf7df8f}+sf] dgf]/~hg If]qdf ljBdfg gfaflns sfdbf/ ;DaGwL lk|m8d km08 @)!( k|ltj]bgn] ^)Ü sfdbf/x? !& jif{ / sd pd]/sf -!@–@! jif{sf ^)) pQ/bftfdWo] @&) hgfn]_ lhl:sg], xft nufpg], of}ghGo d;fh / of}g lqm8fdf ;+nUg ePsf] cg'ej atfPsf lyP . ^Ü pQ/bftfn] uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] of}g zf]if0f cg'ej u/]sf lyP h;df cZnLn rnlrq x]/]sf] / of}g lqm8fdf ;+nUg ePsf] cj:yf atfPsf lyP .@)

lbzf

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afn, cgd]n / hah{:tL ljjfxsf gsf/fTds k|efjsf af/]df kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfonfO{ nlIft ub}{ r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ / cfly{s s7LgfO{sf xsdf j}slNks / lbuf] ;dfwfg pknAw u/fpg g]kfnn] sfo{qmd tof/ u/]sf] 5 .

;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf n}lËs e]befj af/] ;xL wf/0ff lgdf{0f ug{ / Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug{ g]kfnn] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5

sfg'gL Joj:yfg]kfnn] P;O;L lj?4sf d"n cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGq cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 eg] ljljw cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo sfg'gx?sf] kIfw/ /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo k|ltj4tf cg'?k qmlds ?kdf 3/]n' lx+;f, afn of}g zf]if0f / dfgj a]rlavg ;DaGwL ljleGg sfg'gx? cjnDag / ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . lglZrt ?kdf afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt P]g @)&% -cyf{t afn P]g @)&%_ lj:t[t sfg'gL Joj:yf xf] h;n] afn clwsf/sf] nflu sfg'gL / ;+:yfut cfwf/ pknAw u/fp5 .@! cGo k|ltalGwt sfo{dWo], afn P]g @)&% n] j]Zofj[lQ jf cGo of}ghGo sfo{df@@ afnaflnsfsf] zf]if0fdfly k|ltaGw nufp5 / cgnfOg afn of}g zf]if0fnfO{@# ;d]t s]xL xb;Dd ;Daf]wg ub{5 .

tyflk ljz]iftM afns lkl8tsf xsdf anfTsf/ ;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] cefj, cgnfOg / ko{6g If]qdf afnaflnsfsf] of}g zf]if0fsf] ck/fwLs/0f ;DaGwL lkmtnf] Joj:yfsf sf/0f cem} klg sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf ;Ldfx? sfod 5g\ . g]kfnn] cem} klg JolQm, ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf -kfn]df]{ clen]v_ sf] a]rlavg /f]syfd, bdg / ;hfo ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo clen]v cg'df]bg ug{ afFls 5 / tnsf] sf]i7df j0f{g ul/P h:tf] a]rlavg ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'gx?df uDeL/ q'6Lx? sfod 5g\ .

%%÷!))

cgnfOg afn of}g zf]if0f

df]afOnsf] kx'Fr !))Ü eGbf clws / OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr ^#Ü /x]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljB'tLo sfg'g @)!( n] hgfP cg';f/ g]kfnn] ljB'tLo ;]jf cg';/0f ug{df tLa| ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] 5 .@$ cGt/f{li6«o b'/;+rf/ o"lgogaf6 pknAw kl5Nnf] tYofÍ cg';f/, ;g\ @)!* df b]zdf k|To]s !)) hgfsf nflu sl/a !#(=$% df]afOn kmf]g u|fxs ag]sf] cj:yf lyof] .@%

O;LkLP6L nSh'Dau{ / EjfO; ckm g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!& df %–!@ jif{sf $%@ afnaflnsfaLr -@!@ aflnsf / @$) afns_ sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg u/]sf] ;e]{If0fn] &%Ü ;xefuLx? ;dIf ;+efljt cgnfOg zf]if0faf6 cfkm"nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg kof{Kt ;'rgf pknAw gePsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] lyof] .@^ ;e]{If0fdf sl/j !%Ü afnaflnsfn] cgnfOg zf]if0fsf] cg'ej ;'gfPsf lyP . zf]if0f cg'ejaf/] atfpg]df $&Ü afns / %#Ü aflnsf lyP .@&

kl5Nnf] ljB'tLo ljsf; / g]kfnL afnaflnsf cgnfOg of}g zf]if0fsf] hf]lvddf 5g\ eGg] tYofÍsf afah'b, o; ljifodf ;fGble{s sfg'gsf cefj 5 . æcZnLn lstfa, kDKn]6 k|sfzg jf lsga]r ug]{Æ ;DaGwdf k|ltaGw nufpg] k|fjwfgsf cltl/Qm,@* b08 ;+lxtfdf afn of}g zf]if0f ;DaGwL ;fdfu|L jf cGo s'g} k|sf/sf cgnfOg afn of}g zf]if0f ;DaGwL kl/efiff / ck/fwLs/0f ug]{ s'g} Joj:yf 5}g . o;}u/L afn P]g @)&% n] k|:t't u/]sf] afn of}g zf]if0f ;fdfu|Lsf] kl/efiffdf b[Zo ;fdfu|L dfq ;d]6LPsf] sf/0f o;af6 cf]kLP;L dfkb08 kl/k"lt{ x'Fb}g .

g]kfnn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosdfly afn of}g zf]if0f ;fdfu|Laf/] hfgsf/L lbg] s'g} ls;Ldsf] sfg'gL afWotf nfu" ePsf] 5}g . o:tf sdhf]/Ln] ;'rsfÍ ;'rsaf6 cgnfOg ;Dks{sf] )÷!)) c+s / OG6/g]6 ;'/Iffsf] ##÷!)) c+saf/] :ki6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 .

of}ghGo p2]Zosf nflu afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg

g]kfnn] @)^$ ;fndf dfgj a]rlavg / cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g -Pr6L6L;LP_ cjnDag u¥of] .@( of] P]gn] b'j} k|sf/sf] …dfgj a]rlavgÚ ;Daf]wg ub{5 h;df j]Zofj[lQ ;DaGwL zf]if0fsf#) ;fy} …dfgj cf];f/k;f/Ú — zf]if0fsf] p2]Zon] JolQmsf] cfjthfjt ;DaGwL a[xt ultljlw hgfpg] jfSof+z, ;lDdlnt 5g\ .#!

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L g]kfnn] cgnfOg afn of}g zf]if0f ;DaGwL sfg'g ;+zf]wg ub{5 / ;zQm agfp5, of}ghGo p2]Zosf nflu ul/g] cgnfOg ;Dks{ / nfOe :6«Lldª ;d]tsf sfo{x?nfO{ ck/fw 7x/ ub{5

g]kfnn] JolQm, ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf -kfn]df]{ clen]v_ sf] a]rlavg /f]syfd, bdg / ;hfo ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo clen]v cg'df]bg ub{5 / To;} cg's"n sfg'g ;+zf]wg ub{5

afnsx?nfO{ sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ;dfj]z ug{ / anfTsf/af6 ;'/lIft /fVg g]kfnn] kmf}hbf/L sfg'gdf of}g ultljlwdf d+h'/L ;DaGwL] pd]/sf] k|fjwfg ;+zf]wg ub{5

;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tf / IfdtfcgnfOg b'Jo{jxf/nufot afn of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ cGTo ug{ P;PcfOOeLP;Lsf] If]qLo sfo{ of]hgfsf cfwf/df g]kfn afn of}g zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/ tyf cgnfOg ;'/Iff ;DaGwL /fli6«o sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf 5 . ;g\ @)!( km]a|'j/Ldf of] of]hgfsf] d:of}bfdf 5nkmn ug{ ljz]if1sf] j}7s a;] klg clGtd of]hgf yfngL ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf s'g}} hfgsf/L k|fKt 5}g . jt{dfg cj:yfdf afnaflnsf ;DaGwL ljleGg gLlt tyf sfg'gn] afn of}g zf]if0fsf ;jfn cf+lzs ?kdf ;Daf]wg u/L/x]sf] 5 .

pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf >d, /f]huf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dGqfnon] hf/L u/]sf] afn >d ;DaGwL /fli6«o u'? of]hgf -;g\ @)!*–@)@*_ n] afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afn >d / dgf]/~hgsf :yfgdf afnaflnsfsf] of}g zf]if0f, xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6 pBf]udf afn >d h:tf ljifo ;Daf]wg ub{5 .#% tyflk oL / o:tf of]hgf tyf gLltsf] sfof{Gjog, k|efjsf/Ltf / cg'udgsf af/]df ;fj{hlgs ?kdf w]/} yf]/} ;'rgf / tYofÍ pknAw 5 .

$)÷!))

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ECPAT International328/1 Phaya Thai Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 THAILANDTel: +662 215 3388 | Email: info@ecpat.org | Website: www.ecpat.org

International

1. The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2019). Out of the Shadows: Shining light on the response to child sexual abuse and exploitation.

2. ECPAT International. (2020). ECPAT Country Overview: Nepal. Bangkok: ECPAT International.

3. The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2019). Out of the Shadows: Shining light on the response to child sexual abuse and exploitation. Nepal.

4. Ibid. 5. ECPAT International. (2020). ECPAT Country Overview: Nepal.

Bangkok: ECPAT International.6. Terminology and definitions surrounding the topic of sexual

exploitation of children used in this briefing paper are consistent with the recommendations of the Terminology Guidelines for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse. Interagency Working Group. (2016, January 28). Terminology Guidelines for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, adopted by the Interagency Working Group in Luxembourg. Bangkok: ECPAT. International.

7. The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2019). Out of the Shadows: Shining light on the response to child sexual abuse and exploitation

8. ECPAT International. (2016, March). Power, impunity and anonymity. Understanding the forces driving the demand for sexual exploitation of children. Bangkok: ECPAT International.

9. The World Bank. (2019, June). Investing in people to close the human capital gap.

10. World Economic Forum. (2019, December). The Global Gender Gap Report 2020. 9-13.

11. UNICEF. (2018, September). Promoting recovery and resilience among earthquake affected countries. 3.

12. UNICEF. (2015, June). Nepal earthquakes: UNICEF speeds up response to prevent child trafficking. [Press Release].

13. Girls not brides. (2016, June). Child marriage in humanitarian crises. 14. Ibid.; Global Citizen. (2015, May 28). Nepal earthquake is increasing

child marriages; CARE Australia. (2015, June 1). We need to meet the needs of women and girls affected by the Nepal earthquake.

15. UNICEF. (2019, October). State of the World’s Children 2019. 233; Girls not brides. (n.d.). Nepal.

16. Human Rights Watch. (September, 2016). “Our time to sing and play” child marriage in Nepal.

17. Ibid., 6.18. Ibid. 19. National Human Rights Commission. (2018, September). National

report on trafficking in persons in Nepal. 35.20. The Freedom Fund (2019, April). Prevalence of minors in

Kathmandu’s adult entertainment sector. iii.21. The Act Relating to children 2018.22. Ibid., Section 66(3) (k).23. Ibid., Section 2(m), Section 66 (2) and (3). 24. The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2019). Out of the Shadows:

Shining light on the response to child sexual abuse and exploitation.

25. Ministry of Communication and Information Technology and Frost & Sullivan (2019). 2019 Digital Nepal framework.

26. International Telecommunications Union (ITU). (2019, December). Mobile-cellular subscriptions.

27. ECPAT Luxembourg and Voice of Children. (2017). Assessing and understanding the risk: sexual exploitation of children online in Nepal.

28. Ibid., 28. 29. The National Penal Code 2017, Section 121.

30. The Act Relating to children 2018. Section 2(m).31. Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007.32. Ibid., Section 4(1).33. Ibid., Section 4(2).34. Ibid., Section 15(1) and (2).35. UN General Assembly. (2000, November 15). United Nations

Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Annex 2: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo Protocol). Res. 55/25 of 15. Art. 3 (c).

36. Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007., Section 4.

37. Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizen, SAIEVAC. (2019, February). Summary Report of the Expert Review Meeting and Review on National Plan.

38. Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security. (2018, October 10). National Master Plan on Child Labour [Translated from Nepali].

39. UN General Assembly. (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. Res. 44/25 of 20 November 1989. Article 39.

40. UN General Assembly (2000). Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. A/RES/54/263, 25 May 2000. Article 9(3).

41. National Human Rights Commission. (2018, September). National report on trafficking in persons in Nepal.

42. Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007, Section 17(3).

43. National Human Rights Commission. (2018, September). National report on trafficking in persons in Nepal. 158.

44. Ibid., 98.45. Ibid., 101.46. Ibid.47. Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizens. (2011). Shelter

Home Operating Procedure (SOP) for care and protection of trafficking survivors.

48. National Human Rights Commission. (2018, September). National report on trafficking in persons in Nepal. 88,101.

49. OHCHR. (2015). Responses to the questionnaire to the study of care and recovery of child victims: Nepal. 2.

50. Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizens. Child related major activities.

51. U.S. Department of State. (2019, June). Trafficking in persons report. 52. Ibid.; Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizens. (2011).

Shelter Home Operating Procedure (SOP) for care and protection of trafficking survivors.

53. Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizens. (2019). State of children in Nepal. 12. [Translated from Nepali].

54. The Code. (n.d.). About.55. The Code (n.d.). Members – Nepal. 56. Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation. (2019, May). Nepal

Tourism Statistics 2018. 3. 57. ECPAT international, Defence for Children, Ministry of Foreign

Affairs of the Netherlands. (2016, May). Offenders on the Move: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. Bangkok: ECPAT International.

58. Ibid.; ECPAT International. (2016). Volun-tourism.; Sapkota, J. (2019, November 15). Under the guise of humanitarian aid, high-profile paedophiles are abusing Nepali children. The Kathmandu Post.

59. ECPAT International. (2019). Thematic paper: Sexual exploitation of children & Voluntourism.