Production of RDF in Europe today FEAD-Congress ENTSORGA 2003Schulz-Ellermann Seite 1 Fédération Européenne des Activités du Déchet et de l’Environnement

Production of RDF in Europe today

FEAD-Congress ENTSORGA 2003 Schulz-Ellermann Seite 1

Fédération Européenne des Activités du

Déchet et de l’Environnement

European Federation of Waste Management and Environmental Services

Europäische Föderation der Entsorgungswirtschaft



TITLE

Political Driving Forces

Landfill Directive and waste management plans

Potential of CO2-reductions

Substitution of primary fuels



CO2-reducing-potential

more expensive primary fuels

increasing globalisation of the

cement market

advancing liberalisation of the electricity market

Increasing tendency to Increasing tendency to use solid recovered fuelsuse solid recovered fuels

Economic reasons for the use of solid recovered fuels



Chart: Summary of European Solid Recovered Fuels market in 2000

Production Consumption - Export/Import + State kt/a toe/a kt/a toe/a kt/a toe/a

Note % CK

Austria 100 50000 100 50000 7 Belgium <100 <50000 <100 <50000 0 0 Denmark 0 0 0 0 0 0 Finland 170 58000 170 58000 0 0 0 France 0 0 0 0 0 0 Germany 500 250000 500 250000 0 0 50 Greece 0 0 0 0 0 0 Iceland 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 0 Italy <200 <100000 <200 <100000 0 0 Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 250 100000 15 6000 -145 60000 20 Norway 1) 1) Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spain 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sweden 1) 1) +5002) Switzerland United Kingdom

60 30000 60 30000 0 0 0

Total 1380

Notes: kt/a = 1000 tons per year toe/a = tons oil equivalent per year (It is assumed that solid recovered fuel has a calorific value of 21

MJ/kg, although it is lower in Finland and the Netherlands, and oil has a calorific value of 42 MJ/kg)

% CK = % of consumption that occurs in cement kilns The figures in this table are only indicative as they do not correspond to the same harmonised definition throughout the European Union 1) There is no overall statistic for Sweden or Norway because this fuel is used in ordinary heat/power plants

and in waste incinerators. 2) No exact figures exist, but approximate figures give 500 kt of waste which was imported in 1999. 90 %

consisted of wood, paper, plastic and rubber.

(Source: CEN-Report part 1: „Solid recovered fuels“)

Market and Quantities



Market and QuantitiesChart: Forecast/potential for European Solid Recovered Fuels market in 2005

Production Consumption - Export/Import + Member State kt/a toe/a kt/a toe/a kt/a toe/a

2000 %

Austria 500 250000 500 250000 0 0 400 Belgium 300 150000 300 150000 0 0 200 Denmark 0 0 0 0 Finland 350 120000 350 120000 0 0 100 France 1000 500000 0 0 -1000 -500000 Germany 4000 2000000 5000 2500000 +1000 +500000 700 Greece 500 250000 500 250000 0 0 Iceland 0 0 0 0 Ireland 500 250000 500 250000 0 0 Italy 2000 1000000 2000 1000000 0 0 900 Luxembourg 50 25000 50 25000 0 0 Netherlands 1500 600000 1000 400000 -500 -200000 500 Norway 150 75000 150 75000 0 0 Portugal 500 250000 500 250000 0 0 Spain 1000 500000 1000 500000 0 0 Sweden 500 250000 1000 4500000 +500 +200000 Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0 0 United Kingdom

200 100000 200 100000 0 0 200

Total 13050

Notes: kt/a = 1000 tons per year toe/a = tons oil equivalent per year (It is assumed that solid recovered fuel has a calorific value of 21

MJ/kg, although it is lower in Finland and the Netherlands, and oil has a calorific value of 42 MJ/kg)

2000 = Difference from year 2000 It is assumed that no Solid Recovered Fuel is exported outside the European Union The figures in this table are only indicative as they do not correspond to the same harmonised definition throughout the European Union

(Source: CEN-Report part 1: „Solid recovered fuels“)



Renewable share of residual waste (FRG)

Source: Witzen-hausen Institut

residual MSW bulky waste com. waste sim. MSW res. waste total0

5

10

15

20

25Mio. t/a

renewable share non renewable share

61.8 %

40.6 %44.5 %

55.2 %



Renewable energy potential of residual waste (FRG)


residual MSW bulky waste com. waste sim. MSW res. waste total0

50

100

150

200

250PJ/a

renewable share non renewable share

55.4 % 52.3

%40.0 %

51.0 %



Amount of SBS from residual waste (FRG)


SBS

8,35 Mio. Mg

rest15,69 Mio. Mg

34,7%65,3%SBS regenerative

5,04 Mio.Mg

SBS fossil

3,32 Mio.Mg

60,3%

39,7%



Energy potential of SBS from residual waste (FRG)Source: Witzen-hausen Institut

SBS121,5 PJ

rest80,7 PJ 60,1%39,9%

SBS renewable56,7 PJ

SBS fossil64,8 PJ

46,7%

53,3%



CO2-emissions of several fuels

0,0400

0,0600

0,0800

0,1000

0,1200

kg/M

J



CO2-influence by solid recovered fuels

• local effect by fuel substitution • global effect as sum of

– local effect,– missing of a „second emitter“– renewable share

global effect (without discussion of the renewable share):

ca. 1 t CO2-reduction / t Solid recovered fuel



Contribution to the global CO2-reduction

• by Integrated Resource and Waste Management– status quo FRG: 1 Mg CO2 / Mg waste

– optimized combination with increased efficiency of incineration and co-incineration:

1.25 Mg CO2 / Mg waste

• basis scenario: landfilling according to Landfill

DirectiveSource: GUA, 5 -

2001



Requirements of solid recovered fuels

• big, homogeneous amounts• assured quality in relation to chemical and

physical properties• long-term availability• product- and environmentally neutral use• acceptance• economy



Requirements on the input of solid recovered fuel production

• production specific commercial waste– source-separated collection

– quality agreements with proof (controlled quality)

– product design of the waste producer with respect to utilization

• high calorific fractions– high quality preparation technic (sreening, air

classification, ballistik-separation, Fe-, NE-separation)

– quality agreements with proof (controlled quality)



Quality assurance chain for the production

of solid recovered fuelsProcessing Step Activities Additional Activities place of origin of waste (producer)

sorted collection of waste

avoidance of impurities

contractual agreements concerning approved qualities and the composition of waste materials1

documentation of the received materials

training of the waste producer by the waste processor (and vice versa)

regular checking of the waste producing plant by the waste processor

processing plant (input)

regular sampling and analysis 1

reserve samples

documentation of incoming and processed materials

processing plant (output)


reserve samples

documentation of outgoing materials

regular sampling and analysis of input materials by an external expert

Cement- or lime-kiln, power plant (input)


reserve samples

documentation of incoming materials

1. Test parameters depending on the type of waste-input 2. Test parameters according to the creteria of the system of quality assurance 3. Test parameters according to the approval of (local) legislatory authorities (for the valorisation of secondary fuels)



Results of the Bundesgütegemeinschaft Sekundärbrennstoffe

• standardisation of the complete process from sampling until analysis

• precise regulations of internal and external controls• extensive catalogue of parameters (all 13 heavy metals of

the German 17th BImSchV and Be, Se, Te)• ash, Cl, H2O and calorific value have to be documented• standardization of the statistical evaluation of the

analytical results (median and 4 of 5 rule)



Supplier Producer of solid recovered fuel User

Cement plantW

W

W

W

PlantPower plant

INPUT

List of waste for production of solid recovered fuels

- Description of input

- Documentation of quantity

- Operational diary

OUTPUT

- Intervals of independent supervision according to fuel quantities produced

- Number of analysis depending on quantities

- Analysis for all required parameters

- Evaluation of the results and decision by quality commettee

Self monitoring

Independant supervision +

check of operational conditions

Solid recovered fuels

Quality assurance of BGS e.V.



Germany: Quality and test instructions of BGS; 2001 RAL-GZ 724-label for Solid Recovered Fuels was given to BGS; Quality and test instructions are put into practice

Finnland: SFS 5875 „Solid Recovered Fuel Quality control system“ from March 2000; strong requirements but practically no control

Italy: UNI 9903 „Non mineral refuse derived fuels (RDF)“ from 1992; strong requirements, no practical relevance

Netherlands: Intensive prenormative activities for european standardisation

Norway: Specifikationen especially for solid biofuels

Austria: Ö-Norm in preparation; 2002 founding of an association for quality assurance

Sweden: There are a number of swedish specifications for biofuels and peat



CEN/TC 343 „Solid recovered fuels“

European Commission gives a mandate for standardisation

CEN was given the mandate to develope „Technical Specifications“ in a first step relevant to the use of solid recovered fuels in incineration- and co-incineration plants.

CEN was given the mandate to transform these „Technical Specifications“ into „European Standard“ in a second step.

These european standards shall be presented as a package.



CEN/TC 343 „Solid recovered fuels“

European Commission gives a mandate for standardisation

There standards shall comprise:

Standards for determination of the biodegradable fraction res. The biogenic fraction in solid recovered fuels as well as the upper and lower heating value of these fractions

All standards, listed in Appendix 1 of CEN-document CEN/BT/TF 118 N35 (Working programme)



Structure of CEN/TC 343 „Solid recovered fuels“Chairman: Martin Frankenhauser, Fin

WG 1 - Terminology and Quality assuranceProf. G. Riva, I

WG 2 - Fuel classifications and classesS. Modig, S

WG 3 - Sampling and supplementary test methodsJ. Willart, NL

WG 4 - Physical properties J. Maier, D

WG 5 - Chemical propertiesG. Ciceri, I



Reasons for complementarity of incineration and secondary fuels

• improved economy for incinerators

• improved economy for cement kilns, power plants etc.

• increased flexibility of waste management

• reduced capitel commitment

• optimal complement of the technical potentials (take out of contaminents - material use)

• extensive protection of resources (air, soil, energy)

Documents

Production of RDF in Europe today FEAD-Congress ENTSORGA 2003Schulz-Ellermann Seite 1 Fédération Européenne des Activités du Déchet et de l’Environnement