Phil Public Administration - Un

8/3/2019 Phil Public Administration - Un

1/22

All papers, statistics and materials contained in the Country Profiles express entirely the opinion of the mentioned authors.They should not, unless otherwise mentioned, be attributed to the Secretariat of the United Nations.

The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps in the Country Profiles do not imply the expressionof any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

RREEPPUUBBLLIICC OOFF TTHHEE

PPHHII LLII PPPP IINNEESSPPuubbll iicc AAddmmiinniissttrraattiioonn

CCoouunnttrryy PP rrooffii llee

DivisionforPublicAdministration andDevelopmentManagement(DPADM)

DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(DESA)

UnitedNations

February2004


2/22

TableofC ontents

Tabl eofCo ntent s........................................................................................... 1Philipp ine s .................................................................................................... 21.General In formati on ................................................................................... 3

1.1Peopl e.................................................................................................. 31.2E conom y .............................................................................................. 31.3P ubl icSpendi ng ..................................................................................... 41.4P ubl icSectorEmpl oymenta nd Wages ....................................................... 4

2.Legal Str uct ure .......................................................................................... 52.1Legi sl ative Branch .................................................................................. 52.2E xecu tiveBranch ................................................................................... 62.3J udi ci ar yBranc h .................................................................................... 62.4Local Go vernment .................................................................................. 7

3.T heStat eand Ci vi lSoci ety .......................................................................... 83.1Ombud sperson ...................................................................................... 8

3.2NGOs ................................................................................................... 83.3Ci vi l Soci ety .......................................................................................... 8

4.Ci vi lServi ce ............................................................................................. 10 4.1Legal basi s........................................................................................... 10 4.2Recrui tment ......................................................................................... 11 4.3Promot ion............................................................................................ 11 4.4Remu ne rati on ...................................................................................... 12 4.5Trai ni ng ............................................................................................... 13 4.6Gende r................................................................................................ 13

5.E thi csa ndCi vi l Service .............................................................................. 15 5.1Corrupti on ........................................................................................... 15 5.2E thi cs .................................................................................................. 16

6.e-Gove rn ment .......................................................................................... 19 6.1e-Gover nment Readi ness ....................................................................... 19 6.2e-Par ticipati on...................................................................................... 20

7.Li nks ....................................................................................................... 21 7.1Nati onal si tes ....................................................................................... 21 7.2Mi scel laneou ssi tes ................................................................................ 21

1


3/22

Philipp inesClick h ere formapofA siaandt he Paci fi c

Source: The World Factbook - Philippines

Government type

RepublicIndependence

12June18 98(fromSp ain)Constitution

2February 1987,effective11February19 87 (cl ickhere)Source: Gov't Portal - General Information

Legalsystem

MixedRomanCivilLawandAnglo-AmericanComm onLa w

Source: Tilburg University - Paper

Administrativedivisions

17regions , 79provinces and115citiesSource: Gov't Portal - General Information

M rs.Aqui noassumed powerin1986,puttinganend totheMarcos r egi me. Presi dentRamoswaselected in1992-conti nui ng thepol itical andecon omic polic ies of th eAqui noadm ini strati on.

Mr. Josep h E strada waselected Pr esident in May1998.During2000,Pre sidentEstrada faced oppositionprimar ily du et o allegat ion sofcorru pt ion , w hich even tually

ledt o an impeach men t trialOnJanuar y 20, 2001theformerVic e President,Mrs.Macapagal-Arroyowas swornin as Presi dent after theSupremeC ourthaddeclaredthepresidency vacant.

Source: European Commission - PHL

2

PPHHIILLIIPPPPIINNEESS
http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/escap.pdfhttp://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/escap.pdfhttp://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/escap.pdfhttp://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/escap.pdfhttp://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/escap.pdfhttp://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/escap.pdfhttp://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/escap.pdfhttp://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/rp.htmlhttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.tilburguniversity.nl/faculties/frw/http://law.kub.nl/ejcl/62/art62-1.wpdhttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listreg.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.gov.ph/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/index.htmhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/philippines/intro/index.htmhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/philippines/intro/index.htmhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/index.htmhttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asphttp://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listreg.asphttp://law.kub.nl/ejcl/62/art62-1.wpdhttp://www.tilburguniversity.nl/faculties/frw/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/rp.htmlhttp://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/escap.pdf


4/22

11.. GGeenneerraall IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn

1.1 People Philippines Indonesia Malaysia 1

Population a

Total e stimate dpopu lation (,000), 2003 79, 999 219, 884 24, 425

Fe ma le estimatedpopu lation(, 00 0), 2003 39, 719 109, 975 12, 026

Male estimat edpopu lation( ,000),2003 40, 280 109, 909 12, 399

Se xrat io( males pe r100female s) ,2003 101 100 103

Averag eannua lr ateofchang eof pop. ( %), 2000- 2005 1. 79 1. 26 1. 93

Youth and Elderly Population b

Total popu lation unde ra ge15(%), 2003 36 30 33

Fe ma le popu lationage d60+ ( %),2003 6 9 7

Malepopu lation age d60+ ( %), 2 003 5 7 6

Human Settlements c

Urban popu lation(%), 2001 59 42 58

Rural popu lation (%), 2001 41 58 42

Urbanav erag ea nnual rateofc hange inp op.(%) , 00-05 3.19 3.59 2.86

Rural av erage an nual rat eofcha nge inpo p/(%) ,00-05 -0. 19 -0. 63 0. 07

Education d

Total schoo lli fee xpectancy, 200 0/2001 11 10 i 12. 1 1

Fe ma leschoo lli fe expe ctancy , 20 00/2001 .. 9. 6i 12. 4 1

Maleschoo l li feexpe ctancy ,2000/2001 .. 10. 4i 11. 8 1

Fema leest imated adu lt (15+)illi teracy rate(%) ,1990 5. 2 16. 6ii 18. 1 2

Male est imat eda dult(15+) illi tera cyrate(%) ,1990 4. 9 8. 6ii 8. 2 2

Employment e

Unempl oy me ntrate (15+ )(%) ,2 001 9. 8iii 5. 5iv 3. 9v 1

Fe ma lea dult(+ 15)e cono micact ivi tyrat e(%) ,2001 53 52 vi 47 vi i 2

Maleadu lt(+ 15) e cono micact ivityrate (%) ,2001 82 85 vi 83 vi i 2

Not es: i1994; ii 1991; iii Mo ntho fO cto ber; iv 1 998,Mo ntho fMay; vAg es 15t o64y ears ; vi 1999; vi i200 0, A ges 15- 64 years

1.2 Economy Philippines Indonesia Malaysia 2

GDP a

GDP t otal ( milli onsU S$) ,2002 77, 076 172, 911 95, 157

GDPpe rcapi ta (US$), 2002 964 817 3, 915

PPPGDP tota l( milli on s int. US$) , 2002 321, 495 664,409 216, 836 i PPPGDP pe rca pita(i nt .US$), 2002 4, 022 3,138 8, 921 i Sectors b

Val ueadde d ina gri cu lture (%of GDP),2003 14. 5 16. 6 9. 7

Val ueadde d in in dustry(% ofG DP),2003 32. 3 43. 6 48. 5

Val ueadde d in se rv ices(%of GDP),2003 53. 2 39. 9 41. 8

Miscellaneous c

GDPimp licitpr ice def lato r (a nnua l% gro wth), 200 3 3.7 6.6 3.5

Private consu mpt ion( %of GDP), 2003 72. 3 65. 6 43. 7

Gove rnme ntcon sumpt ion(%of GDP),2003 11. 4 9. 2 13. 9

Not es: iEst imate is base do nr egr essio n;o the rPPP fig uresar ee xtr apo late dfr omthe la te stIn te rnatio nalCo mpar iso nP rogramme be nchma rkestimate s

1Un it edNa tionsS tatis ticsD ivision:aStati sticsD ivisionandPopu lationDi visionofth e UN Sec retar iat; bStati sticsD ivisionandP opu lation Di visionofthe UNSecr etar iat; cPo pul ationD ivision oftheU NS ecr et ari at; d1 UNE SCO ; d2 UNES CO ; e1 ILO ; e2 ILO/OEC D2Wor ldBa nk - DataandStat istics :

3

aQui ckR efe renc eTab les; bDataProf ileTab les; cCountryata Gl ance
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/education.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/education.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/education.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/education.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/illiteracy.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/illiteracy.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/illiteracy.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/illiteracy.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/illiteracy.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/unempl.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/unempl.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/unempl.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/table5d.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/table5d.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/table5d.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/table5d.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/table5d.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/table5d.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/table5d.htmhttp://www.worldbank.org/datahttp://www.worldbank.org/datahttp://www.worldbank.org/datahttp://www.worldbank.org/datahttp://www.worldbank.org/datahttp://www.worldbank.org/datahttp://www.worldbank.org/datahttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/quickreference/quickref.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.htmlhttp://www.worldbank.org/datahttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/table5d.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/unempl.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/illiteracy.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/education.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/hum-sets.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/youth.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm


5/22

1.3 Public Spending Philippines Indonesia Malaysia

Public expenditures 3

Educat ion( %of GNP),1985-198 7 2. 1 0. 9ii 6. 9 a

Educat ion( %of GNP),1995-199 7 3. 4 1. 4iii 4. 9 a

He alth(% ofG DP),1990 1. 5 0. 6 1. 5

He alth(% ofG DP),1998 1. 6i 0. 8i 1. 4

Mili tary(%of GDP),1990 1. 4 1. 3 2. 6 b

Mili tary(%of GDP),2000 1. 2 1. 1 1. 9 b

Total de btse rv ice (% ofG DP), 19 90 8. 1 8. 7 9. 8

Total de btse rv ice (% ofG DP), 20 00 9 12. 2 6. 7

Not es: i1999; ii Da tare fe rtoaye aro rpe riodothe rthant hatspe cif ie d,Da tar efe rto the min istr yo fe ducatio no nly ; ii i Datar efe rto the ce ntr algo ve rnme nto nly

1.4 Public Sector Employment and Wages

Data from the latest year availablePh ili pp ines1991-1995

Ph ili pp ines1996-2000

EastAs ia&Pa cific

average4

1996-2000

..average 4

1996-2000

Mi ddlein comegroup

average 4

1996-2000

Employment(, 000) 675 417. 5

Ci vili an Ce ntralGo ve rnment5

(% pop. ) 1. 11 0. 57 0. 63 .. 0.59

(, 000) 245 368Sub-nat iona lGov ernm ent 5

(% pop. ) 0. 40 0. 51 0. 63 .. 0.59

(, 000) 441 526Educat ionem ployees

(% pop. ) 0. 73 0. 74 0. 76 .. 1.20

(, 000) 74 27Hea lthe mploy ee s

(% pop. ) 0. 12 0. 04 0. 16 .. 0.70

(, 000) .. 40. 5Po lic e

(% pop. ) .. 0. 05 0. 26 .. 0.30

(, 000) 135 133Arme dforc es

(% pop. ) 0. 20 0. 18 0. 53 .. 0.46

(, 000) 128 97SOEEm ploye es

(% pop. ) 0. 19 0. 13 1. 18 .. 3.61

(, 000) .. 1, 609Total Pub lic Em ployment

(%pop. ) .. 2. 22 .. .. 6. 05

Wages

Total Centralgov 'tw age bill (%ofG DP) .. 7. 1 9. 4 .. 8. 5

Total Centralgov tw age bill (%ofe xp) .. .. 24. 4 .. 21. 6

Ave rage gov'tw age (, 000LC U) 52, 470 125, 310

Re al av e. govtwage ('97pri ce) (, 000LC U) 70, 970 125, 310

Ave rage govtw age tope rcapitaG DP ratio 2. 3 3. 7 2. 9 .. 4. 2

Source: World Bank - Public Sector Employment and Wages

3UND P- Human De vel opme ntReport2002

aD atar efert ot otalp ublic ex pendit ureo n ed ucation, in cludin gc urren ta ndc apitale xpendit ures .bAsare su ltofa numb erof lim itat ions inthe data, compar isonsof militaryexp end ituredataov ert imeanda crosscountri esshou ld be ma de wi thca uti on. For de ta ilednote s onthe datase eSI PRI(2 001). 4Averag esfor re gi onsand subr egi onsar eon lyg enerate d if da ta isavail ableforat least35%ofth e countr ies inthatreg ionor subreg ion .

4

5E xcludin g ed ucatio n,h ealtha nd police ifa vaila ble( vie w Countr ySourc esforfurtherex planat ions ).
http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/index.cfmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://hdr.undp.org/http://hdr.undp.org/http://hdr.undp.org/http://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdfhttp://hdr.undp.org/http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/development.htmhttp://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/index.cfm


6/22

22.. LLeeggaall SSttrruuccttuurree

The 1987Constitution o f t he P hilippines, a s i n p ast cons ti tuti ons,ve stedthepo werofgovernm entonthelegislative, executive,and thejudiciary.

TheL egisla tiv eP owerisv est edin t heC ongressof t he Philipp inesw hich sh allconsistof aSenateandaHouseofRe presentatives, excepttotheextentreserv edt o thepeopleby th eprov ision on in it iat ivean dref eren dum;

The ExecutivePoweris vestedinthe President ofthePh il ippin es, an d;

TheJu dicial P oweris vest edin oneSu pr eme Courtand ins uchlowercourts asmaybeestablishedby law.

Source: House of Representatives - Constitutional Mandate

TheCo nsti tuti onens uresthesepa rati onof po wersamongthe threebranches. Theset-up providesasystemofchec k-and -b alancetopreventabusesand unbridleddiscretionofabra ncho fgovernme nt

Source: Civil Service Commission - Assistant Commissioner Mary Ann Fernandez-Mendoza

2.1 Legislative Branch

Bicameral Congress or Kongreso consists of the Senate or Senado (24 seats - one-half elected every three

years; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or

Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan (226 seats; - members elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms

note - additional members may be appointed by the president).6

Women in parliament: Senate - 3 out of 24 seats (13%). House - 40 out of 226 seats: (18%).7

The Senate iscomposedoftwenty-fourSe na tors.Thete rmo foffi ceofth eSenatorsi s si xye ars . NoSenatorshallserveformorethan twoconsecutiveterms.

Source: 1987 Constitution

TheCon sti tuti onprovi desthatt he HouseofRepresentative sshallbe co mposedofnotmore thantwohundredandfifty(250)members,unlessotherwise fixedbylaw,whoshallbeelectedfromlegis lativedist ricts apportionedamongtheprov in ces, cit ies, a nd th e Met ropol it an M anila area inaccordancewiththenumber of th ei rrespecti ve i nhabi tant s,an donthebasisofa unifor m andpr ogressiveratio, andthose who,asprov idedby law , shal lbee lectedthrou gha party-l istsystemof register ednational, reg ion al, andsectoral part iesororganizations.

Thepart y-l istrepresen tati vesshal l consti tute twe nty percent

(20%)oft hetotal numberofrepresentati vesi ncl udi ngthoseund erthepartyli st.TheMembersoftheHo useshallb e electedfo r atermofth reeyears,andshallservefornomore tha nthree consecutive terms.

Source: House of Representatives - Constitutional Mandate

6Sourc eoffactb oxes ifnoth ingelsestated: Offi cial Gover nmentPo rtal - Gen era lInf o

7Inter-Pa rlia mentary Un io n -Wo menin Na tional Pa rlia ments, Senat e-Senat ors & HouseofR epr ese ntative s-Hou se

Me mb ers8House ofR epr es entat ives- Hous eM embers

5

Fact box:

elections:Senate - lastheld 14 May 2001 (next to

be held 16 May 2004);

House of Representatives

- elections last held 14

May 2001 (next to be held

16 May 2004)election results:Senate -

seats by party Senators;

House of Representatives

- seats by party - Lakas

82, NPC 53, LDP 21, LP

21, independents 10,

party list 20, others 198
http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/geninfo/mandate.htmhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/ascomf.htmlhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/geninfo/mandate.htmhttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/members/index.phphttp://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htmhttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asphttp://www.congress.gov.ph/geninfo/mandate.htmhttp://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen12th.htmhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/ascomf.htmlhttp://www.congress.gov.ph/geninfo/mandate.htmhttp://www.congress.gov.ph/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asp


7/22

AllMember softheSenateandtheHouseof Representativesshall,u ponassump tionofoffice,m akeafulldisclosureof th eirfinancialandbusinessinterests.

Theresh allbeaC ommission on Appoin tmen ts consi sti ngof the Presi dentoft heSenate,asexofficioC hairm an,twel veSenators,andt welveMembersoftheHouseof Representatives, e lectedbyeach Houseonthebasis of proportionalrepresen tation f romth epolit icalpa rt iesan dpartiesororg anizationsregisteredunderthepart y-l istsys tem representedtherein.


2.2 Executive Branch

cabinet:Cabinet appointed by the president with the consent of the Commission of Appointments

elections:President and vice president elected on separate tickets by popular vote for six-year terms;

election last held 11 May 1998 (next to be held 16 May 2004)

Theexecuti vepowerisvestedinthe Presi dent of t hePh il ippin es.ThePresidentandthe Vice-Presid ent shallbeelectedby directvoteofthepeoplefor ater m ofsix years.ThePresidentshallnotbeel igib lef oran y re- elect ion . N o Vice- Presiden t sh allserv ef ormorethantwos uccessiveterms.

ThePresident shall nominatean d, wi th thecons ent of theCommi ssi ononAppoi ntments,app ointtheheadsoftheexecuti vedepartments,ambassa dors,other pu blicministersandc onsuls,oroffi cersofthearmedforcesfrom therankofcol onel ornavalcaptain,andotherofficerswhosea ppointmentsarevestedinhimintheCons ti tu ti on.


2.3 Judiciary Branch

Supreme Court (justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and BarCouncil and serve until 70 years of age).

The nationalcourtsystem consi stsoffo urlevels:A15-memberSupreme Court,Localandr egionaltria lcourts;anational CourtofAppealsdivide d in to17divis ions;andaninfor mallocalsystemforar bitratin gormediatingcertaindisputesoutside theformalcourtsystem.The Sandiganbayan,t heGovernment'santi corrupti oncourt,hearscriminalcasesb rought againstsenioroffi cials.A Shari'a(Islamic law)courtsystem,withjurisdiction overdomesticandcontract ualr elat ion s amon gM usli mcitizens,operatesinso meMindana oprovinces.

Source: U.S. Department of State - Human Rights (2001)

The SupremeC ourt iscomprisedofa ChiefJ ustice andfourteenAsso ciateJustices .The Court maysiten bancor,in itsdiscretion, i n p anels o f t hree, f ive o r s even. T he

membersoftheSupremeC ourtandthelowe rcourtsare selectedbythe Presidentfroma l isto f n omineess ubmitted b y P hilippi ne Judi ci al andBarCounci l; confi rmati onbythelegislatureofthePr esiden t'sJ udicial appoin tmen ts is not requ ired. On lynatural -bor n ci ti zensof theP hilippinesma yho ldaposit ion ontheSupremeC ourtoranyl owerc ourt. Membersofthe Judi ci ary mayhol d offi ce,duri ng goodbehav ior,on ly un tilt heageof 70.

Source: Pittsburgh University - Jurist Legal Intelligence

6

Fact box:

chief of state and

head of

government:President Gloria

MACAPAGAL-

ARROYO (since 20

January 2001) and

Vice President

Teofisto

GUINGONA (since

20 January 2001)
http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.op.gov.ph/http://www.op.gov.ph/http://www.op.gov.ph/http://www.op.gov.ph/http://www.op.gov.ph/http://www.op.gov.ph/http://www.op.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.state.gov/g/drlhttp://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eap/8371.htmhttp://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/philippines.htmhttp://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/philippines.htmhttp://jurist.law.pitt.edu/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eap/8371.htmhttp://www.state.gov/g/drlhttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.ovp.gov.ph/http://www.op.gov.ph/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asp


8/22

2.4 Local Government

Philipp ine p olitica lsu bdiv isi on scompriset he n ation alg overn men t,t oget herw ithwhataretermed LocalGovernmentU nits:p rovincesandindepe nd entci ti es,ci ti esan dmun ici palit ies( tow ns) wh ichar ecomponentso f provinces, and barangays(vi ll agesor vil lage-sizedcommuni ti es)whi chare components of ci tiesandmuni ci pali ties.Governmentstr ucture:

Underthe Local GovernmentCodeof 1991 ,each Un it iscompos edofanexecutivean dlegislat ive pow er,toget herw ith localspecia lbodies, asf ollow s:

Subdivision Executive Legislative Council Local Special Bodies

Province Governor Sangguni an Panlal awiganProvin cia lBoar ds,Cou ncilsan dCo mm itte es

City Mayor Sanggunian Pa nlu ngsodCityB oards ,Co uncilsa ndCo mm itte es

Municipality Mayor Sanggunian Ba yanMun icipal Boar ds,Cou ncilsan dCo mm itte es

Barangay Punon gBarang ay Sanggun ianBa rang ay Bar angay D evelo pm en tCo un cil

TheC ode itselfmandatedareviewafte r10years, and,aspa rtofthis,theDepart men t of th eIn terioran dL ocalGov ern ment in partnersh ipw ith thePh ilipp ines-Au st raliaG overn an ce Facil ity pu blish edASt udy on P eople s P art ici pat ion in L oca lDevelopment CouncilsinNovember2001.

7

Source: Interregional Workshop on Engaged Governance - ... An Overview of the Philippine Experience (12/2003)
http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan014414.pdfhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan014414.pdfhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.dilg.gov.ph/index.cfm?fuseaction=lgu.home&CFID=179397&CFTOKEN=77132460


9/22

33.. TThhee SSttaattee aanndd CCiivviill SSoocciieettyy

3.1 Ombudsperson

Thefundam entallawof thelandgivesthe OfficeoftheOmbudsman thecallingand

badgeof"ProtectorofthePeople".Thisco nsti tuti onal appell ati oncapturesthena tureofitsvariousfuncti ons:TheOmbudsmanprotectsthe pe oplefromabuseandm isus eofgovernmentalpowerforpersonalaggran dizement.Itsummarizestherole of theOmbudsmanintheschemeofgovernance.Th eOfficeoft heOmbuds manisclot hedwi thcorrespondi ngau thori tytoi mpl ement thi s consti tuti onal mandatewi th thepassageof RepublicActNo.6770 , otherwiseknownas the Ombudsma nActof19 89.

TheOfficeoftheOmb udsmanisc hargedwith fivemajor functions. ThesearePublicAssistance, Graft Pr evention, Investigat ion, Prosecuti on and Admi ni strati veAdjudication.Theframers of the1987 Co nstitu tionde finedtherole oftheOfficeoftheOmbud smanasa watc hdog,t o moni tort he"generalandspecificperforma nceofgovernment offi ci al sande mpl oyee s."I t also servesas amobilizer,toeffectively"utiliz et he su pport of non-gov ernmen talorga nization s( NGOs) , t heyou th sect or an d

othermajorsectorsofs ociety"inthe campaignagainstgra fta ndcorruption.Source: Office of the Ombudsman

3.2 NGOs

Theshiftinparadigm broughton bythe LocalGovernmentCodeof1991 hasbeenpain fulf or man y N GOsas wella s f orlocalof ficials. Asapromin en t NGOlea der,DaniloSon gco, h aspoin tedou t: L on gimmersedin at radit ion of opposit ion t o t hestate,no ng overnmenta lorgani zationsandpe oplesorganizations werefacedwi th thechal lengeofenteri ngintostrategi cpartne rsh ipswi thgovernmentb othatthelocalandnationallevel.Theadjustm enten tailedanunde rstandinga mongNGOsofthemselvesnolonger asa lternativesto go vernment, butrathermoresubtlyasalt ern ative serv iced elivery me ch an isms, in novatorsof ef fect iv edev elop men tstrategi esthatcanbetransl atedi ntoac tualpo licyandadvo catesforaltern ativedevelopmen talpolicies. Inshort,the NG Osneededto engageco nstructivelyandstrategicallyratherthanreac ti vel yandal soou tgrow thei rol droleasopposi ti oni sts.

Source: Interregional Workshop on Engaged Governance - ... An Overview of the Philippine Experience (12/2003)

3.3 Civil Society

CivilsocietyinthePhilippine shas beengrowingininfl uencesince the1980s.B utthestatus ofso meNGOshasbecomeevenstro ngersincethe ousterofformerpresidentJosephEstradainJanuary2001,anepisode inwhichcivil societygroupscampaignedsuccess fullyagainstcor ruption.

Source: Transparency International - Global Corruption Report (2003)

Thef ocu s of civ ilsoc iet y in t he Philipp inesh asrecen tly cen tered on gov ernmen tbu dget s on bot h nationalan dlocal lev els, w ith therealiz at ion t hat in volv emen t in t heen tirebu dget processst an ds to great ly en hancepu blicaccou ntabilit y asw ell asgovernmenteffectiveness.As pri ori ti zati on is the keyt o arelevantandef fi cientbudget,theremustbeamu lti-stakeholderapproachto strategicplanninginordertoarri veat arepresen tati vepri oriti zati onof theb udget.

8
http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.htmlhttp://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/index.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan014414.pdfhttp://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/http://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/download/gcr2003/14_Southeast_Asia_(Bolongaita).pdfhttp://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/download/gcr2003/14_Southeast_Asia_(Bolongaita).pdfhttp://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan014414.pdfhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.htmlhttp://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/index.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6770_1989.html


10/22

Aworkshop inJune2001identifiedexistingc ivilsoc ietyinitiativesthatinfactcoverall partsof the processthro ugh networki ng and coordination.9Forexample,thePhilipp ine G overn an ceF oru mex amin esbu dget f ormu lat ion an drev iew , asw ell aswork in gt o adv ancebudget lit erac y an drev iew capabilit ies; Gov ernmen t Wat ch oftheP hilippi nest rack s w hat isspen t, wh ich isn ot n ecessarily iden tical t o w hat isal locat ed part icu larly in t hepresen ceof prevalentgraftandcorru ption;andfinally,

UlatsaBayan [MessagetotheNation ] focusesoncommuni ty moni tori ngofgovernmentreportsanddiscu ssestheeffecti venessof governmentprojects.TheWorldBanksFilipinoR eport Cardcomplemen tsthisnetw orkbymonitoringsocietyslev elof sat isf act ion , andlocalgro upsare work in gt o con tin ue this in asy st emat icway.

Source:Interregional Workshop on Engaged Governance - ... An Overview of the Philippine Experience (12/2003)

9

9Po li cy Work shop onPart icipatory Budget ingandL ocal Gov ernm ent ,partofth e Nat iona l Conf ere nce onPro spe rityBuil dingfort he Poor, A sianInst ituteofM ana geme nt,M anila,25Jun e,2001.
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan014414.pdfhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan014414.pdf


11/22

44.. CCiivviill SSeerrvviiccee

Theciv il s erv icesy st emin t heP hilipp inesw asf ormally es tablish edu nderP ublic LawNo.5("A n Actforthe Establ ishmentand Mai ntena nceofOurEffi ci entandHon est

CivilServ iceinthe Philippine Islan d") in1900by theSecondPhilipp ineC ommission.AC ivilServ iceBoardw ascreatedcomposed ofaChairman,aSecretaryandaChiefExaminer.TheBoardadministere d civilse rviceexamina tionsandsetstandardsforappointmentingovernmentservice.It wasre organizedintoaB ureauin1905 .

The1935PhilippineConstitution fi rmlyestablishedthem eritsystem asthebasisforemploymen t ingovernment.T hef ollowingye arsalsowit nessedthe expansionoftheBureausjurisdictiontoin cludet hethreebranchesof government:t henat ion algov ern men t,localgov ern men t andgovernmentcorporations.

In1959, RepublicAct2 260 ,otherwisekno wnasthe Civi lServi ceLaw, was ena cted.Thisw ast hef irst in tegral law on t heP hilippin e bu re au cracy , su persedin gt hescattereda dministrativ e ordersrelat ive to government personnel admi ni strati onissuedsince1900.ThisActconvertedthe Bureauof CivilServ ic eintotheCivilServiceCommissionwith departm entsta tus .

In1975, Presidentia l DecreeNo.807 ( The Civ il Serv ice D ecreeof thePh ilipp ines)redefi nedth erol eoftheCommi ssi onas the centralpersonnelagency ofgovernm ent.

Source: Civil Service Commission - Historical Highlights

4.1 Legal basis

Thepresentmandateo f the CivilS erv iceC ommission isderiv edf romArt icleIX- B ofthe 1987Constitutionwhichwasgi veneffectthroug hBo okVof Exe cuti ve O rde rNo.292 (The1987Administrative Code).TheCo deessentiallyreit eratesexistingprin cipl esan dpoliciesin t headmi nist rat ion of th ebu reau cracyan d recogn iz es, f orthef irst time, t herightof gov ernmen t employ eest o self- organ iz at ion andcolle ct iv e

negotiationsunderthe framew ork ofthe1987 Constitution.Source: Civil Service Commission - Historical Highlights

TheC ivilServ iceembra cesallbran ch es, su bdi vision s, in stru men talit ie s, an dagencie softheGovernment,i ncl udi nggovernment-o wnedorcon trolledc orporat ion s w ithorig in alch art ers.

Classifications

PositionsintheCivilServiceshallbecla ssifiedintocareerserviceandno n-c areerservice.

TheC areer Serviceshallbecharacterizedby (1 )entra nce basedonm eritandfitnesstobedeter minedasfaraspracticable by compet it iv ee xamin at ion s, orbased on

high ly t echn icalqu al if icat ion s; ( 2) opport unityforadvancementto highercaree rpositions;and(3 )sec urityofte nur e.

TheNo n-C areerServic eshallbecharacteri zedby (1)entranceonb asesother thanthoseofth eusual testsofmeri tandfi tne ssutilizedfort hecareers ervice;and(2)tenurewh ich isl imit ed toaperiod specif iedby law , orw hich iscot ermin ou sw ith t hatoftheapp ointi ngaut hori tyorsubjectto hispleasu re, orw hich islim it edt o t hedurationof aparticularprojectfo rwhich purp ose employ mentwasmade.

10
http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://www.csc.gov.ph/civil.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://www.csc.gov.ph/civil.htmlhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/civil.htmlhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/civil.htmlhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_807_1975.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1959/ra_2260_1959.html


12/22

TheE xecutiveOrderfurtherst ipu lat esw hich cat egories of person nelare in clu dedinboththeC areer Service an dtheNo n-C areer Se rvice.

Classes of positions inthecareer se rvi ceappointment towhi chre qui resexaminatio nsarebeg rouped intothreemajo rlevels:1) cler ical,tra des,crafts,andcustodialservicepos itions; 2)professional,technicalan dscientific posi tionsand3)positionsinthe Career E xecutiveService.

Except asherein ot herwiseprov id ed, en tran cet o t hef irst t wolev elssh allbet hrou ghcompet it iv e ex amin at ion s, whichsh allbeopen t o thosein sidean dout sidet heserv icew homeet t hemin imu mq ualif icat ion requ iremen ts. En tran cet o ah igh erlev eldoesn ot requ ireprev io us qu alif icat ion in t hel owerlev el. E ntran cet o t het hirdlev elshallbeprescribedbytheCa reerExecutiveSe rviceBoard.

Source: Executive Order No. 292 July 25, 1987

4.2 Recruitment

The1987Administrativ e Coderea dsthat opp ortunityfor governmentemploymentsh allbe op en t o al lqu al if iedc itizens an d posi ti veeffortsshal l beex ertedtoattractthebest qualifiedtoenterth eservice.E mployeesshallbe selectedontheba sisof

fi tnessto p erformthe duti esand assume theresponsibilities ofthe p ositions.

All appoin tmen ts in th ecareerserv icesh al l bemade on ly accordin gt o meri t an dfi tness, to bedeterminedasfar asprac ticablebycompetitiv eexa minations.Anon-el igib lesh al ln ot beappoin tedt o an y posit ion in t heciv il serv icew hen ev ert hereisaciv ilserv ice elig ibl eact ually av ai la bl eforand readytoacceptappointment.


Foreverypositionin government,mini mumstandar dsaresetpertainingtoeducati on, trai ni ng,experi encean deli gibility requireme nts.Thesestandardshavebeenupgraded,e.g.,ahi ghermi ni mumpassingmarki n theeli gibilityexami nati onfrom70to 80anda masterdegreefordivisi onc hiefpo si ti on.O nlythosewho meettheminimumrequirem entsof thevacantposi tionshallb e consideredforpermanent

position. Source: Civil Service Commission - Diversity Policies and Practices in the Civil Service

An appoin tmen t th rough cert if icat ion t o a posit ion in t heciv ilser vice, ex cept asherein ot herw iseprov ided, sh allb e issu ed to apersonwhohasbeenselectedf rom alist of qu al if iedperson s cert if iedb y t heC ommissionfro m anappropriatereg isterofel igib le, an dwh omeet sallt heot herrequ ireme ntsof th eposit ion .

Allsuchpe rsonsmustserveap robationary period ofsixmont hs f oll ow in gt heirorig in alapp oin tmen tandsh allu ndergoat horou gh ch aracterin vest iga tion in ordert oacquirepermanent civilservicestatus.


4.3 Promotion

Apromotio nisamovementfrom onepositio n t o a nother w ith a n i ncrease i n d utiesandresponsibilitiesasauthorized bylaw and usually accompan iedby an in creaseinpay.Themovementmaybefrom onedepart mentorag encytoanotherorfromoneorgani zati onal uni t toa notheri n thesamedepartmentor agency.

11

Wit hin t hesame lev el, no civ il serv iceex am in ation sh all berequ ired f orpromot ion t oahigherposition inoneormo rere la ted occupationa l groups.Acandidateforpromot ion sh ou ld, however, h aveprev iou sly passedt heexamin at ion f ort hatlev el.
http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN012415.pdfhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN012415.pdfhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.html


13/22

When a v acancy o ccurs i n a p osition i n t he first/secondleveloftheCareerServ ic easdefinedabove,theem ployeesin thede part ment/gover nment servicewhooccupythen ext low erposit ionsin th eoccu pat ion al groupunde rwhichthe vacant positionisclassified,andinotherfunctionallyre lated occupational groupsandwho arecompet en t, qu alif ied an dw ith th eappropriat eciv il s erv icee ligi bil it y sh all beconsideredforpromotio n.

Forpurposesofsection21- Recruitment and Selection of Employees eachdepart men t oragen cysh allev olve it sow n screen in gprocess, wh ich may in clu detestsoffitness,inaccord ancewithstandards andguid elinessetbytheC ommission .Promotionboardsshallbeformed toformul atecriter iaforeval uati on,cond uc ttestsand/orinter views,and makesyste matic assessmentoftr aini ngand experience.

If t hev acan cy isn ot f ill edby pro mot ion asp rov idedh erein t hesam e sh all bef ill edbytransferofpresentempl oyees inthegovernmentse rv ice, by rein st atement,byre-empl oymentofpers onssepa ratesthrough reductionin force,orbyappointm entofpersons wi tht heci vi l servi ceel igi bili tyappr opri atetotheposi ti ons.

Qu alif icat io n in an appropriat ee xamin at ion sh allberequ iredf orappoin tmen t t opositionsinthe firsta ndseco ndlevelsin thecareerserviceinaccordancewiththe

CivilServ ic eru les.10

Qu alif icat io n st an dardssh allbe usedasbasisf orciv il serv ice ex amin at ion s f orposit ion sin t he careerserv ice, asgu idesin appoin tmen t andoth erpersonn elacti ons,i n theadju dicati on ofprotesteda ppointments , in det ermin in gt rai ningneeds,andasaidinthe inspe ctionand auditofth eagenciespersonnelworkprograms.


Thecompetenceoftheempl oyeesinthecivil serviceisgaugedthroughtheadmi ni strationofperformanceeval uati onsyst emwhi chi s doneeverysi xmonths.Thosewhoperformwellandexcee d thetarg et b y m ore t han 5 0% m ay b e g iven a nOutsta ndi ng rati ng.T heempl oyee coul dal sobeacandi dateforpromoti onand mayberewardedthroughotherformsof in centi ves.Ontheoth erhand,aPoor

performancecouldbe aground fo rseparati on f rom the service.ThereisanHonorAw ards Programcon ferredby theP residen t of the Phil ipp ineswh ich recogn iz esoutstandingemployeeseveryyear.

Source: Civil Service Commission - Diversity Policies and Practices in the Civil Service

4.4 Remuneration

Accordingtothe1987Constituti on,ArticleI X,B,Sec.5,theCongressshallprovideforthesta ndardizationofcompensation ofgovernmentoffi cials andemployees,in clu din gth osein gov ern men t-ow nedor con trolled corporat ion s w ith origin alcharters, ta ki ngi ntoac count t hen atureof the responsi bi liti espertai ningto ,an dt hequ alif icat ion srequ iredfor, t heirposit ion s.


Adju st men tsin salar ies asaresu lt of in crease in pay lev els oru pgradin gof posit ion swhich donot in volv ea ch an gein qu alif icat ion requ ireme nts sh alln ot requ irea newappoi ntmentexceptth atcopi esofthesal aryadjustment noti ce sshallbesubmittedtothe Com missi onfo rrecordpurposes.


12

10 Certain exceptions apply.
http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN012415.pdfhttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/constitution.asphttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN012415.pdfhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.html


14/22

4.5 Training

TheDe velo pmentand retentionofacompeten tandefficientwork forcein t hepu blicserv iceisa primary con cern of govern men t. Itsh allbet hepol icy of th egov ern men tthataconti nui ngprogr amofcareerandpe rsonneldevelopmentbeestablishedforal lgovernment employeesatal llevel s.An integratednationalp lanforcareer andperson nel dev elopmen t sh all ser veast hebasisforall careerandpersonneldevel opmen tacti vi ti esint hegover nment.

Eachdepartmentorag encys hallprepare acareerandp ersonneldevelopmentplanwhichsh allbein tegrat edin to a nat ion al plan by the Co mmission.Suchcareerandperson neldev elopmen t plan swh ich sh allin cludeprov ision s onmerit promot ions,performanceeval uati on,i n-servi ce trai ni ng ,includingoverseas andlocalscholarshipsandtraining grants,jobrotation,s uggestio ns andincentiveawardsys tems,ands uchot herprov ision s f oremploy ees' h ealt h, w elfare, cou nselin g, recrea tion an dsimi larservices.

TheCommissionshallberesp onsiblefort hecoordinati onandintegration ofaconti nui ng programofpersonnel devel opm en t f orallgo vern men t person nelin t hefirstand secondlevels.

Centralst aff agen ciesan dspeciali zedin st it utessh allcon duct con tinu ing cen traliz edtrainingforstaffspecialist sfrom thedifferentagencies .However, inthosecaseswherethereissufficientnumberofparticipan tstowarrant trai ni ngatdepartment oragen cy orloca lgov ern men t le vel, su ch central staffagenciesandspecializedinstitutes hallrenderthenecessar ya ssistance ,and consul tati veservi ces.


TheP hilippi ne C ivilS erviceC ommi ssion ( PCSC) madeap olicythatemployeesa retobe p rovided w ith a t l east o ne h uman r esourcedevelopm entinterventionsevery yearfortheirpersonalgrowth andcareeradvancement. 11 Aschol arshi p program(localandforeign)wasestablishedtoprovideed ucati onal andotherl earni ng opportuni ti esforvariouslevelsofpersonnel.


4.6 Gender

Aly nchpinlegis lat ion ist heWomen in Dev elopmen t an d Nation Bu ildin gAct(RepublicAct7192 ).A mongtheimportant features oft hislaw arethef ollow ing:

Revi ew/revisi onof al l government re gulations, circular s, issuancesan dprocedures toremovegenderbias;

Equal ri ght ofwomen a ndmen toe nteri ntoco ntracts .

Allgovernmentagencieshavebe enenjo ined toestablishGenderandDevelopment(GAD) focalpersons.

TheN ationalC ommiss ion on th e Roleof F ilipin oWomen (N CRFW)w as creat edin1975toreview,evaluateandrecommendmeas ures,includingprioritiestoen surethefu llin tegrat ion of women f or econ omic, socialan dcu lt uraldev elopmen t at alllevel s andt oensure fur therequal itybet ween womenan dmen.

Allgovernmentagencieshave beenenjo in edt o establish their ownGenderandDevel opment(GAD)fo cal persons.TheNCR FWalsoover seestheim plementatio n of

13

11 According to Assistant Commissioner Mary Ann Fernandez-Mendoza of the Civil Service Commission the policy haschanged from at least two to one human resource development intervention a year.
http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.htmlhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN012415.pdfhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7192.htmhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN012415.pdfhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_292_1987.html


15/22

theInst it ution alSt ren gthen in gProject PhaseIIwhichaimsto strengthenthecapabilitiesofoversig htagenciesinma instreami nggenderconcernsi n pl anni ng,policyformulation,programdevelopment an di mpl ementati on,and moni tori ngan devaluation.

Therewerealsoanumberofprograms tha t addressedviol enceagainst wo men(VAW)andwomenslackofeconomicempo werment, namel y:theNati onal FamilyVi ol encePreventi onPr ogramandtheProdu cti vi tySki llsandCap abi li tyBuildi ngProgram.

TheMedium-TermPhilipp ineDevelopm ent Plan2001-2004furtherensuresthatprogramsandprojectsfinancedbythe nationalbudgetando fficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)appro priatelyinte gratewomenandgend erconcerns .

Asthecentralpersonnelagencyofthego vern ment,t heP CSC hasbe enworki ng wi thmainstreaminggenderanddevelopmentconc ernsi n the recrui tment,appoi ntm ent,promotionandretentionprocesses .

Thereareotherlawspassedwhichaddre ss womenscareerconcerns , towit:

Philipp ineNationalPolic e Reform andReorganizationActo f 1998( RepublicAct

8551 ), Reforman dReorgan ization of th e Philipp ine N ation alP olic e( PNP),mandatesthat tenpercent(10 %) of thepolic eforcesho uldbewom en;

TheSoloP arentsWelfareActof2000( RepublicAct 8972 )whi chbasi call yrel iev eso lo paren tsof t hebu rden of raisin ga f amily a lon eby in st it ution alizingadequatestateassistanceandrelevant sup portservic esbothforthesoloparentsa ndtheirchildren.


14
http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN012415.pdfhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN012415.pdfhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8972_2000.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8551_1998.html


16/22

55.. EEtthhiiccss aanndd CCiivviill SSeerrvviiccee

5.1 Corruption

2003CPI Scorerelatestoperceptionsof thedegreeofcorruptionasseenby

businesspeopleandco untr y analystsand rangesbetween10(highlyclean)and0(hi ghl ycorr upt) .

Corruption Perceptions Index

2003C PIScore

SurveysUse d

StandardDev iat ion

High-Lo wRange

Num berInst.

90pe rcentconf idence

range

Rank Country

1 Highl y cl ean 9. 7 8 0. 3 9. 2- 10. 0 4 9. 5- 9. 9

92 Philippines 2. 5 12 0. 5 1. 63. 6 8 2. 22. 7

133 Highl y corrup t 1. 3 8 0. 7 0. 3- 2. 2 6 0. 9- 1. 7

Source:Transparency International -Corruption Perceptions Index 2003Surveys Used: Refers to the number of surveys that were used to assess a country's performance. 17 surveys were

used and at least 3 surveys were required for a country to be included in the CPI.

Standard Deviation: Indicates differences in the values of the sources. Values below 0.5 indicate agreement, values

between 0.5 and c. 0.9 indicate some agreement, while values equal or larger than 1 indicate disagreement.

High-Low Range: Provides the highest and lowest values of the sources.

Number Institutions: Refers to the number of independent institutions that assessed a country's performance. Since

some institutions provided more than one survey.

90 percent confidence range: Provides a range of possible values of the CPI score. With 5 percent probability the score

is above this range and with another 5 percent it is below.

Accordi ngt oSoci al WeatherStati ons(a nonp rof itsocialresearch institution)sur veys,Fi li pi nospercei vethefol lowi ngtobeth emainformsofcorruption:(1) genera lbri bery/gi ft-gi ving,(2 )di versi onofbud geta way fromp rojects,(3) notrans parencyinbidding, (3)overpricingprocurement, (4)doing subs tanda rdproject, (5)

underreportin gt ax coll ect ion , ( 6) tax and tar iffevasi on, (7) pork barrel , and(8)cronyism.

TheOfficeoftheOmbudsmanha sestimated thatUS$48billionha sbeenlost bythePhilipp ine Gov ern men t ov ert helast 20y earson accoun t of corru pt ion. Th isex ceedsthepresentforeigndebtofUS$4 0.6bill ion.TheCommissiononA udit(COA ) hasestimatedthatcorr uptioncoststhePhili ppinesaboutPhP2billion(US$44.5million)eachyear. Iti s esti matedtha t s ome20percentof t heann ual budgeti s l osttocorruption.

TheOfficeoftheOmbudsmanreceivedthemo stnumberofcorrupt ioncomplain ts f orthefollowingagencies ofthegovernment:

Department of Publ icW orksand Hi ghwa ys(26 .9%o fallcases)

Department of En vi ronmentand NaturalResources(17 .5 %)

Department ofEdu cati on,Cul ture,and Sports (15.9% )

Bu reau of Cu st oms /Philipp ineP ort sAut horit y

Nati onal Irrigati onAdmi ni strati on

BureauofI nternalRevenue

Department ofHeal th

15
http://www.transparency.org/http://cpi/http://cpi/http://www.transparency.org/


17/22

Department ofIn teri or andLocalG overnment

NationalPowerCorpor ation

BureauofI mmigration

Thereispu blic perceptionthattheanti-g raftbodies andthejudiciaryhavebeenineffective againstgraftandcorruptionand,wo rse,are involvedin it. I na s urvey b ytheSocial WeatherStations,6 2 percen tofrespond entsbeliev edthereweresign if ican t l evelsof co rru pt ion in t heju diciar y. Some65percen t bel iev ed man ylawyerscouldbebribed ,and 57pe rcent believedevenjudgescouldbebribed.

Only0.5o utofevery10,000c ivilservantsgetsprosecuted for corruptactsinthePhilipp ines,comparedto8 inHongKo ng.1998/1999surveysshow 20-22percento fthepu blich asbeen ask edf orbrib esin gov ernmen t t ransact ion s. On ly 4perce nt in1999bothe redtoreportthesolicitation.Th osewhodidnotcomplainreasonedthat(1) it was f u tilet o compla in ( 51% ); ( 2)theamou nt in volv edis toosmall( 21% );therecoul d beretal iation(15 %); andt hey didn otkn owwh eret o f ilet hecompla in t(10%).

Threenota blestructur alsourcesofcorrupt ionare(1)thatcandidatesmust finance

theirownelectoralcam paigns, owingadebtofgratitude tomanysponsorswho cal linthefavorswhen the candid atesaree lected,(2)thein credib lypoor compensationandreward systemfo rcivil serv ants, and (3)thepoorenforcementofanti-corruptionlawsthatr enderscorruptiona lo wrisk,highreward acti vi ty. Othercau sesof corru pt ion in t heP hil ippin esare widediscretionof bureauc rats,burdensom e regulationsandtr ansactio nsystems, weak control mechanisms,informati onasymmetrybetween theri chan dthepoor,weakpublicvigilance,andelem entsofFilipinopolitic al cul turetha ttra nsl atei ntotol eranceofcor rupti on.

St udiesof corru pt ion in t hePh il ippi nespoin t tot heseadverseef fect sof corru pt ion :(1)wa stag eofpublicresources,aswhen infrastructureprojectsarepoorandsubsta ndar danddonotlasttheirprojec teduseful li feti mes;( 2)l owrev enuecoll ect ion , asw hen bribesarepaid in l ieu of t axesan dch argesin rev enue collect ing

agenci es;(3)othersoc ial ly undesi rabl e behaviorsuchast axevasi onandsmuggl ing;(4)increasesinthecostofdoingbusine ssinthecountr y;(5)cronyis m,thehighestformofcorr uption,e xpressedincartelsan dm onopoliesthatreduce competitivenessin in du st ry ;an d( 6)wast ein th eresou rces fordev elopmen t whichpost pon est hepoorFilipin osesca pefr ompoverty.

Source: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung- ...Transparency and Accountability in Governance and the Civil Service

5.2 Ethics

ThePh ilipp inesh asacompreh ensiv elegal an dorgan ization ali nfrast ructu ref orinstillingtransparency anda ccoun tabi li tyi n governance. Therei s an Anti -GraftandCorrupt PracticesAct, aswellasa Codeof Co nduc tand Ethi cal Stan dardsforP ubl icOfficialsan dE mployees.Therearethreecons ti tuti onal oversi ghtbodi es:TheOffi ce

of th eOmbu dsman, theC ommissi on onAu dit, an dth eC ivilServ ice CommissionSource: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung - ...Transparency and Accountability in Governance and the Civil Service

16

The 1987Constitutionof thePh ilip pinesprovidesthebasi s ofethicalandaccountablebehaviorinthepublic sector.Sect ion1ofArticleXIstatesthat: Public office is apublic trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the

people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, actwith patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives. T his prov ision requ iresev erypubl ic offi cial andempl oyeeto exhi bi tan dlivecertai n val ueswhi lei n governmentservi ce.In addi ti on,th e Statehasbeenmandatedby t heCons ti tuti onto maintain
http://www.fes.org.ph/http://www.fes.or.kr/Corruption/papers/Philippines.htmhttp://www.fes.org.ph/http://www.fes.or.kr/Corruption/papers/Philippines.htmhttp://www.fes.or.kr/Corruption/papers/Philippines.htmhttp://www.fes.org.ph/http://www.fes.or.kr/Corruption/papers/Philippines.htmhttp://www.fes.org.ph/


18/22

honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures

against graft and corruption.

In1989,thePhilipp inelegis laturepassed RepublicAct No.6713 , alawembodyingthe Code of Con duc ta nd Et hi cal Standard sforP ublicOff icia lsand Employees.TheCodespel ls outi n f i nedetail thedos anddontsfor gove rnmentofficials andemployees inandout ofthe workplace.Thesedosand do ntsare encapsulatedintheei ght normsof conduc tto beobse rvedbyall governmentofficials andemployees. Animport antfeature oftheC odeisther equirementofdisclosureofassetsand businessandfinanc ialin terest sofappoin tive an delect ive of ficials an demployees.

Anotherco mprehensi vel awpassedto addressand curbthecommissionofmalf easan cein gov ern men t is RepublicActNo.3019 ortheAnti-Graftand CorruptPracticesAct(1960 ).

Thelegal in frast ructuret hatprescribeset hical con duct of publicserv an ts isrein forced by polit ical commit ment. Th ispolit ica l com mit men t, wh ile dif ficu lt t obenchmark , has beendemons tratedby somepolic y pron ou ncemen ts. Qu it esi gni ficantistheten- poi ntacti onagenda ofthepresentAdmi ni strati onandthe

Medium-TermDevelop mentPlan(20002004) whichembodytheframeworkforthecountr ysso cioecono mic development.

TheagendaandtheMTDPpl acetheimplem entationof asustainedtrainingandorientation programonanti-graft andcorru ptpracticesandlaws ,an donthe Et hi calStandards ActofPublicOffi cialsandEmployeesamongthe Administrationsprio ritiestoreducegraftandco rruptionandexact highstandards ofethicsingovernm ent.Proceedingfromthis,departmentsandagenci esoftheexecutivebranchhavesetupandimplementedvariousprogramsthataim toelim inate bureaucraticredtape.One-st opact ion cen tersare now bein gpromot edandin st it utional izedin t heagen cies.

Inthe Phi lippi nes,the threecons ti tuti onal ly mandated oversight in st it ution s aret heCivilServ ic eC ommissi on , theOfficeof the Ombudsma nandthe CommissiononAudit.

TheC ivilServ iceC ommission ist hecen tral person nelagen cy of thegov ern men t.UnderSecti on3,Arti cl eIX-BoftheConsti tu ti on,t heCS Ci s mandatedto establishcareer service and adopt measures to promote morale, efficiency, integrity,

responsiveness, progressiveness, and courtesy in the civil service.

TheOfficeoftheOmbudsmanactsasapr osecutoragainstthosechargedwiththeviolat ionofRA3019,R A6713and thelawag ainstill-gottenwealth, amongothe rs.Itisman dat edt o in vest igat ean dprosecu teth ecrimin al li abil it y of publicof ficia ls an demployeesinvolvedin grafta ndco rruption.

TheComm issionon Auditisthefiscal watchdogofthegovernment. CO Aisresponsibleforens uringlegal andprop er di sbursementof pu bl ic f unds andpreventi ng irregul ar,unnecessary , orextrav agantexpen dituresorusageofp ubl ic

fun ds. Ital so hasq uasi-judicialpo wers.Source: Civil Service Commission - Ethics and Accountability: The Philippine Experience (2000)

Theh eads of t heC ivil Serv ice Commissi on, theO fficeofthe Ombudsma nandCommissiononAudit area ll members of theInter-Agency Anti-Graft andCoordi nati ngCou nci l (IAAG CC ). The I AAGCCwas setupin19 97toensurecoordin atedef fort sin in vest igat ingan dprosecu tin g high -prof ilecase son corru pt ion .An ot herin itiat iveist helif est ylech eck on gov ern men tof ficia lsan demploy ees.

17
http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan003218.pdfhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan003218.pdfhttp://www.csc.gov.ph/http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.html


19/22

18

January28and29,2004,thethreeagenci esconvenedananti-corruptionsummit.Theirassessmentoftheirmandates,resour cesandconstraintsprovidedthemtheopportunitytoidentifypriorityareasanddoableactivitiesandinitiativestobeundertakenjointlyandindividuallyinthenextfiveyears.Thecommitment

Documents

Phil Public Administration - Un