b=g+=@^^÷)^^÷)^& -3/]n' n]vskl/ro · n]vskl/ro æxfd|f/]fli6«ovfgf eg]sfs] f]bfsf] l9+8f]/ l;GsLsf]emf]nxf]Æ b]jLk|;fbsF8]n sf]bf],ds}, hf}, kmfk/ nufot g]kfndf pTkfbg x'g]ljljw

n]vs kl/ro

æxfd|f] /fli6«o vfgf eg]sf] sf]bfsf]l9+8f] / l;GsLsf] emf]n xf]Æ

b]jLk|;fb sF8]n

sf]bf], ds}, hf}, kmfk/nufot g]kfndf pTkfbgx'g] ljljw cGgjfnL tyfh+unL sGbd"naf6 aGg]ljleGg kl/sf/x? ;fy} o;af6 dfgjhLjgdf x'g]kmfObfx? ;d]t ;dfj]zul/Psf] .

b=g+= @^^÷)^^÷)^& -3/]n'_

b]jLk|;fb sF8]nhGd:yfg M jfun'ª, lax'F uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $,

kmfk/rf}/, l;dnf?v

xfnsf] 7]ufgf M e=g=kf=–!), lrtjg

hGdldlt M @))# ;fn h]i7 !*ut]

lktf M honfn sF8]n

dftf M a;'Gw/f sF8]n

df]afOn g+= M (*$&^&$&))

d'No

?=@)

).–

aRrf hGd]kl5 cfdfsf] b"wsf] ;fy;fy} aRrfn] cGo 7f]; vfg]s'/f vfg yfn]kl5 sf]bf] tyf ds}sf] lk7f]af6 aGg] g/d kl/sf/ / b"w k|z:t dfqfdf v'jfpg' kb{5 . o;af6 aRrf k"mlt{nf] / tGb'?:t x'G5 .

/fli6«o vfgf kl/sf/

d]/f] cg';Gwfg/fli6«o vfgf kl/sf/ ljifodf @)%# ;fn c;f]h !% ut]af6 cg';Gwfg yfngL ul/of] . k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv g]kfnsf] vf;u/L kxf8L lhNnfx¿df d'Vo vfgf kl/sf/sf] ¿kdf sf]bf]sf] /f]6L, l98f], k'jf, ds}sf] /f]6L, l98f], k'jf vfg] ul/cfOPsf] xf] . oL vfgfx¿ xfd|f] b]zsf] /fli6«o vfgf kl/sf/ leq k5{g\ . cg';Gwfg ub}{ hfFbf s/La !$ jif{sf] k/LIf0f cg';Gwfg ul/ ;s]kl5 /fli6«o vfgf kl/sf/ sf]bf] ds}sf] sdfn sf] ¿kdf oL vfBfGg klxrfg ul/of] . To; kl5 o;nfO{ 3/3/df ufpmFufpmFdf Pj+ zx/zx/df k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ yfngL ug]{ qmddf ;j{k|yd kj{t lhNnfsf] b'n{'ª uf=lj=;= df @)^% ;fndf tflnd tyf k|of]u k/LIf0f z'? ul/of] . k/LIf0f kl5 sf]bf] kmNg], e"; kmfNg], w'g], ;'sfpg], e'6\g] / clGtddf t]hkft /fv]/ lk;]/ lk7f] tof/ kf/]sf] b]Vbf tflnd lng] JolQm / cGo ufpFn] JolQm Hofb} crDd dfg]/ v';L eP . sf]bf]sf] kl/sf/ dWo] ln6f], l9F8f], r6\gL ;nfb, /f]6L, k'jf, n8\8', nfndf]xg, xn'jf h:tf kl/sf/ agfP/ vfFbf bdsf] /f]u, afy, Uof:6«Ls, lgdf]lgof, lrgL/f]u, k|];/ h:tf /f]ux¿ klg s;}nfO{ ;~rf] g} ePsf] tyf s;}nfO{ lj;]s e} kmfObf u/]sf] eGg] hg cfjfh k|;:t kfOof] . o;n] ubf{ cGo 7fpFdf klzIf0f tflnd lbg pT;fx hufof] / afUn'ª\, DofUbL, kj{t, :ofªhf, sf:sL, u'NdL, kfNkf, gjnk/f;L, dsjfgk'/, g'jfsf]6, wflbª\, uf]vf{, tgx"F, ndh'ª\, lrtjg, ¿kGb]xL nufot lhNnfx¿df tflnd lbO{ /fli6«o vfgf kl/sf/nfO{ 3/3/df k'¥ofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . afnafnLsfn] tyf a[4a[4fn] ;d]t /fli6«o vfgf kl/sf/ vfg yfn] kl5 xfdLnfO{ sfnf] eft, sfnf] dfd rflxof] eg]/ dfu u5{g\ eGbf ;fx|} v';L eP/ c¿ cg';Gwfg ug]{ cfF6 dnfO{ hfu[t ePsf] 5 . tflnd lbg] l;nl;nfdf k]6df aRrf ePsf] dlxnfx¿nfO{ lbgdf sDtLdf @ k6s sf]bf]sf] ln6f] vfg] u/]df k]6sf] aRrf klg ;k|Lg] / ;'Ts]/L x'g ;lhnf] x'g] c:ktfn hfg' gkg]{ cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPsf] 5 . jiff{sf] ;dodf v]taf/Ldf sfd ug]{ JolQmsf] v'§f lxnfn] vfg] u/]sf] ;j{q yfxf 5 . To:sf] nflu a]n'sf 3/ kms]{kl5 ;kmf lr;f] kfgLn] v'§f w'g], ;kmf sk8f jf 6fnfn] v'§f cf]jfp~h]n k'5\g] / e'6]sf] sf]bf]sf] lk7f] lxnfn] vfPsf] 7fpFdf bNg] laxfg ;Dd lxnfn] vfPsf] r§ x'G5 . of] cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPsf] 5 . tkfO{x¿ klg Psk6s k|of]u u/]/ x]g{';\ . z/L/df 3dfp/f cfof], d'vdf sfnf]kf]tf] b]lvof], 808Lkmf]/ lau|]/ cg'xf/ g/fd|f] eof] eg] ;fa'g gnufOsg ;kmf lr;f] kfgLn] w'g], ;kmf sk8fn] /fd|/L k'5\g] / cf]jfgf] ePkl5 kfp8/ nufPem}F u/L sf]bfsf] lk7f] nufpg], nuftf/ of] k|of]u u/]kl5 cfkm\gf] cg'xf/ x]/]/ cfkm}F bË kg{' x'G5 . Ps lsnf] sf]bf]sf] lk7fsf] /fd|/L agfpg hfg]df $ kfyL ln6f] tof/ x'G5 . of] lbgdf #÷$ k6s ;Dd vfg ;lsG5, hlt vfof] plt vfpF vfpF x'G5 ef]s hfU5, vr{ sd x'G5 cem kfx'gfx¿ cfpFbf v'jfpg'; gofF kl/sf/ x'G5 ;a}nfO{ dg k5{ bË x'G5g\ . k|:t't k':Ts k'/f k9L nfe lng' x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' .

– b]jLk|;fb sF8]n


vfgfsf] dxTjx]/f}F, xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ vfgf ge} x'Fb}g k|s[ltn] g} x/]s lbg #÷$ k6s s]lx g s]xL vfg]s'/f vfg' kg]{ u/L xfd|f] z/L/ /rgf u/]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f hLjgdf ;fgf] 7"nf] h] sfd u/] klg xfd|f] d'Vo p2]Zo vfgf vfg' xf] . vfgf ;Fw} ;kmf / tfhf ePdf xfdLnfO{ /f]u klg nfUb}g . 3/df vfgf agfpg] sf] 5 < ls slxn] s:n] slxn] s:n] agfpg] jf h;nfO{ km";{b 5 p;}n] agfpg] < o;/L x'Fb}g 3/sf] dfG5] dWo] PshgfnfO{ vfgf ksfpg] ;b:o agfpg] ljz]if sf/0f gk/];Dd p;}n] dfq vfgf agfpg] . vfgf agfpg] ;b:onfO{ c¿ s'g} sfd nufpg' x'Fb}g . ;Fw} p;}n] vfgf agfpg' k5{ . o;f] eof] eg] vfgf ;Fw} tfhf / 7Ls ;dodf vfg kfOG5 . slt hgf 5g\ < slt rflxG5 < p;}nfO{ yfxf x'G5 . slxn] gk'u]/ ef]s} a:g' kg]{ t slxn] w]/} eP/ kmfNg' kg]{ cj:yf cfpFb}g . s:n] cln w]/} vfG5 s:n] yf]/} vfG5 s:n] bfn t/sf/L w]/} vf]H5 of] s'/f vfgf ksfpg] ;b:onfO{ dfq yfxf x'G5 . s]6fs]6L 5g] eg] t emg vfgfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' k5{ . 6fOddf vfgf v'jfpg' k5{ . To;}n] 3/df vfgf agfpg] dfG5] ;w}F Ps}hgf eof] eg] w]/} kmfObf 5 . vfgf ;dodf tof/ x'G5 . vfBfGg j:t' t/sf/L, d;nf, l3p, b'w, cflbsf] art x'G5 . s:n] slt ah] s] vfof] vfPg yfxf x'G5 . xfd|f] z/L/ k|fs[lts z/L/ xf] . o;nfO{ arfpg, :j:y /fVg w]/} rLh rflxG5 . ;aeGbf w]/} kfgL rflxG5 . kfgL pdfn]sf] dfq vfg'k5{ . sf]bf] ds}sf] kl/sf/ agfP/ vfg], ;kmf vfg], ;s];Dd rDrfn] vfg], cfw'lgs aGg] u/] /fd|f] x'G5 . sk8f ;Fw} ;kmf nufpg] k"/fgf] eP/ s]xL x'Fb}g ;kmf rflxG5 . s'g} klg rLh vfFbf w]/} tftf] gvfg], w]/} lr;f] klg gvfg] hlt xtf/ eP klg vfgf vfg] ;do k|;:t lgsfNg], gcflQP/ vfg] . slDtdf cfwf 306f cfgf vfg ;do 5'§fpg' k5{ . vfgf vfPkl5 slDtdf !) ldg]6 cf/d ug]{ . vfgf :j:y eP z/L/ :j:y x'G5, z/L/ :j:y eP ljrf/ :j:y x'G5 clg hLjg ;'vL x'G5 .


sf]bf] sf]bf]sf] dxTjdflg; k|fs[lts k|f0fL ePsf]n] afFRgsf] nflu s]xL g s]xL vfg'kg]{ x'G5 . dflg;n] vfg] j:t'nfO{ vfBfGg elgG5 . ;+;f/df w]/} lsl;dsf vfBfGgx¿ kfOG5g\ . To; dWo] sf]bf] klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ vfBfGg xf] . of] h'g;'s} d'n'sdf kfOFb}g . pko'Qm xfjfkfgL / hldg x'gfn] g]kfndf lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ htftt} o;sf] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] k|of]un] xfd|f] vfBfGg cefjsf] ;d:of klg k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . Tolt dfq} geP/ sf]bf] cToflws vlgh tTj / tfut ePsf] lrh xf] . olt eP/ klg o;sf] k|of]un] dflg;nfO{ s'g} /f]u nfUg lbFb}g . h'g;'s} /f]uL dflg;nfO{ klg of] vfg x'G5 . vfg]s'/fs} sf/0fn] clxn] dflg;x¿ /f]uL ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] sf]bf]nfO{ vfgfsf ¿kdf k|of]u u/f}F . /f]u nfUgaf6 arf}F .

sf]bfsf] vfgfaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿M An8k|];/ -/Qmrfk_, ;'u/ -dw'd]x_, o"l/s Pl;8, bd, vf]sL, z/L/ b'v]sf] cflb ;a} /f]ux¿ lgsf] x'G5 . pQm vfgfn] # dlxgfsf] afnsb]lv a[4a[4f, o'jf o'jtL ;a}nfO{ /fd|f] x'G5 . k]6 b'Vg], lb;f kftnf] x'g] -emf8fkvfnf x'g]_ nfO{ % jf ^ bfgf l;lN6d'/ e'6]/ dl;gf] x'g]u/L rkfpg] / pdfn]sf] @ dfgf lr;f] kfgL lkpg] . !) ldg]6 kl5 ;fy} ! dfgf kfgLdf # rDrf lk7f] /fVg] / /fd|f];Fu ksfPsf] kftnf] sf]bf]sf] ln6f] vfgfn] pQm /f]u lgsf] x'G5 . vfgf kl5 ! 306f cf/fd ug'{xf];\ .

sf]bf]af6 aGg] kl/sf/x¿

!_ l98f]

@_ /f]6L

#_ k'jf

$_ ln6f]

%_ r6gL

^_ ;nfb

&_ n8\8'

*_ nfndf]xg

(_ xn'jf


@ kfyL sf]bf] /fd|f];Fu kmNg] / e'; kmfln;s]kl5 7"nf] af6f jf efF8fdf /fvL /fd|f];Fu ;kmf x'g]u/L w'g'xf];\ . d}nf ;kmf gx'~h]n;Dd w'g'xf];\ . To;kl5 ;kmf Knfli6ssf] af]/fdf !) ldg]6 /fv]/ kfgL tf/]kl5 /fd|f] sk8fdf ;'sfpg'xf];\ . ;'ls;s]kl5 bfp/fsf] r'nf]df 7"nf] ef8f]df /fvL # jf $ dfgf /fv]/ k"mn p7\g]u/L e'6\g'xf];\ . Psdfgf rfdn -:yfgLo_, ! dfgf ds} -:yfgLo_ /fd|f];Fu e'6]/ pQm sf]bf]df /fVg'xf];\ . To;df ;'s]sf] l;GsfpnLsf % -kfFr_ j6f kft e'6]/ dl;gf] x'g]u/L sf6]/ pQm sf]bf], ds} / rfdndf ld;fpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 d}bf x'g]u/L ldndf /fv]/ lkFWg'xf];\ . ca lk7f] tof/ eof] . pQm lk7f]af6 ln6f], l9F8f] nufotsf kl/sf/ agfpg ;lsG5 .

ksfpg] tl/sfM b'O{lt/ s8f ePsf] ;]tf] -ls6sf]_ s/fO{ / wfl/nf] :6Lnsf] 8f8' lng'xf];\ . s/fO{df lr;f] kfgL ! dfgf /fvL vfgf vfg] rDrfsf] $ -rf/_ rDrf lk7f] /fvL To;}df eP ! 8f8' v'bf] jf @ rDrf lrgL /fVg'xf];\ / cfuf]df kmTsg] u/L /fd|f];Fu ksfpg'xf];\ . kftnf] x'g]u/L ksfPkl5 srf}/fdf /fv]/ rDrfn] lj:tf/} vfg'xf];\ .

sf]bf]sf] l9“8f] sf]bf]sf] l98f] agfpFbf ;a} tl/sf ds}sf] h:t} xf] t/ o;df km'sf]

lk7f]df kfgL /fv]/ cf];fpg' kb}{g . gfk]sf] lk7f] pDn]sf] kfgLdf Ps} rf]6L /fVg], lk7f] yk ug{ x'Fb}g .

sf]bfsf] lk7f]af6 l9“8f] vfg] tl/sfM b'O{dfgf pdfn]sf] kfgLdf @ dfgf lk7f] -@) rDrf_ Ps}k6s /fVg] -k6s–k6s /fVgfn] kl5 yk]sf] lk7f] kfSb}g_ / sf7sf] bfljnfn]


d:sfPkl5 # ldg]6df l9F8f] tof/ x'G5 . pQm lk7f]af6 /f]6L klg /fd|f] x'G5 .

sf]bfsf] lk7f]af6 r6\gL agfpg] tl/sfM xl/of] aGbf dl;gf] x'g]u/L sf6\g], ePdf d'nf, ufh/ klg sf6\g] / e'6]sf] @ rDrf lk7f], @ 8f8' blx ;d]t ldnfpg], ;fy} uf]ne]+8f dl;gf] lkFWg] / /fVg], ;Dej eP xl/of] g/d b'af]sf d'G6f !) jf !% / xl/of] v';f{gL cfÇgf] OR5f cg';f/ /fv]/ dl;gf] x'g]u/L lkFWg], To;df g'g, a];f/ ;d]t cfjZostf cg';f/ ldnfP/ lkm6\g] . pQm r6\gLaf6 a[4a[4f, o'jfo'jtL ;a}sf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 .

sf]bfsf] k'jf vfg] tl/sfM b'O{dfgf -@) rDrf_ lk7f]df ^ rDrf lrgL /fv]/ kfgLdf d'5\g] . d'5]sf] lk7f] 8Nnf kg]{u/L agfpg] . To;kl5 k|];/s's/sf] ldqL efudf s]/fsf] xl/of] kft bfofF–jfofF, tn–dfly lk7f]n] g5'g]u/L /fVg'xf];\ . aLrefudf d'5]sf] lk7f] /fVg] / dfly klg xl/of] s]/fsf] kftn] 9fsL 9sgLn] aGb ug]{ . To;kl5 cfuf] jf UofF;sf] r'nf]df @) ldg]6 ksfpg] . l;¶L nfUg' x'Fb}g . cfuf] lgefPsf] @) ldg]6klg 9sg vf]Ng] / 8f8'n] lems]/ Kn]6df /fvL rDrfn] vfg] . pQm vfgfaf6 k]6 b'Vg], kvnf nfUg] cflb s'g}klg /f]u nfUb}g . kfgL lkpFbf pdfn]sf] lr;f] kfgL cfk"mnfO{ ?r];Dd lkpg] . sf]bfsf] vfgfn] udL{ slxNo} x'Fb}g . afx|} dlxgf vfg x'G5 . sf]bf] kmn]/ kvfn]kl5 udL{ ;a} hfG5 .

/f]6L cfjZostf cg';f/sf] sf]bf] /fd|f];Fu kmNg] / e'; kmfln;s]kl5 ldndf lk;]/ lk7f] agfpg] pQm lk7f]nfO{ OR5fcg';f/ cGo rfdn jf ds}sf] lk7f];Fu klg ld;fpg ;lsG5 . lk7f]nfO{ kfgL ld;fP/ d'5\g] l7Ss lunf] vfn]


ePkl5 yf]/} l3p /fv]/ tfjfdf ksfpg] . /f]6L tof/ x'G5 . tkfO{n] b'w, bxL, crf/;Fu vfg ;Sg'x'G5 . of] vfhfsf] ¿kdf klg vfg ;lsG5 . cGo ahf/df kfOg] tof/L vfhf eGbf of] :jf:Yoj4{s x'G5 .

sf]bf]sf] n8\8', nfn df]xg agfpg]e'6]sf] sf]bf]sf] lk7f] vfgf vfg] rDrfsf] @) rDrf lk7f] gfk]/ Ps

ef8f]df /fVg] . b'w bxL jf cldnf] df]lx / kfgL yf]/} yf]/} lnP/ To;}n] Tof] gfk]sf] lk7f] 8Nnf kg]{ u/L d'5\g] To:df u'lnof] vfg k/]df v'bf] jf lrgL OR5f cg';f/ ldnfpg] . ca d'5]sf] lk7f]sf] ;fgf ;fgf 8Nnf -n8\8'_ agfpg] . s's/df tn / bfof, afof xl/of] s]/fsf] kft lj5fpg] / kftdf kg]{ u/L n8\8' s's/ eLq /fVg] . To; kl5 dfyLaf6 s]/fsf] kftn] 5f]Kg] / cfuf]df a;fpg] s's/sf] 9sg /fd|f];Fu nufpg] / klxnf efF8f] ttfpg 7"nf] cfuf] / efF8f tflt;s]kl5 dGb cfuf]df @) ldg6 hlt afkmn] kfSg] u/L ksfpg] To;kl5 cfuf] aGb u/L 38L x]/]/ @) ldg6 kl5 9Ssg vf]Ng] n8\8' tof/ eof] . n8\8' aflx/ lgsfn]/ To;df Ps÷Ps rDrf dx ld;fpg'; nfndf]xg tof/ eof] . dhfn] vfg'; kfx'gfnfO{ v'jfpg'; . hlt vfof] plt ld7f] k]6 v/fa x'Fb}g Uof/]G6L 5 .

;nfb agfpg]ufh/, d"nf, aGbf, sf]/];fdf sf]g]{, To;df xl/of] uf]ne]8f, xl/of] v';f{gL, wlgof, b'af] OR5f cg';f/ ldS:r/ jf l;nf}6fdf lkg]/ ;a} lrh ld;fP/ ;nfb tof/ kfg{'xf];\ . To;df sf]bf]sf] lk7f] bxL a];f/ /fv]/ Pp6} efF8fdf dNg';, To; kl5 cfwf lgsfn]/ To;df OR5fcg';f/ g"g /fv]/ r6gL tof/ x'G5 . afFsL cfwfdf OR5f cg';f/ lrgL /fv]/ ;nfb tof/ kfg{';\ . ln6f], l9F8f], /f]6L cflb h];Fu vfP klg x'G5 To;} vfP klg x'G5 . Psk6s cjZo vfg'xf];\ km]/L vfg'xf];\ eGg} kb}{g .


sf]bf]sf] gnaf6 /; lgsfNg] tl/sf sf]bf]sf] v]tL ug{ ;j{k|yd Aof8 tof/ u/L lapm /fVg' kb {5 . Ps dlxgf k 'u ]kl5 Aof8sf ] lapm lgsfnL hf ]tvg u/]sf] hldgdf /f]Kg' kb{5 . Aof8 tyf lapm /f]Kg] hldgdf ljsf;L -/;folgs_ dnsf] k|of]u ug'{x'Fb}g . ufO{, e}+;L, e]8f afv|f / 3fF;kftaf6 tof/ x'g] sDkf]i6 dn jf h}ljs dn k|of]u u/]df pQm cGgafnL :jf:Yosf] nflu Hofb} pko'Qm x'G5 . sf]bfsf] afnf kx]+nf] jf kfs]kl5 cufl8 cufl8 afnf sf6\b} hfg] / k5fl8–k5fl8 gn sf6\b} hfg] . gndf ePsf kftx¿ lgsfnL d'¶L e/sf ;fgf ;fgf lj6f agfpg] . To;kl5 # -tLg_ efu gndf Ps efu pv' ldnfP/ d]l;gdf k]Ng], /; tof/ ePkl5 /fd|/L 5fg]/ tfdfsf] afSnf] v8\s'/f]df pQm /; ksfpg] . /; /fd|/L kfls;s]kl5 v'bf] tof/ x'G5 . v'bf]nfO{ klg ksfof] eg] u'0f -;Vv/_ tof/ x'G5 . v'bf]nfO{ lr;f] ePkl5 df6fsf] ef8f]df /fVg] / u'0f -;Vv/_ nfO{ :6Lnsf] ef8fdf /fVg] . To;kl5 sf]bf]sf] lk7f]af6 ag]sf] kl/sf/x¿ h:t} k'jf, ln6f], /f]6L, n8\8' / r6\gL cflb vfgfx¿df dfly plNnlvt v'bf] jf u'0f;Fu lgoldt # dlxgf;Dd vfgfn] ;'u/, kx]+n] /f]u ;d]t lgsf] x'G5 . To;kl5 dflg;sf] r]x/f :ofpsf] bfgfh:tf] k'i6 / rdsbf/ x'G5 .

ds}ds}sf] dxTjxfdLx¿n] vfBfGgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ j:t' ds} klg xf] . o;nfO{ w]/} lsl;dn] vfg ;lsG5 . ds} ;+;f/e/L g} vfgfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] g]kfndf ds}nfO{ /f]6L, eft, l9F8f], k'jf, lv/ agfP/ kf]n]/ / sfFr} klg vfg] rng 5 . g]kfndf kxf8 / lxdfnlt/ of] d'Vo cGgafnLsf] ¿kdf k|of]u x'G5 . ahf/lt/ la:s'6, kfp/f]6L, xln{S;, rsn]6 agfpg' klg ds}sf] k|of]u x'G5 . /fd|f];Fu agfP/ vfg hfGof] eg] ds}n] xfd|f] :jf:Yodf w]/} kmfObf u5{ . cfkm\g} b]zdf pTkfbg x'g] ePsf]n] xfd|f] vfBfGg ;d:of klg xn x'G5 .


ds}af6 aGg] kl/sf/x¿!_ l9F8f]@_ /f]6L#_ k'jf$_ xn'jf%_ /;j/L^_ n8\8'&_ kf]n]/ vfg ;lsG5*_ e'6]/ vfg ;lsG5(_ p;g]/ vfg ;lsG5!)_ e'6]sf] ds}sf] ;ft'!!_ sfFrf] ds}sf] ;ft'

!@_ ds}sf] xln{S;

ds}af6 aGg] kl/sf/x¿M ;kmf @ kfyL ds} ;'sfpg'xf];\, /fd|f];Fu ;'s]kl5 ldndf nu]/ d}bf x'g]u/L lkFWg] . tof/ e};s]sf] d}bf -lk7f]_ @) rDrf -!) rDrfsf] ! dfgf / @) rDrfsf] @ dfgf x'G5 ._ lk7f]df ! rDrf £o', ! 8f8' v'bf] jf ^ rDrf lrgL, ! 8f8' b"w /fv]/ 8Nnf kg]{u/L d'5\g'xf];\ ;fy} 8Nnf -;fgf]–;fgf]_ n8\8' krf; uf]6f x'G5 . To;nfO{ k|];/s's/sf] lkFw, bfofF, jfofF xl/of] s]/fsf] kft /fv]/ leq pQm n8\8' /fVg'xf];\ dflyaf6 klg s]/fsf] kftn] 9fSg'xf];\ / k|];/s's/sf] 9sgL aGb ug'{xf];\ . To;kl5 cfuf] jf UofF;sf] r'nf]df #) ldg]6 ksfpg'xf];\ . cfuf] aGb u/]kl5 @) ldg]6 9sg gvf]nL /fVg] . To;kl5 vf]n]/ n8\8' vfg] . n8\8' ksfPsf] ;dob]lv !* 306f;Dd vfg x'G5 .


ds}sf] l9“8f]ds}sf] l98f] agfpg ;lhnf] 5 . klxnf Pp6f u}/f] tfdf jf

kmnfdsf] efF8f] geP s's/ rflxG5 . Tof] efF8f]df Ps hgfnfO{ ksfpg] xf] eg] Psdfgf kfgL /fVgf]; kfgL /fv]sf] efF8f]nfO{ Kn]6n] 5f]k]/ cfuf]df a;fNg'; . To; kl5 vfgf vfg] rDrfsf] ^ rDrf ds}sf] lk7f] gfk]/ Ps efF8fdf /fVgf];\ . Psd'7L lr;f] kfgLn] lk7f]nfO{ cf];fpg'; To;kl5 pDn]sf] Psdfgf kfgLdf ds}sf] gfk]sf] lk7f] Ps}k6s /fVg';\ / bfljnfn] rnfpg';\, !) ;]s]G8 5f]k]/ To;kl5 k'gM rnfpg'; km]/L !) ;]s]G8 5f]k]/ rnfP/ 5f]Kg'; / cfuf] lgefpg], To;nfO{ @) ldg6 5f]k]/ To;} /fVg] / @) ldg6 kl5 wfl/nf] l:6nsf] klgof]n] lems]/ yfndf /fv]/ vfg';\ . bflanfn] glemSg';\ lsg eg] htftt} nfU5 .

ds}sf] lk7f]af6 l9“8f] vfg] tl/sfM

l9F8f] ksfpg] efF8fdf @ dfgf kfgL pdfNg'xf];\ / @) rDrf lk7f]

Ps}rf}6L /fVg] / sf7sf] jf kmnfdsf] bflanfn] 8Nnf gkg]{ u/L wf]Ng'xf];\

kl5 lk7f] gyKg'xf];\ . kl5 yk]sf] lk7f] kfSb}g / uGw cfpF5 . s]xL lunf]

ePkl5 @) ldg]6kl5 hD5 s]xL km/s kb}{g . To;kl5 bfn, t/sf/L,

b"wblx;Fu vfg'xf];\ . hlt vfPklg k]6 b'Vb}g . xNsf x'G5 .

/f]6L

ds}nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;'sfP/ ldndf nu]/ lk:g] . To;kl5 lk7f] tof/ x'G5 .

pQm lk7f]df cfjZostf cg';f/ g'g cyjf lrgL klg ld;fpg ;lsG5 .

rfdn jf cGo lk7f] klg ld;fpg ;lsG5 . kfgLdf cfwf 306f lehfpg]

d'5]/ lunf] lunf] ePkl5 yf]/} l3p /fv]/ tfjfdf ksfpg] /f]6L tof/ eof] .

tkfO{ o;nfO{ b'w, bxL, crf/ h];'s} ;Fu vfg ;Sg'x'G5 . of] klg :jf:Yosf]

nflu w]/} /fd|f] 5 . ef]s klg d]l6G5 . vfhfsf] sfd klg u5{ .


-s_ ds}sf] k'jf agfpg] tl/sfM ds}sf] k'jf agfpFbf @ dfgf lk7f]df ! rDrf £o', ! 8f8' b"w, ^ rDrf lrgL jf ! 8f8' v'bf] /fv]/ /fd|/L d'5\g] . To;kl5 pQm v'nf / xNsf lk7f]nfO{ dfly plNnlvt adf]lhdsf] ef8fdf /fvL @) ldg]6 cfuf] jf UofF;sf] r'nf]df ksfpg] -cfuf] dGb x'g'kb{5_ . l;¶L nfu]df 89\g ;Sb5 . To;kl5 @) ldg]6hlt 9sgnfO{ gvf]nL /fVg] . @) ldg]6kl5 9sg

vf]Ng] / pQm k'jf Kn]6df /fvL rDrfn] jf ;kmf xftn] cfk"m c3fp~h]n

vfg] . pQm vfgfaf6 z/L/df s'g} k|sf/sf] /f]u nfUb}g .

-v_ ds}sf] k"jf agfpg] tl/sfMcfwf ln6/ b'w / cfwf ln6/ kfgL ld;fpg] To:df ePdf ! rDrf

l3p /fVg], OR5f cg';f/ v'bf] jf lrgL /fVg] / ! lsnf] ds}sf] lk7f] gfk]/ b"w kfgLdf d'5\g] . Pp6f s's/ tof/ ug]{ s's/sf] leq tn, bfofF afoFf x'g] u/L s]/fsf] xl/of] kft la5fpg] . d'5]sf] lk7f] ef8ffdf gnfUg] u/L s]/fsf] kftdf kg]{ u/L ;a} lk7f] Ps} rf]6L /fVg] o; kl5 dfyLaf6 klg s]/fsf] kftn] 5f]Kg] / s's/sf] 9sg nufpg] To;kl5 cfuf]df a;fNg], cfuf] ;fgf] nufpg] @) ldg]6 hlt ksfpg] s's/sf] l;7L nfUg' x'Fb}g, l;7L nfUg yfNof] eg] cfuf] cem ;fgf] kfg]{ jf cfuf] aGb ug]{ . cfuf] aGb u/]sf] @) ldg]6 kl6 9sg vf]Ng] / :6Lnsf] 8f8'n] lems]/ vfg] . hlt vfof] Tolt ld7f] . JolQm yf]/} ePdf klg b'w / lk7f]sf] dfqf 36fpg] a9L ePdf yk u/]/ tof/ kfg]{ .


ds}sf] xln{S;Ps kfyL nf]sn ds} /fd|f];Fu ;'sfpg] . ;'ls;s]kl5 s]nfpg] .

ldndf nu]/ @ k6s lkg]/ d}bf agfpg] / 3/df NofPkl5 ;fgf] rflNgn] rfNg] . ;kmf /fd|f] xfjf gl5g]{ l8Aafdf ds}sf] lk7f] /fv]/ l8Aaf aGb ug]{ . ToxL lk7f] Ps hgfn] vfg] xf] eg] vfgf vfg] rDrfsf] # rDrf lk7f] srf}/fdf lemSg] / @ rDrf dx jf v'bf] ld;fpg] / dNg] / vfg ;'? ug]{ . lrgL eg] ld;fpg' x'Fb}g .

Ps hgfnfO{ agfpg] xf] eg] ca Ps Unf; kfgL lng] / Tof] kfgL nfO{ s/fxL jf k|mfOk]gdf pdfNg] hlt u'lnof] vfg dg 5 OR5fcg';f/ lrgL ld;fP/ ksfpg] . kfs]sf] lrgL ld;fPsf] kfgL Pp6f ;kmf lunf;df ptfg]{ / To;df vfgf, vfg] rDrfsf] Ps rDrf ToxL l8Aafsf] lk7f] pdfn]sf] kfgLdf /fVg] / Tolx rDrfn] 8Nnf gkg]{ u/L lkm6\g], x]bf{ n// x'G5 . ca ToxL rDrfn] vfg z'? ug]{ . v'a dHhf cfpF5 . hlt a]nf vfP klg x'G5 lrofsf] ;§f, vfhfsf] ;§f vfPklg x'G5 . o;n] k]6 ;kmf u5{ . ;'u/sf / An8 k|];/sf la/fdLnfO{ ljz]if kmfObf x'G5 . ds} 5fGbf vf; u/L kx]nf] ds} 5fGg' k5{ .

;]tf] ds} eP kx]nf]df ld;fpg' x'Fb}g . ;]tf] ds}sf] kl/sf/ 5'§} / kx]Fnf] sf] kl/sf/ 5'§} agfP/ vfg ;lsG5 .

ds}sf] xn'jf, n8\8' / /;j/L agfpg]@ dfgf b'w s's/df /fVg], OR5fcg';f/ lrgL /fVg] . ds}sf] lk7f]

@) rDrf gfk]/ Ps efF8f]df /fVg] / Tof] ds}sf] lk7f]nfO{ @ d'7L lr;f] kfgLn] cf]:ofpg] b'w pDn]kl5 cf]:ofP/ /fv]sf] lk7f] Ps}rf]6L s's/df /fVg] / !) ;]s]G8 sf7sf] bfljnfn] rnfpg] . d:sfpg] / km]/L 5f]Kg] / cfuf] aGb ug]{ . cfuf] aGb u/]sf] @) ldg]6 kl5 kfs]sf] ds}sf] xn'jf tof/ eof] . o;}nfO{ n8\8' agfpg dg nfu]df aflx/ lgsfn]/ ;fgf ;fgf n8\8' agfP/ Kn]6df /fv]/ vfg lbg] . Tolx n8\8'df Ps rDrf dx /fv]df ds}sf] /;j/L tof/ eof] . dx g/fv]df n8\8' / 8Nnf gkf/]sf]

rfxL xn'jf tof/ eof] .


ds} pl;g]/ vfg] tl/sfM

;kmf ds}nfO{ kfgLdf w'g'xf];\ . To;kl5 pQm ds}nfO{ *-cf7_ 306f

kfgLdf lehfpg'xf];\ . lelh;s]sf] ds}nfO{ cfuf] jf UofF;df pl;Gg'xf];\ .

ds} kfls;s]kl5 s]xL ;do dGtftf] x'~h]n /fVg'xf];\ . To;kl5 pl;g]sf]

kfgLn] ;]tf] ds} eP pQm /;n] 5fnfsf] /f]unfO{ 7Ls u5{, kx]+nf] ds}sf]

/;n] /ut ;kmf ub{5 . ds} pl;g]sf] kfgL ;a}n] lkpg'xf];\ . pl;g]sf]

ds} b"w blx;Fu vfg'xf];\ . To;n] z/L/df s'g} k|sf/sf] xfgL gf]S;fgL

ub}{g .

ds} e'6]/ ;ft' agfP/ klg vfg ;lsG5M

ds} e'6\g'xf];\ / ;ft' agfP/ v'bf] -! dfgf ;ft'df ! 8f8' v'bf]_;Fu

vfFbf :jf:YonfO{ clt /fd|f] ub{5 . ds} e6df; e'6]/ vfg'xf];\ . o;n]

bfFtnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . ;fydf b"w bxL jf dlx eP clt pQd x'G5 .

ds}sf] vfgfn] z/L/, k]6 b'Vg] jf cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] /f]u nfUb}g clt pQd

x'G5 . klxn] vfPsf] vfgf / cfw'lgs tl/sfsf] vfgf vfP/ x]g'{xf];\, Hofbf

df]6f]kgnfO{ 36fpF5 / b'Anf] kftnf] eP :j:ys/ x'G5 .

kx]+nf] ds}sf kl/sf/ / vfg] tl/sfx¿M ;j{k|yd df6f] vghf]t u/L v]t jf af/L tof/ ePkl5 ufO{ e}+;L, e]8fafv|fsf] sDkf]i6 dn jf h}ljs dn /fvL kx]+nf] ds} /f]Kg] . ds} kx]+nf] jf kfSg] ljlQs} 3f]uf efFRg] / 8fF7 -9f]8_sf] kft 6'Kkf lgsfnL sf6\g] . pQm 8fF7 -9f]8_ # efu / ! efu pv' ldnfP/ d]l;gdf k]Ng], k]ln;s]kl5 pQm /; /fd|/L 5fGg] / tfdfsf] afSnf] ef8fdf ksfpg] . ksfPkl5 v'bf] jf u'0f -e]nL_ tof/ x'G5 . To;kl5 kx]+nf] ds}sf] k'jf, n8\8', ;ft', ds} cflb vfgfx¿df pQm v'bf] jf u'0f;Fu vfgfn] ;'u/, An8k|];/ /f]u lgsf] x'G5 . dfly pNn]lvt vfgfn] z/L/nfO{ rlDsnf] / k'mlt{nf] agfpF5 . lgoldt # -tLg_ dlxgf;Dd ;]jg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .


hf}+ hf}+nfO{ klxnf /fd|f];Fu kmn]/ e'; ÇofSg'xf];\ . To;kl5 e'6]/ lkFWg'xf];\ . ;ft' aG5 . sfFrf] lkFw]df RofVnf aG5 .

!= hf}+sf] vfgf @ -b'O{_ k|sf/n] vfg ;lsG5M

ds}sf] h:t} RofVnf agfP/ s;f}+8Ldf ksfP/

vfFbf :jf:Yojw{s / kf]l;nf] x'G5 . dlxgfsf] slDtdf

klg # jf $ k6s vfg] ug'{xf];\ . z/L/nfO{ k"mlt{nf]

/ x8\8LnfO{ dha't agfpF5 . h'sf kg]{ dflg;nfO{ t of] cf}iflw g}

x'G5 . o;/L dfl;s ¿kdf vfgf ldnfP/ vfFbf cf}iflw ug'{kb}{g .

To;kl5 3/df lgoldt vfgf ksfpg] dflg; kl/jf/df 5fg]/ /fVg], h;n] vfgfsf] dfq sfd ug'{kb{5 . ljxfg, lbpF;f] / a]n'sf vfgf ksfpg] dflg;nfO{ cGo sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lbg'xF'b}g .

;]tf] ds}af6 tof/ x'g] lrh / vfgfx¿M ;]tf] ds} klg /f]Kg'eGbf klxn] v]taf/LnfO{ vghf]t u/L tof/ ePkl5 e]8fafv|f, ufO{, e}+;Lsf] sDkf]i6 dn /fVg'xf];\ . ds} afnL /f]Kg] ;do ePkl5 /fd|f] / k'i6 ds}sf] lapm /fKg'xf];\ . ds} kx]+nf] jf kfSg] ljlQs} 3f]uf efFr]/ kft 6'Kkf lgsfnL sf6\g] . pQm 8fF7 -9f]8_ # efu / ! efu pv' ldnfP/ d]l;gdf k]Ng], k]ln;s]kl5 pQm /; /fd|/L 5fGg] / tfdfsf] afSnf] ef8fdf ksfpg] . ksfPkl5 v'bf] jf u'0f tof/ x'G5 . To;kl5 ;]tf] ds}sf] k'jf, n8\8', ;ft', ds} cflb v'bf] jf u'0f;Fu vfg] . ds}sf] 3f]ufnfO{ pl;g]/ klg vfg ;lsG5 . ds} pl;g]sf] kfgL lkpg' kb{5 o;n] 5fnf;DaGwL /f]u lgsf] x'G5 . z/L/ k"mlt{nf] / :ofpsf] bfgfh:t} k'i6 x'G5 . tkfO{ cfÇgf] OR5f cg';f/ vfgfn] k]6 b'Vg], Uofli6«s cflb s'g} /f]ux¿ klg nfUb}g .


kmfk/ kmfk/nfO{ ;kmf agfP/ d}bf x'g]u/L lkFWg'xf];\ / pQm lk7f]nfO{

/f]6L agfP/ vfhfsf] ¿kdf vfg'xf];\ . @ dfgf kfgL @ rDrf £o" /fvL

pdfNg'xf];\ . To;kl5 @ dfgf lk7f] Ps}rf]6L /fVg'xf];\ t/ k6s–k6s

g/fVg'xf];\ . To;nfO{ sf7sf] bflanf]n] d:sfpg'xf];\ / 9fsL–9fsL %

ldg]6 ksfPkl5 l9F8f] tof/ x'G5 . kfls;s]sf] vfgf !% jf @) ldg]6kl5

vfg'xf];\ . o;af6 ;'u/, o"l/s–Pl;8, An8k|];/ cflb /f]unfO{ clt /fd|f]

x'G5 . pQm vfgf vfPkl5 ! lunf; b"w jf ! lunf; u'Gb|'ssf] /;

lkpg'xf];\ . o;/L pQm vfgf vfPsf] # dlxgfleq tkfO{nfO{ ePsf] o"l/s–

Pl;8, ;'u/, An8k|];/sf] /f]u cf/fd ePsf] yfxf kfpg'x'G5 . pQm vfgf

b"w, blx, dlx jf sf]bf]sf] lk7f]af6 ag]sf] r6\gL;Fu vfg ;lsG5 .

pmjf pmjfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;'sfpg] . To;kl5 vfgfsf] ¿kdf e'6]/ vfg ;lsG5 . vfFbf lrKnf] / jf:gf cfpg] x'G5 . pmjfnfO { /fd|f ]; Fu e'6 ]/ hf Ftf ] jf ldndf d}bf x'g ]u/L lkWg'xf];\ . To;/L lkFw]sf] d}bf lk7f]df cltslt v'bf] jf dx /fv]/ vfg'xf];\ . To;n] k'mn]sf] z/L/nfO{ ;'sfpg] sfd ub{5 . pQm vfgfn] aRrfb]lv a[4a[4f;Ddsf] :jf:YonfO{ clt /fd|f] ub{5 . ;fy} k]6 k'mNg], ¥ofn cfpg] cflb /f]ux¿nfO{ klg lgsf] kfb{5 . ;fgf] s]/fp / pjf e'6]/ klg vfg ;lsG5 .


;fgf] s]/fp s]/fpsf] bfgfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;'sfpg], To;kl5 hftf]df lkFw]/ e'; kmfNg] . clg s]/fpsf] bfndf g'g a];f/ /fv]/ bfn ksfpg] . kls;s]sf] bfndf ! hDrf £o" /fVg] / sf]bf]sf] jf ds}sf] l9F8f];Fu vfg'xf];\ . ;fgf] s]/fpsf] bfn;Fu vfPsf] vfgfn] hl08; /f]u ;d]t lgsf] x'G5 . o:tf] vfgfn] z/L/nfO{ rlDsnf] / k"mlt{nf] agfpF5 . s]/fpnfO{ /fd|f];Fu lehfpg'xf];\ . lehfPsf] s]/fp cGo s'g}klg t/sf/Ldf /fv]/ ksfpg ;lsG5 . To;/L agfPsf] t/sf/L clt :jflbnf] / kmfObfhgs x'G5 .

h'g]nf] / n§] h'g]nf] / n§]nfO{ 5'§f–5'§} e'6\g'xf];\ . ljxfg, lbpF;f] / a]n'sf vfgf vfg'eGbf klxn] b'a} ldnfP/ # d'7Lhlt vfg'xf];\ . To;n] k'mn]sf] z/L/, k]6 b'v]sf], 3'F8f b'Vg], bd cflbnfO{ lgsf] kfb{5 . To;kl5 sf]bfsf] ln6f] vfgfsf] ¿kdf vfg'xf];\ . ;fydf b"w, blx, dlx cflb ePdf clt pko'Qm x'G5 . ;'Tg] a]nfdf ! lunf; l;GsLsf] emf]n -g'g sd /fv]/_ lkpg'xf];\ . emfD6f vfg'x'Fb}g .

sfnf] df; sfnf] df;nfO{ b'O{ sK6]/f x'g]u/L lkFWg] . To;kl5 a];f/, sd g'g /fv]/ /fd|f];Fu ksfpg] . kfls;s]kl5 @ rDrf £o" / lhDa' /fv]/ emfGg] . To;kl5 bfn tof/ x'G5 . bfn;Fu ds} jf sf]bfsf] l9F8f] vfg'xf];\ clt :jflbnf] / dL7f] x'G5 . df;nfO{ e'6]/ lkFw]kl5 d}bf x'G5 . To;kl5 @ rDrf lk7f] lr;f] kfgLdf /fv]/ rDrfn] 3f]Ng] / @ rDrf £o' ksfpg] efF8fdf /fv]kl5 pQm 3f]n]sf] lk7f] /fv]/ ksfpg] . vfgf cg';f/ afSnf], kftnf] agfP/ ds} jf sf]bfsf] l9F8f];Fu vfg] .


uxt

uxt Hofb} /fd|f] lrh xf] . o;nfO{ e'6\g'xf];\ clg cb'jf, n;'g /fv]/ % d'7L uxtdf @ dfgf kfgL /fv]/ pl;Gg], cfwf lems]/ t/sf/Ldf ld;fP/ ksfpg] ;fy} cfwfsf] cfÇgf] O{R5f cg';f/ ;'k agfP/ vfg] . u]8f t/sf/Ldf ld;fP/ vfgx'G5 . o;n] 9f8 b'v]sf], bd, z/L/sf] lr;f]kg cflb /f]unfO{ clt /fd|f] ub{5 . o;sf] ;]jgn] kTy/L klg x/fP/ hfG5 .

l;GsL

l;GsLsf] /; ksfpg] ef8fdf ! rDrf £o" /fVg], xl/of] v';f{gL OR5f cg';f/ sf6]/ /fVg] . /ftf] x'g]u/L e'6\g], To;kl5 @) u|fd l;GsL /fv]/ e'6\g] clg ! dfgf kfgL /fv]/ pdfNg] / vfgf vfO;s]sf ] % ldg]6kl5 ! lunf; emf ]n -a]n'sfsf ] vfgfkl5_ lkpg] . z/L/df vn–vn kl;gf cfpF5 . To;kl5 cf/fd ug'{xf];\, -l;GsLsf] emfD6f vfg'x'Fb}g_ o;n] /utnfO{ ;kmf u/L /fd|f] agfpF5 .

d:ofª -;]N6'ª_ ;]N6'ªnfO{ kfgLdf pl;g]/ l;·} klg vfg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ @ sK6]/f x'g]u/L lkFw]/ bfnsf] ¿kdf n;'g, cb'jf, @ rDrf £o" /fv]/ afSnf] x'g]u/L bfn tof/ u/]/ ds} jf sf]bf]sf] l9F8f];Fu vfg] . of] vfgf clt pQd x'G5 . hlt vfPklg k]6 b'Vb}g . vfgf agfpFbf dflg; slt hgf x'G5g\ ;f]xL cg';f/ agfpg] . @ dfgf kfgLdf % d'7L bfn /fVbf ̂ hgfnfO{ k'U5 . bfn ksfpFbf @) ldg]6sf] ;do nfUb5 .


s'le08f]

s'le08f] k]6nfO{ ;kmf ug]{ kmn xf] . aflx/sf] af]qmf kmfNg], leqsf] u'bLnfO{ klg ôfSg'xf];\ . ;kmf kfgLn] wf]P/ sfFqmfsf] h:t} lr/f agfpg'xf];\ . ;a} kl/jf/ Ps;fy a;]/ dl;gf] x'g]u/L rkfP/ vfg'xf];\ . af;L /fVg' x'Fbg . sf6]sf] lr/f ;a} vfg] t/ g'g;Fu eg] vfg'x'Fb}g . o;n] k]6sf cfGbfx¿nfO{ ;kmf u5{ . s'le08f] vfPkl5 To;lbg a]n'sfsf] vfgf gvfg] . pdfn]sf] ! dfgf lr;f] kfgL vfg] . !) ldg]6kl5 ! lunf; dGb tftf] b"w vfg] / ;'Tg] . o;/L dlxgfdf b'O{ k6s g;s] Ps k6s Tof] klg g;s] tLg dlxgfdf Psk6s clgjfo{ vfg] . o;af6 k]6 b'Vg], 8f9 b'Vg], h'sf kg{ glbg], hl08; cflb /f]u lgsf] kfb{5 .

t?n t?nnfO{ ;j{k|yd ;kmf kfgLn] ;kmf x'g]u/L w'g'xf];\ . To;kl5

af]qmf v's]{/ kmfNg'xf];\ clg l7Sssf] rfgf x'g]u/L sf6]/ dflg;x¿sf]

cg'kftdf vfg'xf];\ . sf6]sf] rfgf % 6'qmf d}bf x'g]u/L lk;]/ t/sf/Ldf

ld;fpg'xf];\ . /fof] -kf:;fO{_sf];Fu dl;gf] x'g]u/L sf6]/ ld;fpg'xf];\ .

To;kl5 ksfpg] ef8fdf @ rDrf £o" /fVg] . d]yL !%–@) bfgf /fvL k6\

sfpg] . xl/of] v';f{gL dl;gf] x'g]u/L sf6]/ /ftf] x'g]u/L rnfpg], cb'jf,

n;'g ;kmf x'g]u/L sf6]/ To;}df /fVg] . To;kl5 sfl6;s]sf] t/sf/L ;a}

ef8fdf /fv]/ rnfpg] . g'g a];f/ kl5 /fVg] . dGb cfuf]df ksfpg] .

kfgL g/fVg] . @) ldg]6 ksfPkl5 t/sf/L tof/ x'G5 . ds} jf sf]bf]sf]

l9F8f];Fu vfP kl5 k]6 ;kmf x'G5 . t?n pl;g]/ klg vfg ;lsG5 . x/]s

t/sf/Ldf t?n pko'Qm x'G5 .


d;nf ;fwf/0f lsl;dn] xfdLx¿ cfÇg} af/Ldf tof/ ePsf ] n;'g, cb'jf, v';f{gL, d]yL / d/x§LnfO{ d;nfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . x/]s t/sf/Ldf !%–@) bfgf d]yL, ! rDrf £o"df /fv]/ k8\sfpg], xl/of] v';f{gL To;}df ld;fpg] / /ftf] x'g]u/L ksfpg] . n;'g / cb'jfnfO{ ;kmf u/]/ dl;gf] 6'qmf x'g]u/L sf6]/ t/sf/Ldf /fVg] . To;kl5 d/x§L, g'g, a];f/ /fv]/ ksfPkl5 ;a}k|sf/sf] t/sf/Ldf xfd|f] d;nf k'U5 . o;df dGb cfuf] nufP/ ksfpg] . kfgL /fVg' x'Fb}g .

;'g sfutL sfut L -c ldnf ] _ /

£o' vfg x'Gg eGof] eg] ca

cfk ' mnfO { /f ]u nfu ]5 eg]/

hfGg' .

sfutLnfO{ ̂ 6'qmf x'g]u/L

sf6\g'xf ];\ . To;kl5 vfnL

lunf;df lgrg'{xf];\ . kfFr d'7L

pdfn]sf] tftf] kfgL /fVg'xf];\ . To;kl5 pQm sfutL kfgL lkpg'xf];\ .

o;n] cfGb|fdf ePsf 3fp vl6/f / cfGb|fsf] /f]u lgsf] kf5{ . bfFtnfO{

alnof] afpF5, sfutL kfgLn] bfFt s'Nnf u/]/ lgNg'xf];\ o;n] bfFt ;kmf

/ rlDsnf] agfpF5 . sfutL vfFbf g'g vfg' x'Fb}g . sfutL kfgL ljxfg

vfnL k]6df vfg] afgL u/]df z/L/df af];f] a9\b}g . lbge/ zLtn x'G5 .

ctM ;a} kl/jf/n] ljxfg sfutL kfgL lkpFg] afgL a;fnf}+ . o;n] z/L/

k"mlt{nf] x'G5 . sfutL kfgL vfFbf k]6leq s]xL /f]u ePdf k]6 u8a8 u/L

s/fpF5 t/ s]xL x'Fb}g, :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'G5 .


uL7f uL7fnfO{ pl;g]/ jf t/sf/L agfP/ vfg'xf];\ o;n] hl08; -kx]+n] /f]u_ lgsf] kfb{5 . af]qmf kmfn]/ sfFr} kfgL vfgx'G5 . o;n] cf}iflwsf] sfd ub{5 . uL7f pl;g]/ b"w, blx, dlx cflb;Fu klg vfg x'G5 t/ g'gsf] dfqf / xl/of] v';f{gLsf] dfqf l7Ss vfFbf :jf:YonfO{ xfgL ub}{g . ;'s]sf] v';f{gLn] :jf:YonfO{ kmfObf ub}{g, ;se/ gvfg'xf];\ . uL7f vfFbfsf] lbgdf vfgf gvfg'xf];\ . b"w ! lunf; vfg'xf];\ . o;n] k]6nfO{ ef]lnkN6 ljxfg xNsf / ;kmf agfpF5 .

d]jf d]jf s:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . d]jf dL7f] dfq geO{ o;sf u'0fx¿ w]/} 5g\ . d]jfn] hl08; -kx]+n] /f]u_nfO{ clt kmfObf ub{5 . /ut ;kmf ub{5 . k]6df ePsf ;fgfltgf /f]ux¿nfO{ klg ;kmf / /fd|f] ub{5 . d]jf @ k|sf/sf] x'G5– ljsf;L / nf]sn . t/ nf]sn d]jf vfFbf dL7f] / :jf:Yosf] nflu clt pko'Qm x'G5 . ljsf;L d]jf 7"nf] x'G5 t/ nf]sn h:tf] kmfObfhgs sd x'G5 . d]jf slDtdf klg Ps dlxgfsf] $ -rf/_ k6s vfg] afgL clgjfo{ ug'{xf];\ .

l;GsfpnL -t]hkQf_ l;GsfpnLsf] kQf Ps k|sf/sf] jf:gfbf/ kft xf] . PskfyL sf]bfsf] nflu % -kfFr_ kQf l;GsfpnLsf] kft /fVg'xf];\ . sf]bf]nfO{ 5'6\6} e'6\g'xf];\ / t]hkQf -l;GsfpnL_nfO{ ;fgf] 6'qmf u/]/ sf6\g'xf];\ / e'6\g'xf];\ . To;kl5 sf]bf]df ld;fP/ d}bf x'g]u/L lk:g'xf];\ . lk7f] jf:gfbf/ x'G5 .


6f]snf uf]N8 lrof 6f]snf uf]N8 lrofsf] a§f /ftf] x'G5 . of] lrofn] ?3f nfu]sf], z/L/ b'v]sf], skfn b'Vg], vf]sL nfu]sf], 3fF6L v:v;fpg] cflb ;Grf] x'G5 .

lrof vfg] tl/sfM % -kfFr_ d'7L kfgL pdfn]/ ! rDrf lrof /fVg] cfuf] lgefpg] . Kn]6 jf s'g} ef8fn] @ ldg]6 5f]Kg], To;kl5 xNnfP/ 5fGg] . b"w, lrgL, g/fvL lbgsf] # k6s ljxfg -vfnL k]6df_ lbpF;f] / a]n'sf lkpg] / cf/fd ug]{ . o;n] :jf:YonfO{ clt kmfO{bf ub{5 . lrof vfPsf] @) ldg]6klg z/L/nfO{ xNsf / cf/fd ePsf] dx;'; x'G5 .

g];skmL g];skmL ;lhnf] cf}iflw xf] . % d'7L kfgL pdfNg'xf];\ . vfnL lunf;df ! rDrf skmL /fVg'xf];\ . pdfn]sf] kfgL To;}df /fVg'xf];\ / lkm6]/ vfg'xf];\ . o;n] k]6 lgrf]g]{, cldnf] kfgL cfpg], z/L/ b'Vg], l/+u6f nfUg] cflb /f]u lgsf] x'G5 . skmLdf b"w, lrgL /fVg' x'Fb}g . vfPkl5 @) ldg]6df cf/fd x'G5 .

d/x§L 7"nf] xl/of] v';f{gL @ j6f / % j6f d/x§Lsf bfgf dl;gf] x'g'u/L

lk:g'xf];\ . ;'k ksfpg] ef8fdf ! rDrf £o' /fv]/ /ftf] x'g]u/L e'6\g'xf];\ .

To;kl5 ! dfgf kfgL g'g, a];f/ /fv]/ ksfpg'xf];\ . vfgf vfPkl5 pQm

;'k dgtftf] lkpg'xf];\, o;n] z/L/ emDemdfpg], lgGb|f a9L nfUg] /f]unfO{

/fd|f] x'G5 . /utnfO{ ;kmf ub{5 . dlxgfdf ;s] !) lbg g;s] klg %

lbg ;'k agfP/ lkpg'xf];\ .


d/x§L ;fgf] ;fgf] d/x§L 5 -^_ bfgf, xl/of] v';f{gL @ j6f, ;fgf] uf]ne]8f $

bfgf ldnfP/ lk:g'xf];\ . To;nfO{ Pp6f srf}/fdf /fVg'xf];\ . To;kl5

sf]bfsf] e'6]sf] lk7f] @ rDrf, bxL ! 8f8', g'g, a];f/ /fv]/ lkm6\g'xf];\ .

Tof] r6gL v'a dL7f] / :jflbnf] x'G5 . hlt vfof] vfpF–vfpFm em}+ nfUg]

x'G5 . sf]bf] jf ds}sf] /f]6L, k'jf cflb;Fu vfg'xf];\ clt dL7f] x'G5 .

dx dx :jf;Yosf] nflu clt pQd lrh xf] . sf]bfsf] ! dfgf

ln6f]df $ rDrf dx /fVg'xf];\ . kmt\kmt\ ksfpg'xf];\ / vfg'xf];\

o;n] v'a ef]s nfU5 . dx h'g;'s} vfg] lrhdf klg /fv]/ vfg

;lsG5 .

l6d'/ l6d'/ /fd|f] cf}iflw xf] . t/ xfdLn] o;nfO{ lrGg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ .

ca hfg]kl5 b'Mv x'Fb}g . o;nfO{ pdfn]sf] ! dfgf lr;f] kfgLdf !) jf

!% bfgf l6d'/ -sfFrf]_ /fv]/ 5f]Kg'xf];\ . a]n'sf 5f]k]sf] kfgL !@ 306f

kl5 u]8f ̂ofFs]/ kfgL lkpg'xf];\ . o;n] k]6df ePsf ;fgfltgf ls/fx¿ jf

r'gf{x¿, h'sfx¿ cflb db{5g\ . vfgf vfPkl5 l6d'/ e'6]/ xl/of] v';f{gL

! rDrf £o' /fv]/ ;'k agfP/ klg vfg ;lsG5 . o;n] clt /fd|f] x'G5 .

;w}+ lbgsf] Psk6s vfg'xf];\ . r6\gL agfpFbf xl/of] d'nf, uf]ne]+8f, xl/of]

wlgof dl;gf] u/L sf6]/ ldnfPkl5 pQm r6\gLn] aRrfb]lv a[4a[4f;Dd

;a}nfO{ kmfObf x'G5 . l6d'/ :jf:Yosf] nflu clt /fd|f] x'G5 . a9L vfPdf

s's\–s's\ nfU5 t/ s]xL x'Gb}g . a]n'sf ;'Tg]a]nfdf l6d'/sf] ;'k clgjfo{

lkpg] ug'{xf];\ .


cf“v] l6d'/sf] sdfn of] k|fs[lts z/L/ xf] . o;df cg]s lsl;dsf /f]u nfUg ;S5 .

cfkm" cfkm} ;ts{ x'g' /fd|f] x'G5 . cfFv] l6d'/ Ps d'7L dGb -;fgf]_ cfuf]df e'6\g] / ;kmf l;nf}6fdf dl;gf] x'g] u/L lkWg] / w"nf] Ps Kn]6df /fVg] . cfÇgf] d'7Ln] gfk]/ # d'7L rfdn afSnf] lkFw ePsf] efF8fdf /fVg'; To:df # dfgf kfgL /fVg'; . To; efF8fnfO{ cfuf]df a;fpg';\ . To;kl5 l6d'/sf] w'nf] ;a} /fVg';\ . Psk6s rnfpg';\ / dGb cfuf]df l;tf km'6\g] u/L ksfpg'xf];\ kfgL k'u]g eg] pdfn]sf] kfgL yf]/} yf]/} yKgf];\ . ptfg]{ a]nfdf ufO{ jf e}F;Lsf] l3p # rDrf /fVg] / /fd|/L rnfpg] clg Ps ldg6 5f]Kg] clg cfuf] aGb ug]{ . !) ldg6 kl5 ?rL cg';f/ vfg] . ?rL cg';f/ g'g ld;fpg ;lsG5 . ;bL{ udL{ ldnfp5 k]6sf ls/f df5{ . k]6 ;kmf x'G5 . z/L/ km"lt{nf] agfpF5 .

l;lN6d'/ l;lN6d'/df ;a} u'0f dfq x'G5 . o;nfO{ k6\k6 x'g]u/L e'6]/ Pp6f a§fdf /fVg] . k]6 nfu]df, emf8fjfGtf x'g nfUof] eg] @ dfgf pdfn]sf] lr;f] kfgLdf !) bfgf dl;gf] x'g]u/L rkfpg'xf];\ / pQm pdfn]sf] @ dfgf lr;f] kfgL lkpg'xf];\ / !) ldg]6 cf/fd ug'{xf];\ . % -kfFr_ d'7Ldf @ rDrf e'6]sf] sf]bf]sf] lk7f] /fv]/ kmt\kmt x'g]u/L ksfP/ rDrfn] dGb lr;f] ePkl5 vfg'xf];\ . ln6f] kftnf] x'g'k5{ . !) ldg]6kl5 cf/fd x'G5 . l;lN6d'/ ljxfg vfnL k]6df pdfn]sf] lr;f]kfgL;Fu b}lgs vfg'xf];\ . o;n] z/L/nfO{ Hofb} kmfObf ub{5 . z/L/nfO{ /fd|f] agfpg'xf];\ . nfk/jfxL gug'{xf];\ .

l;N6Ld'/sf] sdfnl;N6Ld'/ k6k6 x'g] ul/ e'6]/ lasf]{ aGb x'g] l8Aafdf /fVg'; .

laxfg p7]/ g'xfO{ w'jfO{ u/]kl5 ^ b]lv !) bfgf l;N6Ld'/ rkfpg';\ / pdfn]/ lr;f] ePsf] kfgL;Fu vfg'; kfgL ltg rf}yfO ;Dd vfg ;lsG5 . k]6 b'Vg], jfsjfsL nfUg] Joyf r6 x'G5 . lbg e/L emf8f afGt x'Fb}g .


d]yL hfpnf] / ;'kPs d'7L e'6]sf] d]yL / Ps d'7L sfFrf] d]yL Ps} 7fpFdf ld;fpg] .

# d'7L rfdn To:df $ dfgf kfgL s's/ cyjf ;fgf] d'v ePsf] s;f}F8Ldf /fVg] To;}df cl3g} tof/ u/]sf] sfFrf] e'6]sf] d]yL klg ld;fpg] . To;kl5 cfuf]df a;fpg] . l;tf km'6\g] u/L ksfpg], ksfpFb} ubf{ #÷$ rDrf l3p /fVg] / # ldg6 ;Dd /fd|/L rnfpg], To; kl5 @ ldg6 5f]Kg] . cfuf] aGb ug]{ . dg tftf] ePkl5 vfg] . o;n] aRrf, a'9f, a'9L nfO{ ljz]if kmfObf u5{ . ;bL{ udL{ kmfN5, lhp b'Vg] 7Ls x'G5 .

s;f}8L jf s's/df Ps rDrf l3p /fVg';\ / Ps rDrf d]yL /fVg'; /ftf] /ftf] x'g] u/L e'6\g'; To:df Ps dfgf kfgL /fVg'; . ca @ ldg]6 pdfNg';\ . xNsf a];f/ g"g /fVg'; ;'k tof/ eof] . dhfn] lkpg'; . z/L/ km'lt{nf], eP/ cfpF5, cN5L nfUb}g kfrg zlQm a9\5, kmfOb} kmfObf 5}g t <

l6d'/sf] klg ;'k agfpg] tl/sf d]lysf] h:t} xf] t/ l6d'/ e'6]/ l;nf}6fdf lk:g' k5{ clg dflysf] em}F ;'k agfpg';\ . OR5f cg';f/ lkpg'; kmfOb} kmfObf .

af“sf]n]sdf kfOg] h8La'6L dWo] dxTjk"0f{ h8La'6L Ps afFsf] klg xf] .

afFsf Ps lsl;dsf] 3fF; h:t} x'G5 . o;nfO{ sf6]/ Nofpg] ;'sfpg] / To;nfO{ l;GsL tof/ ug]{ . tof/ ePsf] afFsf]sf] l;GsLnfO{ ;'k agfP/ vfg ;lsG5 . afFsf]sf] ;'k jf /;n] bd, afy, z/L/b'v]sf], cN5LkgfnfO{ lgsf] kf5{ . Psk6s tof/ ePsf] l;GsL Ps l;hg e/L vfg ;lsG5 .

hL/f/fd|/L kfs]sf], kf]6Lnf] bfgf ePsf] hL/f hDdf kfg{';\, To;nfO{

;kmf ug{';\, To;kl5 e'6\g';\ / ;kmf l;nf}6fdf lkg]/ w'nf] agfpg] . Ps s/fxLdf cfwf rDrf l3p ttfpg] / hL/fsf] w'nf] /fVg] ;// km'5{


To;kl5 Ps dfgf kfgL / yf]/} g'g a];f/ /fVg';, rnfpg' kb}{g . ! ldg6 pdfNg';\ . hL/fsf] ;'k tof/ eof] ca vfg';\ . zl/;nfO{ r·f agfpF5 .

sfFrf] lh/f lkg]/ w'nf] -kfp8/_ agfpg] dflys} tl/sfn] km'/fP/ / pdfn]/ ;'k vfg ;lsG5 .

sfpnf] sfpnfsf ] ?v 7"nf ] x 'G5 . o;sf] af ]qmf ?vd} v's] {/ lgsfNg] . pQm af]qmf lkFw]/ ! rDrf sfpnf] ! dfgf sf]bfsf] lk7f]df ldnfP/ kfgL, b"w, blx, dlx h]df klg /fd|f];Fu d'5\g] . of] g/d lsl;dsf] lk7f] tof/ ePklg ! rDrf £o" /fv]/ tfKs]df /f]6L ksfpg] . To;nfO{ b"w, bxL, dlx, xl/of] t/sf/L;Fu vfg] . o;n] k]6sf 3fp, vl6/f cflb /f]ux¿ lgsf] x'G5 . cfGb|fnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . sfpnf] sf]bfsf] lk7f] jf rfdnsf] lk7f]df dfq k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

xn]bf] -a];f/_ a];f/ Ps k|sf/sf] d;nf xf] . o;n] dflg;sf] r]x/fnfO{ rlDsnf] / ;kmf /fVg] sfd ub{5 . o;sf] lgoldt ;]jgn] SofG;/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . xn]bf] sf6]/ rfgf agfP/ ;'sfpg' kb{5 . ;'ls;s]sf] rfgf lkFw]/ w'nf] agfO;s]kl5 a];f/ tof/ x'G5 . a];f/ h'g;'s} t/sf/L, bfn cflbdf k|of]u ul/G5 . aflx/af6 lsg]sf] a];f/ /fd|f] x'Fb}g . a];f/nfO{ ;lhn} 3/df tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . a];f/ hl08; ePsf] dflg;n] k|of]u jf vfg x'Fb}g . a];f/ 5'§} ksfP/ jf w'nf] ufgf] uPsf] a]nf dflg;n] vfg] ub{5g\ t/ o;/L l;w} vfg' x'Fb}g . xfd|f] 3/fo;L -/fli6«o_ d;nfx¿ d]yL, v';f{gL, cb'jf, n;'g / a];f/ x'g\ . cb'jf, n;'gnfO{ dl;gf] x'g]u/L sf6\g], v';f{gLnfO{ klg 5'§} dl;gf] x'g]u/L sf6\g] . To;kl5 ksfpg] efF8fdf ! rDrf £o' /fVg] . d]yL k8\sfpg], v';f{gL /fv]/ e'6\g], n;'g, cb'jf /fv]/ ksfpg], g'g a];f/ /fVg] / t/sf/L @ k6s km/km/ kmsf{pg] . cfuf] ;fgf] u/L nufpg], kfgL g/fVg] . @) ldg]6kl5 t/sf/L tof/ x'G5 .


l;:g'sf] kfp8/xfd|f] ufpF3/ t/fO{, kxf8 hxfF klg kfOg] Ps k|fs[lts h8La'6L

xf] l;:gf] . l;:gf] eGg] lalQs} lhl/· eP/ cfpF5 . lsg eg] o;nfO{ rnfof] 5f]of] eg] kf]N5 . kxf8L efult/ w]/} jif{ klxnf b]lv l;:gf]sf] t/sf/L, r6gL agfP/ vfg] rng 5 . of] :jf:Yosf] nflu Hofb} kmfObf hgs 5 . cfhsn ahf/df ufpF 3/ lt/ klg l;:gf]sf] tof/L kfp8/ -w'nf]_ kfOg yfn]sf] 5 . of] kfp8/ agfpg tflnd g} lng' k5{ . of] l;:gf]sf] kfp8/ vfg] tl/sf d eG5' . klxnf 3/df cfkm"n] vfg] vfgf tof/ ug]{ . o;df ljz]if ul/ bfn rflxG5 . ! efu bfn / ! efu 3/df tof/ kf/]sf] ltx'g -emf]lnnf] t/sf/L_ b'a} y/LnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf ld;fpg] . 3/sf kl/jf/ x]/]/ slt dfqf yf]/} jf w]/} agfpg] $÷% hgf kl/jf/ eP cln w]/} bfn, r6gL / ltx'g rflxG5 . @ hgf dfq eP ;fgf] efF8f]df eP klg x'G5 . Pp6f ;kmf s/fO{ jf k|mfO{ k]g cfuf]df a;fNg], Tof] tfTg yfn]kl5 To:df Ps rDrf l3p /fVg], l3p kUnG5 . ca l;:gf]sf] kfp8/ @ hgf eP cfwf rDrf / $÷% hgf eP ! rDrf -rDrf cln 7"nf] vfgf vfg] rDrf rflxG5_ s/fxLdf /fVg] / Tolx rDrfn] rnfpg] x// af:gf cfpg yfn]kl5 bfn ;d]t ld;fPsf] efF8fsf] bfn / t/sf/L Ps} rf]6L s/fxLdf /fVg] ‰jfOFo u5{, ca 7"nf] rDrf jf :6Lnsf] kgLof] n] /fd|/L rnfpg] . w]/} afSnf] h:tf] eof] eg] clnslt pdfn]sf] kfgL cfwf 8f8' /fVg] ca ptfg]{ / dgtftf] ePkl5 eft, l9F8f], /f]6L h];Fu klg vfg ;lsG5 . To;} srf}/fdf /fv]/ rDrfn] vfFbf klg x'G5 . hlt vfof] plt ld7f] x'G5 . o;n] ;'u/sf] la/fdLnfO{ ljz]if kmfObf u5{ . An8 k|];/ tyf ;'u/ lgoGq0f ugf{sf ;fy} z/L/ b'v]sf] 7Ls x'G5 .

Uofli6«s /f]usf] cf}iflw ;kmf tf]/LnfO{ kfgLn] w'g'xf];\ . To;kl5 kfgL tf/]/ 3fddf ;'sfpg'xf];\ . /fd|/L ;'ls;s]kl5 ldn jf sf]ndf k]Ng'xf];\ . cfkm}+n] 3/df k]n]sf] tf]/L t]n ! dfgf /fVg'xf]; . To;kl5 @ rDrf sfFrf] t]n lunf;df /fv]/ efn] nfu]sf] nf]sg s'v'/fsf] k'mn ! uf]6f k'm6fP/ /fVg'xf];\ . To;nfO{ rDrfn] /fd|/L 3f]Ng] / vfg] . To;kl5 pdfn]sf] lr;f] kfgL @ d'7L pQm


lunf;df /fv]/ vfg] . b}lgs ljxfg a]n'sf vfgf vfg'eGbf @) ldg]6 cufl8 & lbg;Dd vfPdf z/L/df ufgf]uf]nf slxNo} x'Fb}g . :jf:Yo /fd|f] / alnof] x'G5 . z/L/ lgd{n aGb5 .

;]tf] ;v/v08 ;]tf] ;v/v08sf u'0fx¿ w]/} 5g\ . o;nfO{ kfgLn] /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ug'{xf];\ . ;kmf u/L ;s]sf] ;v/v08nfO{ ksfpg] ef8fdf bfofFjfofF tndfly s]/fsf] kft /fv]/ ljrdf ! d'7L kfgL /fv]/ ;v/v08 /fVg'xf];\ . To;kl5 9sg nufP/ @) ldg]6 / 9sg gePsf]df #) ldg]6 ksfpg'xf];\ . slDtdf klg kfs]sf] @) ldg]6 kl5 vfg'xf];\ . To;sf] :jfb yfxf kfpg'x'g]5 . o;n] 5fnfsf] /f]u, hl08;, 5fnfsf] cGo /f]unfO{ klg ;~rf] kfb{5 . ;v/v08 vfPkl5 a]n'sf ! lunf; dGtftf] b"w vfg] / vfgf gvfg] . ;s] a9L / g;s] klg dlxgfsf] ! lbg vf]h]/ klg vfg'xf];\ . vfFbf d/x§Lsf] r6\gL jf b"w blx;Fu klg vfg ;lsG5 / dx;Fu klg vfg ;lsG5 .

/ftf] ;v/v08 /ftf ] ;v/v08nfO{ klg ;]tf ] ;v/v08s} ljlw cg';f/ ;kmf u/]/ ksfpg] / o;nfO{ klg dflys} ljlw cg';f/ ksfpg] / vfg] . o;n] /utnfO{ ;kmf ub{5 . o;nfO{ ;fwf/0f d]xgtn] klg 3/df kmnfpg ;lsG5 . af/Lsf] sfGnfdf, 5]p5fpsf] v]/ uO/x]sf] hldg klg ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . cfÇgf] z/L/nfO{ cfkm}+n] ;+/If0f ug'{xf];\ . cf}iflw cfÇg} 3/cfFugdf 5 . o;nfO{ lrGg / agfP/ vfg] k|ljlw hfGg' kb{5 .


lk8fn' lk8fn' hldgd'gL kmNg] /fd|f] t/sf/L xf] o;df k|z:t vlgh tTj kfOG5 o;sf] ufef klg t/sf/L x'G5 . o;nfO{ bfn ksfpFbf, uxt ksfpFbf jf cGo xl/of] t/s/Lx¿df klg ldnfP/ ksfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L ksfPsf] t/sf/L :jflbnf] / dL7f] x'G5 . lk8fn'nfO{ vfnL kfgLdf pl;g]/ klg vfg ;lsG5 . vfFbf b"w blx jf d/x§Lsf] r6\gL;Fu klg vfgx'G5 . s]xL dflg;x¿ o;n] vf]sL nfU5 eG5g\ t/ o;n] z/L/nfO{ s'g} xfgL gf]S;fgL ub}{g . hlt vfPklg s]xL x'Fb}g . ds}m sf]bf]sf] l9F8f];Fu klg lk8fn'sf] t/sf/L v'a ldN5 . of] vfgf vfP/ 9'Ss x'g'xf];\, s]xL x'Fb}g .

n]sdf kfOg] cldnf] -r'N7] cldnf]_ n]sdf kfOg] cldnf] -r'N7] cldnf]_ sf] emf]nn] ef]s gnfUg] dflg;nfO{ ef]s nfUb5 . r'N7] cldnf] t/sf/L, bfn, r6\gL cflb vfgfx¿df /fVgfn] lgSs} :jflbi6 / dL7f] x'G5 . udL{ ;dodf cldnf] lehfP/ /fvL To;sf] /;df v'bf] jf u'0f /fv]/ vfgfn] z/L/ k"mlt{nf] / zLtn agfpF5 .

km;L{ -sa]nL_sf u'0fx¿ km;L{ -sa]nL_ clt /fd|f] kmn xf] . km;L{ kfs]kl5 kx]+nf] /+usf] x'G5 . kfs]sf] km;L{ !#, !$ lsnf];Dd klg x'G5 . o;df ePsf u'0fx¿ xfdLn] /fd|/L hfGg' / a'‰g' kb{5 . o;n] kx]+n] /f]u -hl08;_, cfGb|fsf] vl6/f /f]unfO{ ;fx|} /fd|f] agfpF5 . k]6 ;kmf agfpF5 . k]6 ;kmf ePdf cGo /f]u nfUb}g . o;nfO{ t/sf/L jf pl;g]/ b'a} k|sf/n] vfg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ sf6]/ @)) u|fdsf] rfgf agfpg'xf];\, k|];/s's/df bfofF jfofF tndfly s]/fsf] kft /fVg'xf];\ . aLrefudf sf6]sf rfgf /fv]/ ! d'7L kfgL /fVg'xf];\ . To;kl5 s's/sf] 9sg nufP/ ;fgf] cfuf]df @) ldg]6


ksfpg'xf];\ t/ l;¶L nufpg'x'Fb}g . l;¶L nfu]df ;'Vvf x'G5, /l;nf] x'Fb}g . kfls;s]sf] @) ldg]6 kl5 k]6e/L vfg'xf];\, s]xL x'Fb}g . vfgf vfPsf] !% ldg]6 kl5 ! lunf; dGbtftf] b"w vfg'xf];\ . cGo vfgf gvfg'xf];\ . vfgf u'lnof], :jflbnf] / tfultnf] x'G5, k]6 b'Vb}g . kx]+n] /f]u -hl08;_sf] t bjfO{ g} x'G5 .

pmv' pmv' wd{sf] b[li6n] k"hfkf7, d7dlGb/ cflb ;a} 7fpFdf r9fpg klg ;lsG5 . pmv'sf] /;n] z/L/nfO{ tGb'?:tL / alnof]agfpF5 . pmv'sf] /; ksfPkl5 v'bf] ;Vv/ -u'0f_ aGb5 . v'bf] ds}, lrp/f, ;ft', v§], lk7f], n8\8', /f]6L, k'jf, ln6f] cflb h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] vfgfdf klg ldnfpg ;lsG5 . pmv'sf] /;n] kx]+n] /f]u -hl08;_sf] d'Vo cf}iflwsf] sfd ub{5 . pmv'sf] /;n] ef]s nfUg], k]6df ;fgf vl6/f kg{ glbg], /utnfO{ ;kmf /fVg], /ftf–/ftf ufnf agfpg], aflx/L 5fnfnfO{ klg clt /fd|f] / dha't agfpF5 . b}lgs # d'7L pmv'sf] /; vfg'xf ];\ g;s]df klg ! d'7L t vfg'xf];\ . /; gePdf pmv' g} klg rkfP/ /; vfg ;lsG5 . o;af6 bfFt alnof], rlDsnf] x'G5 . bfFtdf ls/f nfUb}g .

z/L/df nfUg] zq'M SofG;/ /f]u z/L/nfO{ :jf:y /fVgsf] nflu lgDg lrhx¿af6 cnu /xg' cTofjZos x'G5M s_ r'/f]6, laF8L v_ v}gL, ;'tL{ u_ /S;L 3_ tf;, sf}8f, h'jf oL lrhx¿n] dflg;nfO{ lgGb|f gnfUg', ef]s gnfUg' / lb;f lk;fa ;d]t ;dodf geP/ ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]usf ;fy} SofG;/


/f]u ;d]t x'G5 . To;sf/0f ;dod} dflg;x¿ pko'{Qm lrhx¿af6 aRg ;Sof] eg] bL3{hLjL aGb5 . h'jf, tf; v]Ng] dflg;n] t emg bfp csf{n] n}hfG5 eg]/ cfÇgf] lb;f–lk;fa ug]{, vfgf vfg] ;do klg e'n]/ /f]u lgDTofpF5 . SofG;/ /f]u nflu;s]kl5 lgsf] x'g Hofb} ufx|f] x'g] x'Fbf hjfgLd} dflg;sf] d[To' x'G5 . SofG;/af6 aRg w'd|kfg / dBkfgaf6 6f9} /xg'k5{ .

kfgLsf] dxTjxfdLn] b}lgs ¿kdf vfg] s'/f vfg] ub{5f}F . ;a} h;f] vfg]s'/f ksfP/ vfG5f}F, of] /fd|f] afgL xf] t/ xfldn] lbg lbg} ;a} eGbf a9L vfgfdf k|of]u x'g] j:t' kfgL eg] sfFr} lkpF5f}F . of] Psbd unt 5 . kfgL slxNo} klg gpdflnsg lkpg' x'Fb}g . kfgL pdfn]/ dfq lkpg] afgL u/]df z/L/df nfUg] /f]u &%Ü sd x'G5 eg]/ 8fS6/ ;fx]ax¿ eG5g\ . 3/df ;a}n] pdfn]/ kfgL lkpg] afgL a;fnf}F . 7"nf] b]SrL jf tfpnfdf r'nf] agfP/ Ps}rf]6L %÷& kfyL kfgL pdfNg ;lsG5 . laxfg pdfn]sf] kfgL ufu|L jf df6fsf efF8fdf 5f]k]/ /fv]df $÷% lbg ;Dd k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . :j:Yo /xg] xf] eg] kfgL pdfNg cN5L gu/f}F . of] cfkm}nfO{ xf] . pdfn]sf] kfgLn] ef]snfUbf klg 6lgssf] sfd u5{ . afxL/ lxF88'n ug{' k¥of] eg] lbge/LnfO{ rflxg] kfgL af]Sg gla;f}{F . af; a:g] u/L hfg' k/]df a;]s} 7fpFdf pdfNg nufP/ cfÇgf] hf]xf] u/f}F . sfFrf] kfgL glkcf}F c¿nfO{ klg oxL egf}F . wGojfb .

b'wsf] dxTjufO{ e}F;Lsf] b'waf6 xfdL s] s] kfpF5f}F t < b'w, blx, df]xL,

s'/fpgL, l3p, gf}gL cflb kfpF5f}F . lbgxF' b'w, bxL vfg] u/]df df5f, df;' vfg} kb}{g . ;a} tTj b'wdf kfOG5 . b'wnfO{ ttfP/ dgtftf] kf/]/ vfg' k5{ . bxLdf s]/f ldnfP/ vfFbf slt dHhf . udL{df df]xL t cd[t a/fa/ g} xf] . /fli6«o vfgf kl/sf/ sf]bf], ds}, hf}, kmfk/, ux'F, pjfaf6 aGg] kl/sf/df l3p ld;fP/ vfFbf z/L/nfO{ kmfOb} kmfObf 5 / klg vfg clt ld7f] x'G5 . t]n / d;nf o'Qm vfg] s'/fn] z/L/df ljleGg /f]u nfU5 .


kfrg k|s[of lau|G5, kTy/L x'G5 . Uof:6Ls x'G5 To;}n] t]n / d;nfo'Qm vfgf vfFb} gcfpFm, g'gsf] dfqf sd u/f}F . t]n k|of]u x'g] 7fpFdf l3p k|of]u u/f}F .

xl/of];fukftsf] kmfObft/sf/Ldf ;s];Dd xl/of] ;fukft k|of]u u/f}F . xl/of] v';f{gL,

xl/of] ufne]8f, xl/of] b'af]s] d'G6f, km;L{sf] d'G6f, /fof] ;fu, d'nf, ufh/, sfFqmf], xl/of] wlgof, OR5f cg';f/ vfg ;lsG5 . kmfOb} kmfObf 5 . ;nfb agfP/, ;'k agfP/ crf/ agfP/, To;} ;fFb]/ klg vfg ;lsG5 . o;df e'6]sf] sf]bf]sf] lk7f] / bxL yf]/} yf]/} ldnfP/ ;fFb]/ vfFbfsf] dHhf cem cs}{ x'G5 . :jflbnf] x'G5 .

cf“vfsf] x]/rfxcfFvfnfO{ x/]s lbg @ k6s laxfg lbp;f], a]n'sf ;'Tg] a]nfdf

;kmf lr;f] kfgLn] #÷$ k6s 5]Kg] ug{';\, ls/f, w'nf], s+l;u/ cflb k/]df klg lr;} kfgLn] 5]Kg'; s'g} lrhn] lgsfNg], bNg], dNg] gug{';\ . cfFvfsf] pkrf/ lr;f] kfgL g} xf] .

g]KsLgsf] sdfnaf6f]df lxF8\bf cyjf uf8Ldf lxF8\bf xflR5pF cfpF5 . To;a]nf

;a}n] p;nfO{ x]/]/ l/;fpF5g\, /fd|f] dfGb}gg\ . ?3f nfUbf gfsaf6 kfgL

t// lg:sG5, ?3f ;5{ eg]/ ;a}n] 3[0ff u5{g\ k/k/ ts{G5g\ To:tf]

a]nfdf s] ug]{ < g]KsLg -sfuhsf] ?dfn_ lngf]; ;fgf ;fgf 6'qmf agfpg';

To;nfO{ gfssf] Kjfndf l5g]{ u/L k6\ofP/ ;fgf] ;fOh agfP/ b'j} gfssf]

Kjfndf l5/fP/ /fVg';\ . l;ufg jf kmf]xf]/ jf leqaf6 cfpg] kfgL To;}n]

;f];]/ lnG5 . w]/} kfgLn] leh]kl5 lgsfn]/ kmfNg';\ . k'gM csf]{ /fVg';\ .

lkgf;, ?3f ;~rf] x'G5 . xflR5pF aGb x'G5 . kmf]xf]/, ls/f w'nf] gfsaf6

leq hfg kfpFb}g, z/L/ :j:Yo x'G5 . cfgGb x'G5 .


sf]bf] ds}sf] sdfnzflxn sF8]n ;[li6 sF8]n

aRrfnfO{ b"w v'jfpg] tl/sf aRrf hlGdPsf] % dlxgfkl5 b"w v'jfpFbf # d'7L z'4 b"w / @ d'7L kfgL ldnfPkl5 To;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu pdfNg] / dgtftf] ePkl5 5fnL -t/_ lgsfn]/ b"wbfgLdf /fvL ljxfg lbpF;f] / a]n'sf v'jfpg] . h;n] b"w / kfgL b'a}sf] sfd ub{5 . To;kl5 aRrfsf] z/L/ :j:y / /fd|f] x'G5 .

ln6f] v'jfpg] tl/sf sf]bf]sf] lk7f]af6 tof/ ePsf] ln6f] aRrfnfO{ ljxfg ^ ah], lbpF;f] ! ah] / a]n'sf ^ ah] v'jfpgfn] aRrfsf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'G5 . hlt vfg'xf];\ hlt v'jfpg'xf];\ s]xL x'Fb}g . pQm vfgfn] aRrfsf]

:jf:Yo dha't / alnof] x'G5 .






lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfgl8gsf] sfof{no/fdk'/, lrtjg, g]kfn

lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf7d

f8f}F, g]k

fnTR

IBHU

VAN

UNIV

ERSI

TY O

RGAN

ISED1956 A.D.

INCORPORATED 1959 A.D.KATHMANDU NEPAL

@)!@ lj=;+= :yflkt

@)!^

lj=;+=

;+ul7t +

;Dks{ sfof{nokf]i6 aS; g++ (*$, sLlt{k'/, sf7df08f}, g]kfn

z'esfdgf g]kfn s[lif k|wfg b]z hxfF cGg, kmnk"mn tyf t/sf/L jfnLx¿sf] ljljwtfn] kl/k"0f{tf 5 . o;sf] lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{df pTkfbg x'g] ljleGg jfnLx¿ h;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g cToGt cfjZos b]lvG5 . o; ;Gbe{df dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s a[l4 ;fy} ljleGg /f]Sg ;Sg] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{ vfnsf jfnLx¿, lbgk|ltlbg a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fn] ubf{ cfjZos Wofg k'Ug g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o; cj:yfdf oL jfnLx¿sf] pTkfbg, o;af6 aGg] kl/sf/ / x'g] kmfObfaf/] hgdfg; ;dIf k'¥ofpg cToGt} cfjZos b]lvG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df >L b]jLk|;fb sF8]nHo"n] ;fgf] t/ w]/} pkof]uL k':ts k|sfzg u/L g]kfnsf] ljleGg e"–efudf pTkfbg x'g] t/ s[lif ljsf; sfo{qmddf k|fyldstfdf g/flvPsf cGgjfnL, kmnk"mn, t/sf/L, cf}iflwo'Qm emf/kft cflb af/] n]Vg] hdsf]{ ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] oL afnLgfnLaf6 x'g] kmfObfsf] af/]df klg hfgsf/L lbg'sf] ;fy} ljleGg kl/sf/x¿ s;/L agfP/ k|of]u ug]{ eGg] af/]df ljz]if hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] n]lvPsf] of] k':ts cjsf goffF lkF9LnfO{ t ljz]if 1fgj4{s g} ;fljt xf]nf . ;fy} ljleGg cWoog ;+:yfdf ;d]t h}ljs ljljwtf / To;sf] dxTjaf/] k7gkf7g u/fpg ;d]t d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 . To;}n] poxfFsf] of] ;[hgf cfˆgf] ;do / a'l4 lvofP/ n]lvPsf] x'gfn] pxfFnfO{ ljz]if 1Gojfb lbg rfxG5' . pxfFsf] ;f]rn] prfO kfpg ;sf];\ eGg] z'e]R5f ;lxtsf] z'esfdgf k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' .

/fdk'/M kmf]gM))(&&–%^–%(!!$!, ôfS;M)%^–%(!)@!, sf7df08f}M ))(&&–!–$###()@, O{–d][email protected], Website:www.iaas.edu.np

ldltM @)^^.&.!%

ss

k|f=8f= ;'Gb/dfg >]i78Lg


z'esfdgf ds} g]kfnsf] bf];|f] d'Vo vfBfGg jfnL xf] . t/fO{b]lv pRr kxf8;Dd ljleGg xfjfkfgLdf o;sf] v]tL ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] dWo kxf8L If]qsf] t ds} klxnf] vfBfGg afnL g} xf] . v8]/L, /f]u, sL/f jf cGo sf/0fn] ds} pTkfbgdf sdL x'g uPsf] v08df dWo kxf8df vfBfGgsf] 7"nf] ;+s6 cfpg ;S5 . vfB ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ds} / sf]bf] g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qsf] nflu Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ cGg afnLx¿ x'g\ . xfd|f] b]zsf] ljleGg efudf s'kf]if0fsf] klg 7"nf] ;d:of 5 . afnaRrf, ;'Ts]/L dlxnf tyf a[4a[4fx¿df s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . vfBfGg / s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:ofnfO{ klg b[li6ut u/L /fli6«o ds}afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdn] xfn;Dd @# j6f ljleGg pGgt hftsf ds} ljsf; u/L t/fO{, kxf8 / pRr kxf8sf nflu l;kmfl/; ul//x]sf] 5 . l;kmfl/; ul/PsfdWo] Ps hft j0f{z+s/ ds} -uf}/j_ h;sf] pTkfbg ( 6n k|lt x]S6/ eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . kxf8sf] nflu dgsfdgf !, #, $, % / ^, b]ptL, lztnf / kf]lifnf] ds}–! l;kmfl/; ul/Psf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df g} klxnf]kN6 kf]lifnf] ds}–! dWo kxf8sf] nflu l;kmfl;/ ul/Psf] 5 . xfd|f] z/L/sf] nflu geO{ gx'g] nfOl;g / l6«K6f]km]g h:tf Pldgf] Pl;8 ;fwf/0f ds}df eGbf of] ds}df bf]Aa/ kfOG5 / k|f]l6g klg # k|ltzteGbf a9L kfOg] ePsf]n] of] ds}sf] k|of]un] s'kf]if0fnfO{ sd u/fpg d2t k'Ug hfg]5 . b"wsf] k|f]l6g h:t} kfRo x'g] ePsf]n] kf]lifnf] ds}df ePsf] k|fl6g xfd|f] z/L/n] lng ;Sb5 . ds} tyf sf]bf] afnLnfO{ :jf:Yosf] b[li6sf]0fn] Hofb} /fd|f] vfgf dflgG5 . ds}nfO{ ljleGg kl/sf/ agfP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . dw'd]x / pRr /Qmrfk ePsf dflg;x¿sf] nflu t ds} / sf]bf] ;aeGbf c;n vfgf xf] . g]kfnLx¿ b]zsf] h'g;'s} efudf a;f]af; u/]klg kfP / eP;Dd wfgsf] eft g} vfg] afgLn] ubf{ ljz]if u/]/ afnaRrf / o'jfx¿df wfg afx]ssf afnLx¿af6 tof/ x'g] kl/sf/x¿ k|lt Tolt kl/lrt 5}gg\ . to;sf/0f ds} / sf]bf]h:tf :yfgLo :t/df pTkfbg x'g] afnLx¿sf] ljleGg kl/sf/ agfO{ k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ ;s] dfq oL afnLx¿sf] vfBfGgdf a9L k|of]u x'g] / vfB ;'/Iffdf 7"nf] 6]jf k'Uf u} ds} / sf]bf]sf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 x'g hfg]5 . ds} / sf]bf]af6 aGg] ljleGg vfB kbfy{x¿sf] af/]df hgtfx¿nfO{ ;"–;'lrt u/fpg' kg]{ lgtfGt cfjZos /x]sf] jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf lrtjg lhNnfsf] e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) df a;f]af; ug'{x'g] >L b]jLk|;fb sF8]nHo"n] ds} tyf sf]bf]af6 aGg] vfB kbfy{x¿sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 afnLsf] gfd, kl/sf/ / agfpg] / k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf af/] g]kfnL g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ hfgsf/L / k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ dg;fon] ;f] ;DaGwL Ps k'l:tsf k|sfzg ug{ nfUg'ePsf]df /fli6«o ds}afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, /fdk'/ kl/jf/ / d cfˆgf] tkm{af6 xflb{s z'esfdgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . pxfFsf] of] k|of;n] lglZrt ¿kdf g]kfnsf] vfB ;'/IffnfO{ 6]jf lbg 7"nf] d2t k'Ug u} ds} / sf]bf]af6 aGg] kl/sf/x¿sf] pkof]udf Jofkstf cfpg] / g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f cy{tGqnfO{ ;'wf/ Nofpg 7"nf] 6]jf k'Ug]5 eGg] xfdLn] ljZjf; lnPsf 5f}+ . xfdL ;a}n] pxfFsf] k|of;nfO{ ;kmn kfg{ cf–cfˆgf] tkm{af6 ;xof]u u/f}+ eGg] z'e]R5f ;fy pxfFsf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub{5f}+ .

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g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\-g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$* cGt/ut :yflkt_

kmf]g÷ôfS;M #(&&–%^–%(!))!, (*%!)–&$*$(, O{–d]nM [email protected]

-8f= lbnaxfb'/ u'?ª_;+of]hs

/fdk'/, lrtjg/fli6«o ds}afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd

g]kfn

s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\

NARC

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d]/f] eGg' g]kfn s[lifk|wfg b]z xf] . oxfFsf sl/a &% k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLjg wfGg] cfwf/ ljleGg cGgjfnL, ljleGg lsl;dsf hl8a'6L, d;nf, t/sf/L cflb x'g\ . sl/a ^* k|ltzt e"–efu kxf8L 8fF8f–sfF8fn] 9fs]sf] 5 . ToxfF a:g] dflg;x¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf] sf]bf], ds}, kmfk/, hf}+ nufotsf vfBj:t' g} xfd|f]nflu afFRg] cfwf/ x'g\ . clzIff, c1fgtf / cgle1tfn] ubf{ Tolt dL7f] vfB;fdu|LnfO{ xfdLx¿n] /fd|f];Fu k|of]u ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . xfdLn] pTkfbg u/]sf j:t'x¿ k"/fg} tl/sfn] ksfP/ vfg] u/]sf 5f}+ . s], s;/L, slt, lsg / slxn] vfg] eGg] af/]df xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g . olb oL j:t'x¿ agfpg], ksfpg] / vfg] tl/sf /fd|f];Fu hfGof}+–a'‰of}+ eg] oL cd[t;dfg x'G5g\ . o:tf vfBj:t'n] xfd|f]nflu 7"nf] cf}iflwsf] ¿kdf sfd lbG5g\ . cfhef]lnsf] o'udf k|fs[ltstf eGbf s[ltdtfdf a9L hf]8 lbOG5 . cfw'lgstfsf] gfddf tfhf, ;kmf vfg]s'/feGbf 8«fOk"m8 vfgfdf hf]8 u/L cNkfo' / /f]uJoflw a9fO/x]sf 5f}+ . o;af6 aRg klg xfd|} ufpF3/sf v]tLaf/Ldf, 8fF8fkfvfdf pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] k|of]u ug{ ;lsof];\ / lg/f]uL hLjg hLpg ;sf}+ eg]/ d]/f cg'ejaf6 oL ljleGg j:t'sf ljleGg kl/sf/x¿ s;/L agfpg] / vfg] eGg] af/]df o; k':tsdf pNn]v ug{ vf]h]sf] 5' . o;n] ;a} kf7sju{df pNn]vgLo kmfObf x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . cGTodf, cfw'lgstfsf] gfddf g]kfnL / fli6«o vfgfnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ub}{ 8«fOk"m8, kmf:6k"m8 h:tf clt sd u'0f:t/ ePsf vfgf vfO cfd g]kfnL -ljz]if u/L zx/Lof hLjgz}nLsf g]kfnL_ x¿df ljleGg lsl;dsf :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ cfO/x]sf] jt{dfg ;dodf o; k':tsdf pNn]lvt sf]bf], ds}, hf}+, kmfk/ nufotsf clt g} :jf:Yoj4{s vfgfsf kl/sf/x¿ n]lvPsf] tl/sf adf]lhd tof/ u/L lgoldt ef]hg u/L :jf:Yonfe lng'x'g]5 eGg] ck]Iff ub{5' .

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ljifo ;"rLqm=;+= zLif{s k]h g+=

!= d]/f] cg';Gwfg !

@ vfgfsf] dxTj @

#= sf]bf] #

$= ds} &

% hf} !#

^= kmfk/ !$

&= pjf !$

*= ;fgf] s]/fp !$

(= h'g]nf] / n§] !%

!)= sfnf] df; !%

!!= uxt !^

!@= l;GsL !^

!#= d:of{ª -;]N6'ª_ !^

!$= s'le08f] !&

!%= t?n !&

!^= d;nf !*

!&= ;'gsfutL !*

!*= lu7f !(

!(= d]jf !(

@)= l;GsfpnL -t]hkQf_ !(

@!= 6f]snf uf]N8 lrof @)

@@= g];skmL @)

@#= d/x§L 7"nf] @)

@$= d/x§L ;fgf] @!

33


qm=;+= zLif{s k]h g+=

@%= dx @!

@^= l6d'/, cfFv] l6d'/ @!

@&= l;N6Ld'/ @@

@*= d]yL hfpnf] / ;'k @#

@(= afFsf] @#

#) hL/f @#

#!= sfpnf] @$

#@ xn]bf] -a];f/_ @$

##= l;:g'sf] kfp8/ @%

#$= UofFl:6s /f]usf] cf}iflw @%

#%= ;]tf] ;v/v08 @^

#^= /ftf] ;v/v08 @^

#&= lkF8fn' @&

#*= n]sdf kfOgf] cldnf] -r'N7] cldnf]_ @&

#(= km;L{ -sj]nL_ sf u'0fx¿ @&

$)= pFv' @*

$!= z/L/df nfUg] zq' SofG;/ @*

$@= kfgLsf] dxTj @(

$#= b'wsf] dxTj @(

$$= xl/of] ;fukft #)

$%= cfFvfsf] x]/rfx #)

$^= GoflKsgsf] dxTj #)

$&= aRrfnfO{ b'w v'jfpg] tl/sf #!

$*= ln6f] v'jfpg] tl/sf #!

ªª

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