Lis 319 Lecture 1 (1)

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INFORMATION

SERVICES TO

CHILDREN

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LECTURE COVERAGE

Introduction

Importance of studying child

development

Processes and periods of child

development

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What is developmental

psychology?

The scientific study of change in behavior as the

organism grows, matures and gains experience with

the world around them.

Is the study of changes that occur as people mature

Changes can be physical or psychological which

covers the individual’s lifespan from conception(birth)

to death.One’s life starts soon after conception. The child start

to grow slowly while in the mothers womb.

Psychology is the science that deals with mental

rocesses and behavior.

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Rapid Development

Long-term Effects

Window into Adult Behavior Real World Applications

Interesting Subject Matter

The Starting Point

Why is research focused on

infants and children?

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Historical evolution of

developmental psychology?

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6th - 15th centuries

Medieval period

Preformationism: children were seen as little

adults.

Childhood is not a unique phase.

Children were cared for until they could begincaring for themselves, around 7 years old.

Children treated as adults (e.g. their clothing,

worked at adult jobs, could be married, were

made into kings, were imprisoned or hanged as

adults.)

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16th Century

Reformation period

Puritan religion influenced how children

were viewed.

Children were born evil, and must be

civilized.

A goal emerged to raise children

effectively.

Special books were designed for children.

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17th Century

Age of Enlightenment

John Locke believed in tabula

rasa

Children develop in response tonurturing(act of bringing up)

Forerunner of behaviorism

-forerunner-A person or thing

that precedes the coming or

development of someone or

something else.

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tabula rasa / Behaviorism

Theory that

individuals are

born without

built-in mentalcontent and that

their knowledge

comesfrom experience

and perception.

Behaviorism

teaches that

man is nothing

more than amachine that

responds to

conditioning. Our behavior is the

product of our

conditioning March 2013 LIS 319TUDARCo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_content


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience



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18th Century

Age of Reason

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

children were noble savages, born with an

innate sense of morality; the timing of

growth should not be interfered with.

Rousseau used the idea of stages of

development.

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19th Century

Industrial Revolution

Charles Darwin

theories of natural selection and

survival of the fittest

Darwin made parallels betweenhuman prenatal growth and other

animals.

Forerunner of ethology(study of

animal behavior )(Examines

how behavior is determined by

a species' need for survival)

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20th Century

Theories about children's development

expanded around the world.

Childhood was seen as worthy of special

attention.

Laws were passed to protect children,

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Why Study Developmental Psychology?

1: Raising Children

Knowledge of child development can help parentsand teachers meet the challenges of rearing and

educating children

For example,

researchers haveidentified effective

approaches that

parents and other

caregivers can

successfully use in

helping children

manage anger and

other negative emotions

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Why Study Developmental Psychology

cont..

2: Choosing Social Policies

Knowledge of child development

permits informed decisions about

social-policy questions that affect

children

For example, psychological research on

children’s responses to leading interview

questions can help courtsobtain more accurate

testimonies from preschool

children

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Why Study Developmental Psychology

cont…

3: Understanding Human Nature

Child-development research provides

important insights into some of the most

difficult questions regarding human nature

(such as the existence of innate concepts

and the relationship between early andlater experiences)

Recent investigations of development among

children adopted from inadequate orphanages

supports the principle that the timing of experiences often influences their effects

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4. To know how children become so

different from each other Individual differences

among children arise

very quickly in

development

Children’s genes, their

treatment by other people, their

subjective reactions

to other people’s treatment of them, and their choice of

environments all contribute to differences amongchildren, even those within the same family

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Basic Questions about Child

Development

1. How do nature and nurture together shape

development?

2. How do children shape their own development?

3. In what ways is development continuous, and in whatways is it discontinuous?

4. How does change occur?

5. How does the sociocultural context influence

development?

6. How do children become so different from each

other?

7. How can research promote children’s well-being?

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1. Nature and NurtureThe single most basic

question about child

development is how nature

and nurture interact to shape

the developmental process

Nature refers to our

biological endowment,

especially the genes we

receive from our parents

Nurture refers to the wide

range of environments,

both physical and social,

that influence our

development

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Nature and Nurture

Developmentalists now recognize that

every characteristic we possess is

created through the joint workings of

nature and nurture Accordingly, they

ask how nature

and nurture work

together to

shape

development

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Continuity vs. DiscontinuityContinuous development:

Age-related changes occur

gradually, relatively smooth

Discontinuous development:

Age-related changes include

occasional large shifts so that

children of different ages seem

qualitatively different

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Continuity vs. Discontinuity

Depending on how it is

viewed, changes in height

can be viewed as either

continuous or

discontinuous

Examining a boy’s height

at yearly intervals from

birth to 18 years makes

the growth look gradual

and continuous

Examining changes in

the same boy’s height

from one year to the next

makes growth seem

discontinuous

p. 16

Wh d lib i d t t d hild

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Why do librarians need to study child

development

Librarians are responsible for taking careof children of different age groups andbehavior.

Through understanding child developmentwe can know;

-What type of information will be suitable tomeet their information needs

-We can know how to create, package anddisseminate information to childrenthrough appropriate channels and media.

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PROCESSES AND PERIODS OF

CHILD DEVELOPMENT

The pattern of child development is

complex because it is a product of

several processes such as;

-Biological processes

-Cognitive processes

- Social emotional processes

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Cognitive

Cognition literally means “knowing”. The mental processes, such as

perception, reasoning, problem-

solving, etc, which enable humans toexperience and process knowledge

and information.

Cognitive psychologists study internalprocesses including perception,

attention, language, memory and

thinking.March 3013

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DEVELOPMENT cont……

Biological process involves changes in thechild’s body. Genetic inheritance plays a largepart. Biological processes underlie thedevelopment of brain, motor skills and hormonal

changes

Cognitive Processes

-Involve changes in the child’s thinking, intelligenceand language development.

-This process enables a growing child to memorizethings e.g. poems, problem solving and languagedevelopment.

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DEVELOPMENT cont……

Social emotional processes

-Involve changes in child’s

relationship with other people

-Changes in emotions e.g

aggressiveness

- Changes in personality.

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CHILD

DEVELOPMENT

Child development can be divided intotwo stages namely;

-Prenatal development

-Postnatal development

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PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

This is the period before birth. For normal humanbeing the gestation period (Pregnancy period)lasts about 280 days Or 9 months.

Pregnancy period can be divided into threeperiods called trimesters ( 3 months each)

-1ST TRIMESTER (0-3 Months)

Begins the development of all internal organs, appendages andsense organs

-The organism is called an embryo

-At the end of 8th week it is about one inch in size.-Microscopic pictures can clearly show the neck, shoulders,

arms, hands, fingers, etc.

-The nervous system becomes operative and the kidney startsto function.

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cont…

-Eyes are developed, but they arefused.

-The end of 8th week and the start of 9th

week mark the end of embryonicperiod and the start of fetal period.

-By the end of 12th week the fetus can

kick, curl its toes and fingers, move itsthumb, the heart beats.

-The size is about three inches

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cont……

2ND TRIMESTER (4 – 6 Months)

-There is continuation of development and

growth of an organism from three inches to

about 7 inches.-A strong heart beat is felt

-There is a well developed digestive system

- Hardening of bones- Eyelids separate and eyelashes are visible.

- They can walk, cry, suck thumbs etc

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cont……

3RD TRIMESTER (7- 9 Months)

-There is rapid gains of fetus's growth and weights.

-Fetal behavior pattern can be detected

i.e periods of sleep and periods of activity

- Most of the fetus’s organs are mature enough to allowthem to function outside the pre-natal environment.

- NB: Premature babies are associated with

-Cerebral pulsy

- Epilepsy

- Hearing difficulties

- Mental retardation

Thus development lag due to low weight, they becomeless active, there is less visual information processingand they are affected in their social interactions.

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cont……

Suggestions for health pregnancy

-Maintain a balanced diet

-Stop smoking

-Abstain from alcohol

- Avoid drug abuse

- Seek to prevent infections

- Stay fit

- Get adequate rest.

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Lis 319 Lecture 1 (1)