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Morphing graphene at the nanoscale: from simula5ons to applica5ons Valen5na Tozzini 1,2 , Tommaso Cavallucci 2,1 , Khatuna Kakhiani 1,2 , V Dario Camiola 1,2 , Riccardo Farchioni 1,3 , Yuya Murata 1,2 , Stefan Heun 1,2 , ViIorio Pellegrini 4,1 1 Is%tuto Nanoscienze del Cnr , Piazza San Sivestro 12, Pisa, Italy; 2 NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza San Sivestro 12, Pisa, Italy; 3 Dept Fisica E Fermi, Università di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, Pisa Italy; 4 Graphene Labs , Is%tuto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, Italy Introduc5on In spite of its excep-onal proper-es, for many applica-ons bare graphene is not op-mal. For instance, it is a conductor with excep-onal mobility, but with null density of states at the Fermi level, therefore it requires either doping to create charge carriers, or gap opening to become semiconductor[1,2]. Its low weight and excep-onal resistance makes it an op-mal candidate as a medium for gas storage, but it is physically and chemically rather inert, implying either a too slow kine-cs of loading/release or a low gravimetric density at room temperature. In addi-on, storage applica-ons require building 3D graphene based frameworks with specific structural proper-es[3]. In order to endow graphene with necessary proper-es, one needs controlling its structure at the nanometric level. This in principle can be done in several ways: the “chemical way” includes subs-tu-ons of graphene carbon with other elements (usually with B or N), adhesion of atoms or chemical groups, deposi-on of molecular clusters, usually metallic[4]. The “structural way” includes crea-on of defects and (sta-c or dynamical) corruga-on. Our work is devoted to address the issues of nanoscale graphene morphing for energy applica-ons (gas storage) and nanoelectronics. Publica5ons [1] F Bonaccorso, et al Science 347, (2015) 1246501 [2] V Tozzini, V Pellegrini Phys Rev B 81, (2010) 113404 [3] V Tozzini, V Pellegrini Phys Chem Chem Phys, 15 (2013) 80 [4] T Mashoff, et al APL 106, (2015) 083901 [5] S Goler, C Colec, V Tozzini, et. al. J Phys Chem C 117 (2013) 11506 [6] V Tozzini, V Pellegrini J Phys Chem C, 115 (2011) 25523 [7] A Rossi, S Piccinin, V Pellegrini, S de Gironcoli, V Tozzini JPCC 119, (2015) 7900 [8] K Kakhiani, V Tozzini, in prepara-on (See poster n. 248) [9] T Cavallucci, V tozzini J Phys Chem 2016 (in press) [10] Y Murata et al APL 105, 221604 (2014) Connec5on between structure and reac5vity the corruga-on is related to the local reac-vity of graphene, which is enhanced on convexi-es [57] (see also poster n. 248) Controlling morphology , i.e. concentra-on and loca-on of defects, subs-tu-ons and adatoms (groups) Nano electronics The gap opening is quan-ta-vely related to hydrogena-on[6,7]. GD can be measured by means of STS expt <1120> 50 nm Quasi Free Standing graphene on SiC with H coverage defects displays altered transport proper-es[10] Controlling metal adsopr5on Reac-vity and defecta-on control allows in turn controlling metals (e.g. Ti) adhesion and avoid their clusteriza-on [8]. This in turn favors H adsorp-on, onto Ti clusters Hydrogena5ondehydrogena5on control In simula-ons, chemisorbed H is released at room temperature by a curvature inversion induced e.g. by flexural phonons[2] Building 3D graphene networks Reac-vity manipula-on can aid controlling the concentra-on and loca-on of chemically adgroups (e.g. anchors for pillars molecules) to build 3D frameworks with specific structural proper-es. [8] 1. The curvature pajern of graphene on SiC is mul-stable[9] Strategies for curvature control 2. Flexural phonons can dynamically control the local curvature. The goal is to generate and control coherency of phonons (see also poster n. 230) WORK IN PROGRESS Methods Ab ini%o calcula5ons and simula5ons DFT+PW, PBE+vdw corr, RRKYUS pp Model systems: graphene monolayer, graphene on SiC (1001700 atoms per cell) Classical MD simula5ons Tersofflike FF op-mized: monolayers and mul-layers (up to 2000 atoms) Experiment Buffer + monolayer graphene on SiC (by Si evapora-on) QFSG obtained by H intercala-on between buffer and SiC Analysis by: STM, STS, EM, LEED, TDS Conclusions Advanced applica-ons require controlled graphene hydrogena-on or func-onaliza-on in general This could be achieved by curvature controlled reac-vity Curvature control could also directly allow manipula-ng electronic proper-es and gas transporta-on and storage Therefore curvature control assumes a key role, which must be considered in crea-ng 3D graphene based frameworks or in func-onalizing sheets Strategies for curvature control are currently under considera-on, involving op-cal, mechanical and electro(dynamical) s-muli Support & Funding H2020 Core1 Marie Skłodowska Curie Ac-ons hjp://www.muscadelab.it 1. The curvature pajern of graphene on SiC is mul-stable[9] (see also poster n. 248) switching between rippling states might be driven by environmental changes (temperature, elec fields)

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Page 1: Morphinggrapheneatthenanoscale: …web.nano.cnr.it/heun/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Poster...PosterGenoaVT.pptx Author Valentina Tozzini Created Date 4/14/2016 3:35:44 PM

Morphing  graphene  at  the  nano-­‐scale:    from  simula5ons  to  applica5ons  

 

Valen5na  Tozzini1,2,  Tommaso  Cavallucci2,1,  Khatuna  Kakhiani1,2,  V  Dario  Camiola1,2,  Riccardo  Farchioni1,3  ,  Yuya  Murata1,2,  Stefan  Heun1,2,  ViIorio  Pellegrini4,1  

 1  Is%tuto  Nanoscienze  del  Cnr,  Piazza  San  Sivestro  12,  Pisa,  Italy;    

2  NEST,  Scuola  Normale  Superiore,  Piazza  San  Sivestro  12,  Pisa,  Italy;    3  Dept  Fisica  E  Fermi,  Università  di  Pisa,  Largo  Pontecorvo  3,  Pisa  Italy;    

4  Graphene  Labs,  Is%tuto  Italiano  di  Tecnologia,  Via  Morego  30,  Genova,  Italy  

Introduc5on     In   spite   of   its   excep-onal   proper-es,   for  many   applica-ons   bare   graphene   is   not   op-mal.   For   instance,   it     is   a   conductor  with  excep-onal  mobility,  but  with  null  density  of  states  at  the  Fermi  level,  therefore  it  requires  either  doping  to  create  charge  carriers,  or  gap  opening  to  become  semiconductor[1,2].   Its   low  weight  and  excep-onal   resistance  makes   it  an  op-mal  candidate  as  a  medium  for  gas   storage,  but   it   is  physically  and  chemically  rather  inert,  implying  either  a  too  slow  kine-cs  of  loading/release  or  a  low  gravimetric  density  at  room  temperature.  In  addi-on,  storage  applica-ons  require  building  3D  graphene  based  frameworks  with  specific  structural  proper-es[3].  In  order  to  endow  graphene  with  necessary  proper-es,  one  needs  controlling  its  structure  at  the  nanometric  level.  This  in  principle  can  be  done  in  several  ways:  the  “chemical  way”  includes  subs-tu-ons  of  graphene  carbon  with  other  elements  (usually  with  B  or  N),  adhesion  of  atoms  or  chemical  groups,  deposi-on  of  molecular  clusters,  usually  metallic[4].  The  “structural  way”  includes  crea-on  of  defects  and  (sta-c  or  dynamical)  corruga-on.  Our  work  is  devoted  to  address  the  issues  of  nano-­‐scale  graphene  morphing  for  energy  applica-ons  (gas  storage)  and  nanoelectronics.    

Publica5ons    [1]  F  Bonaccorso,  et  al  Science    347,  (2015)  1246501  [2]  V  Tozzini,  V  Pellegrini  Phys  Rev  B    81,  (2010)  113404  [3]  V  Tozzini,  V  Pellegrini  Phys  Chem  Chem  Phys,    15  (2013)  80  [4]  T  Mashoff,  et  al  APL    106,  (2015)  083901  [5]  S  Goler,  C  Colec,  V  Tozzini,  et.  al.  J  Phys  Chem  C    117  (2013)  11506  [6]  V  Tozzini,  V  Pellegrini  J  Phys  Chem  C,  115  (2011)  25523  [7]  A  Rossi,  S  Piccinin,  V  Pellegrini,  S  de  Gironcoli,  V  Tozzini  JPCC    119,  (2015)  7900  [8]  K  Kakhiani,  V  Tozzini,  in  prepara-on  (See  poster  n.  248)  [9]  T  Cavallucci,  V  tozzini  J  Phys  Chem  2016  (in  press)  [10]  Y  Murata  et  al  APL  105,  221604  (2014)  

Connec5on  between  structure  and  reac5vity  the  corruga-on  is  related  to  the  local  reac-vity  of  graphene,  which  is  enhanced  on  convexi-es[5-­‐7]  (see  also  poster  n.  248)  

Controlling   morphology,   i.e.   concentra-on   and   loca-on   of    defects,  subs-tu-ons  and  ad-­‐atoms  (groups)  

!

Nano-­‐electronics    The  gap  opening  is  quan-ta-vely  related  to  hydrogena-on[6,7].  GD  can  be  measured  by  means  of  STS  expt  

<1120>

1.8 nm

periodicity: 1.8 nm = SiC-6-!6

50 nm

Quasi  Free  Standing  graphene  on  SiC  with  H  coverage  defects  displays  altered  transport  proper-es[10]  

Controlling  metal  adsopr5on  

Reac-vity  and  defecta-on  control  allows    in  turn  controlling  metals  (e.g.  Ti)  adhesion  and  avoid  their    clusteriza-on  [8].  This  in  turn  favors  H  adsorp-on,  onto  Ti  clusters  

Hydrogena5on-­‐dehydrogena5on  control  In  simula-ons,  chemisorbed  H  is  released  at  room  temperature  by  a  curvature  inversion  induced  e.g.  by  flexural  phonons[2]  

Building  3D  graphene  networks    Reac-vity  manipula-on  can  aid  controlling    the  concentra-on  and  loca-on  of    chemically  ad-­‐groups  (e.g.  anchors    for  pillars  molecules)  to  build  3D    frameworks  with  specific  structural      proper-es.  [8]  

1.  The  curvature  pajern  of  graphene  on  SiC  is  mul-stable[9]    

Strategies  for  curvature  control  

2.  Flexural  phonons  can  dynamically  control  the  local  curvature.  The  goal  is  to  generate  and  control  coherency  of  phonons  (see  also  poster  n.  230)  WORK  IN  PROGRESS    

Methods    Ab  ini%o  calcula5ons  and  simula5ons  v DFT+PW,  PBE+vdw  corr,  RRKYUS  pp  v Model  systems:  graphene  monolayer,  graphene  on  SiC  (100-­‐1700  

atoms  per  cell)  Classical  MD  simula5ons    v Tersoff-­‐like  FF  op-mized:  monolayers  and  mul-layers  (up  to  

2000  atoms)    Experiment  v Buffer  +  monolayer  graphene  on  SiC  (by  Si  evapora-on)  v QFSG  obtained  by  H  intercala-on  between  buffer  and  SiC  v Analysis  by:  STM,  STS,  EM,  LEED,  TDS  

Conclusions  v Advanced  applica-ons  require  controlled  graphene  hydrogena-on  or  func-onaliza-on  in  general  

v This  could  be  achieved  by  curvature  controlled  reac-vity  v Curvature  control  could  also  directly  allow  manipula-ng  electronic  proper-es  and  gas  transporta-on  and  storage  

v Therefore  curvature  control  assumes  a  key  role,  which  must  be  considered  in  crea-ng  3D  graphene  based  frameworks  or  in  func-onalizing  sheets  

v Strategies  for  curvature  control  are  currently  under  considera-on,  involving  op-cal,  mechanical  and  electro(dynamical)  s-muli  

Support  &  Funding            

H2020  Core1   Marie    Skłodowska-­‐  

Curie    Ac-ons  

hjp://www.muscade-­‐lab.it  

1.  The  curvature  pajern  of  graphene  on  SiC  is  mul-stable[9]  (see  also  poster  n.  248)  ⇒  switching  between  rippling  states  might  be  driven  by  environmental  changes  (temperature,  elec  fields)