L’Italie de Mario Monti : la réforme au nom de l’Europe

7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope

1/95

AKR MG\KR LK A@MR\@\[\

Ivr`kr >862

A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ?af rgrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk

pfr Faf`m Ifnrk

Xrfbk lk Okfm-Cfrb Lfm`ka


2/95

Br km 60:;, a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk kst um td`me tfme `mlpkmlfmt lk tgut cfmlft syml`bfa

gu pga`t`quk. Xrggmlckmt fmbr lfms af rfa`t bgmgc`quk, a bgmbkmtrk sf rikx`gm sur

af rkaft`gm kmtrk akmtrkpr`sk kt sgm kmv`rgmmkckmt kt ckt bgmtr`nut`gm um vfstk rskfu

lkxpkrts pgur rfa`skr sks tulks. jfakckmt a`ku lk rkmbgmtrks kt pak lk grcft`gm,

a@mst`tut lvkagppk umk v`s`gm lk akmtrkpr`sk guvkrtk sur ak cgmlk kt sur af sgb`t.

\D@ME \FME

Afbt`v`t lk rikx`gm sk lpag`k futgur lk akmtrkpr`sk, bgmuk af g`s bgcck grjfm`sft`gm,bgcck fbtkur lu cgmlk bgmgc`quk kt bgcck fbtkur lk af sgb`t. Xgur lùskr sks

fmfaysks kt sks tulks, a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk sfppu`k sur ?

Lks rfppgrts kt lks mgtks, vkbtkurs trfl`t`gmmkas lk lùs`gm fuprs lum puna`b lk

akflkrs lgp`m`gm.

[m s`tk, Lnft&bg (www.lknftkbg.r), lgmt agnokbt` kst lfm`ckr ak lnft bgmgc`quk

kt sgb`fa.

[mk rkvuk tr`ckstr`kaak, Rgb`tfa, qu` prgpgsk lks fmfaysks kt lks rakx`gms sur

aks jrfmls lnfts lbgmgc`k kt lk sgb`t (www.sgb`ktfa.r).

^KMBGM\^KR

Guvkrtks um afrjk puna`b gu rskrvks fux fldrkmts, aks cfm`kstft`gms grjfm`sks pfr

a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk v`skmt fvgr`skr ak pfrtfjk lkxpr`kmbk sur lks kmokux a`s fux

qukst`gms bgmgc`quks kt akmtrkpr`sk.

Aks cfm`kstft`gms lk a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk v`skmt st`cuakr af rikx`gm sur lks suokts

l`mtrt bgaakbt`. L`r`jkfmts lkmtrkpr`sk, pkrsgmmfa`ts pga`t`quks, kxpkrts `ssus lk akmtrk-

pr`sk gu lu cgmlk um`vkrs`tf`rk sgmt `mv`ts skxpr`ckr agbbfs`gm lk lokumkrs, lkbgmrkmbks kt lk lnfts.

IG^CF\@GM

A@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk prgpgsk lks prgjrfccks plfjgj`quks qu` gmt pgur gnokbt`

lk skms`nà`skr aks l`rkmts puna`bs fppfrtkmfmt abgsystck lks kmtrkpr`sks fux

kmokux bgmgc`quks kt sgb`fux fuxqukas kaaks sgmt bgmrgmtks. Lfms bk bflrk, a@mst`tut

sflrkssk pr`gr`tf`rkckmt fux kmsk`jmfmts lk Rb`kmbks bgmgc`quks kt Rgb`faks

(RKR), fvkb ak prgjrfcck Kmsk`jmfmts-Kmtrkpr`sks kt fux Okumks dfuts pgtkmt`kas

`ssus lk tgus bgrps lk ct`kr, fvkb a@mst`tut lks Dfutks tulks lk aKmtrkpr`sk (@DKK)

Xgur km sfvg`r paus ? www.`mst`tut-kmtrkpr`sk.r


3/95

6

AKR MG\KR LK A@MR\@\[\Ivr`kr >862

A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ?af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk

pfr Faf`m Ifnrk

Xrifbk lk Okfm-Cfrb Lfm`ka


4/95

>

@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk, >862\gus lrg`ts lk rkprglubt`gm, lk trflubt`gm, lflfptft`gm kt lkxbut`gm

rskrvs pgur tgus aks pfys

L`rkbtkur lk af puna`bft`gm ? Irlr`b Cgmagu`s-Ia`b`t, laju jmrfa lk a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk


5/95

2Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862

RGCCF@^K

X^IFBK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 0

RPM\DRK .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6;

@M\^GL[B\@GM

Xrglu`rk af brg`ssfmbk `mtr`kurk pfr af bgmtrf`mtk kxtr`kurklk a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk ............................................................................................................................................................. 60

[M XFPR F[ C@^G@^ LK AK[^GXK, X@A@K^ LK AF _GMK K[^G .................................................................................................. 60

CF^@G CGM\@ ? AFA\K^MFMBK LK A@\FA@K K[^GXKMMK .............................................................................................................. >6

FMB^K^ AF ^[X\[^K LKR FMMKR 6008 ............................................................................................................................................................ >>

AK CGCKM\ CGM\@ ? \^FMR@\@GM \KBDMGB^F\@V[K G[ ^[X\[^K XGA@\@V[K 7 ..................................... >9

[M NFMB LKRRF@ XG[^ AF R\^F\J@K LK B^G@RRFMBK LK AF _GMK K[^G ............................................... >:

X^KC@^K XF^\@K

A`nrkr abgmgc`k lk sgm tguiikckmt pfr af lkttk puna`quk 22

[MK XGA@\@V[K LK R\FN@A@\ R[^ AK CGLAK LK ABGMGC@K RGB@FAK LK CF^BD ................... 22

AKR KIIK\R LX^KRR@IR LK AKMLK\\KCKM\ X[NA@B

R[^ AF B^G@RRFMBK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2;

AF ^@J[K[^ BGM\^K AF NF@RRK LKR \F[T L@M\^\ ......................................................................................................................

[M GNOKB\@I LKTBLKM\ N[LJ\F@^K FYFM\ @M\^\R LK ; % L[ X@N DG^@_GM >86; ........


6/95

2; C@AA@F^LR LK[^GR ...........................................................

XFR LK ^@J[K[^ RFMR \D@V[K ?

AF A[\\K BGM\^K AF BG^^[X\@GM K\ AF I^F[LK I@RBFAK ..................................................................................................... ;2

AKR ^K\^F@\KR ? NF@RRK LKR LXKMRKR K\ ÎG^CK LK R\^[B\[^K ................................................................ ;

AF \^FMR@\@GM BGMOGMB\[^KAAK ?AF BGCX^KRR@GM MBKRRF@^K LK AF LKCFMLK @M\^@K[^K ........................................................................................... 92

RG^\@^ LK AF ^BKRR@GM XF^ AKR BDFMJKR KT\^@K[^R ................................................................................................. 9;

AK LI@ R\^[B\[^KA ? ^KL^KRRK^ [MK X^GL[B\@Y@\ XF^C@

AKR XA[R IF@NAKR KM K[^GXK ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 9:

[M XF^\FJK LK AF YFAK[^ FOG[\K KMBG^K IFYG^FNAK F[T KM\^KX^@RKR

CFAJ^ AF B^@RK ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90

LKR F\G[\R @ML[R\^@KAR LK X^KC@K^ XAFM ?F^BDFRCK K\ LPMFC@RCK L[ BFX@\FA@RCK IFC@A@FA ................................................................................................................. :6

[MK \^FMRIG^CF\@GM V[@ MBKRR@\K AK RG[\@KM L[MK XGA@\@V[K

LK MGYF\@GM LKR R\^[B\[^KR ................................................................................................................................................................................. :;

AKR ÎG^CKR L[ CF^BD L[ \^FYF@A ? IAKT@N@A@\ K\ FBBG^LR LK BGCX\@\@Y@\ .................. ::

LKR ^R[A\F\R V[@ CK\\^GM\ L[ \KCXR RK BGMB^\@RK^ ........................................................................................ 48

AKR ÎG^CKR LK R\^[B\[^K L[ JG[YK^MKCKM\ CGM\@ ................................................................................................ 46


7/95

;Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862

Rgccf`rk

BGMBA[R@GM

A@tfa`k kt af ctfcgrpdgsk lk af zgmk kurg................................................................................ 4;

AK RG[\@KM LK AF RGB@\ B@Y@AK K\ LKR JG[YK^MKCKM\R LK AF _GMK K[^G ................................. 4;

AFMB^FJK L[M X^GBKRR[R LK ^IG^CKR KMJFJ LKX[@R Y@MJ\ FMR ...................................................... 4:

AF ^IG^CK KM @\FA@K K\ AF R\FN@A@\ LK AF _GMK K[^G,

LK[T IFBKR L[MK CCK CLF@AAK .......................................................................................................................................................................... 44

AKR C[\F\@GMR LK A@\FA@K K\ LK AF _GMK K[^G GM\ XK^C@R LK R\FN@A@RK^

AF X^@XD^@K LK A[M@GM CGM\F@^K .................................................................................................................................................................. 44

FX^R AF R\FN@A@RF\@GM LK A@\FA@K, AF I^FMBK X^@MB@XFA ^@RV[K LK AF _GMK K[^G 7 ............. 40

N@NA@GJ^FXD@K ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 06

AF[\K[^ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 0;


8/95


9/95


XÎFBK

\@^K^ LKR AKGMR LK AKTX^@KMBK @\FA@KMMK

Af mgtk lFaf`m Ifnrk quk puna`k a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk sur akxpr`kmbk Cgmt` km @tfa`k

pkut sk a`rk trg`s m`vkfux.

^ktgur sur a@tfa`k

Ak prkc`kr kst um m`vkfu str`btkckmt `tfa`km. sfvg`r quk lkpu`s akxpags`gm lk af bafssk

pga`t`quk trfl`t`gmmkaak luk agprft`gm Cfm` pua`tk, kxpags`gm qu` bgcckmbk km ivr`kr

600>, a@tfa`k f if`t fppka paus`kurs rkpr`sks lks qu`pks jguvkrmkckmtfaks bgmst`tuks

lk tkbdm`b`kms. Bks qu`pks fvf`kmt tgutks ak cck gnokbtì qu` tf`t lk rlu`rk umk lkttk

puna`quk pfrc` aks paus `cpgrtfmtks lu cgmlk kt qu` tf`t pfssk lk ;8 % lu X@N km 60:>

68; % km 600>. Akmoku lk bkttk lcfrbdk tf`t baf`r, a sfj`ssf`t lk pkrckttrk a`mskrt`gm

lk abgmgc`k `tfa`kmmk lfms ak prgbkssus lk bgmstrubt`gm lk af cgmmf`k um`quk. Bk

rkbgurs fux tkbdm`b`kms iut um lks cgykms quutà`sf a@tfa`k pgur rkprkmlrk p`kl kt

rkvkm`r lfms af bgur lks pfys kurgpkms lk rirkmbk fprs umk fmmk 600>

pfrt`bua`rkckmt la`bftk. Km kiikt, 600> kst mgm skuakckmt afmmk lks lnuts lk Cfm`

pua`tk, cf`s bkst fuss` bkaak lk af br`sk lu RCK km skptkcnrk qu` bgmlu`s`t umk lvfauft`gmlk af a`rk lfutfmt paus spkbtfbuaf`rk qukaak pfssf km rfa`t qufs`ckmt `mfpkruk lu if`t

lks lng`rks lk af a`vrk nr`tfmm`quk. Af lnbak af ig`s pga`t`quk kt cgmtf`rk f fagrs

bgmlu`t af rkbdkrbdk lk sgaut`gms gr`j`mfaks pgur v`tkr quk ak pfys mk sgcnrk. Af

mgc`mft`gm lk Bfrag B`fcp`, ak jguvkrmkur lk af Nfmquk l@tfa`k, fu pgstk lk prs`lkmt lu

Bgmskà km fvrà 6002 guvr`t af vg`k af agj`quk lks jguvkrmkckmts tkbdm`quks, agj`quk qu`

mk iut mfmcg`ms pfs kxbaus`vk lfms af rkli`m`t`gm lks rjaks lu oku lk af pga`t`quk

`tfa`kmmk. Af cfmuvrk ckmk pfr ak prs`lkmt `tfa`km J`grj`g Mfpga`tfmg pgur fckmkr

Cfr`g Cgmt` fu pguvg`r kst um lks p`sglks lk af bgmvfaksbkmbk pga`t`quk `tfa`kmmk

kmtfck km 600>. Bkaf if`t v`mjt fms quk a@tfa`k bdkrbdk ak ngm lgsfjk lfms sgm cglk lk

jguvkrmkckmt kmtrk lks B`mb`mmftus bgmgc`quks kt lks dgccks pga`t`quks paus


10/95

68

A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk

trfl`t`gmmkas, rksbfps lks fiirks lk Cfm` pua`tk kt bdkrbdfmt v`tkr, pfrig`s lk ifgm

fsskz s`m`strkckmt lcfjgj`quk, quk af pgpuaft`gm mf`t a`cprkss`gm ltrk kmt`rkckmt

lkssf`s`k lk sgm lkst`m pfr lks tkbdmgbrftks `migls Nruxkaaks. Lfms bk bgmtkxtk,afppka Cfr`g Cgmt` kst bgcck um rktgur lk nfafmb`kr vkrs umk v`s`gm fustrk lk af

jkst`gm puna`quk fprs ak pgpua`sck lk af pr`glk Nkrausbgm`. Xgur a@tfa`k, km if`sfmt fppka

Cgmt`, à sfj`ssf`t af ig`s lk prgagmjkr kt lk rkckttrk km bdfmt`kr aks rigrcks lk

cglkrm`sft`gm lk sgm bgmgc`k ckmks lk ifgm paus gu cg`ms rjua`rks lkpu`s 600>,

cf`s fuss` lkssfykr lk rktrguvkr um stftut `mtkrmft`gmfa qukaak sk skmtf`t km s`tuft`gm

lk pkrlrk.

Gm pkut cck bgms`lrkr quk pfr-lka sks tfakmts lbgmgc`stk, bk qu` furf t ak

paus cfrqufmt kt ak paus pgs`tì lfms afrr`vk lk Cfr`g Cgmt` fu pguvg`r kst ak rktgur kmigrbk lk a@tfa`k sur af sbmk l`pagcft`quk. Bk rktgur km igrbk f t sycnga`s pfr umk v`s`tk

rkcfrquk Zfsd`mjtgm kt pfr ak rak cfokur ogu pfr a@tfa`k agrs lu sgcckt kurgpkm

lk ou`m >86>. Rur ak str`bt pafm tkbdm`quk, km kiikt, Cgmt` f pku `mmgv, fyfmt baf`rkckmt

c`s sks pfs lfms bkux lk Jùa`g \rkcgmt`, ak c`m`strk lks I`mfmbks lk Ràv`g Nkraus-

bgm`. [m Jùa`g \rkcgmt` qu` sk vgyf`t bkrtks rkprgbdkr pfr Ràv`g Nkrausbgm` sgm `mtrfms`-

jkfmbk sur af pga`t`quk lfustr`t . Bkaf mkst jurk mguvkfu, bfr km sgm tkcps B`fcp`

stf`t bgcpgrt sur ak igml bgcck Cgmt` km `msbr`vfmt sgm fbt`gm lfms af agj`quk lks

lb`s`gms lk Jùa`fmg Fcftg, sgm prlbksskur.

A@tfa`k km kxkcpak pgur aks futrks pfys

Fu-lka lk bks bgms`lrft`gms sur af bgmi`fmbk kt umk igrck lk l`jm`t rktrguvks

pfr a@tfa`k, ak lkux`ck m`vkfu lk akbturk pkut sk if`rk fu m`vkfu lk a`mtkrprtft`gm

`mtkrmft`gmfak lu prgokt bgmgc`quk lk Cfr`g Cgmt`. Bgmbrtkckmt, bk prgokt rkpgsk

lfngrl sur af bgmsga`lft`gm nuljtf`rk af ig`s `ccl`ftk fvkb ak pafm tr`kmmfa lk

92 càa`frls lkurgs lk dfussk l`cpts kt >9 càa`frls lkurgs lk nf`ssk lks lpkmsks kt

paus agmj tkrck fvkb af rigrck lks rktrf`tks lfms ak nut lgntkm`r umk ltkmtk lkstfux l`mtrt kt umk ckàakurk faagbft`gm lks rkssgurbks puna`quks 5 à rkpgsk kmsu`tk sur

aflgpt`gm lk rigrcks strubturkaaks faafmt lfms ak skms lumk paus jrfmlk bgmburrkmbk,

mgtfcckmt sur ak cfrbd lu trfvfà. Bkttk bgcn`mf`sgm lkiigrt sur aks mfmbks puna`quks

kt lk bgmburrkmbk lm`t umk a`jmk quk agm rktrguvk lfms lfutrks pfys km zgmk kurg,

bgcck aKspfjmk, cf`s fuss` fu ^gyfuck-[m`. Cgmt` s`msbr`t lfms umk agj`quk qu` kst

bkaak lk aFaakcfjmk lkpu`s trs agmjtkcps kt quk rsucf`t fsskz n`km lfms aks fmmks

60:8 af lsgrcf`s banrk skmtkmbk lu bdfmbka`kr Dkacut Rbdc`lt ? Aks prgts

lfuogurldu` sgmt aks `mvkst`sskckmts lk lkcf`m kt aks kcpag`s lfprs-lkcf`m.


11/95


Fprs ak prkc`kr bdgb ptrga`kr kt af rbkss`gm lk 60:;, aGBLK fvf`t lkcfml um jrgupk

lkxpkrts prs`l pfr abgmgc`stk fcr`bf`m Xfua CbBrfbekm lk if`rk um tft lks a`kux lks

bgmgc`ks gbb`lkmtfaks kt lk if`rk lks rkbgccfmlft`gms sur aks cgykms lk rktrguvkr umkbrg`ssfmbk igrtk. apgquk, ak mucrg lkux lu jrgupk tf`t Ju`lg Bfra`, afmb`km jguvkrmkur

lk af Nfmquk l@tfa`k. Kt à mfvf`t pfs t ak lkrm`kr likmlrk a`lk quk a`mft`gm tf`t

umk àaus`gm kt quk af`sskr akr aks pr`x mk pkrckttrf`t pfs lk rlu`rk ak bdcfjk. Fu

sgcckt lu J: lk Ngmm km 60:4, aFaakcfjmk, sfppuyfmt sur bk rfppgrt, fvf`t likmlu

a`lk quk m` a`mft`gm m` aks rkafmbks nuljtf`rks pfr ak li`b`t mk rsgulrf`kmt aks

prgnacks lks bgmgc`ks nrfmaks pfr ak bdgb ptrga`kr. Gm pkut bgms`lrkr qufprs

fvg`r tkrj`vkrs, a@tfa`k rkog`mt trfvkrs af pga`t`quk lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ak jrgupk lks pfys qu`

pfrtfjkmt bk pg`mt lk vuk kt gmt bgcpr`s quumk pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk fxk sur um

kmbdfmkckmt lkttk/lvfauft`gm/`mft`gm tf`t vguk abdkb.

Kaak kst f`ms` lkvkmuk umk sgrtk lk afngrftg`rk lk af c`sk km uvrk lumk pga`t`quk lk

brg`ssfmbk igmlk sur um kmbdfmkckmt quk mgus pgurr`gms qufaì`kr lk vkrtukux kt

qu` smgmbkrf`t lk af cfm`rk su`vfmtk ? quà`nrk nuljtf`rk pgur v`tkr akiikt lv`bt`gm

sur a`mvkst`sskckmt/faajkckmt lk af i`sbfa`t lks kmtrkpr`sks pgur fca`grkr aks

cfrjks/bgmburrkmbk pgur if`rk nf`sskr aks pr`x kt `mb`tkr aks kmtrkpr`sks fbbrgtrk akur

prglubt`v`t. Lfms bk bgmtkxtk, ak subbs lk Cfr`g Cgmt` skrf ltkrc`mfmt. Xgur ak cgckmt,

igrbk kst lk bgmstftkr quk aks bgcckmtf`rks sbkpt`quks, vg`rk br`t`quks, bgcckmbkmt sk

cuat`pa`kr. @as pg`mtkmt lu lg`jt aks lìbuats n`km rkaaks lk af s`tuft`gm bgmogmbturkaak lk

a@tfa`k. Rkagm aks lkrm`rks kst`cft`gms lk aGBLK, af brg`ssfmbk `tfa`kmmk f t lk >,> %

km >86> bgmtrk 8,< % km zgmk kurg 5 kaak lkvrf`t trk lk 6 % km >862 bgmtrk 8,6 %

km zgmk kurg. Cf`s à skrf`t lk cfuvf`sk ig` lkm rkstkr a kt lkm t`rkr um oujkckmt

li`m`tì. Lu rkbua, lu tkcps sgmt mbkssf`rks kt aks bdg`x lk Cfr`g Cgmt` bgcck

lfàakurs bkux lk Lfv`l Bfckrgm fu gyfuck-[m` , km cgl`fmt km prgigmlkur abgmgc`k

`tfa`kmmk, prpfrkmt bkaak-b` um rklrksskckmt lk af brg`ssfmbk cgykm tkrck.

Af Irfmbk ifbk fux rigrcks `tfa`kmmks

^kprkmfmt umk igrcuak lu pr`x Mgnka lbgmgc`k Ofm \`mnkrjkm, Irfmg`s Dgaafmlk, lfms

sf bgmirkmbk lk prkssk lu 62 mgvkcnrk >86>, fircf`t quk sgm `mtkmt`gm prgigmlk tf`t

lk sk sgub`kr lk af jmrft`gm iuturk kt mgm lks akbt`gms iuturks. Gr, km if`t, gm pkut l`rk

km kxpkrt`sfmt aks lb`s`gms pr`sks ^gck lkpu`s um fm quk bkttk igrcuak sfppa`quk

pfrif`tkckmt Cfr`g Cgmt`, cck sà mk mja`jk pfs ak prgbkssus akbtgrfa kt skcnak

fvg`r af ikrck `mtkmt`gm lk s`mstfaakr lurfnakckmt lfms ak pfysfjk pga`t`quk `tfa`km. Ls

agrs, bk bgmstft ckt km auc`rk ak trg`s`ck m`vkfu lk akbturk lk af mgtk lFaf`m Ifnrk qu`


12/95

6>


kst bkau` lumk bgcpfrf`sgm qukaak pgurrf`t `msp`rkr kmtrk af s`tuft`gm `tfa`kmmk kt af

s`tuft`gm irfmf`sk. Bkttk bgcpfrf`sgm kx`jkrf`t pgur trk pfrif`tkckmt sga`lk um kxfckm

pg`mt pfr pg`mt lk bk quk aks qu`pks jguvkrmkckmtfaks lk ^gck kt lk Xfr`s gmt fmmgmbkt gmt kiikbt`vkckmt lb`l. Cf`s, cck sfms faakr lfms aks ltfàs, gm pkut vg`r quk s`

Irfmg`s Dgaafmlk kt Okfm-Cfrb Fyrfuat fii`rckmt rjua`rkckmt akur vgagmt lk

cglkrm`sft`gm lk abgmgc`k kt lk rupturk fvkb af agj`quk rkmt`rk qu` fm`ck fsskz sguvkmt

af lymfc`quk bgmgc`quk irfmf`sk, umk bgmbrt`sft`gm lk bkttk vgagmt fuss` cfrquk

quk bkaak lk Cfr`g Cgmt` tfrlk vkm`r. Km if`t, lkpu`s af rkc`sk lu rfppgrt CbBrfbekm kt

lkpu`s ak sgcckt lk Ngmm, af pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk irfmf`sk sk bgmstru`t lfms afcn`jut,

if`sfmt prgjrkss`vkckmt lk af Irfmbk ak cfàagm if`nak lk abgmgc`k kurgpkmmk. Vugm y

sgmjk ? pk`mk f-t-kaak bgmu ak RCK km 60:0 quk af Irfmbk sk afmbk km 6046 lfms umk

pga`t`quk lk rkafmbk tgtfakckmt bgmtrk-bgurfmt lks vgaut`gms bgmgc`quks lksks pfrtkmf`rks kt brk lk bk if`t kmtrk kaak kt kux lks lìirkmt`kas l`miaft`gm qu`

lkv`kmmkmt v`tk `msuppgr tfnaks kt i `m`sskmt pfs ckmfbkr akx`stkmbk cck lu RCK 5

pk`mk ak trf`t lk Cffstr`bdt f-t-à t fpprguv pfr rirkmluc pfr aks Irfmf`s quk

ak jguvkrmkckmt pgrtk km 6002/600< ak lb`t nuljtf`rk 9 % lu X@N, sg`t 2 pg`mts

fu-lkssus lks br`trks irfbdkckmt flgpts, fu pg`mt lk susb`tkr lks `mtkrrgjft`gms

sur ak bfakmlr`kr kiikbtì lk pfssfjk akurg. Gm pgurrf`t agmjukckmt cuat`pa`kr aks

kxkcpaks lk bk lgunak afmjfjk irfmf`s, af Irfmbk if`sfmt skcnafmt lk pfrakr

faakcfml lfms af prskmtft`gm lk sf pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk cf`s blfmt af mgstfaj`k

latrk lks fmmks l`mft`gm lfms sf c`sk km uvrk prft`quk. Af Irfmbk, qu` fbbkptk

gib`kaakckmt Ngmm km 60:4 kt \geyg km 60:0 lbfrtkr a`mft`gm bgcck gutà lk af

pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk, fttkml 6042 pgur km t`rkr lks bgmsqukmbks kiikbt`vks. Kt fu a`ku

lfaakr ousqufu ngut lk af agj`quk lk stfnà`t qu` skcnak fagrs prkmlrk ak lkssus, kaak

sunst`tuk a`mft`gm af lpkmsk puna`quk bgcck cgykm lk sgutkm`r af brg`ssfmbk. Fvkb

um rsuatft qu` mk sk if`t pfs fttkmlrk, sfvg`r um fbbrg`sskckmt lk sf lkttk puna`quk

kt um fnf`sskckmt rjua`kr lk sf brg`ssfmbk pgtkmt`kaak qu` pafigmmk lsgrcf`s

8,; %/6 %.

Lk cck quk af agj`quk lk a`mft`gm bgcck cgykm lk bgmtkm`r ak bdcfjk f bdgu km

stfjft`gm lfms aks fmmks 60:8, lk cck af agj`quk lk afagurl`sskckmt pkrcfmkmt lks

lpkmsks puna`quks kst km trf`m lbdgukr km `msgutkmfnà`t lk af lkttk kt km tguiikckmt

lk af brg`ssfmbk. Bkst sur bk l`fjmgst`b fsskz pku bgmtkstfnak quk Cgmt` bgmstru`t sks

rigrcks. Cf`s pkmlfmt qufu sgcckt kurgpkm lk ou`m >86> à fircf`t fvkb futgr`t af

lgunak mbkss`t lumk sga`lfr`t sfms ifàak futgur lk akurg kt lumk fustr`t sfms

if`nakssk futgur lk agnokbtì lquà`nrk lks mfmbks puna`quks, af lajft`gm irfmf`sk

ckmf`t um p`tgyfnak bgcnft lfrr`rk-jfrlk sur um pskulg-pfbtk lk brg`ssfmbk lgmt ak

bgmtkmu tf`t kmbgrk kt tguogurs lk lpkmskr um frjkmt puna`b pgurtfmt lo surfngmlfmt


13/95


lfms lks prgokts pgcpkuskckmt cf`s vf`mkckmt qufa`s lk lpkmsks lfvkm`r .

Xgurtfmt, fircgms-ak dfut kt igrt ? fu stflk g km sgmt aks bgmgc`ks kurgpkmmks, aks

skuaks lpkmsks puna`quks lfvkm`r sgmt bkaaks qu` mk skrgmt pfs rfa`sks.

Km ckttfmt km uvrk sks rigrcks, Cgmt` f mgm skuakckmt rkc`s a@tfa`k lfms ak oku, cf`s

tgut sk pfssk bgcck s`, syctr`qukckmt, à km fvf`t bfrt af Irfmbk. Km rkspkbtfmt af

agj`quk bgmburrkmt`kaak lk afbtk um`quk lk 6049 kt af agj`quk mfmb`rk lu trf`t

lFcstkrlfc lk 600: kt lu \RBJ lk >866, à f c`s km v`lkmbk tgutks aks akmtkurs kt tgus

aks bgmskrvft`scks lk af Irfmbk, fu pg`mt quà kst lsgrcf`s lk paus km paus pftkmt quk

ak prgnack kurgpkm kst irfmf`s. Mkst-à pfs irfppfmt lkmtkmlrk aks l`r`jkfmts ^gck

lkcfmlkr fux kmtrkpr`sks tfa`kmmks lk rkmigrbkr akur mvkst`sskckmt kt akur prglubt`v`t

pgur sk prpfrkr afpprb`ft`gm vkm`r lk akurg, qufml km Irfmbk aks orc`flks surakurg igrt gmt rkpr`s kt quk lfms ak rfppgrt Jfaag`s umk lks rkbgccfmlft`gms kst lk tgut

if`rk pgur quk akurg lksbkmlk 6,6; lgaafr...

Af mgtk lFaf`m Ifnrk ak sgua`jmk ? Cfr`g Cgmt` `mbfrmk umk vr`tfnak rupturk lfms af v`s`gm

quf a@tfa`k lkaak-cck. Kaak f kmjfj um prgbkssus lk cutft`gm tgurmfmt ak lgs fu

bfp`tfa`sck lk bgmm`vkmbk pgur prgcguvg`r af bgmburrkmbk, af l`str`nut`gm lk af rkmtk

puna`quk pgur kx`jkr akibfb`t lks skrv`bks puna`bs, af ifbà`t lk af lvfauft`gm qu`, fu

mgc lk af bgcpt`t`v`t, tf`t fvfmt tgut um cgykm lk pgmbt`gmmkr lu pguvg`r lfbdft pfr

ak rkmbdr`sskckmt lu bgt lks `cpgrtft`gms.

^suatft, cf`mtkmfmt aks rkjfrls fmjg`sss kt br`t`quks sk tgurmkmt vkrs af Irfmbk kt à

mkst pkut-trk pfs s` ag`m quk bkaf s` Xfr`s gm km rkstk lks dfussks l`cpt fssfss`mks

kt lk vfjuks l`sbgurs sur af rkbgmmf`ssfmbk lk akspr`t lkmtrkpr`sk ak ogur g aks tfux

l`mtrt `tfa`kms brg`skrgmt lfms akur nf`ssk lks tfux irfmf`s pgusss af dfussk.

Okfm-Cfrb LFM@KAXrgiksskur fssgb` aKRBX Kurgpk,

bgc`stk a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk

kt L`rkbtkur lk rlfbt`gm lk af rkvuk Rgb`tfa.


14/95

6;Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862

RPM\DRK

K

m @tfa`k, ak lnut lks fmmks 6008 f cfrqu umk rupturk prgigmlk fvkb

adr`tfjk pga`t`quk lk afprs-jukrrk ? lbakmbdkckmt lk agprft`gm Cfm` pua`tk

kt a`qu`lft`gm lk af bafssk pga`t`quk trfl`t`gmmkaak, flgpt`gm lk af cgmmf`k

um`quk kt afmbkckmt lks rigrcks lk strubturk, sgrt`k lk af a`rk lu RCK...

@a km kst rsuat um prgbkssus bgmt`mu lk trfmsigrcft`gm km prgigmlkur vgu trf`tkraks lkux prgnacks cfokurs quk rkmbgmtrk ak pfys fuogurldu` kmbgrk ? ak tfux lkm-

lkttkckmt puna`b ak paus akv pfrc` aks jrfmls pfys lk a[m`gm cgmtf`rk kt umk

sgus-prglubt`v`t kmlc`quk, symgmycks aum kt afutrk lk pfrfays`k lk af brg`ssfmbk.

Bks cfux trflu`skmt pgur aksskmt`ka ak pg`ls lu ba`kmta`sck pga`t`quk kt sf bfpfb`t

af l`str`nut`gm lk rkmtks sgb`faks, tka quà f igmbt`gmm lk af i`m lks fmmks 6098

ousqufu lnut lks fmmks 6008. Af rsgaut`gm lk bks bgmtrfl`bt`gms fvkb aks `cprf-

tìs lk brg`ssfmbk lumk bgmgc`k guvkrtk tf`t gntkmuk pfr af lvfauft`gm kt a`miaft`gm,

lsgrcf`s `cprft`bfnaks km rj`ck lk cgmmf`k um`quk.

Mk skrf`t-bk qukm rf`sgm lk sgm a`km mft`gmfa tguogurs `mbkrtf`m gu `mfbdkv, lk a`cpu`s-

sfmbk lum systck ba`kmta`stk fbbgubdkr lks rigrcks lk strubturks, a@tfa`k if`t

lk af bgmtrf`mtk lk a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk ak pr`mb`pfa akv`kr lumk strftj`k lk brg`s-

sfmbk pkrckttfmt lk vkm`r ngut lk a`cpgrtfmbk lk sks lsquà`nrks cfokurs. Bkst ak

skms lk afppka Cfr`g Cgmt` pgur l`r`jkr ak jguvkrmkckmt bgmsbutì apu`skckmt, m

>866, lk af brl`nà`t pga`t`quk lk Ràv`g Nkrausbgm` kt lk sf cfogr`t, tfmt v`s--v`s lk

agp`m`gm puna`quk quk lks pfrtkmf`rks kurgpkms lk a@tfa`k. Ak jguvkrmkckmt quk Cfr`g

Cgmt` f l`r`j pfrt`r lk mgvkcnrk >866 mk bgmst`tuk bkpkmlfmt pfs umk mguvkfut ? àpkrptuk umk trfl`t`gm fpga`t`quk kt a`nrfak qu` skst cfmìkstk paus pfrt`bua`rkckmt

lkpu`s 600> lfppkas lks tkbdm`b`kms `ssus lk af Nfmbf l@tfa`f gu lk a[m`vkrs`t ?

Bfrag Fzkja`g B`fcp`, Afcnkrtg L`m`. Cck aks bgfa`t`gms lk bkmtrk jfubdk quk ^gcfmg

Xrgl` f bgmlu`tks lkux rkpr`sks, km 6009-6004 kt km >889->884, pkuvkmt sk rfttfbdkr

bk bgurfmt lk af v`k pga`t`quk `tfa`kmmk.

Bgcck sks prlbksskurs, cf`s lfms um laf` pfrt`bua`rkckmt bgurt, af ttk lum

jguvkrmkckmt kxbaus`vkckmt bgcpgs lkxpkrts kt sgutkmu pfr aks lkux jrfmls pfrt`s

lk bkmtrk lrg`t kt lk bkmtrk jfubdk prskmts fu Xfrakckmt, Cfr`g Cgmt` f bgmigrt af

trfokbtg`rk lk rlubt`gm lks lb`ts lgmt a@tfa`k r`squf`t lk sbfrtkr. Fu pr`x lum prg -


15/95

69


jrfcck tr`kmmfa (>86>->869 càa`frls lkurgs lk nf`ssk lk lpkmsks), a@tfa`k kst pfrvkmuk

rkspkbtkr sgm gnokbtì kurgpkm lk rlubt`gm lu li`b`t puna`b 2 % lu X@N km >86>.Ak jguvkrmkckmt Cgmt` f rkpr`s kt pgursu`v` um prgjrfcck `cpgrtfmt lk rigrcks

lk strubturk ? aks rktrf`tks lgmt ajk lk lpfrt f t pgrt 99 fms pgur aks dgccks 5

ak cfrbd lu trfvfà fvkb af vgagmt lk lcfmtkakr sks r`j`l`ts (fssgupa`sskckmt lks

a`bkmb`kckmts, fbbgrls lk bgcpt`t`v`t lfms aks kmtrkpr`sks)... Af strftj`k Cgmt` f fu

cg`ms ku pgur kiikt bgurt tkrck lfssurkr a@tfa k umk mkttk ltkmtk lk sks tfux l`mt -

rt. Lkpu`s mgvkcnrk >866, bks lkrm`krs gmt nf`ss lk 288 pg`mts lk nfsk kmv` rgm,

bk qu` faajk lfutfmt aks prkss`gms sur akiigr t lk l`sb`pa`mk nuljtf`rk kt guvrk af vg`k

um rklcfrrfjk lk a`mvkst`sskckmt pr`v.

Fu-lka lks rsuatfts gntkmus fu bgurs lks qukaquks cg`s pfsss fu jguvkrmkckmt, aks

rigrcks kmtrkpr`sks pfr Cfr`g Cgmt` v`skmt igrt`kr umk strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk bgcp -

t`t`vk km cgnà`sfmt aks fvfmtfjks bgcpfrftìs `tfa`kms sur aks cfrbds `mtkrmft`gmfux.

A@tfa`k f su prskrvkr um skbtkur `mlustr`ka paus `cpgrtfmt quk af Irfmbk km prgpgrt`gm lk

sgm bgmgc`k 5 kaak nmb`k lk jrfmls jrgupks qu`, akxkcpak lk I`ft, gmt rkmgu fvkb

aks stfmlfrls mtkrmft`gmfux lk pkrigrcfmbk, tfml`s quk sks XCK, bkaaks lu mgrl lu pfys

bgcck bkaaks qu` sk sgmt lvkagppks fu bkmtrk kt akst \krzf @tfa`f , igmt prkuvk

lumk `ml`sbutfnak v`tfa`t. Bgcn`mfmt umk bgcprkss`gm lk af lkcfmlk `mtr`kurk kt umk

fca`grft`gm v`s`nak lk sks pkrigrcfmbks akxpgrtft`gm, a@tfa`k f lo fcgrb ak rquà`-

nrfjk lk sf brg`ssfmbk lfms um skms vkrtukux pfr aks bdfmjks kxtr`kurs. Rf nfafmbk

bgcckrb`fak kst rklkvkmuk kxblkmtf`rk ls >86> km lp`t lumk agurlk bgmtrf`mtk

mkrjt`quk.

Akmoku lks akbt`gms `tfa`kmmks mk skrf pfs, quka quk sg`t akur rsuatft pga`t`quk

`ccl`ft, lk sfvg`r s` akxpr`kmbk Cgmt` pguvf`t sk pkrptukr ? btf`t, ls agr`j`mk, umk

trfms`t`gm. Akmoku kst lk sfvg`r s` bkttk kxpr`kmbk tkbdm`quk pkut sk trfmsigrckr km

bfp`tfa pga`t`quk, skua akv`kr lurfnak lk pgursu`tk lu bfp rigrcftkur.

Bfr akxpr`kmbk Cgmt` bgcpgrtk umk lgunak ifbk qu` cr`tk ltrk igrtkckmt sgua`jmk ?

n`km paus quk aFaakcfjmk tguogurs sgupgmmk ltrk tkaakckmt kxbkpt`gmmkaak qukaak

kst `m`c`tfnak , a@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` bgmst`tuk um vr`tfnak nfmb lkssf` fu-lka

lumk sgaut`gm lk sgrt`k lk br`sk, pgur tfagmmkr aks pga`t`quks lk rigrcks kt aks strftj`ks

lk brg`ssfmbk lks tfts lk af zgmk kurg. N`km lks kxpkrts sgua`jmkmt aks kiikts rbkssìs

lks prgjrfccks lk rlubt`gm lk lpkmsk, fbbkptfmt lu ngut lks avrks quk aks pga`t`quks

bgmgc`quks rlu`skmt aks lb`ts kt aks lkttks puna`quks lfms ak skua nut lk rktrguvkr

lks cgykms lk st`cuakr af brg`ssfmbk pfr umk bgmsgccft`gm kaak-cck sgutkmuk pfr af

lpkmsk puna`quk. Km rfa`t, bgcck aFaakcfjmk lks fmmks >888, bkst lfms afaajk-


16/95

6:Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862

ckmt agmj tkrck lk af lpkmsk puna`quk km prgpgrt`gm lu X@N quk a@tfa`k lk Cfr`g

Cgmt` bdkrbdk aks rkssgrts lumk brg`ssfmbk rgnustk kt lurfnak. Af Irfmbk furf`t tgrt lk

mk pfs prtkr fttkmt`gm bks kiigrts, tfmt km rf`sgm lks s`cà`tulks qu` af rfpprgbdkmtlk a@tfa`k quk pfr af l`vkrjkmbk lfbbkpt`gm qu` bfrfbtr`sk ak cgt lk brg`ssfmbk bdkz

Irfmg`s Dgaafmlk kt bdkz Cfr`g Cgmt`. Ak lkjr lk russ`tk lks rigrcks km @tfa`k pskrf

prgnfnakckmt agurl lfms af cfm`rk lgmt af Irfmbk sk skmt`rf bgmigrtk lfms sf

strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk pfr af lpkmsk puna`quk, gu fu bgmtrf`rk nack pgur aks r`squks

lk lstfnà`sft`gm lks rigrcks lk sks vg`s`ms.

Afutrk ifbk lk akxpr`kmbk Cgmt`, bkst sgm rak lfms af bgmsga`lft`gm lk af zgmk kurg.

Aks rigrcks quk a@tfa`k f ckmks fu bgurs lks lkrm`krs cg`s au` gmt pkrc`s lk nmb`kr

lks trfmsigrcft`gms lk af zgmk kurg gprks lkpu`s um fm ? af paus `cpgrtfmtk lkmtrk kaakskst af ctfcgrpdgsk lk af Nfmquk bkmtrfak kurgpkmmk. Rgus a`cpuas`gm lk Cfr`g Lrfjd`,

bkaak-b` f vu sgm rak lk prtkur lk lkrm`kr rkssgrt bgmsga`l fvkb af lb`s`gm lfbdfts

àa`c`ts lk lkttk puna`quk fmmgmbk km skptkcnrk >86>. A@tfa`k kt aKurgpk lk >862 mk

sgmt paus tgut if`t aks ccks quk bkaaks lk >866.

Xfr afppka Cfr`g Cgmt`, a@tfa`k f igrt` ak bkmtrk lk jrfv`t lk af zgmk kurg um cgckmt

g sf irfjà`t sfbbkmtuf`t sgus ak pg`ls lk af br`sk mfmb`rk. Kaak f rksskrr um pku paus

ak a`km kmtrk sf strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk kt sgm `mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk. Fu cgckmt g ak

cgtkur irfmbg-faakcfml pft`mk, af bgmtr`nut`gm `tfa`kmmk fu rkmigrbkckmt lu bkmtrk lk

jrfv`t lk af cgmmf`k um`quk skrf-t-à suisfmt pgur bgmigrtkr sf prkmm`t 7


17/95


@M\^GL[B\@GM

Xrglu`rk af brg`ssfmbk `mtr`kurkpfr af bgmtrf`mtk kxtr`kurklk a mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk

V uà sfj`ssk lks lgutks sur af prgigmlkur lu skmt`ckmt lum`t mft`gmfak gulks trfucft`scks prgvgqus pfr ak ifsb`sck kt af jukrrk, ls aks fmmks60;8 a@tfa`k f, lumk cfm`rk qu` mkst pfs sfms rfppkakr akxkcpak faakcfml,a` akmrfb`mkckmt lk af lcgbrft`k kt lk af ^puna`quk fvkb sgm `mtjrf-

t`gm fu prgokt pga`t`quk kurgpkm lgmt kaak kst um lks pfys igmlftkurs cfokurs. Lk bk

pg`mt lk vuk, af i`jurk lFab`lk Lk Jfspkr` oguk um rak s`càf`rk lfms afmbrfjk `tfa`km

km Kurgpk bkaak lk Egmrfl Flkmfukr km Faakcfjmk. Af bgmstrubt`gm lumk Kurgpk

pga`t`quk, lgmt afbtk igmlftkur lkckurk ak trf`t s`jm ^gck ak >; cfrs 60;:, kst

`ml`ssgaunakckmt fss`càk lfms akspr`t lk af bafssk pga`t`quk bgcck lk agp`m`gm

puna`quk `tfa`kmmks fu akv`kr cglkrm`sftkur lk abgmgc`k, lk af sgb`t, cf`s fuss`

lk sgm systck pga`t`quk.

[M XFPR F[ C@^G@^ LK AK[^GXK, X@A@K^ LK AF _GMK K[^G

@mvkrskckmt, af br`sk lk af zgmk kurg f cgmtr quka pg`mt al`bk lk af cgmmf`k um`quktf`t tr`nutf`rk lumk @tfa`k bfpfnak lk cf`mtkm`r af stfnà`t lk sf pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk

kt lgmb, lu cck bgup, aks fmt`b`pft`gms lks cfrbds i`mfmb`krs ajfrl lk akurg.

Ak sprkfl, bkst--l`rk af lìirkmbk lk tfux kmtrk af lkttk puna`quk mft`gmfak kt af lkttk

puna`quk faakcfmlk, sur akquka agp`m`gm puna`quk tfa`kmmk f aks ykux r`vs futfmt quk aks

cfrbds , if`t af ig`s jurk l`ml`bftkur lk brl`nà`t kurgpkmmk kt `mtkrmft `gmfak lk

a@tfa`k kt lk s`jmfa lk rfppka sur af bfpfb`t lk af zgmk kurg fssurkr sf stfnà`t

lkmskcnak. Cck s` aks @tfa`kms lt`kmmkmt kmv`rgm 98 % lk akur lkttk puna`quk, af

prkss`gm kxkrbk pfr aks tfux l`mtrt mft`gmfux fppfrft bgcck umk ckmfbk pksfmt sur

af tgtfa`t lk al`bk cgmtf`rk kurgpkm. Cfajr aks sgunrksfuts lks pafms lurjkmbk

subbkssìs qu` gmt su`v` aks tkms`gms fu sk`m lk af zgmk kurg, aKurgpk f, sgcck tgutk,


18/95

>8


lcgmtr sgm fpt`tulk rjakr sks br`sks km bdfmk lkpu`s >880 bkaaks lk af Jrbk, lk

a@rafmlk, kt lk aKspfjmk. Cf`s kaak f bgmsb`kmbk, tgut bgcck aks `mvkst`sskurs, quk afsp`-

rft`gm lk a@tfa`k bgcck lk af Irfmbk lfàakurs lfms umk br`sk lk af lkttk sguvkrf`mksur ak cglak jrkb furf`t tgutks aks bdfmbks lk akmtrfmkr lfms um prgbkssus lk ls`mt-

jrft`gm lk af cgmmf`k um`quk.

Af br`sk mfmb`rk survkmuk pfrt`r lk at

>866 f lgmb t um s`jmfa flrkss futfmt

a@tfa`k qu af zgmk kurg tgut kmt`rk. Rgus af

prkss`gm lk af Nfmquk bkmtrfak kurgpkmmk,

cfmìkstk mgtfcckmt pfr umk c`ss`vk pfrt`-

bua`rkckmt svrk flrkssk pfr sgm l`rkb-tg`rk fu jguvkrmkckmt `tfa`km km fgt >866,

ak c`m`strk lks I`mfmbks Jùa`g \rkcgmt`

skst rsgau fmmgmbkr um trg`s`ck pafm lk

rklrksskckmt nuljtf`rk lk 9; càa`frls lkurgs km bgcpackmt lks lkux pafms frrts

fupfrfvfmt lk 9> kt 48 càa`frls lkurgs.

Gr, tgut fu agmj lk afmmk >866, ausurk pga`t`quk lu jguvkrmkckmt Nkrausbgm` kst lk paus

km paus fppfruk, fux ykux lk agp`m`gm puna`quk bgcck lk bkux lks rkspgmsfnaks kurg-

pkms, bgcck um gnstfbak sur af vg`k lk af rlubt`gm lks li`b`ts kt lk af rfa`sft`gm

lks rigrcks. Lkpu`s af m >868, lftk lk af rupturk kmtrk Ràv`g Nkrausbgm` kt J`fmirfmbg

I`m`, prs`lkmt lk af Bdfcnrk jmrfakckmt prskmt fagrs bgcck sgm subbksskur, ak

jguvkrmkckmt `ssu lks akbt`gms lk >884 tf`t kmtr lfms um prgbkssus lpu`skckmt ?

lif`tk fux cum`b`pfaks km cf`, mgtfcckmt Càfm, \r`kstk, Mfpaks 5 lif`tks km ou`m

fux rirkmlucs ifbà`tfmt aks bgmvgbft`gms lks c`m`strks pfr aks oujks. Lfms bks bgml`-

t`gms, ogufmt dfnàkckmt lk af prkss`gm kurgpkmmk, akxkcpak lu Bgmskà kurgpkm m

gbtgnrk >866 g ak jguvkrmkckmt `tfa`km iut a`ttrfakckmt sgcc lk prkmlrk lks cksurks

lurjkmbk, kt lu l`sbrl`t brg`ssfmt sur af sbmk `mtr`kurk, cfmìkstk paus pfrt`bua`rk-ckmt pfr af lb`s`gm lk aja`sk lk lmgmbkr puna`qukckmt a`ccgrfa`t lu bdki lu jguvkr-

mkckmt, ak prs`lkmt lk af ^puna`quk, J`grj`g Mfpga`tfmg, fbt`vf l`sbrtkckmt af sgaut`gm

lfppka Cfr`g Cgmt`, bgmtfbt km rfa`t ls fvfmt at 6.

6. Juàafuck Lkafbrg`x, Ak Cystrk Cfr`g Cgmt`. Xgrtf`t lk a@tfa`k pgst-Nkrausbgm`, Xfr`s, Xagm, >86>.

Cck s` aks @tfa`kms lt`kmmkmtkmv`rgm 98 % lk akur lkttkpuna`quk, af prkss`gm kxkrbkpfr aks tfux l`mtrt mft`gmfuxfppfrft bgcck umk ckmfbkpksfmt sur af tgtfa`t lk al`bk

cgmtf`rk kurgpkm.


19/95

>6Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862

Xrglu`rk af brg`ssfmbk `mtr`kurk pfr af bgmtrf`mtk kxtr`kurk lk a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk

CF^@G CGM\@ ? AFA\K^MFMBK LK A@\FA@K K[^GXKMMK

Xgur sf`s`r af s`jm`bft`gm prgigmlk lk afppka Cfr`g Cgmt`, akquka ckt um sg`m pfrt`bua`kr

`mbfrmkr um styak fmt`-Nkrausbgm`, à ifut fvg`r km ttk qufu cg`ms lkpu`s ak lnut lks

fmmks 6008, ifbk umk bafssk pga`t`quk

gcm`prskmtk cf`s `cpu`ssfmtk, lfms um

pfys pgrt pfr af vgagmt sgcck tgutk tkmfbk

kt pkrbkpt`nak lk bgmlu`rk af cglkrm`sft`gm

lk abgmgc`k bgcck lk sgm systck pga`-

t`quk, ak rkbgurs fux tkbdmgbrftks kst umk

sgaut`gm rjua`rkckmt prft`quk. n`km lksjfrls, af mfturk prgigmlk lu l rkakvkr

bgms`stk sgrt`r lu ba`kmta`sck >, cfrquk lgc`mfmtk lk a@tfa`k lkpu`s af m lk af jukrrk,

systck jmrfakckmt ls`jm pfr ak tkrck lk pfrt`tgbrft`k . Xfrt`tgbrft`k kt ba`kmt-

a`sck a`s pgur umk pfrt `cpgrtfmtk fu bfrfbtrk `mbkrtf`m kt `mfbdkv lk aum`bft`gm

lkpu`s ak ^`sgrj`ckmtg, pkut-trk mbkssf`rk ifutk lum tft af aj`t`c`t fngut`k cf`s

qu` m`t pfr rfpprgbdkr `maubtfnakckmt a@tfa`k lu ngrl lu prb`p`bk. Aks lkux cfux

pr`mb`pfux quk a@tfa`k lg`t surcgmtkr, umk lkttk jfak 6>9 % lu X@N kt umk prglubt`v`t

pfrc` aks paus if`naks lk af zgmk kurg, sgmt pku gu prgu a`s af lìbuat lk af sgb`t kt

lk sgm systck pga`t`quk lk sk sgustrf`rk vr`tfnakckmt fu ba`kmta`sck. Lumk bkrtf`mk

cfm`rk, ak systck Nkrausbgm`, qu` lkckurk af jurk pga`t`quk lgc`mfmtk lk a@tfa`k lkpu`s

600< lkpu`s akiigmlrkckmt lu cgmgpfrt`sck lk if`t lk af Lcgbrft`k bdrt`kmmk ,

pkut sfmfayskr bgcck af tkmtft`gm lu Bfvfa`krk2 lk bfptkr sgm prgt af rkmtk ba`kmta`stk

tgut km kssfyfmt lk if`rk ifbk fux lsquà`nrks lu systck pga`t`quk `ssus lu s`sck lk

600>-600. Ak ba`kmta`sck kst um rfppgrt sgb`fa lbdfmjks kmtrk um pftrgm kt lks ba`kmts qu` au` sgmt vgus. Ak prkc`kr igurm`tfux skbgmls sf prgtkbt`gm kt pfrt`b`pk akur kmtrkt`km. Km bdfmjk, aks skbgmls au` fppgrtkmt um sgut`km gu uvrkmt sgm skrv`bk. Af igrcft`gm lks tfts cglkrmks af vu prgjrkss`vkckmt l`spfrftrk. Af Irfmbk lFmb`km ^j`ckigmbt`gmmf`t sur bk cglak ousqu af c`sk km pafbk lk atft flc`m`strftì lfms af skbgmlk cg`t` lu xv`` k s`bak.^`bdka`ku, Cfzfr`m, Iguqukt gu Bgankrt tf`kmt aks pftrgms lk vfstks rskfux lk ba`kmtaks qu` fssurf`kmt akigmbt`gmmkckmt lum tft kmbgrk kcnrygmmf`rk.

2. Ràv`g Nkrausbgm` skst vu fttr`nu bk surmgc lkpu`s sgm kmtrk km pga`t`quk km 600


20/95

>>


Lkpu`s fu cg`ms af m lks fmmks 60:8 gm pgurrf`t lfàakurs prkmlrk bgcck pg`mt lk

rkprk bdrgmgagj`quk afssfss`mft lFalg Cgrg kt aflds`gm fu Rystck cgmtf`rk

kurgpkm (RCK) km 60:4 , af pga t`quk tfa`kmmk sgrlgmmk futgur lumk fatkrmfmbk kmtrk akstkmfmts lu systck pga`t`quk lfprs-

jukrrk bgcn`mfmt pfrt`tgbrft`k kt ba`kmt-

a`sck, tgurms vkrs af Cl`tkrrfmk, kt bkux

lumk a`jmk fmt`pga`t`quk kt kurgpkmmk, `m-

bfrmk pfr umk a`tk tkbdmgbrft`quk qu`

trguvk sks fppu`s `mtkrmks lfms af sgb`t

b`vàk, qu` rkjfrlkmt vkrs aFaakcfjmk. Bk

bgurfmt pu`sk sf igrbk lfms af br`t`quk

jrfml`ssfmtk lk af pfrt`tgbrft`k lkpu`s afm lks fmmks 60:8 gu ak cà`ku lks fm -

mks 6048 km rf`sgm mgtfcckmt lks

kmtrfvks qukaak rkprskmtkrf`t pgur af rsgrpt`gm lks lsquà`nrks tkrr`tgr`fux kt sg-

b`fux kt a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk qu` km bgmst`tuk fu bgmtrf`rk akurs ykux af sgaut`gm.

FMB^K^ AF ^[X\[^K LKR FMMKR 6008Afppka rjua`kr lks tkbdmgbrftks kt akur prskmbk s`jmì`bft`vk lfms af bgmlu`tk

lks rigrcks sgmt tgutkig`s trg`tkckmt a`s umk bgmogmbt`gm lk ifbtkurs pga`t`quks kt

bgmgc`quks qu` sk sgmt tgus bdrgmgagj`qukckmt bgmbkmtrs fu lnut lks fmmks 6008

kt gmt kmbakmbd um cguvkckmt af ig`s `ml`spkmsfnak kt bgmt`mu pgussfmt lfms ak skms

lks rigrcks. Bkst 600> qu` cfrquk vrf`ckmt af rupturk fvkb agrlrk pga`t`quk lk afprs-

jukrrk, fvkb ak lbakmbdkckmt lk agprft`gm Cfm` pua`tk, aflds`gm fu trf`t lk Cffstr`bdt,

cf`s fuss` af sgrt`k lk af a`rk lu RCK ;88 càa`frls lk a`rks pgur pkrckttrk af qufa`bf-

t`gm lu pfys pgur af zgmk kurg.


21/95



Aks kiikts bgmoujus lk bks rupturks `mtr`kurks kt kurgpkmmks `mtkrvkmuks pfrt`r lk

600> pgusskmt tgutks vkrs um prgbkssus lk cglkrm`sft`gm lgmt af bafssk pga`t`quk trfl`-

t`gmmkaak skst nrusqukckmt trguvk lkssf`-s`k ;. Ak bybak guvkrt fvkb aakbt`gm lk 600886->889) fprs Fab`lk Lk Jfs-

pkr` (60889->884 fvkb aks lkux jguvkrmk-

ckmts Xrgl`. R` af rvgaut`gm lk 600> f ifvgr`s ackrjkmbk lum n`pfrt`sck `mfbdkv

kt frt`bua futgur lk af lrg`tk nkrausbgm`kmmk ak XLA, Xkupak lk af a`nkrt kt um bkmtrk

jfubdk ckm fuogurldu` pfr ak XL, Xfrt` lcgbrftk , à sfj`t cg`ms lum ba`vfjk lrg`tk-

jfubdk quk bkau` gppgsfmt umk a`jmk ba`kmta`stk umk agj`quk af ig`s fpga`t`quk kt a`n-

rfak. Bgcck agnskrvk Cfma`g Jrfz`fmg 9, af lrg`tk nkrausbgm`kmmk : mgmbk um l`sbgurs

a`nrfa cf`s prft`quk umk pga`t`quk qu` akst pku fujckmtft`gm lks pravkckmts kt rka-

bdkckmt lks l`sb`pa`mks nuljtf`rks , fagrs quk aks jguvkrmkckmts lk bkmtrk jfubdk gu/

kt tkbdmgbrft`quks sk vg`kmt bdfrjs lk rfckmkr abgmgc`k sur sf trfokbtg`rk a`nrfak ?

rklrksskckmt nuljtf`rk kt fbdvkckmt kt quà`nrfjk lks rigrcks kmtfcks pfr af

lrg`tk nkrausbgm`kmmk.

;. Kmv`rgm aks lkux t`krs lks ckcnrks lu Xfrakckmt iurkmt `mbuaps fu t`trk lk agprft`gm Cfm` pua`tk.

9. Cfma`g Jrfz`fmg, A@tfa`k, um tft sfms mft`gm 7 Jgpga`t`quk lumk `lkmt`t mft`gmfak `mbkrtf`mk, ^fcgmvàak-Rf`mt-Fjmk, rs, >88:, p. 6;.

:. @a ifut jfrlkr akspr`t quk Ràv`g Nkrausbgm` kst lumk bkrtf`mk cfm`rk um prglu`t lk ark Nktt`mg Brfx` (6042-604:),fuquka à lg`t umk pfrt s`jm`bft`vk lk af bgmstrubt`gm lk sgm kcp`rk lfms aks cl`fs.

R` af rvgaut`gm lk 600>f ifvgr`s ackrjkmbk lumn`pfrt`sck mfbdkv kt frt`buafutgur lk af lrg`tk nkraus-bgm`kmmk ak Xkupak lk afa`nkrt kt um bkmtrk jfubdkckm fuogurldu` pfr ak Xfrt`lcgbrftk , à sfj`t cg`ms

lum ba`vfjk lrg`tk-jfubdk qukbkau` gppgsfmt umk a`jmk ba`km-ta`stk umk agj`quk af ig`sfpga`t`quk kt a`nrfak.


22/95

>866 sgmt akxprkss`gm af paus fngut`k lk bkttk

fatkrmfmbk fpga`t`quk lks tkbdmgbrftks. Bgcpgsfmtk lo s`jm`bft`vk lu jguvkrmk-

ckmt Fcftg (600>-6002), aks c`m`strks tkbdmgbrftks rkprskmtf`kmt af cg`t` lu jguvkr-

mkckmt B`fcp` (6002-60086>, fvfmt lkbgmirkr Y`ttgr`g Jràa` akxkrb`bk pfrt kmt`rk lk bk c`m`strk.

Lfms bk cglak tkbdmgbrf-

t`quk `tfa`km, à ifut af ig`ssgua`jmkr ak rak lk a[m`vkrs`t mgtfcckmt aum`vkrs`tNgbbgm` Càfm qu` prglu`tumk pfrt `cpgrtfmtk lksa`tks l`r`jkfmtks tfa`kmmkskt lgmt Cfr`g Cgmt` iut akprs`lkmt kt bkau` lk afNfmbf l@tfa`f.


23/95

>;Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862


Km bgmfmt af l`rkbt`gm lu jguvkrmkckmt Cfr`g Cgmt` pautt quk lk prgblkr lks akb -

t`gms fmt`b`pks pgur rsgulrk af br`sk lu jguvkrmkckmt Nkrausbgm`, ak prs`lkmt Mfpga`-

tfmg lgmt ak cfmlft frr`vk bdfmbk km >862 sfvf`t lk tgutk ifgm sf lurk lk v`ka`c`tk, pu`squk aks akbt`gms fu Xfrakckmt tf`kmt `m`t`fakckmt prvuks km fvrà >862.

Lkux bgms`lrft`gms gmt pks sur bk bdg`x ? umk bgms`lrft`gm lurjkmbk, lfms af cksurk

g fu paus igrt lk af br`sk pga`t`quk kt mfmb`rk lk afutgcmk >866 aks tfux l`mtrt sk

s`tuf`kmt lks sgcckts lk agrlrk lk :,2 % kt aksprkfl fvkb aFaakcfjmk stf`t kmvga

;:; pg`mts lk nfsk , bk qu` mk pkrckttf`t pfs lk prkmlrk ak r`squk lumk pfrfays`k

pga`t`quk kt mfmb`rk lu pfys 5 umk bgms`lrft`gm lk paus agmj tkrck lfms af cksurk g

ak prgbkssus lk rft`gmfa`sft`gm mfmb`rk kt lk rigrcks kst bgmt`mu km @tfa`k lkpu`s umk

v`mjtf`mk lfmmks, y bgcpr`s sgus aks jguvkrmkckmts Nkrausbgm` g lks rigrcks lk

prkc`rk `cpgrtfmbk v`sfmt ak cfrbd lu trfvfà kt aks rktrf`tks gmt t kmjfjks. Ak pr-s`lkmt lk af ^puna`quk f lgmb bdg`s` lv`tkr lfogutkr um r`squk lk br`sk pga`t`quk

bkau` brg`ssfmt lk af br`sk mfmb`rk um cgckmt g af bafssk pga`t`quk mk skcnaf`t paus

km cksurk lk if`rk ifbk fux urjkmbks nuljtf`rks kt lk ckmkr aks rigrcks strubturkaaks.

Fmfaysk rkpr`sk pfr Cfr`g Cgmt` au`-cck lfms ac`ss`gm X`fzzf Xua`tf , sur af bdfmk

Af:, ak >; cf` >86> ? Km rkiusfmt lk mguvkaaks akbt`gms kt km vguafmt if`rk pfrt`b`pkr tgut

ak cgmlk fu jguvkrmkckmt, ak prs`lkmt lk af ^puna`quk f pkrc`s lv`tkr a@tfa`k um

lkst`m af jrkbquk 0.

Lkpu`s af m >866, Cfr`g Cgmt` jguvkrmf`t sfms af pfrt`b`pft`gm lk c`m`strks pga`t`quks,

cf`s fvkb ak sgut`km lks jrfmls pfrt`s `tfa`kms, ak Xkupak lk af a`nkrt (XLA) kt ak Xfrt`

lcgbrftk (XL). Ls ak rktrf`t lu sgut`km lu

XLA fu jguvkrmkckmt af c`-lbkcnrk

>86>, Cfr`g Cgmt` f rpa`qu km lgmmfmt

`ccl`ftkckmt sf lc`ss`gm. Ak >4 l-

bkcnrk >86>, igrt lk sf brl`nà`t `mtr`kurk

mgtfcckmt ak sgut`km cfrqu lk aja`sk

bftdga`quk kt kurgpkmmk, à f fmmgmb sgm`mtkmt`gm lk pfrt`b`pkr af nftfàak akbtgrfak

pgur pkrckttrk af pgursu`tk lu prgjrfcck

lk rigrcks.

Vukaak quk sg`t a`ssuk lks akbt`gms quk ak

subbksskur lk Ràv`g Nkrausbgm` pfrt`b`pk gu

mgm fu iutur jguvkrmkckmt , akxpr`kmbk

0. B`t pfr Juàafuck Lkafbrg`x, gp. b`t., p. 26.

Vukaak quk sg`t a`ssuk lksakbt`gms, akxpr`kmbk Cgmt`mk pgurrf trk bgms`lrkbgcck umk pfrkmtdsk tkbdm`quk , cf`s bgcckaf vgagmt lk rfa`skr umk rup-turk pga`t`quk, kt bgcck umktfpk `cpgrtfmtk, s` bk mkstlb`s`vk, lfms um prgbkssus`mspfrfnak lk cglkrm`sft`gmlk sgm bgmgc`k kt lk sgmsystck pga`t`quk, f`ms` quk lksgm mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk.


24/95

>9


Cgmt` mk pgurrf trk bgms`lrk bgcck umk pfrkmtdsk tkbdm`quk , cf`s bgcck af

vgagmt lk rfa`skr umk rupturk pga`t`quk, kt bgcck umk tfpk `cpgrtfmtk, s` bk mkst

lb`s`vk, lfms um prgbkssus `mspfrfnak lk cglkrm`sft`gm lk sgm bgmgc`k kt lk sgmsystck pga`t`quk, f`ms` quk lk sgm `mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk. \gut kst if`t km sfppuyfmt

sur aKurgpk pgur quk af pgss`nà`t lu rktgur km frr`rk sg`t tguogurs paus rlu`tk. Lk bk

pg`mt lk vuk, bgcck a`ml`quk Jùskppk Rfbbg, ak mguvkfu jguvkrmkckmt mk rkprskmtk

pfs umk fatkrmfmbk lfms af bgmt`mu`t lu systck, bgcck afvf`kmt t Xrgl` kt LFakcf.

@a sk pafbk lfms umk agj`quk lk rupturk 68 .

A@\FA@K, BA LK AF R\FN@A@\ CGM\F@^KLK AF _GMK K[^G

@a mk ifut pfs mgm paus guna`kr afmjak lk vuk syctr`quk ? af a`jmk lk stfnà`t bgmgc`quk

`mbfrmk pfr Cfr`g Cgmt` kst `mspfrfnak lu prgbkssus kurgpkm lk stfnà`sft`gm lk af

zgmk kurg.

um lkjr n`km paus igrt quk af Irfmbk,

a@tfa`k fssuck sfms bgcpakxk a`mtjrft`gm

lk sf pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk, mgtfcckmt nul-

jtf`rk, lfms umk strftj`k kurgpkmmk. Ak

prgokt pga`t`quk kurgpkm lkckurk km kiikt

af ig`s agnokbtì kt ak cgykm pfr akquka

a@tfa`k sk pkmsk lkpu`s af skbgmlk cg`t`

lu xxk s`bak sur af vg`k lum pfys mgrcfa ,

skagm af igrcuak lk Jùa`fmg Fcftg. Aks @tfa`kms sfvkmt quk aks sfbr`bks, kt mgtfcckmt

bkux c`s km pafbk pfr ak jguvkrmkckmt Cgmt`, ak sgmt bgcck cgykm s`cuatfm lk rfssu-

rkr ak prgbkssus l`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk lk a@tfa`k kt lk bgmt`mukr lksskrrkr atrk`mtklk ba`kmta`scks ru`mkux qu` cf`mt`kmmkmt ak cgrbkaakckmt jgjrfpd`quk kt sgb`fa lu

pfys, kt uat`ckckmt kmtrfmkmt sgm fppfuvr`sskckmt.

n`km lks jfrls, a@tfa`k um`k fu x`xk s`bak sgus af iruak lk af cf`sgm lk Rfvg`k iut

agr`j`mk n`km paus ak prglu`t lks quà`nrks kurgpkms quk ak cguvkckmt futgmgck

lum tft-mft`gm prkmfmt bgmsb`kmbk lk au`-cck. Aks @tfa`kms gmt vbu lkpu`s agrs fvkb

ak skmt`ckmt lumk bgmstrubt`gm pga`t`quk `mfngut`k, bk lgmt rkml bgcptk af igrcuak lk

68. Jùskppk Rfbbg, Cgmt` aKurgpkm , Rgb`tfa, >k tr`ckstrk >86>, mg :9.

um lkjr n`km paus igrt quk

af Irfmbk, a@tfa`k fssuck sfmsbgcpakxk a`mtjrft`gm lk sf pga`-t`quk bgmgc`quk, mgtfcckmtnuljtf`rk, lfms umk strftj`kkurgpkmmk.


25/95

>:Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862


Rfn`mg Bfssksk, umk sgb`t sfms tft 66 . @mbkrtf`mk qufmt af vr`tfnak mfturk lk

sgm um`bft`gm kt bgmirgmtk fux vuamrfnà`ts lum tft bgmstru`t sur umk aj`t`c`t

sgb`fak trs irfjàk, a@tfa`k bdkrbdk lfms a`mtjrft`gm pga`t`quk kurgpkmmk cf`s fuss`lfms sgm a`km trs igrt fvkb aks tfts-[m`s n`km paus quum `mstruckmt fu skrv`bk lumk

cgml`fa`sft`gm fbbgcpa`k qu` mfurf`t lfutrk gnokbtì quk lk surcgmtkr aks a`c`tks lks

tfts-mft`gms trfl`t`gmmkas. Bkst km if`t afbdvkckmt lk sf prgprk um`t mft`gmfak kt

aks rfb`mks lk sf rf`sgm ltrk qukaak s`tuk fu ngut lk sgm `mtjrft`gm lfms umk Kurgpk

pga`t`quk. Km @tfa`k cf`s fuss` km Irfmbk lumk bkrtf`mk ifgm , ackrjkmbk lumk

igrbk pga`t`quk a`nrfak kt rigrcftr`bk, bfpfnak lumk fbt`gm lurfnak sur ak agmj tkrck,

mkst pgss`nak qukm sk a`fmt a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk, aks igrbks pga`t`quks igmlks

sur af l`str`nut`gm jmrfa`sk lk rkmtks sgb`faks 6> tfmt fsskz igrtks pgur pkrptukr

akur ba`kmta`sck cf`s pfs fsskz pgur sfiirfmbd`r lk af tutkaak lk afss`sk sgb`fak lgmtkm rktgur kaaks lpkmlkmt. Bkst bk quk rfppkaak trs baf`rkckmt Jùskppk Rfbbg ? Km

@tfa`k, aks igrbks a`nrfaks prgjrkss`stks lk bdfmjkckmt mk jfjmkmt quk agrsqukaaks

trguvkmt lfms ak bgmtkxtk kurgpkm aks faa`fmbks mbkssf`rks 62.

[M NFMB LKRRF@ XG[^ AF R\^F\J@K LK B^G@RRFMBKLK AF _GMK K[^G

Cf`s ak a`km pfrt`bua`kr kmtrk a@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` kt af zgmk kurg rs`lk fuss` lfms af

cfm`rk lk bgmstru`rk umk strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk. Aks a`c`tks lk akmlkttkckmt puna`b

fyfmt t fttk`mtks km @tfa`k bgcck fàakurs, fu pg`mt quk ak cg`mlrk lrfpfjk fujckmtk

aks ckmfbks lk dfussks lks tfux l`mtrt qu` pgurrf`kmt sk rvakr ckurtr`rks, pku

lfmfaystks br`t`qukmt af pga`t`quk lk rlubt`gm lks lb`ts, cck s` bkst pgur lpagrkr aks

bgts lk af rbkss`gm kt lu bdcfjk qukaak prgvgqukrf`t. Gr, agnokbtì lk Cfr`g Cgmt` mk

bgms`stk pfs rkbgmst`tukr lks cfrjks lk cfmuvrk pgur lks fbt`gms uatr`kurks lk

st`cuaft`gm lk af bgmsgccft`gm kt lk af brg`ssfmbk pfr lk mguvkfux lb`ts. @a sfj`t lkbgmigrtkr um pku paus umk strftj`k lk rlubt`gm tkmlfmb`kaak lks lpkmsks puna`quks,

66. Rfn`mg Bfssksk, A@tfa`f ? umf sgb`kt skmzf stftg 7, Ngagjmk, @a Cua`mg, >866.

6>. Af rkmtk kst um rkvkmu qu` mf pfs ak trfvfà gu um fbtk prglubtì bgmburrkmt`ka bgcck bgmtrkpfrt`k cf`s um s tftutsgb`fa. Aks bgmgc`stks a`nrfux bgcck Lfv`l ^`bfrlg gmt bgmtkst sgm n`km-igml ? pfr rfppgrt umk s`tuft`gm lkcfrbd, kaak sk trflu`t akurs ykux pfr um trfmsikrt lk bdfrjks vkrs bkux qu` sgmt kxpgss af bgmburrkmbk ktgnt`kmmkmt akurs rkvkmus lum trfvfà prglubtì. Km l`str`nufmt lks rkvkmus supr`kurs af prglubt`v`t cfrj`mfak lutrfvfà, bk systck ifvgr`sk a`mft`gm. Aks pfrt`s `tfa`kms gmt utà`s akur cftr`sk lu pguvg`r ltft pgur l`str`nukr lksrkmtks sgus igrck lk lrg`ts lk tgutk mfturk rkbrutkckmt lk igmbt`gmmf`rks, faagbft`gm lk lrg`ts sgb`fux km bdfmjklu sgut`km pga`t`quk lk akurs nmb`f`rks. Bkst n`km bk systck lk bgmtrak sgb`fa lu pguvg`r pga`t`quk qu` kst agr`j`mk lk af ifàa`tk mfmb`rk lu pfys. Fvkb akur `mtkmt`gm lk ifvgr`skr af igrcft`gm lumk bgmgc`k bgmburrkmt`kaak,aks rigrcks bgmst`tukmt umk rkc`sk km bfusk lks rkmtks.

62. Jùskppk Rfbbg, Cgmt` aKurgpkm , frt. b`t .


26/95

>4


lfbbrg`sskckmt lk af bgcpt`t`v`t kt lk af prglubt`v`t, f`ms` quk lk rfcgrfjk lk af

brg`ssfmbk pfr aks kxpgrtft`gms, pr`gr`tf`rkckmt vkrs aks cfrbds lks pfys ckrjkmts.

Rtrftj`k bkmsk kmtrfmkr fvkb kaak af rfbt`vft`gm lk a`mvkst`sskckmt prglubtì pr`v ktlk af bfpfb`t l`mmgvft`gm lks kmtrkpr`sks jrbk fux cfrbds `mtkrmft`gmfux. Rtrftj`k

pkrckttfmt `m imk lk rkbgmstru`rk af lkcfmlk `mtr`kurk sur lks nfsks vr`tfnaks kt rg-

nustks kt mgm km af st`cuafmt frt`b`kaakckmt pfr af l`str`nut`gm lk lrg`ts sgb`fux sfms

bgmtrkpfrt`k prglubt`vk.

N`km paus quk aFaakcfjmk, tkaakckmt kxbkp-

t`gmmkaak lfms akspr`t lk sks bgmtkcptkurs

qukaak kst oujk af ig`s `m`c`tfnak kt bkmsk

fvg`r igml sf russ`tk lkpu`s l`x fms sur akx-pag`tft`gm fsyctr`quk lk af lpkmsk puna`quk

lk sks pfrtkmf`rks kt af bgcprkss`gm lk sf

prgprk lkcfmlk pr`vk bgups lk sfaf`rks

rgjms fu mgc lk af pkrigrcfmbk, a@tfa`k pgrtk

km kaak lks akgms lk strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk

pfrafmtks pgur sks vg`s`ms. Xgur af Irfmbk

mgtfcckmt, tguogurs sbkpt`quk sur aks vkrtus

prtks af r`jukur nuljtf`rk kt af bgcp-

t`t`v`t lks kmtrkpr`sks r`jk km pr`gr`t, bk

qu` sk pfssk km @tfa`k pkut ogukr um rak cfokur

pgur sf prgprk strftj`k. Vuk ak rtfna`sskckmt lks bgcptks `tfa`kms sg`t gntkmu fu pr`x

lumk rbkss`gm kt lum bdcfjk rkbgrls qu` jfmjrmkrf`kmt ak pfys, kt kaak skrf af

prkc`rk if`rk vfag`r fuprs lk aFaakcfjmk a`mfm`t lk af rkbkttk. Vufu bgmtrf`rk,

akxkcpak lk bk quk aKspfjmk kst km trf`m lfcgrbkr fvkb af v`tfa`t rktrguvk lk sks

bdfmjks kxtr`kurs, a@tfa`k pfrv`kmmk kmbakmbdkr ak bkrbak vkrtukux lk af rlubt`gm

lks li`b`ts kt lk afbbarft`gm lk af brg`ssfmbk, af tgrpkur rigrcftr`bk irfmf`sk

sfppfrkmtkrf pku pku pgur sks vg`s`ms um r`squk cfokur lnrfmakckmt lk af zgmkkurg kt lfmfmt`sskckmt lk akurs kiigrts. Lfms bkttk lkrm`rk dypgtdsk, ag`m ltrk af

paus `cprgnfnak, af Irfmbk furf pku lbdfppftg`rks pgur bgmt`mukr skxgmrkr lks

kiigrts rfa`ss pfr tgus, lk aFaakcfjmk fu lnut lks fmmks >888 aKurgpk lu Rul

lkpu`s >880->868. Vuka quk sg`t ak jguvkrmkckmt ssu lu sbrut`m lk >862, a@tfa`k bgcck

sks vg`s`ms fbbkptkrf n`km lìbàkckmt quk af Irfmbk 6< sk bgmtkmtk lk ogukr ak pfssfjkr

bafmlkst`m lk af zgmk kurg qu` kmbf`ssk aks nmbks lks rigrcks lk sks pfrtkmf`rks

6866. Af bafssk pga`t`quk, aks cà`kux lfiif`rks kt agp`m`gm kst`ckmt km ki ikt quk akurpfys fbbgcpa`t lks kiigrts mfmb`krs n`km paus `cpgrtfmts quk bkux lk af Irfmbk.

N`km paus quk aFaakcfjmk,a@tfa`k pgrtk km kaak lks akgmslk strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbkpfrafmtks pgur sks vg`s`ms.Xgur af Irfmbk mgtfcckmt,tguogurs sbkpt`quk sur aks vkr-tus prtks af r`jukur nulj-tf`rk kt af bgcpt`t`v`t lkskmtrkpr`sks r`jk km pr`gr`t,bk qu` sk pfssk km @tfa`k pkutogukr um rak cfokur pgur sf

prgprk strftj`k.


27/95



gu r`squk lk ru`mkr akurs kiigrts sfms ofcf`s kmtrkprkmlrk bkaaks qu` ifbà`tkrf`kmt akur

russ`tk. Fu igml, paus quFmjkaf Ckreka, pkut-trk jmk pfr sgm stftut lk prkc`kr lk af

bafssk, ak prgiksskur Cgmt` sk vkut ak plfjgjuk pgur a@tfa`k bgcck pgur aKurgpk lk bkquk brg`ssfmbk vkut rkaakckmt l`rk.

Afutrk suokt lk rkx`gm km pfrt`bua`kr pgur

af Irfmbk , qu` f trf`t afmfaysk cgykm

tkrck lk avgaut`gm lk abgmgc`k `tfa`kmmk,

pgrtk sur ak p`jk qu` sk rkikrck umk ig`s

quum pfys f fttk`mt lk tkas m`vkfux lk surkm-

lkttkckmt puna`b ? sgus-prglubt`v`t bdrg-

m`quk, lgutks sur afpt`tulk lks rigrcks ktlks nf`ssks lk lb`ts kmtfckr afaajk-

ckmt lu ifrlkfu. Av`lkmbk kst quk akspg`r

lk cgl`kr af s`tuft`gm mkst fttk`jmfnak qu

trs agmj tkrck, vg`rk sur paus`kurs jmrf-

t`gms. Aks futgr`ts `tfa`kmmks tfnakmt fprs

>86; sur umk nf ssk lk 6 pg`mt pfr fm lu rfp-

pgrt lkttk/X@N, bk qu` suppgsk trkmtk fms pgur rkvkm`r fu m`vkfu lk af Irfmbk lk >86>.

@a sfj`t lk prgbkssus irfjàks, rvkrs`naks fu cg`mlrk bdgb kxtkrmk af br`sk lk >884

fmm`dàfmt v`mjt fms lkiigrts kt `cpgsfmt lurfnakckmt lks tfux l`mtrt lks m`vkfux

dfutkckmt pmfa`sfmts (6 pg`mt lk tfux rkprskmtk >8 càa`frls lkurgs lk bdfrjk nulj-

tf`rk km paus gu km cg`ms), aks fafs af dfussk akcpgrtfmt tguogurs sur bkux af nf`ssk.

Futrkckmt l`t, af qukst`gm kst pgsk ? pkut-gm sgrt`r lumk s`tuft`gm a`tfa`kmmk 7 Af r -

pgmsk kst prgnfnakckmt pgs`t`vk sgus lk r`jgurkusks bgml`t`gms, sft`sif`tks sur lk trs

agmjuks fmmks ? bgcn`mkr afoustkckmt mfmb`kr pfr af bkss`gm l`cpgrtfmts fbtìs puna`bs

kt af rlubt`gm bgmt`muk lfms ak tkcps lks lb`ts pfr um lgsfjk oul`b`kux lks dfussks

l`cpts kt lks nf`ssks lk lpkmsks, af rkv`tfa`sft`gm lk af brg`ssfmbk pfr umk `mskrt`gm

rsgauk lk abgmgc`k lfms aks zgmks lk igrtk brg`ssfmbk cgml`fak. Cf`s ak c`kux mkst-àpfs pgur tgus aks tfts lk af zgmk kurg igrtkckmt kmlktts, bgcckmbkr pfr af Irfmbk,

lv`tkr lk sk rktrguvkr lfms af s`tuft`gm `tfa`kmmk 7

Vuka quk sg`t ak jguvkrmkckmt`ssu lu sbrut`m lk >862, a@tfa`k bgcck sks vg`s`ms fbbkptkrfn`km lìbàkckmt quk af Irfmbk

sk bgmtkmtk lk ogukr ak pfssfjkrbafmlkst`m lk af zgmk kurg qu`kmbf`ssk aks nmbks lks

rigrcks lk sks pfrtkmf`rks gur`squk lk ru`mkr akurs kiigrts sfmsofcf`s kmtrkprkmlrk bkaaks quìfbà`tkrf`kmt akur russ`tk.


28/95

28


Bkst tgut bkaf qu` kst bgmtkmu lfms afbt`gm ckmk pfr Cfr`g Cgmt` lkpu`s mgvkcnrk

>866, mgtfcckmt sgm bgcnft pgur af kx`nà`sft`gm lk abgmgc`k kt akmrfykckmt lk sf

sgus-prglubt`v`t bdrgm`quk. Lfms um systck bgmgc`quk l`spgsfmt lum bfp`tfa`sckifcà`fa lumk tgmmfmtk v`tfa`t cf`s nr`l pfr

af sgus-prglubt`v`t, bfpfnak lum lymfc`sck

kxpgrtftkur `ml`sbutfnak cf`s bgmtrf`mt pfr ak

ba`kmta`sck pga`t`quk if`rk lrg`t lks stftuts

sgb`fux `mbgcpft`naks fvkb aks bgmtrf`mtks lk

bgcpt`t`v`t, akmlkttkckmt, a`mft`gm kt af

lvfauft`gm sgmt lkckurs agmjtkcps ak

cgykm lk bgmbà`kr bks bgmtrfl`bt`gms. Lfms

um systck lk cgmmf`k um`quk, skuas aks fous-tkckmts rkas sgmt pgss`naks 5 lg af mbks -

s`t lv`tkr tgut pr`x akmvgak lks tfux l`m-

trt km rkprkmfmt ak bgmtrak lks bgcptks

puna`bs 5 lg af mbkss`t fuss` lk ckmkr aks

rigrcks `ml`spkmsfnaks rktrf`tks, cfrbd

lu trfvfà pgur pkrckttrk ak rtfna`sskckmt

lumk brg`ssfmbk lk af prglubt`v`t km a`jmk

fvkb bkaak lks pfys kurgpkms, akxkcpak lk

aKspfjmk. \gus aks fbtkurs sur af sbmk pga`t`quk `tfa`kmmk gmt bgmsb`kmbk quk af r`jukur,

aks rigrcks kt a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk ifvgr`skmt pfr mfturk args`gm lum systck

pga`t`quk ba`kmta`stk 6;.

Af strftj`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` f lgmb bgms`st tkm`r kmskcnak r`jukur nuljtf`rk kt

a`nrfa`sft`gm lk abgmgc`k ? lskmlkttkckmt kt rlubt`gm lks lb`ts pgur vkm`r ngut

lk atguiikckmt lk abgmgc`k 5 rigrcks lk strubturk, bfusks kt bgmsqukmbks lu

lcfmtakckmt lks rkmtks sgb`faks. Yg`k lk sfaut pgur a@tfa`k kt cglak lk strftj`k lk

brg`ssfmbk pgur aKurgpk, bkst ak skms lu bfp x pfr Cfr`g Cgmt`.

Fu-lka lumk kxpr`kmbk a`c`tk lfms ak tkcps, quk pkut- à sk pfsskr 7 @a y furf pkut-

trk lks rktfrls gu lks rkc`sks km bfusk lfms bk prgbkssus kmjfj à y f paus lk v`mjt

fms. Cf`s ak skms lks vgaut`gms kst, au`, sfms fcn`jut. @a kst umk pdfsk mguvkaak lk

akmrfb`mkckmt lu bfp rigrcftkur lcfrr fvfmt Cfr`g Cgmt` kt qu` au` surv`vrf,

6;. Gm f vu quà km tf`t lk cck km Jrbk, pfr kxkcpak.

Lfms um systck lk cgmmf`kum`quk, skuas aks foustkckmtsrkas sgmt pgss`naks 5 lg afmbkss`t lv`tkr tgut pr`xakmvgak lks tfux l`mtrtkm rkprkmfmt ak bgmtrak lksbgcptks puna`bs 5 lg afmbkss`t fuss` lk ckmkraks rigrcks `ml`spkmsfnaks rktrf`tks, cfrbd lu trfvfà pgur pkrckttrk ak rtfna`ssk-ckmt lumk brg`ssfmbk lk afprglubt`v`t km a`jmk fvkb bkaaklks pfys kurgpkms.


29/95



bfpfnak cck lk suppgrtkr um rkabdkckmt cgckmtfm. A`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk

rkprskmtk fuogurldu` umk tkaak igrbk lk rfppka sur abgmgc`k kt ak systck pga`t`quk

`tfa`kms quk aks sgunrksfuts ba`kmta stks bgmst`tukmt lsgrcf`s lks ifbtkurs lk r`squkstguogurs rkas cf`s lsgrcf`s fppfrkmts lks bgcnfts lfrr`rk-jfrlk.

Ak systck pga`t`quk kt aks jguvkrmkckmts `tfa`kms lkpu`s 600>

Agprft`gm Cfm` pua`tk lbakmbdk ak 6: ivr`kr 600> f ku pgur kiikt lk a`qu`lkr ak

systck pga`t`quk `ssu lk af m lk af Rkbgmlk Jukrrk cgml`fak, umk pfrt`tgbrft`k qu`

sgrjfm`sf`t futgur lk af Lcgbrft`k bdrt`kmmk (LB) kt lu Xfrt` bgccum`stk `tfa`km

(XB@). Af rupturk kst tkaak fvkb agrlrk pga`t`quk lfvfmt 600> quk bkrtf`ms gnskrvftkursgmt pfra lk @@k ^puna`quk.

Lkpu`s 600; % lk prgpgrt`gmmkaak. Bk

systck f t mguvkfu rigrc km >88; lfms um skms lk rktgur af agj`quk prgpgr-

t`gmmkaak, cck sà sfbbgcpfjmk lumk pr`ck cfogr`tf`rk. Ak systck vgauk vkrs umk

fatkrmfmbk kmtrk umk lrg`tk nkrausbgm`kmmk kt lks jguvkrmkckmts tkbdmgbrft`quks

gu fpga`t`quks sgutkmus pfr ak bkmtrk jfubdk.

Aks jguvkrmkckmts qu` sk sgmt subbl lkpu`s 600> sgmt aks su`vfmts ?

Ou`m 600>-fvrà 6002 ? Jùa`fmg Fcftg (Xfrt` sgb`fa`stk `tfa`km UXR@S).

Fvrà 6002-cf` 600< ? Bfrag Fzkja`g B`fcp` (@mlpkmlfmt).

Cf` 600888 ? Cfss`cg LFakcf (Lcgbrftks lk jfubdk ULRS).

Fvrà >888-ou`m >886 ? Jùa`fmg Fcftg (AGa`v`kr).

Ou`m >886-cf` >889 ? Ràv`g Nkrausbgm` (Igrzf @tfa`f).

Cf` >889-cf` >884 ? ^gcfmg Xrgl` (Xfrt` lcgbrft`quk UXLS).

Cf` >884-mgvkcnrk >866 ? Ràv`g Nkrausbgm` (Xkupak lk af a`nkrt UXLAS).

Lkpu`s mgvkcnrk >866 ? Cfr`g Cgmt` (@mlpkmlfmt).


30/95

2>


Km >884, aks rsuatfts af Bdfcnrk lks lputs gmt t aks su`vfmts ?

Jfubdk frb-km-b`ka (Xfrt` lk af rkigmlft`gm bgccum`stk UX^BS, Ykrts, Xfrt` lksbgccum`stks `tfa`kms UXLB@S) ? 2,6 %.

Xfrt` sgb`fa-lcgbrftk `tfa`km URL@S + Xfrt` ^fl`bfa UX^S ? 6 %.

Xfrt` lcgbrft`quk UXLS ? 22,> %.

@tfa`k lks Yfakurs U@LYS ? %.

\gtfa bkmtrk jfubdk ? < kt >; ivr`kr >862 gppgskmt trg`s nagbs pr`mb`pfux ?

Af jfubdk futgur lu XL lk X`kr Au`j` Nkrsfm` qu` ilrk quftrk futrks pfrt`s.

Af lrg`tk futgur lu XLA lk Ràv`g Nkrausbgm` qu` f bgmbau umk faa`fmbk akbtgrfak fvkb

af A`juk lu Mgrl (AM) lgmt ^gnkrtg Cfrgm` f pr`s ak bgmtrak.

Ak bkmtrk futgur lk Cfr`g Cgmt` qu` ilrk a[m`gm lu bkmtrk ([LB) lk X`kr Ikrl`mfmlg

Bfs`m`, A@tfa`f bgm Cgmt` lk Aubf l` Cgmtkzkcgag kt umk igrcft`gm `ssuk lk af sgb`t

b`vàk, Af Rbkatf B`v`bf bgm Cgmt` pkr a@tfa`f. Fmb`km l`r`jkfmt lu pfrt` mgifsb`stk

CR@, J`fmirfmbg I`m` f, lfms ak prgagmjkckmt lk sf rupturk fvkb Ràv`g Nkrausbgm`,

pgursu`v` sf ctfcgrpdgsk pga`t`quk vkrs ak bkmtrk lrg`t km brfmt umk mguvkaak

strubturk pga`t`quk, Iuturg k A`nkrtf pkr a@tfa`f, rfaa`k Cfr`g Cgmt`.


31/95

6


A`nrkr abgmgc`k lk sgm

tguiikckmt pfr af lkttk puna quk

Af a`jmk pga`t`quk kt bgmgc`quk afqukaak sk rfttfbdk Cfr`g Cgmt` kt afbt`gm

kmtrkpr`sk lkpu`s i`m >866 rkavkmt `ml`sbutfnakckmt lk abgmgc`k sgb`faklk cfrbd tkaak qukaak f t mgmbk pfr af Lcgbrft`k bdrt`kmmk faakcfmlk

lks fmmks 60;8, kt paus pfrt`bua`rkckmt pfr Aulw`j Krdfrl. Rgrtk lk ^fycgml

Nfrrk `tfa`km, um`vkrs`tf`rk, prgiksskur kt rkbtkur af Ngbbgm` (Càfm), fmb`km bgcc`s-

sf`rk kurgpkm fu Cfrbd `mtr`kur (600;-6000) pu`s af Bgmburrkmbk (6000->882 ofmv`kr >862 Lfvgs ? Ak bur lk cf c`ss`gm kst lk

bgmstru`rk km @tfa`k, bgcck km Kurgpk, umk bgmgc`k sgb`fak lk cfrbd bgcpt`t`vk 69.

[MK XGA@\@V[K LK R\FN@A@\ R[^ AK CGLAK LK ABGMGC@KRGB@FAK LK CF^BD

Lfms bkttk a`jmk strftj`quk, af pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk mf pfs bgcck gnokbtì lk st`cuakr

afbt`v`t, mgtfcckmt af bgmsgccft`gm, bgcck bkst ak bfs lfms umk gpt`quk mg-ekym-

s`kmmk. Kaak lg`t trk kcpagyk lks ms lk stfnà`t lk tkaak sgrtk qukaak mfiikbtk pfs aks

cbfm`scks lk igrcft`gm lks pr`x kt lquà`nrk lks cfrbds. Km bgmskrvfmt um gnokbtì

lk stfnà`t, af pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk lg`t v`tkr, pfr afbt`v`sck lks lpkmsks gu lks

pravkckmts trgp agurls, lk bgmtrfr`kr aks cbfm`scks lfbbucuaft`gm lk bfp`tfa. Bks

cbfm`scks sgmt af nfsk lk a`mvkst`sskckmt prglubtì lks kmtrkpr`sks, bgml`t`gm

pr`mb`pfak lk af brg`ssfmbk bgmgc`quk cgykm tkrck.

69. Cfr`g Cgmt`, Akfl`mj fjf`mst tdk glls , Lfvgs, >2 ofmv`kr >862.


32/95

2884->880 f qufs`ckmt

fmm`dà aks kiigrts ckms lkpu`s v`mjt fms. Km rf`sgm lk sf lkttk akvk kt lk sf brg`s-

sfmbk if`nak, a@tfa`k kst pfrt`bua`rkckmt vuamrfnak fux r`squks lumk rkcgmtk lks

tfux l`mtrt. @a ifut lgmb pfrvkm`r cf`mtkm`r aks fmt`b`pft`gms lks cfrbds lfms um

skms ifvgrfnak af stfnà`sft`gm lks tfux `tfa`kms. Lfms um pfys g ak rktgur fu tfux

6:. It-bk pfrt`kaakckmt, bgcck gm f pu ak vg`r lfms aks fmmks >886->889 fvkb af bgmtrfbt`gm lks surpaus pr`cf`rks dgrs `mtrts.

Bgcck à af l`t lk cfm`rktrs fppuyk Lfvgs,af pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk qukCfr`g Cgmt` fppkaak lk sksvux bgms`stk sfiirfmbd`rlks p`jks lu pàgtfjk pfr akbgurt tkrck bk qu` kst umkfutrk ifgm lk bgmjl`kr aksbgmbkpt`gms ekyms`kmmks pgur af bfakr sur lks gnokbtìslk cgykm tkrck.


33/95

2;Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862

A`nrkr abgmgc`k lk sgm tguiikckmt pfr af lkttk puna`quk

lkmlkttkckmt lfvfmt br`sk mbkss`tkrf lk trs mgcnrkusks fmmks lk r`jukur, afb-

brg`sskckmt lks tfux l`mtrt gu akur skua cf`mt`km lks m`vkfux s`jm`bft`vkckmt sup -

r`kurs bkux lks futrks jrfmlks bgmgc`ks lk af zgmk kurg rkmlrf`t vf`mk lfvfmbk tgutkiigrt lk stfnà`sft`gm nuljtf`rk kt nagqukrf`t af rkpr`sk lk af brg`ssfmbk pfr a`mvkst`ssk-

ckmt prglubtì pr`v. Lfms bks bgml`t`gms, af lb`s`gm lk Cfr`g Cgmt` sgm frr`vk fu

jguvkrmkckmt lk pr`vàj`kr umk dfussk cfss`vk lks `cpts pautt quk af nf`ssk lks

lpkmsks 64 f tkmu sf vgagmt lk rfckmkr ak paus v`tk pgss`nak aks cfrbds lfms um

skms ifvgrfnak af lbruk lks tfux `tfa`kms. Af prkc`rk sgaut`gm sk bgmbrt`sk lfms

avgaut`gm lks lb`ts paus `ccl`ftkckmt quk af skbgmlk, fux kiikts paus agmjs sk

cfmìkstkr.

AKR KIIK\R LX^KRR@IR LK AKMLK\\KCKM\ X[NA@BR[^ AF B^G@RRFMBK

Fvkb af a`jmk `mbfrmk pfr Cfr`g Cgmt`, gm

kst baf`rkckmt lfms umk fmfaysk mgmbk

pfr Lfv`l ^`bfrlg tdgrck lk aqu`vfakmbk

r`bfrl`kmmk lv`bt`gm lk af lpkmsk pr`vk

pfr af lpkmsk puna`quk ? aks lb`ts lfu-

ogurldu` sgmt aks lkttks lk lkcf`m, aks `cpts

kt af lbrg`ssfmbk lfprs-lkcf`m. Ag`m ltrk

um st`cuafmt, ak jgmkckmt lk af lkttk prg-

vgquk um tguiikckmt prgjrkssì lk af brg`s-

sfmbk pgtkmt`kaak pfr ak oku lk sks kiikts

lprkssìs bucuaftìs. Ak m`vkfu lkmlkttkckmt

fuquka sk s`tuf`t a@tfa`k km >86> 6>9 % luX@N kmtrfmfmt lks bdfrjks l`mtrt qu`vf-

afmt ;,; % lu X@N if`t l`spfrftrk tgutk cfrjk lk cfmuvrk pkrckttfmt lk jrkr aks

pdfsks lk rktgurmkckmt bgmogmbturka ? a@tfa`k mf pfs, bgcck sks vg`s`ms aFaakcfjmk gu

af Irfmbk, kmtrkpr`s lk pafm lk rkafmbk km >884. [m tka m`vkfu lk bdfrjk puna`quk kmtrfmk,

km rf`sgm lk sgm pg`ls sur abgmgc`k ak skrv`bk lk af lkttk savk paus lk 4; càa`frls

lkurgs l`mtrts kt ak pfys kcprumtk bdfquk fmmk paus lk 608 càa`frls lkurgs sur

aks cfrbds , umk fcputft`gm lk af bfpfb`t `mvkst`r kt fbbucuakr lu bfp`tfa. A@tfa`k

64. Xr`mb`pfakckmt bgmtkmuk, cf`s pfs skuakckmt, lfms af rigrck lks rktrf`tks .

A@tfa`k pkut trk bgms`lrkbgcck akxkcpak typk lk af

s`tuft`gm lbr`tk lfms \d`s\`ck @s Lìikrkmt, lfms akqukaBfrckm ^k`mdfrt kt Ekmmktd^gjgii cgmtrkmt qu pfrt`rlum skuà lk agrlrk lk 08 %ak pg`ls lk af lkttk puna`qukkmtrfmk cbfm`qukckmtafcg`mlr`sskckmt lk afbrg`ssfmbk pgtkmt`kaak.


34/95

29


pkut trk bgms`lrk bgcck akxkcpak typk lk af s`tuft`gm lbr`tk lfms \d`s \`ck @s Lì-

ikrkmt60, lfms akquka Bfrckm ^k`mdfrt kt Ekmmktd ^gjgii cgmtrkmt qu pfrt`r lum skuà

lk agrlrk lk 08 % ak pg`ls lk af lkttk puna`quk kmtrfmk cbfm`qukckmt afcg`mlr`ssk-ckmt lk af brg`ssfmbk pgtkmt`kaak. Ak tfux lkmlkttkckmt `tfa`km f fttk`mt bk skuà km 604;

à tf`t lk 28 % km Irfmbk af cck lftk kt fu lnut lks fmmks 6008 à fvf`t lo

irfmbd` af nfrrk lks 688 %. Bkttk s`tuft`gm kst ak rsuatft lk lb`ts `cpgrtfmts kt pkrcf -

mkmts pkmlfmt paus lk v`mjt fms ? kmtrk 60:> kt 600 ;8 % lu X@N,

kaak fttk`jmf`t km 600> 68; % lu X@N.

Xfrig`s prskmtk pfr aks l`r`jkfmts `tfa`kms lk bkttk pr`glk bgcck ak rsuatft lumk

pga`t`quk ekyms`kmmk lk st`cuaft`gm lk af brg`ssfmbk, bkttk lkttk puna`quk mtf`t kmrfa`t quk ak prglu`t lu bgmtrak lks pfrt`s sur af sgb`t a` akur bfpfb`t l`str`nukr

lks rkmtks sgb`faks. Ak c`rfbak `tfa`km lks fmmks 60;8-6098 fvf`t rsuat pgur umk afrjk

pfrt lumk brg`ssfmbk pgrtk pfr af v`tfa`t lum t`ssu lk XCK kxpgrtftr`bks lgmt af bgc-

pt`t`v`t rkpgsf`t tgutkig`s sur lks sfaf`rks if`naks, lumk lkcfmlk `mtr`kurk sgutkmuk

pfr aks `mvkst`sskckmts puna`bs kt lu rak fbtì lum vfstk skbtkur `mlustr`ka puna`b igrj

pr`mb`pfakckmt fu bgurs lk af pr`glk cussga`m`kmmk.

Fvkb af pgussk lks rkvkml`bft`gms sgb`faks

lk af m lks fmmks 6098 kt af rupturk lu

rj`ck lks tfux lk bdfmjks xks pfrt`r lu

lnut lks fmmks 60:8, a`mft`gm kt af lvf-

auft`gm sgmt fppfruks bgcck ak cgykm lk

sft`sif`rk bks lkrm`rks sfms ljrflft`gm lk

af bgcpt`t`v`t lks kmtrkpr`sks. A`miaft`gm

fyfmt pgur cr`tk lk prglu`rk lks tfux l`mtrt rkas mjftìs, kaak rkml bgurt tkrck

akmlkttkckmt cftr`sfnak. Bk lkrm`kr kst f`ms` lkvkmu kmtrk aks cf`ms lu ba`kmta`sckpga`t`quk `tfa`km a`mstruckmt flquft lk sf bfpfb`t sk pkrptukr pfr af l`str`nut`gm lk

rkmtks sgb`faks sfms mu`rk km fppfrkmbk af brg`ssfmbk kt af bgcpt`t`v`t lk abgmg-

c`k. \gus aks bfmfux lk l`str`nut`gm lk rkmtks sgb`faks gmt t fbt`vs ? fssurfmbk v`kà-

akssk, fssurfmbk cfafl`k, fssurfmbk bdcfjk... Kmtrk 60:8 kt 6008, ak mgcnrk lk

igmbt`gmmf`rks f paus quk lguna, pfssfmt lk 6,9 2,9 càa`gms lk pkrsgmmks. Fu bgurs lk

bkttk pr`glk, af lpkmsk puna`quk pr`cf`rk dgrs `mtrts kst pfssk lk 28,< 868.

Kmtrk 60:8 kt 6008, akmgcnrk lk igmbt`gmmf rksf paus quk lguna, pfssfmtlk 6,9 2,9 càa`gms lkpkrsgmmks.


35/95

2:Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862


Gr, umk pga`t`quk lk bk typk, qu` f tgutks aks fppfrkmbks lk af iu`tk km fvfmt, lìiusk sks

kiikts nmquks tfmt quk a`mft`gm lkckurk akvk kt brg`ssfmtk. @a suit quk ak bybak

`mft`gmm`stk s`mvkrsk pgur quk ak p`jk sk rkikrck fuss`tt. Bkst bk qu` skst prglu`t pfrt`r lu cà`ku lks fmmks 6048 fvkb ak rktgurmkckmt lu bybak `mft`gmm`stk sgus ak

lgunak kiikt lu bgmtrk-bdgb ptrga`kr kt lks kiigrts lu RCK pgur stfnà`skr aks rkaft`gms lk

bdfmjk. Aks bgmsqukmbks bgmgc`quks lk a`mft`gm m`sskmt km kiikt pfr lrjakr aks

cbfm`scks qu` prglu`skmt lk af brg`ssfmbk ? igrcft`gm lks pr`x kt lks sfaf`rks, pfrjmk,

`mvkst`sskckmt, prglubt`gm, kxpgrtft`gm. Ifbk bk cbfm`sck, af pgss`nà`t lk lvfaukr

sf cgmmf`k mkst quum p`s-faakr kt sk trflu`t lk paus pfr um trfmsikrt lk r`bdkssk vkrs

atrfmjkr. \rflubt`gm mfmb`rk `ccl`ftk lu p`jk lk akmlkttkckmt puna`b `mlm`, aks

bdfrjks l`mtrt kxpagskmt, tr`pafmt qufs`ckmt km prgpgrt`gm lu X@N ? ,> % km 600>. Bkst km if`t umk sp`rfak `mikrmfak qu` skmbakmbdk ? bk m`vkfu lk pg`lslks `mtrts km prgpgrt`gm lk af r`bdkssk fmmukaak prglu`tk, af lkttk brgt km vfakur fnsgauk

bgcck km prgpgrt`gm lu X@N pfr futg-fa`ckmtft`gm.

@a sfj`t n`km lum pg`sgm cgrtka bfr af mbks-

s`t lk stfnà`skr ak m`vkfu lk af lkttk `cpgsk

lks sgalks pr`cf rks lfutfmt paus cpgrtfmts >8.

Lk paus, ak r`squk kx`stk lfjjrfvkr af s`tuft`gm

km gntkmfmt um sgalk pr`cf`rk pgs`tì, gu lk ak

if`rk brgtrk pfr fcputft`gm lks lpkmsks

qu` pfrt`b`pkmt lk aavft`gm lu tfux lk brg`s-

sfmbk pgtkmt`kaak `mvkst`sskckmts, lpkmsks

lk ^&L , gu ly pfrvkm`r, lk cfm`rk `sgak

gu bgcn`mk, km fujckmtfmt aks `cpts sur

ak bfp`tfa prglubtì aks kmtrkpr`sks gu ak

trfvfà qufa`. Af tkmtft`gm kst jrfmlk, km kiikt,

pgur lks systcks lk jguvkrmkckmt pga`t`-

qukckmt irfjàks, lk rpgmlrk bgcptfnakckmt kt àausg`rkckmt fux ls pgss pfr umkmlkttkckmt puna`b kxbkssì, km v`tfmt lk tgubdkr fux rkmtks sgb`faks, vg`rk km aks sfmb-

tufr`sfmt, bgcck bkst ak bfs lk af pga`t`quk irfmf`sk.

Af rpgmsk `tfa`kmmk lk agmj tkrck fu bfrfbtrk strubturka lu pg`ls lk af lkttk puna`quk f

bgcn`m aks lkux typks lfoustkckmt. A`mvkst`sskckmt puna`b f t rlu`t, pfssfmt lk

6000 >866 lk >,< 6,0 % lu X@N 5 aks lpkmsks puna`quks lk ^&L sgmt lkckurks

lkpu`s qu`mzk fms um m`vkfu `mir`kur kmv`rgm lk 8,28 pg`mt lk X@N bkau` lk aFaakcfjmk

>8. Ak sgalk pr`cf`rk rkqu`s pgur stfnà`skr af lkttk puna`quk km prgpgrt`gm lu X@N kst jfa af lìirkmbk kmtrk ak tfuxl`mtrt mgc`mfa kt ak tfux lk brg`ssfmbk pgtkmt`ka mgc`mfa cuat`pa` pfr ak cgmtfmt lk af lkttk puna`quk.

Af tkmtft`gm kst jrfmlk, pgurlks systcks lk jguvkrmk-ckmt pga`t`qukckmt irfjàks,lk rpgmlrk bgcptfnakckmt

kt àausg`rkckmt fux ls pgsspfr um kmlkttkckmt puna`bkxbkssì, km v`tfmt lk tgubdkrfux rkmtks sgb`faks, vg`rk kmaks sfmbtufr`sfmt, bgcckbkst ak bfs lk af pga`t`qukirfmf`sk.


36/95

24


kt lk 8,>< pg`mt af cgykmmk lk af zgmk kurg. Aks pravkckmts gna`jftg`rks >6 gmt t

fbbrus lkmv`rgm 2 pg`mts lk X@N, pfssfmt lk 88> 88: >>, m`vkfu

fuquka às gmt t jagnfakckmt cf`mtkmus lkpu`s ak lnut lk af br`sk. Afoustkckmt pfr aklurb`sskckmt lks pravkckmts sur ak skbtkur prglubtì skst trflu`t pfr ak pfssfjk lks

bgt`sft`gms sgb`faks kcpagykurs lk 4 0,:; % lu X@N kmtrk 6000 kt >866. Fu tgtfa km

@tfa`k, ak tfux lk pravkckmts gna`jftg`rks sur aks kmtrkpr`sks kst lk 6< %. @a stfna`t

lfms umk pgs`t`gm `mtkrcl`f`rk kmtrk bkau` lk aFaakcfjmk g à fttk`mt 66 % kt bkau` lk af

Irfmbk g à kst ak paus akv lk a[m`gm kurgpkmmk 64 %.

Cf`s, pfrt`r lks fmmks 6008, a@tfa`k f

fuss` v`s lks cksurks lfoustkckmt sf`m ,

km bdkrbdfmt bgmtkm`r avgaut`gm lks ki-ikbtìs puna`bs (rigrck lk 6002) kt cf-

tr`skr sks lpkmsks sgb`faks pfr af rigrck

lks rktrf`tks (600;). Ousqukm >88>->882,

aks prkstft`gms sgb`faks gmt t bgmtkmuks

kmv`rgm >2 % lu X@N, sg`t kmv`rgm 2 < pg`mts

km lkssgus lk sks pfrtkmf`rks irfmf`s kt

faakcfml. pfrt`r lk >88>->882, sgus ak

lkux`ck jguvkrmkckmt Nkrausbgm`, af cf-

tr`sk lks prkstft`gms sgb`faks qu` sgmt

tgutkig`s lkckurks `mir`kurks bkaaks lk

aFaakcfjmk kt lk af Irfmbk f bgmmu um

bgup lfrrt ? km >88:, kaaks sakvf`kmt

>; % lu X@N >2, fvfmt lfttk`mlrk, fprs af

br`sk, um mguvkfu skuà >4 % (>868).

A@tfa`k f jfakckmt vguau if`rk lk akcpag` puna`b um s`jmk tfmj`nak lk sf vgagmt lk

bgmtkm`r aks lpkmsks km rkbgurfmt lks cksurks qu` pgurrf`kmt bgmst`tukr umk p`stklk riakx`gm pgur af Irfmbk, lfms af cksurk g umk pfrt`k lks li`s fuxqukas kaak kst

kaak-cck bgmirgmtk kst s`càf`rk. Af rigrck lk af igmbt`gm puna`quk lk ivr`kr 6002,

mjgb`k fvkb aks trg`s pr`mb`pfaks grjfm`sft`gms syml`bfaks, f `mstfur umk bgmtrfbtufa`-

>6. Gm pfrak n`km lks pravkckmts gna`jftg`rks kt mgm pfs lu tgtfa lks rkbkttks puna`quks. Ak tgtfa lks rkbkttkspuna`quks mbaut lks rkvkmus futrks quk aks pravkckmts gna`jftg`rks. Ak tgtfa lks rkbkttks puna`quks tfa`kmmks fttk`mtau` 866 (sgurbk ? Fmmufa ^kpgrt >866 , Nfmbf l@tfa`f, cf` >86>).

>>. Km >866, aks pravkckmts gna`jftg`rks fttk`jmf`kmt , >0 % km >88>, kt 2> % km >868.Km Faakcfjmk, kaaks sakvf`kmt >9 % km 600>, >0 % km >88> kt >0 % km >868 (sgurbk ? Kurgstft).

Af rigrck lk af igmbt`gm pu-na`quk lk ivr`kr 6002, mjgb`kfvkb aks trg`s pr`mb`pfaks grjfm`-sft`gms syml`bfaks, f `mstfur umkbgmtrfbtufa`sft`gm lks rkaft`gmskmtrk aks kcpagys puna`bs ktatft. akxbkpt`gm lks igmbt`gmsrjfa`kmmks, tgutk af igmbt`gmpuna`quk kst lsgrcf`s rj`k pfrak lrg`t pr`v. Km pgurbkmtfjk lk

af pgpuaft`gm fbt`vk, aks kiikbtìspuna`bs sakvf`kmt km >866 6; %, bgmtrk >; % km Irfmbk kt68 % km Faakcfjmk.


37/95



sft`gm lks rkaft`gms kmtrk aks kcpagys puna`bs kt atft. akxbkpt`gm lks igmbt`gms

rjfa`kmmks (cfj`strfts, cà`tf`rks, pga`b`krs, l`pagcftks kt bgrps prikbtgrfa), tgutk af

igmbt`gm puna`quk (tft, bgaakbt`v`ts tkrr`tgr`faks, sfmt) kst lsgrcf`s rj`k pfr ak lrg`tpr`v. Lkpu`s 6000, akcpag` lfms aks flc`m`strft`gms puna`quks f nf`ss lkmv`rgm ; %. Km

pgurbkmtfjk lk af pgpuaft`gm fbt`vk, aks kiikbtìs puna`bs sakvf`kmt km >866 6; %,

bgmtrk >; % km Irfmbk kt 68 % km Faakcfjmk.

Lfms akmskcnak, ak m`vkfu jmrfa lks lpkmsks puna`quks f pautt t stfnà`s ousqu

af br`sk. Dgrs `mtrts, à fttk`jmf`t 88> kt % km >88:. Aks `mtrts

lk af lkttk rkprskmtf`kmt ;,9 % lu X@N km >88>, ; % km >88:. Fu tgtfa, af lpkmsk pu-

na`quk fnsgrnf`t % lu X@N km >88> kt % km >88: >-600< 5 a`nrft`gm lkpu`s ak bdfmjkckmt lk bfp nuljtf`rk.

> 5kaaks fttk`jmf`kmt rkspkbt`vkckmt ;2 % kt 88:.


38/95

88> >884. Km rktgur, ak prgbks-

sus f kmtrfm umk ck`aakurk tkmuk lks

sgalks puna`bs. Af lkttk puna`quk kst f`ms`

rkvkmuk lk 6>< % lu X@N km 600< 682 % km >88:. Bk jf`m f t kiifb pfr af br`sk

lnutk km >884 qu` f rfckm af lkttk 6>9,< % lu X@N m >86>. Cfajr lks rsuatfts

dgmgrfnaks, af pr`glk >888->88: f mfmcg`ms t bfrfbtr`sk pfr umk vgagmt paus

cgussk lk cftr`sk lks bgcptks puna`bs qu` bgmtrfstk fvkb af v`jukur lks kiigrts

kmtrkpr`s fu bgurs lk af lbkmm`k prblkmtk. Xgur sft`sif`rk aks br`trks lflc`ss`gm km

6048

6;%

6:%

60%

>6%

>2%

>;%

>:%

28%

2;%

600888

>88>

>88889

>884

\fux l`mvkst`sskckmt, km % lu X@N (bdkaak lk jfubdk)

\fux l`mvkst`sskckmt, km % lk akxblkmt nrut lkxpag`tft`gm (bdkaak lk lrg`tk)

Akiikt lv`bt`gm lk akmlkttkckmt puna`b `tfa`km sur a`mvkst`sskckmt(6048->884)

Rgurbk ? Bgmukmbks Cl`tkrrfmmk m94.

Af lkttk puna`quk kst f`ms`rkvkmuk lk 6>< % lu X@N km600< 682 % km >88:. Bk jf`m

f t kiifb pfr af br`sk lnutk

km >884 qu` f rfckm af lkttk 6>9,< % lu X@N m >86>.


39/95

862


zgmk kurg, afcpakur lks cksurks kmjfjks f t trs `cpgrtfmtk af m lks fmmks

6008 ? pgur if`rk ifbk lks `mtrts qu` rkprskmtf`kmt prs lk 0,; % lu X@N, akxblkmt

pr`cf`rk f l trk pgrt 9,9 % lu X@N km 600:. Bkt kiigrt bgagssfa f pkrc`s af lbrukprgjrkss`vk lu tfux lkmlkttkckmt puna`b kt af nf`ssk tkmlfmb`kaak lu pg`ls lks `mt-

rts km pgurbkmtfjk lu X@N vkrs um m`vkfu lk agrlrk lk ; %. Rgus ak jguvkrmkckmt

Nkrausbgm` ak cguvkckmt lk rklrksskckmt nuljtf`rk skst mkttkckmt rkabd ? ak

sgalk pr`cf`rk mfttk`jmf`t paus quk 8,> % lk X@N km >88; kt 6,> % km >889, bk qu` kst

`msuisfmt pgur km kmrfykr af prgjrkss`gm lu tfux lkmlkttkckmt. A kmbgrk, skagm ak

bybak pga`t`quk vgqu paus dfut, bkst ak jguvkrmkckmt Xrgl` qu` f rkakv ak tfux lk sur-

paus pr`cf`rk 2,< % km >88: kt >,; % km >884. R` af br`sk mfmb`rk kxpa`quk umk

ngmmk pfrt lk sf qufs`-l`spfrft`gm kmtrk >880 kt >866, af pga`t`quk nkrausbgm`kmmk kst

fppfruk `mlun`tfnakckmt cg`ms igbfa`sk sur bkt `cprftì.

Vug` quà km sg`t, af vuamrfnà`t mfm -

b`rk puna`quk lk a@tfa`k, fvkb sks r`squks

ltguiikckmt lk afbt`v`t kmtrkprkmku-

r`fak pr`vk, if`t lu m`vkfu lks tfux

l`mtrt aackmt ba lk tgutk strftj`k

bgmgc`quk bdkrbdfmt prskrvkr af

pgss`nà`t lumk brg`ssfmbk pgtkmt`kaak

cgykm tkrck. Bk qu` if`t lk af brl`n`-

a`t pga`t`quk kt mfmb`rk lks jguvkrmk-

ckmts um ackmt ksskmt`ka lk tgutk

strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk, km @tfa`k paus

kmbgrk qufàakurs.

Af vuamrfnà`t mfmb`rk puna`quk

lk a@tfa`k, fvkb sks r`squks ltgui-ikckmt lk afbt`v`t kmtrkprkmkur`fakpr`vk, if`t lu m`vkfu lks tfuxl`mtrt aackmt ba lk tgutkstrftj`k bgmgc`quk bdkrbdfmt

prskrvkr af pgss`nà`t lumk brg`s-sfmbk pgtkmt`kaak cgykm tkrck.


40/95


AF ^@J[K[^ BGM\^K AF NF@RRK LKR \F[T L@M\^\

Af strftj`k nuljtf`rk lk Cfr`g Cgmt` f bgms`st a`kr trg`tkckmt rkbgmst`tut`gm lum

sgalk pr`cf`rk s`jm`bftì kt lbruk lks tfux l`mtrt, tgut km ckttfmt um pg`mt ldgmmkur

mk pfs fbt`gmmkr lk pafm lf`lk a@tfa`k cfmfmt lks jguvkrmkckmts kt lks `mst`tut`gms

lk af zgmk kurg. Af brl`nà`t mfmb`rk tfmt af ba lk af vfr`ft`gm lks tfux l`mtrt, umk

pkrsgmmfa`t bgcck Cfr`g Cgmt` s`cpgsf`t lfutfmt paus pgur bgmvf`mbrk aks cfrbds

mfmb`krs lk aks stfnà`skr um m`vkfu qu` bkssk ltrk `mbgcpft`nak fvkb af rlubt`gm lks

lb`ts kt af brg`ssfmbk lk a`mvkst`sskckmt prglubtì pr`v. Lfms akspr`t lk Cfr`g Cgmt`,

af r`jukur nuljtf`rk bgmst`tuk af bgml`t`gm prkc`rk kt `ml`spkmsfnak pgur sfiirfmbd`r lks

ifux-skcnafmts mft`gmfux kt v`tkr af prgpfjft`gm lk bdgbs sur aks pga`t`quks bgmgc`qukslk sks pfrtkmf`rks, bk qu` pkrckt lk nmb`kr km rktgur lk af brl`nà`t mfmb`rk kt lk

af sga`lfr`t a`ks a`mtjrft`gm pga`t`quk kurgpkmmk. Bgcck à ak rfppkaf`t km gbtgnrk

>86> lfms Kmokux Aks bdgs, à ifut paus lk brg`ssfmbk bgmgc`quk km Kurgpk. Cf`s ak

surbrgt mk vf pfs vkm`r lk afujckmtft`gm lk af lkcfmlk, bgcck ak pkmskmt aks Fmjag-

Rfxgms, kt kmbgrk cg`ms lk af lpkmsk puna`quk >; . Bk qu` s`jm`k lkux bdgsks ? af brg`s -

sfmbk mk v`kmt pfs lk af lkcfmlk `mtr`kurk pgrtk pfr af bgmsgccft`gm kt af lpkmsk

puna`quk, cf`s lk a`mvkst`sskckmt prglubtì 5 af pga`t`quk mft`gmfak mk pkut pfs trk

bgmlu`tk abfrt lk af a`jmk jmrfak kurgpkmmk. @a ifut igrtkckmt sgua`jmkr ak bfrfbtrk

`ml`ssgb`fnak lu a`km qu` gprk, tkaaks aks lkux ifbks lumk cck clfàak, lfms akspr`t lk

Cfr`g Cgmt` bgcck lu bgurfmt pga`t`quk fuquka à fppfrt`kmt, kmtrk strftj`k lk brg`s-

sfmbk mft`gmfak kt `mtjrft`gm cgmtf`rk kt mfmb`rk kurgpkmmk. Bdfbum lks jguvkrmk -

ckmts lk af zgmk kurg mk bgmlu`t pfs umk pga`t`quk mft`gmfak fu skms futgmgck lu tkrck,

cf`s umk bgcpgsfmtk mft`gmfak lumk pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk kurgpkmmk. Bk mkst lgmb

pfs af cgmmf`k um`quk qu` bfusk af if`nak brg`ssfmbk lks bgmgc`ks kt kst agr`j`mk

lk akurs lsquà`nrks, bgcck ak sgupgmmkmt aks bgmgc`stks ekyms`kms prgcpts

lmgmbkr af r`jukur jmrfak `cpgsk af bgmsgccft`gm kt af lpkmsk puna`quk, qu`

prgvgqukrf`t af nf`ssk lk af brg`ssfmbk, cf`s ak pàgtfjk lks bgmgc`ks mft`gmfaks l`ssg-b` lum gnokbtì lk stfnà`t kt l`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk. Fu bgmtrf`rk, bk sgmt aks lys-

igmbt`gmmkckmts lks lcgbrft`ks mft`gmfaks qu` sgmt afrjkckmt af bfusk lks lsgrlrks

fbtukas , br`t-à lfms Ak Cgmlk lu 6; ivr`kr >86> >9. Bkst umk l`ckms`gm pfrt`bua`rk-

ckmt bkmtrfak lfms um pfys qu` igmlk sf cglkrm`sft`gm sur ak akv`kr lk af bgmtrf`mtk

kxtkrmk lk a`mtjrft`gm fu sk`m lk af zgmk kurg. Lfms ak cck frt`bak, à mgmbk af a`jmk

l`rkbtr`bk lk sgm fbt`gm km sgua`jmfmt aks ljts lu ba`kmta`sck pga`t`quk sur aks bgmg-

c`ks mft`gmfaks kt akurs kiikts lstfnà`sfmts pgur akmskcnak lk af zgmk kurg ? Km v`gafmt

>;. Cfr`g Cgmt`, `mtkrv`kw Kmokux Aks bdgs, mgvkcnrk >86>.

>9. Cfr`g Cgmt`, ^bgmbà`kr aks Kurgpkms fvkb aKurgpk , Ak Cgmlk, 6; ivr`kr >86>.


41/95

862


aks prgckssks lk r`jukur nuljtf`rk gu km rkpgrtfmt aks rigrcks `ml`spkmsfnaks, paus`kurs

rkspgmsfnaks mft`gmfux gmt mgm skuakckmt fnus akurs pfrtkmf`rks, cf`s às gmt as akur

prgprk pgpuaft`gm, mgtfcckmt aks okumks kt aks jmrft`gms iuturks.

Bgcck afvf`kmt if`t aks jguvkrmkckmts

tkbdm`quks fvfmt au`, kt ^gcfmg Xrgl`

oustk fvfmt af br`sk lk >884, Cfr`g Cgm-

t` rfbt`vk umk a`jmk lfbt`gm gr`kmtfmt

abgmgc`k lfms ak skms lk af r`jukur

nuljtf`rk kt lks rigrcks lk strub-

turk. Bkttk a`jmk f pfr fàakurs afvfmtfjk

lk pkrckttrk a@tfa`k umk paus jrfmlkfbbkptfnà`t lk sf pga`t`quk pfr aks

cfrbds. Bkst bk quf trflu`t af ltkmtk

`ccl`ftk lks tfux l`mtrt qu` f su`v`

sf mgc`mft`gm. @as sgmt rkvkmus km qukaquks

skcf`mks lk :,2 9,; %, cck s` ak mgu-

vkfu prs`lkmt lu Bgmskà oujkrf fsskz

v`tk quk sgm trfvfà lk r`jukur mfmb`rk

lkvrf`t ifvgr`skr um rkux paus `cpgr-

tfmt. Lk bk pg`mt lk vuk, cfajr akur

lbruk skms`nak `mtkrvkmuk lkpu`s sgm kmtrk km igmbt`gm aks tfux `tfa`kms l`x fms gmt

m` afmmk >86> 86>, aks cfrbds gmt cgmtr umk

inrà`t pkrs`stfmtk, af ig`s ajfrl

lk af zgmk kurg lfms sgm kmskcnak km

rf`sgm lk sf lìbuat igrjkr aks mstru-ckmts ilrfux lk jkst`gm lk af cgmmf`k

um`quk, cf`s fuss` km rf`sgm lu nrguàafjk

lks a`kms kmtrk af rlubt`gm lks lb`ts

kt sks kiikts sur af brg`ssfmbk. Cfajr

ak pafm lk r`jukur lk 92 c aa`frls lkurgs lk

lbkcnrk >866, tgut kmt`kr bgmbkmtr

sur af dfussk lks `cpts, af ltkmtk vr`tfnak lks tfux l`mtrt mk skst prglu`tk qu

af su`tk lk afmmgmbk, lnut ouàakt >86>, lum mguvkfu pafm lk r`jukur nuljtf`rk lk

>9 càa`frls lkurgs bgcpgrtfmt qufs` kxbaus`vkckmt lks rlubt`gms lk lpkmsks.

@a ifut igrtkckmt sgua`jmkr ak bfrfb-trk `ml`ssgb`fnak lu a`km qu` gprk,tkaaks aks lkux ifbks lumk cckclfàak, lfms akspr`t lk Cfr`gCgmt`, kmtrk strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbkmft`gmfak kt mtjrft`gm cgmtf`rkkt mfmb`rk kurgpkmmk. Bk mkst

pfs af cgmmf`k um`quk qu` bfuskaf if`nak brg`ssfmbk lks bgmgc`kskt kst agr`j`mk lk akurs lsqu`-a`nrks, bgcck ak sgupgmmkmt aksbgmgc`stks ekyms`kms, cf`s akpàgtfjk lks bgmgc`ks mft`gmfaksl`ssgb` lum gnokbtì lk stfnà`t ktl`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk.

Cfajr ak pafm lk r`jukur lk lbkcnrk>866, tgut kmt`kr bgmbkmtr suraf dfussk lks `cpts, af ltkmtkvr`tfnak lks tfux l`mtrt mk skst

prglu`tk qu af su`tk lk afmmgmbk,lnut ouàakt >86>, lum mguvkfu pafmlk r`jukur nuljtf`rk bgcpgrtfmtqufs` kxbaus`vkckmt lks rlubt`gmslk lpkmsks.


42/95

86>,aks ctfcgrpdgsks lk af zgmk kurg gmt t lumk fcpakur sfms prblkmt. Km ou`aakt, fu

cgckmt g ak jguvkrmkckmt fmmgmf`t sgm skbgml pafm lk r`jukur, sgmt `mtkrvkmuks aks

lbafrft`gms bgmbgc`tfmtks lu mguvkfu prs`lkmt lk af Nfmquk bkmtrfak rfircfmt ak

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L’Italie de Mario Monti : la réforme au nom de l’Europe