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fvi‡Z Z_¨ AwaKvi AvB‡b Mwi‡ei Lv`¨ wbivcËv wbwðZ n‡jv †hfv‡ebvix-cyi“‡li mgvb AwaKvi

mgKv‡R mggRywii bxwZ I Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb: wewewm‡Z †hfv‡e †RÛvi êl‡gï Z_¨ duvm n‡jv¯^v‡¯’ï AwaKvi

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mgZvi AwaKvi, RvwZMZ êlg¨ I Z_¨ AwaKvicywj‡ki eY©ev`x êl‡gï †iKW©K…Z K‡_vcK_b cÖKvk n‡q covq Amvg¨ wbim‡b KvbvWv miKv‡ii D‡`¨vM

ag©PP©vi AwaKviwMÖ‡mi b¨vqcv‡ji cÖwZ‡e`b : Z‡_ï AcÖvwß msL¨vjNy wfbœ ag©vej¤^x‡ì wbcxob Zxeª K‡i

wbh©vZb †_‡K gyw³i AwaKvi bxieZvI A‡bK mgq wbh©vZb Dm‡K w`‡Z cv‡i: Avš—©RvwZK Pv‡ci gy‡L hy³ivóª KZ…©K wW‡Ubkb K¨v¤ú msµvš— Z_¨ cÖKvk

cvwbi AwaKviw`wji cvwb mieivn eë ’vq wek¦e¨vs‡Ki n —‡¶‡c Ri“wi ms¯‹vi e¨vnZ n‡jv †hfv‡e

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12

f~wgKvZ_¨ : †h AwaKvi Ab¨ AwaKvi¸‡jv Av`v‡qi nvwZqviZ_¨ AwaKvi gvbevwaKvi wn‡m‡e we‡klfv‡e Abb¨| Avš—R©vwZK I AvÂwjK gvbevwaKvi AvB‡b Z_¨-AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ cy‡ivcywi †gŠwjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e| me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi mb‡ì 19 b¤î Aby‡”QÌ Avš—R©vwZK bvMwiK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi mb‡ì K_v G‡¶‡Î D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq|1 Z‡e ïayAvš—R©vwZK AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZ I êaZvi Kvi‡YB bq, wek¦Ry‡o AMwYZ D`vniY cvIqv hv‡”Q cÖwZwbqZ,†hLv‡b RbMY Z_¨‡K GK kw³kvjx AwaKvi-nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨n eënvi Ki‡Q| Z_¨B kw³|Z_¨B RbM‡Yi gv‡S †mB Áv‡bi D‡b¥vPb NUvq hvi gva¨‡g Zviv miKv‡ii Kv‡Q ivR‰bwZK,A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AwaKv‡ii `vwe Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| Lv‡`ï AwaKvi †_‡K wbh©vZb †_‡K gy³ _vKviAwaKvi ch©š— cÖvq mKj AwaKvi Gi AvIZvq co‡Q|

Avgiv Ggb GK Z_¨ hy‡M evm KiwQ hLb Kw¤úDUvi ev †dv‡bi GKwU evU‡b Pvc †`qv gvÎ Ávb iv‡R¨cÖ‡ek I Zv‡Z Askx`vi nIqv m¤¢e Ges wek¦‡K mwZ¨ GLb Zvr¶wYKfv‡e cÖvq nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq cvIqvhv‡”Q| wKš‘ GKB mg‡q †`Lv hvq, eû gvbyl Z‡_ï Afv‡e nZvkvMÖ¯—, Zviv kvmb cÖwµqvqm‡PZbfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv, e¨_© n‡”Q Zv‡ì cQ‡›ì AwaKvi PP©v Ki‡Z| d‡j miKvi‡KZv‡ì Kv‡Ri cÖwZ `vqe×I Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| GUv GK `yf©vM¨RbK Ae¯’v| GUv we‡klfv‡e mZ¨ n‡qD‡V‡Q, Z_¨ AwaKvi hv‡ì Rxe‡b AwZ Ri“wi, †mB Mwie I cÖvwš—K gvby‡li Rxe‡b| Avi mywbw`©ófv‡eej‡j, cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ RbMY mn‡R bv cvIqvq Ges A‡bK mgq G‡Kev‡iB bv cvIqvi d‡j GKw`‡KZvi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡Q bv, Ab¨w`‡K †mB AwaKvi ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii Kv‡Q `vweRvbv‡ZI e¨_© n‡”Q|

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Z_¨ msMÖn, eënvi, gRy` Ges cybtcyb bevqb, me Kvh©µgB gyL¨Z Ges GKgvÎ e„nËi Rb¯^v‡_©|myZivs GB Z_¨ fvÊv‡i cÖ‡ek Ges Zvi eënv‡i RbM‡Yi ¯úó AwaKvi i‡q †M‡Q| RbMY †h †Kv‡bvmiKvwi Z_¨ PvB‡Z cv‡i Ges cvIqvi AwaKvix|

GB AwaKv‡ii K_v wek¦Ry‡o eûfv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡”Q| †Kv_vI ejv n‡”Q ÔZ_¨ ¯^vaxbZvÕi K_v| wewfbœ

13

¯’v‡b A‡b‡K ej‡Qb, ÔZ‡_¨ AwfMg¨ZvÕi K_v ev ÔRvbvi AwaKviÕ-Gi K_v| Dc‡iv³ me wk‡ivbv‡giGKwUB A_©, miKv‡ii wR¤§vq _vKv Z_¨ RbM‡Yi PvIqv Ges cvIqvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| GUvgvbevwaKvi| GB AwaKvi miKv‡ii Rb¨ GB evaëvaKZv ˆZwi K‡i, Z_¨ msMÖn I gRy‡ì KvVv‡gvMZiƒcwU †hb Ggb nq †h, RbMY mn‡R Z_¨ †c‡Z cv‡i, Rvb‡Z cv‡i Ges eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|RbMY‡K mwµqZvi m‡½ Pvwn`vgvwdK Z_¨ Rvbv‡bv, Zv‡ì Z‡_ï cÖ‡qvRbxqZvq BwZevPKfv‡e mvov†`qv BZ¨vwÌ miKv‡ii `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ c‡o| GgbwK miKvi hw` †Kvb Z_¨ Avovj Ki‡Z Pvq evcÖKvk bv Kivi †KŠkj †bq, †mI Ki‡Z n‡e m‡e©v”P Rb¯^v‡_© Ges RbMY‡K Rvwb‡q|2

Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii h_vh_ PP©vi Rb¨ GKwU †`‡ki Af¨š—ixY RvZxq AvB‡b welqwU mwVKfv‡e Aš—fy©³nIqvB evÃbxq| myB‡Wb n‡jv G‡¶‡Î cÖ_g †`k, †h Zvi RbMY‡K AvBbMZfv‡e Z‡_¨ AwfMg¨ZvGes Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv w`‡qwQj| ïi“‡Z 1766 mv‡j Zviv Ggb AvBb K‡i †h, MYgva¨g miKvwiZ_¨ PvIqv, cvIqv I cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GB AvBb RbM‡Yi Rvbvi my‡hvM D‡b¥vPb K‡i †`q†mLv‡b|3 †mB †_‡K G wel‡q eû AvBb n‡q‡Q| wek¦Ry‡o Aš—Z 80wU †`‡k BwZg‡a¨ Z_¨ AwaKviwelqK AvBb n‡q‡Q ev Ggb eë¯’v ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv‡Z RbMY PvIqv gvÎB miKv‡ii Kv‡Q _vKvZ_¨ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

PvIqv gvÎ miKv‡ii Kv‡Q _vKv Z_¨ eënv‡ii my‡hvM K‡i †`qv †h‡Kv‡bv miKv‡ii w`K †_‡K AwZBwZevPK GKwU c`‡¶c| G ai‡bi c`‡¶‡ci gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cwigÊ‡jmgZvwfwËK A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Ges `yb©xwZ Kgv‡bvi j¶¨ AR©‡b miKvi AMÖMwZ mvabKi‡Z cv‡i|

A‡bK mgq Giƒc mvdj¨ AZ¨vðh©B g‡b nq †h, GKwU we‡kl KvVv‡gv mgv‡R GZ eûgyLx †¶‡Î`xN©‡gqvw` mvdj¨ e‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i Kxfv‡e| Z‡e Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii GB eûgvwÎK jvfvjvf AR©b m¤¢eRvbvi AwaKv‡ii AvBbMZ wbðqZvwfwËK KvVv‡gv _vK‡j Ges †h †Kv‡bv MYZvwš¿K ms¯‹v‡ii G‡Kev‡i†K‡›`ª Zv‡K ¯’vcb Ki‡j| nq‡Zv mvgvb¨ wKQz we‡kl ai‡bi Z_¨ KL‡bv KL‡bv miKvi m‡e©v”P Rb¯^v‡_©Avovj K‡i ev Ki‡Z cv‡i| IB ¶z`ª e¨wZµg ev` w`‡q miKvi‡K Aek¨B ivóªxq cwigÊ‡j Z_¨wfwËKÁvb I kw³‡Z RbAskx`vwiZ¡ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e, wbqwgZ Zv RbMY‡K mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡jcyiv‡bv cÖ_v †f‡O bwRiwenxb c‡_ gvbyl Zv‡ìB kvmb cÖwµqvq Ask wb‡Z mg_© nq| Kvh©Ki Z_ÄwaKvi eë¯’v miKvi I bvMwiK‡ì gv‡S mwµq kvmb cÖwµqvq †gŠwjK cwieZ©b wb‡q Av‡m|

†h †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi c‡¶ Avš—R©vwZK gvbevwaKvi mb` ev †NvlYv¸‡jv Aby‡gv`b, Abymg_©b Ges Zvi m‡½mvgÄm¨c~Y©fv‡e mvsweavwbK i¶vKeP ˆZwi mnR| Gi gva¨‡g IB iv‡óª bvMwiK‡ì AwaKvi GescÖwZKv‡ii iv¯—v ˆZwi nq| wKš‘ Giƒc gvbevwaKvi ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb Kvh©Ki bxwZI AvBb Ges Zvi Ggb eënvwiK KvVv‡gv hv bvMwiK‡ì Rvbvi AwaKvi wbwðZ K‡i| GKwU †`‡kibvMwiKiv ZLwb wb‡R‡ì ¶gZvwqZ fve‡Z cv‡i hLb Zviv mgqg‡Zv mwVK Z_¨ †c‡Z cv‡i, Rvb‡Zcv‡i, eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †mB Z‡_ï Av‡jv‡K Zvi AwaKvi msµvš— wewea ivóªxq bxwZgvjv‡Kwe‡klY Ki‡Z mg_© nq| Giƒc Z_¨wfwËK Áv‡bi gva¨‡gB †Kej bvMwiK mgvR cyiv‡bv auv‡PiJcwb‡ewkK Av`‡ji Kvh©µg‡K P¨v‡jÄ Rvbv‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ AwaKvi † mB bvMwiK mgv‡Ri RbÏ

14

mnvqK, hviv we`¨gvb AvBbMZ RbAwaKvi¸‡jv ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ `vwe Zzj‡Qb, jovB Ki‡Qb|

†mB 1597 mv‡j d«vwÝm †eKb e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔÁvbB kw³Õ|4 GB MÖ‡š’ wKQz †Km ÷vwW Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q,†hLv‡b cvVK †`L‡Z cv‡eb, Z_¨ AwaKvi Kxfv‡e mgv‡R bvMwiK‡ì iv‡óªi Kv‡Q Zv‡ì AwaKv‡iiK_v ej‡Z, `vwe Av`v‡q ¶gZv hywM‡q‡Q| cÖvq †`‡kB bvMwiK‡ì AwaKvi cÖ`v‡b ivóª A½xKv‡i Ave×Ges cÖwZkÖ“Z| wKš‘ RbMY D”PwKZ bv n‡j †mB AwaKvi I cÖwZkÖ“wZi ev¯—evqb N‡U Kg †¶‡ÎB|Z_¨ AwaKvi bvMwiK‡ì GiKg †¶‡Î †mv”Pvi n‡Z mvnm †RvMvq| Zv‡K ¶gZvwqZ K‡i ZviAwaKv‡ii c~Y© ev¯—evq‡bi `vwe Zzj‡Z| Dc¯’vwcZ †Km ÷vwW¸‡jv wewfbœ cwigÊj †_‡K evQvB Kivn‡q‡Q| Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii Abb¨ mvaviY êwkó¨ Ges eûgvwÎKZv cvVK Dcjwä Ki‡eb Gme AwfÁZv†_‡K|

cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK BwZevPK djm¤ú‡K©| bvMwiK‡ì AwaKvi I Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges Dbœqb Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© miKvi‡K cÖwZwbqZZvi AMÖvwaKvi cybwe©b¨vm Ki‡Z nq| ivóª I RbMY Dfq‡K G‡¶‡Î gZvgZ MVb Ki‡Z nq| G Rb¨Z‡_ï f~wgKv Acwinvh©| mswkó Z_¨ bv Rvb‡j RbMY KL‡bv Zvi Rxeb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ggb †Kv‡bvbxwZ I Kg©m~wP m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| miKviI mwVK Kg©‡KŠkj MÖn‡Y e¨_© n‡e|

wØZxq Aa¨v‡q eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q Z_¨ AwaKvi mswkó Avš—R©vwZK I AvÂwjK gvbevwaKvi `wjj¸‡jvm¤ú‡K©| GB nvwZqvi¸‡jv ÔRvbvi AwaKviÕ-Gi myi¶vq AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv M‡o Zzj‡Z aviYv †hvMvq|Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii aviYv GLb Avi †Kvb mywbw`©ó †¶‡Î mxgve× †bB| Avš—R©vwZK bvMwiK I ivR‰bwZKAwaKvi mb‡ì (AvwU©K¨vj 19) g‡Zv gvbevwaKvi welqK AZxZ `wjj¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii¸i“Z¡ evo‡Q gvbevwaKvi msµvš— mv¤cÖwZK Pzw³¸‡jv‡ZI, †hgb wkï AwaKvi msµvš— Avš—R©vwZKmb‡Ì GUv we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM †c‡q‡Q|

Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q cix¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q RvZxq ch©v‡q Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii ev¯—evqb †KŠkj m¤ú‡K©| RbM‡YiRvbvi AwaKvi i¶vq `vqe× ivóª Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii mvsweavwbK i¶vKeP †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Z_¨ AwaKv‡iiRb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb ˆZwi ch©š— Kxfv‡e Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i, †mB wbix¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q Gch©v‡q|

GB MÖ‡š’i †K›`ªxq Ask e¯‘Z PZz_© Aa¨vq| we‡k¦i wewfbœ cÖvš— †_‡K Pqb Kiv †Km ÷vwW¸‡jv Zz‡jaiv n‡q‡Q GB Aa¨v‡q| ¯^v¯’¨, wk¶v, wbivcËv, ag© cvjbmn eû wel‡q gvby‡li AwaKvi, eû †¶‡ÎbvMwi‡Ki ¯^v_© RwoZ| Z_¨ Ges Rvbvi AwaKvi‡K eënvi K‡i bvMwiKiv Kxfv‡e †`‡k †`‡k ZviAb¨me AwaKv‡ii K_v ej‡Q, `vwe Zzj‡Q, `vwe Av`vq Ki‡QÑ †m me AwfÁZvB Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q GBAa¨v‡q| BwZevPK I †bwZevPK mKj ai‡bi AwfÁZvB Aš—fy©³ n‡q‡Q| A‡bK ¯’v‡b Z_¨ AwaKv‡iiAbycw¯’wZ Ab¨ A‡bK gvbevwaKv‡ii j•Nb‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡QÑ †mB †Km ÷vwWI i‡q‡Q GLv‡b|

Z‡e †Kej Z_¨ AwaKvi wel‡q bqÑ gvbevwaKvi, b¨vqwePvi I mgv‡Ri MYZš¿vq‡bi bvbv wel‡q cÖPviAv‡›`vj‡bi †KŠkj‡K mg„× Ki‡ZI GB cÖKvkbv mnvqK MÖš’ wn‡m‡e f~wgKv ivL‡e e‡j Avkv Kivhvq|

Aa¨vq GK:Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii mydj

gvbevwaKv‡ii `vwe‡Z †mv”Pvi n‡Z gvbyl‡Kkw³ †RvMv‡bvivóªxq AvµgY ev wbcxob †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki ¯^v_© Ges †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb‡Kmyi¶v w`‡Z Avš—R©vwZK gvbevwaKvi AvBb¸‡jvi weKvk mvab NU‡Q| Avš—R©vwZKbvMwiK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi msµvš— mb` (ICCPR

1) Ges Avš—R©vwZKA_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK AwaKvi msµvš— mb` (ICESCR

2)-Gigva¨‡g ivóª¸‡jv bvMwiK‡ì †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ m¤§vb Rvbv‡Z m¤§Z n‡q‡Q,we‡kl K‡i †hme AwaKvi †cÖvw_Z i‡q‡Q gvbweK gh©v`v I mgZv m¤úwK©Zme©Rbxb wek¦ bxwZgvjvq| Dc‡iv³ mb`¸‡jv‡Z Pzw³e× ivóªc¶¸‡jv gvby‡li†gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv j•Nb †_‡K i¶v Ges wbR wbR f~L‡Êi AvBb, bxwZ I

Kg©m~wP‡Z †mme AwaKv‡ii ev¯—evq‡b mwµq c`‡¶cMÖnY, †mme AwaKv‡ii weKvk mvab Ges gvbyl hv‡Z†mB me AwaKvi Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mB j‡¶¨f~wgKv ivLviI A½xKvi K‡i‡Q| A‡bK Pzw³‡ZBmswkóc‡¶i Zid †_‡K wbi‡c¶ Z`viwK ms ’viKv‡Q wbqwgZ eëav‡b wi‡cvU© cÖ`v‡bi evaëvaKZvi‡q‡Q| AvBwmwmwcAvi (ICCPR)-Gi †¶‡Î GBwi‡cvU© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq ÔwnDg¨vb ivBUm& KwgwUÕiKv‡Q Ges AvBwmBGmwmAvi (ICESCR)-Gi †¶‡ÎÔKwgwU Ab B‡Kv‡bvwgK A¨vÛ †mvk¨vj ivBUm&Õ-GiKv‡Q| ivóªc¶ KZ©„K cÖ`Ë Gme cÖwZ‡e`b MÖnY, Zvigva¨‡g mswkó gvbevwaKv‡ii AMÖMwZ hvPvB Ges †¶Îwe‡k‡l gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi †Kvb Awf‡hvM †c‡jc×wZMZfv‡e Zv AbymÜv‡bi RbÏ `vwqZ¡kxj n‡jvDc‡iv³ KvVv‡gv¸‡jv|

Giƒc evwn¨K Z`viwKi eë¯’v G Kvi‡Y ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †h, Gi gva¨‡g GUv cÖwZwôZn‡e, ivóªc¶¸‡jv Zv‡ì A½xKv‡ii e¨vcv‡i Avš—wiK Ges bvMwiK‡ìgvbevwaKv‡ii wel‡q Zv‡ì cÖwZkÖ“wZ †Kej K_vi K_v bq| Z‡e Avš—R©vwZKZ`viwK hZB Kvh©Ki †nvK bv †Kb, hv‡ì AwaKvi i¶vi Rb¨ GZ KvVv‡gvMZcÖ‡Póv iv‡óªi, †mB RbMY‡KI Zv‡ì AwaKvi wel‡q mwµq f~wgKvq _vKvi g‡Zv¶gZvwqZ n‡Z n‡e| Avš—R©vwZK cwim‡i GKwU ivóª Zvi bvMwiK‡ì AwaKviwel‡q †hme A½xKvi Ki‡Q, Zvi h_vh_ ev¯—evqb n‡”Q wK bv †m wel‡qbvMwiK‡ì Zid †_‡KI cy•Lvbycy•L m‡PZbZv Ri“wi|

16

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i“qvÛvq RvwZm•N kvwš—i¶x evwnbxi KgvÛvi †Rbv‡ij †ivwgI Wvwjqvwi†`wL‡q‡Qb, ivóªxq Z_¨‡K weK…Z Kivi †¶‡Î MYgva¨g wK fqven f~wgKvB bvcvjb K‡i‡Q †`kwU‡Z AZx‡Z| †mLvbKvi MYnZ¨vq MYgva¨‡gi we‡klf~wgKv Zz‡j ai‡Z wM‡q wZwb e‡jb, ÒIB ai‡bi LeivLe‡i R¨vg m„wó K‡i,evav w`‡q kvwš— I msnwZ‡Z mnvqZv nq Ggb Z_¨ cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡gB †KejG‡¶‡Î BwZevPK cwi‡ek cybtcÖwZôv m¤¢e n‡qwQj|Ó50

†hLv‡b GKvwaK b„‡Mvôx ev e‡Y©i Rb‡Mvôx emevm K‡i, †mLv‡b Zv‡ì ¯^v_©mswkó Z_¨vw` miKvi hw` wb‡R †_‡K cÖwZwbqZ Av‡MB cÖKvk K‡i †`q Zv n‡jAvš—tmv¤cÖ`vwqK êl‡gï wg_ M‡o I‡V bv Avi| Giƒc wg_B mPivPicvi¯úwiK N„YvRwbZ Aciva I msNv‡Z MwZ mÂvi K‡i| Avš—tmv¤cÖ`vwqKwe‡iva cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z wKsev Zv bgbxq ivL‡Z AvMÖnx RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Z_ÄwaKvi _vKvUv LyeB mnvqK| Gi Ab¨_v n‡j †`Lv hvq mwnsmZvi cÖv`yf©ve|

mZ¨ NUbvwfwËK Z‡_¨ RbM‡Yi cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wewfbœ RvwZ‡Mvôxi msNvZ-DËimgv‡R ci¯ú‡ii gv‡S eÂbvi †eva `g‡bI LyeB Kvh©Ki GK Dcvq| G fvebv†_‡KB we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡ki g‡Zv `w¶Y Avwd«Kv51 Ges wPwj‡Z eY©ev`x êlg¨ ImvgvwqK GKbvqKZš¿ cieZ©x mg‡q eûj Av‡jvwPZ ÔmZ¨ A‡š^lY Ges wb®úwËKwgkbÕ (Truth and Reconciliation Commission) Kiv n‡qwQj| G ai‡biKwgkb êl‡g¨ fiv mvgwiK GKbvqKZ¡ cieZ©x w`b¸‡jv‡Z Awek¦vm I Amš‘wóKgv‡Z Ges mvgvwRK cybe©vm‡b nvwZqvig~jK f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| GUv †Kej †hAvš—tmv¤cÖ`vwqK Awek¦vm †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmvi Rb¨ Ri“wi Zv bq, bZzbmiKv‡ii m‡½ RbM‡Yi GKvZ¥Zvi RbÏ Avek¨K| A‡bK mgqB AZx‡ZigvbevwaKvi j•NbRwbZ NUbvewji Z_¨vw` msMÖn I cÖKv‡k miKvi¸‡jvi AbvMÖn_v‡K ev Zviv G‡K Avovj Ki‡Z Pvq| †miƒc †¶‡Î ÔmZ¨ A‡š^lY Ges wb®úwËKwgkbÕ auv‡Pi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi KvR wbcxo‡bi wkKvi gvbylR‡bi K‡ói GKai‡bi ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi Kwgk‡bi Kv‡Q wbivcËvi m‡½ ZvivAwfÁZvi Kvwnbx Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Ri“wi g‡b n‡”Q GgbZvwM`‡K bw_e× Ki‡Z cv‡i|

34

Aa¨vq `yB:Avš—R©vwZK gvbevwaKvi KvVv‡gv‡ZZ_¨ AwaKv‡ii ¸i“Z¡

Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii myi¶v†h Kv‡iv Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cvIqv ev Z‡_ÄwfMg¨Zv _vKv GZ Ri“wi †h, eivei G‡K gvby‡li†gŠwjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡”Q| RvwZm•NcÖwZôvi gvÎ GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 1946 mv‡j ivóªcyÄ GB†NvlYv w`‡qwQj, gvby‡li GB †gŠwjK AwaKvi _vK‡Zn‡e †h, miKvwifv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_¨ Zvi AwaKvi_vK‡e| RvwZm•N †mw`b Dcjwä K‡iwQj, GAwaKviwU mKj ai‡bi gvbevwaKv‡ii GK †gŠwjKDrm| KviY Gi gva¨‡gB GKRb bvMwiK miKvwiKvh©µ‡g Zvi Ae¯’vbwU Rvb‡Z cv‡i, †Kv_vq Zvi

AwaKvi j•Nb n‡”Q, Zv Rvbvi ga¨ w`‡qB †Kej †m Zvi AwaKvi i¶vi `vwewUmiKv‡ii Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ AwaKvi‡K eënvi K‡iB bvMwiKivAf¨š—ixY I Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi AvIZvq Zv‡ì Ab¨vb¨ b¨vh¨ AwaKvi myi¶v Iev¯—evq‡b miKvwi wbðqZv PvB‡Z cv‡ib|

Avš—R©vwZK gvb`ÊRvwZm•N2

Z‡_¨ AwaKvi Avš—R©vwZK gvbevwaKvi AvBb mswkó cÖvq mKj KvVv‡gv‡ZBwZg‡a¨ `„pZvi m‡½ Aš—fy©³| RvwZm‡•Ni me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYv mb‡ì(BDwWGBPAvi) 19 b¤î Aby‡”Q‡` Z_¨ AwaKvi‡K mh‡Zœ Aš—fy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|GKBfv‡e Avš—R©vwZK bvMwiK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi mb` (ICCPR)-Gi†¶‡ÎI Z_¨ AwaKvi wel‡q ivóªc‡¶i Rb¨ RvwZm•N AvBbMZ evaëvaKZv†i‡L‡Q| AvBwmwmwcAvi-Gi Aby‡”Q` 19-G D‡jL i‡q‡QÑ

mK‡ji wbR¯^ gZvgZ MVb I cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| GB AwaKv‡iiAš—fy©³ n‡e Ac‡ii n¯—‡¶c Qvov ¯^vaxbfv‡e wbR¯^ gZvgZ jvjb IcÖKvk Ges Z_¨ PvIqv, cvIqv I Zvi wfwË‡Z MwVZ gZvgZ Ab¨‡KRvbv‡bvi AwaKvi| †k‡lv³ †¶‡Î Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki gva¨g n‡Z cv‡i †h†Kv‡bv wgwWqv Ges Zvi cwimi n‡Z cv‡i Awbw`©ó|3

1993 mv‡j gvbevwaKvi welqK RvwZm•N Kwgkb gZvgZ MVb I Zvi ¯^vaxbZvwel‡q GKRb we‡kl i¨v‡cvwUqï wb‡qvM K‡i| GB i¨v‡cvwUqï †NvlYvK‡iwQ‡jb, AvBwmwmwcAvi (ICCPR) - Gi AvwU©K¨vj 19 Abyhvqx: ÒZ‡_¨

36

Z‡_ï ¯^vaxbZv Ges †mB Z‡_¨ AwfMg¨ZvGKwU †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi| RvwZm•N †hme¯^vaxbZvi j‡¶¨ DrmM©K…Z Zvi me AR©‡bic‡_ Z‡_ï ¯^vaxbZv‡K cikcv_‡ii m‡½Zzjbv Kiv hvq|

ÑRvwZm•N mvaviY cwil`, 19461

cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv ivóªc¶¸‡jvi BwZevPK `vwqZ¡| we‡kl K‡i miKv‡iigRy` eë¯’v I Zvi wewfbœ ai‡bi ÎvY I †givgZ eë¯’v m¤úwK©Z Z‡_¨ RbM‡YiRvbvi AwaKvi _vK‡Z n‡e|Ó4 1998 mv‡j gvbevwaKvi welqK RvwZm•N KwgkbGB AwfgZ‡K ¯^vMZ Rvwb‡q‡Q5 Ges 2000 mv‡j we‡kl i¨v‡cvwUqi Z‡_ï¯^vaxbZv m¤ú‡K©6 Avš—R©vwZK K‡qKwU bxwZgvjv Aby‡gv`b K‡iÑ hv RvwZm•NKwgkb we‡ePbvq wb‡q‡Q|7

37

Z‡_ï ¯^vaxbZv wel‡q RvwZm•N bxwZgvjv (2000)n D‡b¥vP‡bi m‡e©v”P my‡hvM _vKv : Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î Rb¯v_© mswkó

cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi eva¨KZv i‡q‡Q| Giƒc cÖwZôvbMy‡jv m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡Z¨KbvMwi‡Ki Z‡_ï cÖ‡qvR‡b †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| ÔZ_¨Õ ej‡Z†evSv‡e Rb¯v_© mswkó miKvwi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Kv‡Q _vKv mKj ai‡bibw_Ñ Zvi msi¶Y iƒc hvB †nvK bv †Kb|

n cÖKv‡ki evaëvaKZv : miKvwi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi DwPZ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Rb¯^v_©mswkó Z_¨vw` cÖKvk Kiv Ges e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPv‡i D‡`¨vMx nIqv| we‡klK‡i RbM‡Yi Rxeb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ggb bxwZ I wm×vš—¸‡jv‡Z Kxi‡q‡Q Ges Kxfv‡e †mme wm×vš— †bqv n‡”Q, Zv cÖKvwkZ _vKv DwPZ|

n miKvwi Kv‡R Db¥y³KiY‡K Drmvn †`qv : RbM‡Yi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© wk¶veë¯’vq aviYv MV‡bi Rb¨ AvB‡b b~¨bZg gvÎvq n‡jI weavb _vKv DwPZ|AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© Rbmgv‡R cÖPvi Ges miKv‡ii Kvh©µ‡g †MvcbxqZvi †hms¯‹…wZ, Zv †gvKv‡ejvi g‡Zv KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjvi welqI GB weav‡bAš—fy©³ _vKv DwPZ|

n e¨wZµ‡gi AvIZv mxwgZ ivLv : A‡bK mgqB wKQz welq‡K Z_¨Db¥y³Ki‡Yi AvIZvewnf~©Z ivLv nq| †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖKvk n‡q co‡jmiKvi weªeZ n‡e ev †Kv‡bv Ab¨vq KvR‡K Avov‡j ivL‡ZB n‡e Ggbwe‡ePbv †_‡K G ai‡bi bxwZ AbymiY Kiv DwPZ bq| AvB‡b Aek¨BD‡jL _vK‡Z n‡e, †Kvb †Kvb AvBbm¤§Z we‡ePbvq we‡kl we‡klwefv‡Mi Kvh©µg‡K Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki AvIZvewnf~©Z K‡i ivLv n‡”Q| Kv‡ivKvh©µg Db¥y³Ki‡Yi AvIZvi evB‡i ivL‡Z n‡j AvBbMZfv‡eB Zvi†hŠw³KZv cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Giƒc e¨wZµ‡gi AvIZvI m‡PZbfv‡emxwgZ ivL‡Z n‡e| iv‡óªi AvBbMZ ¯^v_©nvwb bv Kivi ciI †Kv‡bvDcv`vb‡K e¨wZµ‡gi AvIZvq †i‡L †`qvi †Kv‡bv hyw³ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|

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38

n Z‡_¨ RbM‡Yi AwfMg¨Zv‡K Drmvn †RvMv‡bvi eë¯’vcbv M‡o Zzj‡Zn‡e : RbMY hv‡Z Pvwn`vgvwdK Z_¨ cvq, miKvwi mKj wefv‡M †miƒcAf¨š—ixY eë¯’v cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GB eë¯’v n‡Z n‡e mn‡RcÖ‡ek‡hvM¨| Z_¨ cvIqvi Aby‡iva dqmvjv Kivi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡cÖvßKg©KZ©v‡ì mywbw`©ó mgq †eu‡a w`‡Z n‡e| Giƒc †¶‡Î Pvwn`v gZ Z_¨cÖ`v‡b †h †Kv‡bv AcviMZvi †hŠw³K wjwLZ KviY †`Lv‡Z n‡e|

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n êV‡Ki eë¯’vcbv Db¥y³KiY : Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb GB cÖ_vi cÖPjbNUv‡e †h, miKvwi mKj êVK Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ n‡e|

n Ab¨vb¨ AvB‡bI Db¥y³Ki‡Yi bwRi AbymiY Kiv : Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBbGgb mvgwMÖKZvq ˆZwi nIqv cÖ‡qvRb †h, †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ AvB‡bi e¨vL¨vimgq †hb h_vm¤¢e GB AvB‡bi wb‡`©kbv¸‡jvi êaZv _v‡K| A_©vrAb¨vb¨ ivóªxq AvB‡b wfbœ wKQz _vK‡jI Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb nIqvi ciDb¥y³Ki‡Yi bwRi †hb me©Î Abym„Z nq Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvBb †hb Z_¨cÖKv‡ki AvIZvewnf~©Z‡ì ZvwjKv evwo‡q bv †d‡j|

n Z_¨ cÖ`vbKvixi e¨w³MZ wbivcËv : †Kv‡bv Ab¨v‡qi Z_¨ cÖKvk evduv‡mi `v‡q AvBbMZ, cÖkvmwbK ev †ckvMZ ¯^v_©nvwbi nvZ †_‡K Z_¨D‡b¥vPbKvix (whistle-blower)-†K wbivcËv I myi¶v w`‡Z n‡e|8

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Avwd«Kvb BDwbqb13

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Avwd«Kvi Rb¨ Avwd«Kvb BDwbqb ÔgZcÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv welqK bxwZ¸‡jvÕ-Gi †h†NvlYv w`‡q‡Q, †mLv‡bI miKvwi Z_¨ (Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~‡ni Kv‡Q _vKvZ_Ï) cvIqv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| hLwb †Kvb Z_¨†Kvb gvby‡li AwaKvi i¶v ev Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq g‡b n‡e, ZLwb ZvPvIqv, cvIqv I eënv‡ii my‡hvM‡K AwaKvi wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| hwÌZv eva¨Zvg~jK wKQz bq, ZeyI Avwd«Kvb BDwbq‡bi GB †NvlYvi cÖ‡ivPbvg~jKe¨vcK g~j¨ i‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz GB BDwbqb Avwd«Kvi RbM‡Yi wekvj As‡kicÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i †m Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì GB †NvlYvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii cÖwZAvwd«Kvevmxi mw¤§wjZ cÖZ¨q ¯úó n‡q I‡V|

39

Avwd«Kvq gZcÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv welqK bxwZmg~‡ni†NvlYv : PZz_© LÊ (2002)- miKvwi ms¯’vi Kv‡Q _vKv Z_¨ mK‡ji cvIqvi AwaKvi Av‡Q;- †emiKvwi ms¯’v¸‡jvi Kv‡Q _vKv Z_Ï cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cvIqvi AwaKvi

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cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv wel‡q Avš—tAv‡gwiKv ivóª¸‡jvi†NvlYv M„nxZ nq 2000 mv‡j| †mLv‡b mywbw`©ófv‡e¯^xKvi Kiv nq †h, ÒZ‡_¨ ivóª KZ…©K bvMwiK‡ìAwaKvi GKwU †gŠwjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨|22 GBAwaKvi cy‡ivcywi hv‡Z bvMwiKiv †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i,iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ n‡jv †mB wbðqZv †`qv| GB bxwZgvjvMYZvwš¿K mgv‡R LyeB e¨wZµgx †¶‡Î Z_¨ AwaKvimxwgZ _vKv‡K Aby‡gv`b †`q Ges †miƒc

e¨wZµg‡KI AvBb Abyhvqx c~e©v‡ý mywbw`©ó n‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk †mLv‡b AwaKvimxwgZKi‡Yi mc‡¶ Giƒc hyw³ _vK‡Z n‡e †h, Z_¨ cÖKvk RvZxq wbivcËvqev¯—e I Awbevh© ûgwK ˆZwi Ki‡e|Ó23

Z_¨ AwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡b 2006 - Gi A‡±vei gvmwU we‡kl ¯§iYxq| GB w`b

40

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44

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46

Z‡_ï ¯^vaxbZv welqK KgbI‡qj_ bxwZgvjv1. Z_¨ ¯^vaxbZv‡K GKwU AvBbMZ Ges ev¯—evqb‡hvM¨ AwaKvi wn‡m‡e MY¨

Kiv‡K m`m¨fy³ †`k¸‡jv DrmvwnZ Ki‡e;

2. Z_¨‡K me©vš—Ki‡Y Db¥y³ we‡ePbvi GKwU ms¯‹…wZ †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|miKvi‡K Zvi Kvh©µ‡gi Z_¨vw` cÖKvk‡hvM¨ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e;

3. Z_¨ Db¥y³Ki‡Yi bxwZ ev Z‡_¨ AwfMg¨Zvi AwaKv‡ii wKQz cwigv‡Ymxgv _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e GB mxgvi †fZ‡i hZ Kg Z_ïvLv hvq| A_©vr m‡e©v”P gvÎvq Db¥y³Ki‡Yi bxwZ AbymiY nIqv DwPZ;

4. miKvi‡K Zvi `wjjcÎ i¶v I msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e;

5. `wjjc‡Î AwfMg¨Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡j ev KvD‡K miKvi Zv eënvi Ki‡Zw`‡Z A¯^xK…Z n‡j Giƒc bxwZ _vKv DwPZ †h, GB wm×v‡š—i h_v_©Zvwbi‡c¶ †Kv‡bv ms¯’v KZ…©K g~j¨vwqZ nIqvi my‡hvM _vK‡e|

Z_¨ AwaKvi ÔAb¨ mKj AwaKv‡ii Kwócv_iÕ Zzj¨Z_¨ AwaKvi n‡jv Ggb GK AwaKvi †h, Zv‡K wewQbœfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j Gi¸i“Z¡ cy‡ivcywi Abyfe Kiv hvq bv| eis Ab¨mKj gvbevwaKv‡ii ev¯—evq‡b Gii‡q‡Q †gŠwjK f~wgKv| RvwZm•N †hgbwU e‡j‡Q, ÒZ_¨ AwaKvi n‡jv Ab¨ mKj¯^vaxbZvi Kwócv_i|Ó cÖ_vMZfv‡e, Z_¨ AwaKvi‡K RbM‡Yi bvMwiK IivR‰bwZK AwaKvi wn‡m‡eB wPwÎZ Kiv nq| we‡kl K‡i, AvBwmwmwcAvi(ICCPR)-Gi 19 b¤î AvwU©K¨v‡j Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii Aš—fy©w³i ga¨ w`‡q Zvi GBwe‡kl cwiPq| wKš‘ GB AwaKvi µgvMZfv‡e GB Avš—R©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ cv‡”Q †h,mg¯— ai‡bi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK AwaKvi eënvwiK cwim‡iev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡j Z‡_¨ ¯^vaxb AwfMg¨Zv Acwinvh©| mgv‡Ri we‡kl wKQzRb‡Mvôx, †hgb- bvix I wkï‡ì AwaKvi Kvh©Ki Kivi †¶‡Î Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii¸i“Z¡ Av‡iv †ewk|

A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK AwaKvihwÌ AvBwmBGmwmAvi (ICESCR) mb‡` Z_¨ AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© ¯úó K‡i wKQzejv nqwb, ZeyI ÔKwgwU Ab †mvk¨vj A¨vÛ B‡KvbwgK ivBUm&Õ bv‡g Gi †hAvš—R©vwZK gwbUwis KvVv‡gv i‡q‡Q, Zvi Zid †_‡K AvBwmBGmwmAvi mb‡ìAwaKvi¸‡jvi ev¯—evq‡b Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© A‡bKÔmvaviY gš—e¨Õ i‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i kvmb cÖwµqvi ¯^”QZv Ges †mB cÖwµqvqRbM‡Yi AwfMg¨Zvi Rb¨ Z‡_ï Ri“wi f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© KwgwU mK‡ji g‡bv‡hvMAvKl©Y K‡i‡Q| †hgb: me‡P‡q gvbm¤úbœ ¯^v¯’¨ myweav cvIqvi AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z14 b¤î mvaviY gš—‡e¨ ejv nq: Ò¯^v¯’¨ AwaKv‡ii mKj iƒc Ges mKj ¯—‡ii†¶‡Î Avš—tm¤úwK©Z Ges AwZ Ri“wi wb‡gœv³ welqe¯‘ _vK‡ZB n‡e, h_vÑ Z‡_¨mn‡R cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM; GB my‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z n‡e ¯^v¯’¨welqK Z_¨ IcwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z PvIqv, Rvb‡Z cvIqv I cÖvß Z_¨ wewbg‡qiAwaKvi|Ó48

Dc‡iv³ `wj‡ji 44(we) b¤î Aby‡”Q‡` AvBwmBGmwmAvi (ICESCR) Pzw³iivóªc¶mg~‡ni `vwqZ¡ I evaëvaKZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z †h‡q ejvn‡q‡Q : Ò†h †Kv‡bv KwgDwbwUi gyL¨ ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©, †mme mgm¨vcÖwZ‡iva I wbqš¿‡Yi Dcvqmn G welqK mKj Z_¨vw` †mLvbKvi gvbyl‡Kmieivn Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡ì gv‡S G wel‡q wk¶v Kvh©µg Pvjv‡Z n‡e|Ó49

ÔKwgwU Ab †mvk¨vj A¨vÛ B‡KvbwgK ivBUm&Õ cÖvq Abyiƒc Avš—tm¤úK© wb‡`©kK‡i‡Q cvwbi AwaKvi (15 b¤î mvaviY gš—e¨)50, wk¶vi AwaKvi (13 b¤îmvaviY gš—e¨)51 Ges Lv‡`ï AwaKvi (12 b¤î mvaviY gš—e¨)52 -Gi m‡½ Z_¨

47

AwaKv‡ii| cvwb, wk¶v, Lv`¨ BZ¨vw` †gŠwjK AwaKv‡i bvMwiK‡ì AwfMg¨ZvG¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© mn‡R Z_¨ cvIqvi AwaKv‡ii m‡½ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e mshy³| GmeAwaKv‡ii ev¯—e cÖ‡qvM wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j, jw¶Z Rb‡Mvôx‡K Gme AwaKvim¤úwK©Z cÖKí¸‡jvi bxwZMZ cÖ¯‘wZ †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Zv‡ì Kvh©KvwiZv Z`viKKiv Ges Zvi g~j¨vqb Kivi Rb¨ mvgwMÖK Z_¨vw` †c‡Z n‡e|

AwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi ÔZ…Zxq cÖRb¥Õ Z_v MÖ“cwfwËK AwaKvimgv‡Ri we‡kl we‡kl Rb‡Mvôxi gvbevwaKvi myi¶vi wel‡qI BwZg‡a¨ we‡k¦A‡bK Pzw³ n‡q‡Q| Giƒc gvbevwaKvi Pzw³¸‡jv‡ZI Z_¨ AwaKv‡ii ¸i“Z¡m¤ú‡K© ¯^xK…wZ i‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î wmWI mb` (Kb‡fbkb Ab `¨ Gwjwg‡bkb AeAj dg©m& Ae wWmwµ‡g‡bkb G‡MBb÷ DB‡gb), wmAviwm (Kb‡fbkb Ab `ïvBUm& Ae `¨ PvBì) mb`, cÖevmx kªwgK I Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii AwaKvi m¤úwK©Zmb` (B›Uvib¨vkbvj Kb‡fbkb Ab `¨ cÖ‡UKkb Ae `¨ ivBUm& Ae Aj gvB‡MÖ›UIqvK©vm© A¨vÛ †g¤^vi Ae †`qvi d¨vwgwjm)53-Gi D‡jL Kiv hvq| miKv‡ii KvQ†_‡K DwjwLZ we‡kl we‡kl Rb‡Mvôx hv‡Z AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨cvq, †mB wbðqZv †`qvi `vwqZ¡ Gme mb‡` Awc©Z n‡q‡Q ivóªc¶¸‡jvi Dci|

48

bvix I wkï‡ì Rb¨ Z_¨ LyeB Ri“wiwmWI Z_v Ôbvixi wei“‡× mKj ai‡bi êlg¨ wbg~©j msµvš—Avš—R©vwZK mb`Õ54

10 b¤î Aby‡”Q` (wk¶v)Òivóªc¶¸‡jv wk¶vi †¶‡Î cyi“‡li cvkvcvwk bvixi mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZKi‡Z Zvi wei“‡× we`¨gvb êlg¨ wbg~©‡j mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v †b‡e Geswe‡klfv‡e GUv wbwðZ Ki‡e †h,... ¯^v¯’¨ I cwiev‡ii DbœwZi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxqwk¶v welqK mywbw`©ó Z_¨mg~n, †hgb, cwievi cwiKíbv welqK Z_¨vw` bvix†hb cvq|Ó

16 b¤î Aby‡”Q` (we‡q Ges cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ wel‡q)Òivóªc¶¸‡jv we‡q Ges cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i mKj wel‡q cyi“‡li cvkvcvwkbvixi mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z Zvi wei“‡× we`¨gvb êlg¨ wbg~©‡j mKjcÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v †b‡e Ges we‡klfv‡e GUv wbwðZ Ki‡e †h,...cwiev‡iim¤¢ve¨ mš—vb msL¨v, Zv‡ì Rb¥`v‡bi gaëZ©x weiwZ BZ¨vw` wel‡q bvix¯^vaxbfv‡e Ges `vwq‡Z¡i m‡½ wm×vš— wb‡Z cvi‡Q, cvkvcvwk Gme wel‡q ZviAwaKvi PP©v Ges wm×vš— †bqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I wk¶vI †m cv‡”Q|Ó

Ab¨ A‡bK Avš—R©vwZK Pzw³ nq‡Zv †m¸‡jv‡Z gvbevwaKvi myi¶vi welqwe —vwiZfv‡e D‡jL †bBÑ wfbœ cÖm½B AwaK ¸i“Z¡ †c‡q‡Q, †m iKg eû †¶‡ÎIRbM‡Yi m‡e©v”P ¯^v_© i¶vi Dcvq¯îƒc Z‡_¨ cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv‡K we‡kl ¸i“Z¡mnKv‡i D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î D`vniY¯iƒc, cwi‡ek I Dbœqb welqKÔwiI †NvlYvÕi D‡jL Kiv hvqÑ †hLv‡b „pZvi m‡½ ejv n‡qwQj †h, Rb¯v‡ ’ iRb¨ ¶wZKi Dcv`vb Ges Giƒc Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© Z‡_¨ cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡KiAwfMg¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| iv‡óªi we‡kl `vwqZ¡ n‡jv G m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ Rbmgv‡Re¨vcK cÖPv‡ii eë¯’v Kiv|56 †UKmB Dbœqb welqK 2002 mv‡ji m‡¤§j‡bAskMÖnYKvix †`k¸‡jv GUv ¯^xKvi K‡iwQj †h, wiI †NvlYvi ev¯—evq‡b me‡P‡q¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv n‡jv mykvm‡bi| †m‡¶‡Î †k‡lv³ m‡¤§jb †_‡K †UKmB DbœqbbxwZ ˆZwi I ev¯—evqb cÖwµqvq bvMwiK‡ì Askx`vwiZ¡ evov‡Z Avš—R©vwZKmgv‡Ri cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq|57 Ab¨w`‡K Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z wm×vš— MÖnYcÖwµqvq RbMY‡K AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mg_© K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡j ivóªmg~‡ni `vwqZ¡ n‡qc‡o Zv‡ì AvBb, wewa BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡bv| †UKmB Dbœq‡bi weKv‡k wewfbœmg‡q miKv‡ii M„nxZ bxwZ, cwiKíbv I Kg©m~wP m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZfv‡e RbMY‡KAewnZ ivLvI G‡¶‡Î Ri“wi|

`yb©xwZwe‡ivax 2003 mv‡ji RvwZm•N mb‡Ì Z‡_¨ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi `yb©xwZ wbg~©jwelqK †K› ªxq fvebvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GK Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e D‡jL i‡q‡Q| GB mb‡ì13 b¤î Aby‡”Q‡` `yb©xwZi wei“‡× jovB‡q RbMY‡K Askx`vi n‡Z DØy× Ki‡ZZ‡_ï f~wgKvi Dci we‡kl †Rvi †`qv nq|58

me‡k‡l ej‡Z nq, Z‡_¨ gvby‡li cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z Avš—R©vwZKcwigÊ‡j A½xKv‡ii NvUwZ †bB| we‡kl K‡i, wewfbœ bxwZ I Kg©m~wP m¤úwK©ZZ_¨ Db¥y³Ki‡Yi wel‡q Avš—R©vwZK A½xKvi GLb LyeB kw³kvjx| DbœZ Ges

49

wkï AwaKvi welqK mb`55

13 b¤î Aby‡”Q`Òwkï‡ì cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv w`‡Z n‡e, GUv Zvi AwaKvi; †h †Kv‡bv wel‡q,cÖm½ wbwe©‡k‡l, cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I fvebv m¤ú‡K© ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rvb‡Z PvIqv,†mUv cvIqv Ges Zv wewbg‡qi AwaKviI wkïi cÖKv‡ki AwaKv‡ii Aš—fy©³we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Z_¨ I fvebvi nw`‡mi gva¨g n‡Z cv‡i †gŠwLK, n‡Zcv‡i Zv gyw`ªZ ev wjwLZ ev †Kv‡bv wkwíZ iƒ‡c| wkï Zvi cQ›`bxq wfbœ†Kv‡bv gva¨‡gI Z_¨ PvB‡Z †c‡Z cv‡i|Ó

Dbœqbkxj mKj ai‡bi †`kB BwZg‡a¨ bvbvfv‡e gvbevwaKvi welqK mb` Geswewfbœ m‡¤§jb †_‡K D”PvwiZ †NvlYvg~jK A½xKvi¸‡jv ¯^”QZvi m‡½ ev¯—evqbwel‡q cÖwZkÖ“Z| Z‡e GI wbtm‡›`‡n ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z nq †h, Dc‡iv³ A½xKviev¯—evq‡bi †¶‡Î we‡k¦i me©Î ivR‰bwZK mw`”Qvi MwZ LyeB axi| kvmbcÖwµqvq ¯”QZv wbwðZ Kivi welqwU cÖwZkÖ“wZi m‡½ cvjv w`‡q G‡Mv‡”Q bv|we‡k¦i 193wU †`‡ki g‡a¨ GL‡bv A‡a©‡KiI Kg †`k Z_¨ AwaKvi‡K ¯^xK…wZw`‡q RvZxq ch©v‡q AvBb ˆZwi K‡i‡Q|

50

Aa¨vq wZb: RvZxq ch©v‡q Z_¨ AwaKvi

Z_¨ AwaKvi‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q miKvi¸‡jv hv Ki‡QgvbevwaKvi welqK Avš—R©vwZK wewfbœ `wjj, †NvlYv, ¯^xK…wZ I KvVv‡gv‡Z Z_ÄwaKv‡ii D‡jL _vK‡jI Zvi ev —e g~j¨ KgÑ hw` bv †Kv‡bv †`‡ki miKviZ_¨ AwaKv‡ii PP©vi my‡hvM K‡i †`q| RbMY hv‡Z miKv‡ii wR¤§vq _vKv Z_ëënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ Af¨š—ixY AvBbMZ i¶vKePcÖ‡qvRb|

A‡b‡KB G iKgwU g‡b K‡ib †h, miKvwifv‡e Z_¨ AwaKvi welqK AvBb n‡jB†Kej miKvi Zvi wR¤§vq _vKv Z_¨ gvbyl‡K Rvb‡Z †`‡e| Avm‡j GKwU miKviPvB‡j bvbvfv‡e miKvwi Z_¨ RbMY‡K Rvbv‡Z cv‡i|

¯^D‡`¨v‡M miKvwi Zid †_‡K RbMY‡K Z_¨ Rvbv‡bvZ_¨ AwaKvi PP©vq RbM‡Yi Rb¨ miKvwifv‡e cÖ_g KiYxq n‡jv GB wbðqZv†`qv †h, G wel‡q AvBb bv _vK‡jI GKRb bvMwiK PvB‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨cv‡e| G‡¶‡Î miKvi ¯^qswµqfv‡e wb‡R †_‡KB Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Zcv‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc, †mv‡jvgb Øxccy‡Äi K_v ejv hvq, †hLv‡b miKvwiKvh©µ‡gi ¯^”QZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z miKvi Zvi bxwZ I Kg©m~wPi Z_¨vw` RbMY‡KRvbv‡”Q, hv GB AwaKv‡ii c‡¶ Zvi evowZ A½xKviB cÖKvk K‡i| G †`kwUiAwfÁZv †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, gvbyl AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Z‡_ï Rb¨ Av‡e`b bv Ki‡jIGes `xN© A‡c¶vq bv †_‡KI miKvwi Z_¨ †c‡q hv‡”Q A_©vr miKvi Z_¨cÖKv‡ki wKQz KvVv‡gv M‡o Zzj‡j gvbyl Zvi eënv‡ii gva¨‡gB Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbI AvMÖn Abyhvqx †mLvb †_‡K Z_¨ †c‡Z cv‡i|

52

†mv‡jvgb ØxccyÄ : Ôwccjm& dv÷Õ †bUIqvK©miKvwi Kv‡Ri cÖwZ RbAv¯’v I wek¦vm evov‡Z †mv‡jvgb Øxccy‡Äi †emiKvwiGKwU msMVb Zv‡ì we‡kl D‡`¨vM wn‡m‡e ÔwcGd †bUÕ (wccjm& dv÷†bUIqvK©) bv‡g GKwU Kg©m~wP Pvjy K‡i| 2005 mv‡j †mv‡jvgb Øxccy‡Äicjx Dbœqb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnvqZvq AviwWwfG (i“ivj †W‡fjc‡g›U fjvw›UqviA¨v‡mvwm‡qkb)-Gi GB Kg©m~wP ïi“ K‡i|1 ÔwcGd †bUÕ Kg©m~wPi j¶¨ ID‡Ïk¨ wQj : ÒZ‡_¨ AwfMg¨Zv evwo‡q Ges MÖvgxY GjvKvq gvby‡li†hvMv‡hvM m¶gZv evwo‡q kvwš— ¯’vcb-D‡`¨vM‡K mnvqZv Ges `vwi`ª¨we‡gvP‡b mdjZv AR©b|Ó2 GB D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Ki‡Z †h‡q ÔwcGd †bUÕ MÖvgxYwewfbœ KwgDwbwUi gv‡S †`ke¨vcx B‡gj †÷k‡bi GKwU †bUIqvK© cÖwZôvK‡i| miKvwi wewfbœ AeKvVv‡gv, †hgbÑ ¯’vbxq ¯‹zj, cÖv‡`wkK ¯^v¯’¨‡K›`ª

53

BZ¨vw`‡Z GB B‡gj †÷kb¸‡jv ¯’vwcZ nq| wØZxq ch©v‡q GB Kg©m~wPi Askwn‡m‡e †`kwUi ivRavbx nvwbqviv‡Z3 GKwU B›Uvi‡bU K¨v‡d ¯’vwcZ nq|cvkvcvwk ÔwcGd †bUÕ cÖwZwbqZ ¯’vbxq I Avš—R©vwZK msev`¸‡jvi GKwUmsw¶ß mvi ˆZwi KiZ Ges Zv B‡gj †÷kb¸‡jv‡Z cvwV‡q †`qv n‡Zv, hv‡ZRbMY mn‡RB †`k-we‡`‡ki LeivLeiI wbqwgZ Rvb‡Z cv‡i|Z_¨ AwaKvi PP©vi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi Rb¨ AeKvVv‡gvMZ myweav ˆZwi Kiv GBAwaKvi AR©‡bi c‡_ GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ AMÖMwZ n‡jI Zv ZLwb †Kej c~Y©Zvcvq, hw` RbMY‡K cy‡ivgvÎvq †mB KvVv‡gvMZ nvwZqvi¸‡jv eënvi Kivimy‡hvM K‡i †`qv nq| ÔwcGd †bUÕ cÖK‡íi we‡ePbv‡ZI GUv wQj †h, MÖvgxYRbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ mnR‡eva¨ †Kv‡bv e¨vcvi bq, G‡¶‡ÎZv‡ì eënvwiK mnvqZv cÖ‡qvRb| G Kvi‡Y ÔwcGd †bUÕ cÖwZwU B‡gj†÷k‡b †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡Z `¶ `yÕRb K‡i Kg©x wb‡qvM K‡i| GB Kg©xivAcv‡iU‡ii f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Zb| Zviv MÖvgxY gvbyl‡ì Pvwn`v ey‡S †mBAbyhvqx Z_¨ †c‡Z Zv‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Zb| d‡j wbi¶iZv KL‡bv IBgvbyl‡ì Z_¨ AbymÜv‡b cÖwZeÜKZv n‡q ùvovqwb|4

ÔwcGd-†bUÕ Kg©m~wPi djvdj wQj †mv‡jvgb Øxccy‡Ä AZ¨š— BwZevPK|†`kwU‡Z kvwš— cybtcÖwZôv Ges ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv e„w×‡ZmnvqZvi Rb¨ GB cÖKí myaxR‡bi we‡kl ¯^xK…wZ cvq| RbMY‡K Z_¨ mg„×ivLv Ges fyj Z_¨ cÖPvi K‡i mgv‡R wek„•Ljv m„wói Ac‡Póv cÖwZ‡iv‡a GBKg©m~wP †ek Kvh©Ki cÖgvwYZ nq|5

ÔwcGd-†bUÕ Kg©m~wPi mdjZvq DØy× n‡q †mv‡jvgb Øxccy‡Äi miKvi 2006mv‡j GKwU Awdwmqvj I‡qe mvBU Pvjy K‡i| GUv wQj Giƒc cÖ_g D‡`¨vM|I‡qe mvBUwU Pvjyi j¶¨ wQj: ÒZ_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡gmiKvwi mvwf©m¸‡jv RbM‡Yi gv‡S cÖPvi Kiv, †m¸‡jvi cÖmvi NUv‡bv GesmiKvwi Kv‡Ri Kvh©KvwiZv I ¯^”QZv evov‡bv|Ó6

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67

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1999 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i _vBj¨vÛ A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK AwaKvimsµvš— mb‡` m¤§wZ Ávcb K‡i|

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2005 mvj ch©š— eb eë¯’vcbv cwiKíbvq RwoZ wQj gvÎ wZbwU c¶Ñ MvQKvUvi KvR †c‡Z AvMÖnx ms¯’v, cwiKíbv Aby‡gv`bKvix K…wl gš¿Yvjq Ges ivóªxqGmsµvš— Z`viwK cÖwZôvb| eb eë¯’vcbv m¤^‡Ü m‡PZbZv m„wói j‡¶¨ mvaviYbvMwiK‡ì m‡½ miKvwi Zid †_‡K Z_¨ ev gZwewbg‡qi †Kv‡bv evaëvaKZvwQj bv| d‡j mvavi‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨ Rvbvi wKsev eb cwiKíbv I eë¯’vcbv A_evwb‡R‡ì cwi‡ek i¶vq AskMÖn‡Yi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM wQj bv|

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94

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96

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97

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ON., 7 b‡f¤î 2007 mv‡j msM„nxZ Z_¨| 5 nviv‡i †NvlYv KgbI‡qj_fy³ †`k¸‡jvi Rb¨ gvbevwaKvi I MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡evawel‡q wKQy gvb`Ê wbw`©ó K‡iwQj| KgbI‡qj_ mwPevjq (1991)-Gi Ônviv‡i †NvlYvÕm¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡Z †`Lyb:http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/

20723/ 34457/harare_commonwealth_declaration/, 7 b‡f¤î 2007 mv‡jmsM„nxZ Z_¨| 6 c~‡e©v³, Aby‡”Q` b¤î 4| 7 we¯—vwiZ †`Lyb, H `wj‡ji Aby‡”Q` 19|8 Aby‡”Q` b¤î 10, 14 Ges 16; 1979 mv‡j M„nxZ wmWI (Convention on the

Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) mb` bvixi Z_ÄwaKv‡ii Dci we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q _v‡K| wmWI mb` wel‡q Av‡iv we¯—vwiZ †`Lyb :http://www. un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm, 6 b‡f¤î 2007 mv‡jmsM„nxZ Z_¨| 9 wkï AwaKvi mb‡ì 13 b¤î Aby‡”Q` we‡klfv‡e GB mZ¨ ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½ Zy‡j a‡i†h, mKj wkïi ÔZ_¨ PvIqv, cvIqv Ges wewbg‡qiÕ AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| RvwZm•N KZ…©K1989 mv‡ji wkï AwaKvi mb` wel‡q Av‡iv †`Lyb : http://www.ohchr.org/

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163, 6 b‡f¤î 2007 mv‡j msM„nxZ Z_¨| 11 †Rwb †Wv ebvg †Uv‡i‡›Uv wgDwbwmcvwjwUi †g‡UªvcwjUb Kwgkbvi Ae cywjk (1998)|†KvU© bw_ b¤î 87-CQ-21670 (Canada) : http://www.sgmlaw.com/ Page251

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7 b‡f¤î 2007 mv‡j msM„nxZ Z_¨| 20 UªvÝcv‡iwÝ B›Uvib¨vkbvj-Gi ÔKivckvbm& cvi‡PckvÝ Bb‡W·Õ n‡jv Ggb GKwUM‡elYvMZ nvwZqvi hvi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU †`‡ki `yb©xwZi gvÎv Abygvb Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b180wU †`‡k we‡klÁ‡ì yb©xwZ m¤úwK©Z we‡kl‡Y Ges gZvgZ Rwi‡c GB c×wZieënvi n‡”Q| Av‡ivI †`Lyb: UªvÝcv‡iwÝ B›Uvib¨vkbvj (2007) Kivckvbm&cvi‡PckvÝ Bb‡W·: http://www.transparency.org/ policy_research/surveys_

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peoples and Autochthones wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| †iwR÷ªvW© BwÛqvb wn‡m‡eZv‡ì miKvwi bw_fy³ n‡Z nq| †mLv‡b GB Rb‡Mvôxi wewfbœ myweavi Rb¨ BwÛqvbA¨v± bv‡g GKwU AvBb i‡q‡Q| †`Lyb: Indian and Northern Affairs (2004)

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ipperwashinquiry.ca/report/vol_4/pdf/E_Vol_4_Summary_2.pdf. 14 b‡f¤î2007 mv‡j msM„nxZ Z_¨| 138 Dc‡iv³, b¤î 136 : Mfb©‡g›U Ae I›UvwiI, KvbvWv (2007), `¨ AvBcviIqvkBb‡KvqvixÑ`¨ Kwgkbvim †÷U‡g›UÑ cvewjK wiwjR Ae wi‡cvU©|139 Dc‡iv³, b¤î 137: Mfb©‡g›U Ae I›UvwiI, KvbvWv (2007), `¨ AvBcviIqvkBb‡KvqvixÑcwjwm GbvjvBwmm, c„. 80| 139 Dc‡iv³, b¤î 137 : Mfb©‡g›U Ae I›UvwiI, KvbvWv (2007), `¨ AvBcviIqvkBb‡KvqvixÑcwjwm GbvjvBwmm, c„. 80|140 Dc‡iv³, b¤î 132: KvbvWvi 1983 mv‡ji Z_¨ AwaKvi welqK AvBb| 141 Z_¨ cÖKvkKvix ev Ôwhistle-blower’ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡”Q `vwqZ¡iZ GKRbKg©KZ©v ev Kg©Pvix ev GKRb cÖv³b Kg©x ev †Kv‡bv evwYwR¨K ev miKvwi cÖwZôv‡biGKRb m`m¨ whwb Rb¯^v‡_©i wecix‡Z Am`ycv‡qi Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡ib; Ôwhistle-blower’

wn‡m‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv mËvi K_vI ejv hvq, †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡b m„ó Amy`cv‡qi ms‡kva‡bKvh©Ki c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ hvi ¶gZv Ges B”Qv i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Amy`cvq ej‡ZmvaviYfv‡e †evSv‡bv n‡”Q †Kv‡bv wewa ev AvB‡bi j•Nb‡K A_ev Rb¯^v‡_©i Rb¨mivmwi †Kv‡bv ûgwK‡K| †mUv n‡Z cv‡i †Kv‡bv cÖZviYviƒ‡c, Rb¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËvi¶wZKi †Kv‡bv AvPiY iƒ‡c A_ev `yb©xwZiƒ‡c|

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0,2144,2786954,00.html, 15 b‡f¤î 2007 mv‡j msM„nxZ Z_¨| 152 n‡WŠwjm, †R (2007), ÒwRDm gw›`‡i wMÖ‡mi †QvU GK ag©xq †Mvôxi Ô†MvcbÕm‡¤§jbÓ, wg‡Wj B÷vb© UvBgm&, 22 Rvbyqvwi: http://www.religionnewsblog.com/17250/greek-cult-holdsforbidden-ceremony-at-zeus-

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Voter’s Guide, CHRI, New Delhi: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/ publications/const/the_right_to_know.pdf as on 6 November 2007.

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Commonwealth”, New Delhi, p.16: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/chogm/chogm_2003/chogm%202003%20report.pdf as on 6 November 2007.

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Donnellan E., Donohoe M., Wall M., (2006) “Garda Given Report on Deaths at Leas

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155

Freedominfo.org website (2005) “Swedish Government Compelled to Release

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Fuller, B. (2007) “Open Records by 2009”, Caymanian Compass, 27 June: http://www.caycompass.com/cgi-bin/CFPnews.cgi? ID=1023191 as on 13 November 2007.

The Government of Canada website (2001) “Access to Information Act Review

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GE Free New Zealand website (2005) NZ Authorities Silent on “UnbelievableSloppiness!” as EU Blockades GM Corn, 12 May: http://www.gefree.org.nz/press/o12052005.htm as on 16 November 2007.

Gomes C., & Weaver E. Jamaicans for Justice (2007) “Case Study on the Use of

Access to Information to Improve the Human Rights Situation of Children in the Care

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Gordon, R. G., Jr. (ed.) (2005) “Ethnologue: Languages of the World”,: http://www.ethnologue.com/ as on 12 May 2007.

Gray, J., (2004) “Officers Make Racist Remarks on Tape”, Ryerson University Schoolof Journalism Diversity Watch, 21 January: http://www.diversitywatch.ryerson.ca/media/cache/ipperwash_globe_jan21.htm as on 12 June 2007.

The Greek Ombudsman website (2006) “On What Issues can the Greek Ombudsman

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Hadoulis, J. (2007) “Greek Cult Hold ‘Forbidden’ Ceremony at Zeus temple”, MiddleEastern Times, 22 January: http://www.religionnewsblog.com/17250/greek-cult-holdsforbidden-ceremony-at-zeus-temple as on 15 November 2007.

Hanaoka, M. (2006), “Sex and the Death Penalty”: http://inthefray.org/index.php/200608081772/sex-and-the-death-penalty.html as on 20 November 2007.

Hennigan, M (2006) “Finfacts Ireland Blog: Reform Irish Style”, 9 November:http://www.finfacts.ie/finfactsblog/2006/11/reform-irish-style-take-action-only-in.htmlas on 13 June 2007.

International Lesbian and Gay Association website (2006) “Executions in Iran:

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Irishhealth.com website (2005) “Leas Cross Deaths to be Reviewed” , 28 October:http://www.irishhealth.com/index.html?level=4&id=8409 as on 22 November 2007.

The Indian Department of Food and Public Distribution website (1997) Targeted

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Kouronis, A. (2007) “Greece: Exploring the Revival of Ancient Religious Traditions”

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Locke, Keith (2006) “Consumer Right to Know (Food Information) Bill – First

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Melchiorre, Angela (2004) “At What Age…are School Children Employed, Married

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The Office of the Information Commissioner website: Ireland (2006) “FOI Legislation:

Still Achieving its Purpose?” 30 November: http://www.oic.irlgov.ie/en/MediaandSpeeches/Speeches/2006/Name,6181,en.htm as on 23 November 2007.

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Pacific Plan (2005): http://www.pacificplan.org/tiki-page.php?page Name=HomePageas on 7 November 2007.

Pirovolakis, C. (2007) “GREECE: Civil Disobedience! Pagans Dare to Pray in Public

as Hundreds of Riot Police Protect Christian Orthodoxy”, Pagan Institute Report,World Pagan News, 22 January: http://paganinstitute.org/PIR/world_pagan_news.html#GREECE:%20%20Civil%20Disobediance!%20Pagans% 20dare%20to%20pray%20in%20public%20%20as%20hundreds%20of%20riot%20police%20protect%20Christian%20Orthodoxy as on 15 November 2007.

Pountney, M. (2006), “Cancer Victims Denied Drug Info”, Herald Sun, 21 February:http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985, 18215051-2862,00.html as on 23November 2007.

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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2006) “Solomon

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RTI International (2007) “Improving Education in Pakistan”: http://www.rti.org/page.cfm?nav=595&objectid=8507305C-397D-4959-A9FE316392861F06 as on 6November 2007.

Sen, A (2000) “Global Doubts”, 351st Commencement Day Address to University ofHarvard, 8 June: http://www.commencement.harvard.edu/2000/sen.html as on 6November 2007.

Smith, Russell (2003) “The Impact of Hate Media in Rwanda”, BBC News Online, 3December: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3257748.stm as on 7 November 2007.

Solomon Islands People First Network (PFnet), What are PFnet’s Objectives?: http://www.peoplefirst.net.sb/general/PFnet.htm as on 13 November 2007.

Tait, R. (2006) “Bestsellers Banned in New Iranian Censorship Purge”, The Guardian,17 November: http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,1950280,00.html as on 28November 2007.

Toronto Environmental Alliance website, “Toronto Needs a Community Right to

KnowLaw”, http://www.torontoenvironment.org/node/315 as on 27 October 2007.

The Toronto Audit Services website (1999) “Toronto Police Review of the Investigation

of Sexual Assaults”, pp.103-105: www.walnet.org/jane_doe/griffiths-991025.pdf as on6 November 2007.

Transparency International (2007) Corruption Perceptions Index: http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi as on 7 November 2007.

Transparency International Policy Paper: “Poverty, Aid and Corruption”, http://www.transparency.org/publications/publications/aid_corruption as on 7 November2007.

Verkaik, R (2006) “Female Reporters Paid £ 6500 Less Than Men by BBC”, TheIndependent: http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article2055563.ece as on 20November 2007.

Wikipedia (2007) “Censorship in Iran”: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran as on 28 November 2007.

Wikipedia (2007) “Corngate,” 9 December : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corngate ason 7 November 2007.

Wikipedia (2008) “Human Rights in Iran”, May: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran#_note-30 as on 20 November 2007.

The Women and Work Commission website (2006) “Shaping a Fairer

Future”:http://www.womenandequalityunit.gov.uk/publications/wwc_shaping_fairer_future06.pdf as on 20 November 2007.

The Women and Equality Unit website (2007) “What is the Pay Gap and Why Does it

Exist?” November: http://www.womenandequalityunit.gov.uk/pay/pay_facts.htm as on20 November 2007.

The World Bank website (2004) “How the Bank Helps Fight Corruption” , 8 April:

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http://go.worldbank.org/07930BHX80 as on 7 November 2007.

The World Bank website (2004) “The Costs of Corruption” n, 8 April: http:// go.worldbank.org/LJA29GHA80 as on 7 November 2007.

Ziegler, J. (2001) The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food,April:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm as on 20 November 2007.

Asiaweek (2000) “Editorials: Making Tea History – A Blow to School ‘tea money’

Heralds Positive Change”, May 12: http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0512/edit2.html as on 17 November 2007.

The British Broadcasting Corporation (2007) “Gender Equality Scheme”:http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/policies/text/gender_equality_scheme.html as on 22November 2007.

BBC News (2005) “Sweden Names Asia Tsunami Victims”, 9 February:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4250221.stm as on 26 April 2007.

BBC World News (2004) Gender Pay Gap Wider than Though, 1 June:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3765535.stm as on 22 November 2007.

Fox News (2007) “Iran Does Far Worse Than Ignore Gays, Critics Say”, 25September: http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,297982,00.html as on 20November 2007.

Times News Network (2007) “Rs. 31,500 crore PDS Grain Stolen in 3 Years’”, TheTimes of India, 17 September: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2375230.cms as on 20 November, 2007.

Medical News Today (2006) “Herceptin for Pharmaceuticals Benefits Scheme in

Australia”, 23 August: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=50351 as on 23 November 2007.

RTE News (2006) December, “Nursing Home Bill to Set Up Inspecting Bodies” 14December: http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/1214/nursing.html as on 21 November 2007.

RTE News (2006) “Leas Cross Report finds ‘Systematic Abuse’”, 10 November:http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/1110/leascross.html as on 13 June 2007.

RTE News (2005) “Heath Services Executive (HSE) Appalled by Conditions at Dublin

Home”, 30 May: http://www.rte.ie/news/2005/0530/leascross.html as on 23 November2007.

Reports and Surveys

Amnesty International (2007) Facts and Figures on the Death Penalty, 2 October:http://web.amnesty.org/pages/deathpenalty-facts-eng as on 22 November 2007.

Article 19, CHRI, CPA and the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (2001) Global

Trends on the Right to Information: A Survey of South Asia, pp. 23-24: www.article19.org/pdfs/publications/south-asia-foi-survey.pdf as on 14 November 2007.

The Center for Food Safety (2006), Contamination Episodes with Genetically

Engineered Crops: United States of America, p.1: http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/pubs/Contamination%20episodes%20fact%20sheet.pdf as on 16 November2007.

The Government of Jamaica (2001) Keating Report: A Review of Children’s Homes

and Places of Safety in Jamaica, p. 13: http://www.jamaicansforjustice.org/docs/Keating%20Report.pdf as on 6 November 2007.

Health Services Executive (2006) Leas Cross Review, 10 November: http://www.

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hse.ie/en/Publications/HSEPublications/LeasCrossReport/FiletoUpload,4094,en.pdfas on 23 November 2006.

Jamaicans for Justice (2006) The Situation of Children Under the Care of the

Jamaican State, October: http://www.jamaicansforjustice.org/docs/JFJACHRCHILDRENH omesReportOct06final.pdf as on 6 November 2007.

The Government of Ontario, Canada (2007) The Ipperwash Enquiry – Policy Analysis

Volume 2 – Executive Summary : Canada, p. 85, http://www.ipperwashinquiry.ca/report/ vol_4/pdf/E_Vol_4_Summary_2.pdf. as on 14 November 2007.

Privacy International (2006) Freedom of Information Around the World 2006 – AGlobal Survey of Access to Government Information Laws, pp. 147-148:www.privacyinternational.org/foi/foisurvey2006.pdf as on 14 November 2006.

Right to Education Project (2006) Table 1: Countries Without Free Public Primary

Education Available to all School-Age Children by Region: http://www.right-to-education.org/ as on 14 November 2007.

4NI (2005) Survey Reveals Widening Gender Gap in Pay, 30 August:http://www.4ni.co.uk/news.asp?id=43724 as on 20 November 2007.

The United States of America Department of Transportation website (2007) Table 1-11: Number of U.S. Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels and Other Conveyances:http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/ table_01_11.html as on 10 November 2007.

Press Releases

The Government of Ontario, Canada (2007) The Ipperwash Enquiry –The

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Speeches

Annan, K. (1997) Address to the World Bank Conference “Global Knowledge ’97",Toronto,Canada, on June 22: iggi.unesco.or.kr/web/iggi_docs/01/952476023.pdf ason 6 November 2007.

Manuals

The Society of Professional Journalists (1996) Code of Ethics: http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp as on 7 November 2007

United Nations Department of International Economic and Social Affairs (1986)Guidelines for Consumer Protection: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/links/consumerprotection.html as on 7 November 2007.

Court Judgements

Claude Reyes et al. v Chile (2006): www.justiceinitiative.org/db/resource2/fs/?file_id=18907 as on 7 November 2007 (Inter- American Court of Human Rights).

Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Pvt Ltd v India (1985) 1 SCC 641 (India).

Jane Doe v Metropolitan Toronto (Municipality) Commissioners of Police (1998) CourtFile No. 87-CQ-21670 (Canada): http://www.sgmlaw.com/Page251.aspx as on 6

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November 2007. (Canada).

The Prosecutor v Tharcisse Renzaho Case No. ICTR 97-31-I http://69.94.11.53/default. htm as on 7 November 2007 (International Criminal Tribunal forRwanda (case in progress).

The Prosecutor v Ferninand Nahimana, Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Hassan Ngeze

(2003) Case No. ICTR-99-52-T http://69.94.11.53/default.htm as on 7 November2007 (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda).

R v Deane (2001) 1 S.C.R. 279, SCC5 : http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/2001/2001scc5/2001scc5.html as on 16 November 2007 (Canada)

Reliance Petrochemicals Ltd v Proprietors of Indian Express Newspapers Bombay

Pvt Ltd, AIR 1989 SC 190 (India).

S.P. Gupta v Union of India, AIR 1982 SC, 149 (India).

Uttar Pradesh v Raj Narain, AIR 1975, SC865 (India).

Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India, And Others,

v Cricket Association Of Bengal And Others, 1995(002) SCC 0161 SC (India).

Communiqués, Declarations, Resolutions and Treaties

African Union (2003) Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, 11 July:http://www.africa-union.org/Official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/Convention%20on%20Combating%20Corruption.pdf.

African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, (2001), Resolution on the

Adoption of the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa,

Resolutions 54(XXIX) 01, 7 May: http://www.achpr.org/english/declarations/declaration_freedom_exp_en.html as on 7 November 2007.

African Union (1981) Charter on Human and People’s Right, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21I.L.M: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/skills/hrdr/instr/afri_2.htm as on 7 November 2007.

Commonwealth Secretariat (1991), Harare Declaration: http://www.thecommonwealth. org/Internal/20723/34457/harare_commonwealth_declaration/ ason 6 November 2007.

Council on the League of Arab States (1994) Arab Charter on Human Rights:

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/arabhrcharter.html as on 19 November 2007.

Council of Europe (1950) European Convention for the Protection of Human Rightsand Fundamental Freedoms: http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm as on 7 November 2007.

European Union (2000) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union:

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf. as on 19 November 2007.

International Conference on Primary Health Care (1978) Declaration of Alma-Ata:

http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/declaration_almaata.pdf as on 6 November 2007.

Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (1969) Inter-American Convention on

Human Rights: http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Human%20Rights%20Documents/AmerConven_HumanRights.html as on 7 November 2007.

Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression, Inter-AmericanCommission on Human Rights (2004) International Mechanisms for Promoting

Freedom of Expression: Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur,

Organisation of Security and Cooperation in Europe on Freedom of the Media and

161

Organisation of American States Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, 6December: http://www.cidh.oas.org/relatoria/ showarticle.asp?artID=319&lID=1 as on7 November 2007.

Organisation of America States (2000) Inter-American Declaration of Principles of

Freedom of Speech: http://www.cidh.org/relatoria/showarticle.asp?artID=26&lID=1 ason 7 November 2007.

Promoting Open Government: Commonwealth Principles and Guidelines on the Right

to Know (1999) Commonwealth Expert Group Meeting on Right to Know and thePromotion of Democracy and Development , 30-31 March:http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ai/rti/international/cw_standards/commonwealth_expert_grp_on_the_rti_99-03-00.pdf as on 19 November 2007.

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Department forSustainableDevelopment, (2004) Agenda 21: http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21chapter1.htm as on 20 November 2007.

United Nations Department of International Economic and Social Affairs (1986)ResolutionnA/RES/39/248:http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/links/ consumerprotection.html as on 20 November 2007.

Commission of the Human Rights (2000) Resolution E/CN.4/RES/2000/38 Para.2, 20April:http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.RES.2000.38.En?Opendocument as on 7 November 2007.

United Nations General Assembly (1979) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms

of Discrimination Against Women, 18 December: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/ as on 21 November 2007.

United Nations General Assembly (1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

Resolution n 271 A (III) 10 December: http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html as on 7November 2007.

United Nations General Assembly (1946) Resolution 59(1), 65th Plenary Meeting, 14December http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?OpenAgent&DS=A/RES/59(I)&Lang=E&Area=RESOLUTION as on 7 November 2007.

United Nations (2003) United Nations Convention Against Corruption: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/crime_convention_corruption.html as on 14 November 2007.

United Nations (2000) General Comment n.14 E/C.12/2000/4: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(symbol)/E.C.12.2000.4.En as on 23 November 2007.

United Nations (2000) Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child

on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflicts: http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/crcconflict.htm as on 6 November 2007.

United Nations (2000) The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health

E/C.12/2000/4 (General Comments): http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(symbol)/E.C.12.2000.4.En as on 29 October 2007.

United Nations (2000) Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child

on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography:

http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/dopchild.htm as on 6 November 2007.

United Nations (1999) The Right to Education (Art.13) E/C.12/1999/10 (General

Comments),:http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/ae1a0b126d068e868025683c003c8b3b?Opendocument as on 14 November 2007.

United Nations (1999) UN Principles for Older Persons: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/ iyop/iyoppop.htm as on 13 June 2007.

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United Nations (1992) The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development:

http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=78&ArticleID=1163 as on 14 November 2007.

United Nations (1990) International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All

Migrant Workers and Their Families: http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/cmw.htm as on14 November 2007.

United Nations (1989) United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child:

http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/crc.pdf as on 6 November 2007.

United Nations (1981) Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination

and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_intole.htm as on 7 November 2007.

United Nations (1972) Declaration on the United Nations Conference on the Human

Environment: http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp? DocumentID=97&ArticleID=1503 as on 14 November 2007.

United Nations (1966) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm as on 6 November 2007.

United Nations (1966) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.htm as on 6 November 2007.

United Nations (2003) Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights, General

Comment no.15 E/C.12/2002/11,para.45: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/a5458d1d1bbd713fc1256 cc400389e94?Opendocument as on 26 October 2007.


Comment no.14 E/C.12/2000/4, para 12: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(symbol)/E.C.12.2000.4.En as on 26 October 2007.


Comment no.12 E/C.12/1999/5, para.23: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/3d02758c707031 d58025677f003b73b9?Opendocument as on 26 October 2007.


Comment no.13 E/C.12/1999/10, para. 56: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(symbol)/ E.C.12.1999.10.En? OpenDocument as on 26 October 2007.

United Nations Economic and Social Council (2000) Report of the Special Rapporteur

on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Mr.

Abid Hussain, submitted in accordance with Commission resolution 1999/36 UN Doc.E/CN.4/2000/63, Para. 43-44, 18 January: http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf /0/16583a84ba1b3ae5802568bd004e80f7/$FILE/G0010259.pdf as of 7November 2007.

United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1998) Right to Freedom of Opinion

and Expression Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1998/42 Res.E/CN.4/1998/42, Para. 2, 17 April: http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/ac5072a4cb3166cb 8025666a0033ecdd?Opendocument as on 19November 2007.

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (1998) Aarhus Convention on

Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice

in Environmental Matters: http://www.unece.org/env/pp/welcome.html as on 20November 2007.

United Nations Economic and Social Council (1998) Report of the Special

Rapporteur, Abid Hussain, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights

Resolution 1997/26 UN Doc. E/CN.4/1998/40, Para. 14, 28 January: http://www.

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unhchr.ch/Huridocda/ Huridoca.nsf/fb00da 486703f751c12565a90059a227/7599319f02ece82dc12566080045b296?OpenDocument as of 7 November 2007.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (1982) The Right

to Life, General Comment no 6, 30 April : http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/84ab9690ccd81fc7c12563ed0046fae3? Opendocument as on 14 November 2007.

Legislation

Access to Information Act, 2002 (Jamaica), http://www.jis.gov.jm//special_sections/Bills%20&%20Acts/atib.htm as on 6 November 2007.

Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 2002 (Zimbabwe):www.sokwanele.com/pdfs/AIPPA.pdf as on 7 November 2007.

Act on Free Access to Information, (Slovakia): http://www.elaw.org/resources/text.asp?ID=331 as on 14 November 2007.

Access to Information Act, 1983 (Canada): http://www.infocom.gc.ca/acts/sections-e.asp as on 8 November 2007.

Administrative Procedure Code, 1999 (Greece): http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN001820.pdf as on 6 November 2007.

Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-15.31/text.html as on 27 October 2007.

Chilean Decree Law 660 Foreign Investment Statute (1993) (Chile):www.cochilco.cl/english/normativa/pdf/dl600_eng.pdf as on 7 November 2007.

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996: http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/index.htm as on 13 November 2007.

Constitution of Slovakia, 1992: http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/lo00000_.html as on20 November 2007.

Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, 1991: http://www.parliament.go.th/files/library/law3e-e.htm as on 14 November 2007.

Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, 1949: http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hu00000_.html as on 27 October 2007.

Equal Pay Act, 1970 (United Kingdom): http://www.womenandequalityunit.gov.uk/legislation/equal_pay_act.htm as on 20 November 2007.

Freedom of Information (Amendment) Bill, 2006-07 (United Kingdom):http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/pabills/200607/freedom_of_information_amendment.htm as on 7 November 2007.

Freedom of Information Act, 2005 (United Kingdom): http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2000/20000036.htm as on 17 November 2007.

Freedom of Information Act, 2004 (Antigua and Barbuda): http://www.ab.gov.ag/gov_v2/government/parliament/laws/freedom_of_info.pdf as on 13 November 2007.

Freedom of Information Ordinance, 2002 (Pakistan): http://www.privacyinternational.org/countries/pakistan/pk-foia-1002.html as on 14 November 2007.

Freedom of Information Act, 2002 (Scotland): http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2002/20020013.htm as on 17 November 2007.

Freedom of Information Act, 2000 (United Kingdom): http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2000/20000036.htm as on 23 November 2007.

Freedom of Information Act, 1982 (Australia): http://www.scaleplus.law.gov.au/

164

html/pasteact/0/58/top.htm as on 30 October 2007.

Freedom of Information Act, 1998 (Ireland): http://www.freedominfo.org/countries/ireland.htm as on 22 November 2007.

Freedom of Information Act, 1966 (United States of America): http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/foia.html as on 7 November 2007.

Food Standards Australia New Zealand Act, 1991 (Australia and New Zealand):www.comlaw.gov.au/.../ActCompilation1.nsf/0/34FDA538E7B40ACFCA256F71004DA6FE/$file/FoodStandANZ91.pdf as on 20 November 2007.

Freedom of the Press Act, 1766 (Sweden): http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/sw03000_.html as on 23 November 2007.

Iranian Penal Code, http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/pdfs/Codes/ThePenalCode.pdfas on 20 November 2007.

Land Registration Act, 2002 (United Kingdom) :http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/ 20020009.htm as on 27 October 2007.

Law on Free Access to Information, 1999 (Czech Republic): http://aitel.hist.no/~walterk/wkeim/files/foia-czech.htm as on 14 November 2007.

Local Government Official Information and Meetings Act, 1987 (New Zealand):http://www.legislation.govt.nz/libraries/contents/om_isapi.dll?clientID=317744615&infobase=pal_statutes.nfo&jump=a1987-174&softpage=DOC as on 20 November2007.

Local Government (Access to Information) Act, 1985, (United Kingdom): http://www.nas.gov.uk/recordKeeping/localGovernmentAccess ToInformationAct1985.asp as on22 November 2007.

Official Information Act, 1997 (Thailand) http://www.oic.go.th/content_eng/act.htm ason 7 November 2007. Official Information Act, 1982 (New Zealand) http://www.legislation.govt.nz/libraries/ contents/om_isapi.dll?clientID= 568998686&infobase=pal_statutes.nfo&jump=a1982-156&softpage=DOC as on 29 October 2007.

Official Secrets Act, 1989 (United Kingdom): http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1989/Ukpga_19890006_en_1.htm as on 22 November 2007.

Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000 (South Africa): http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2000/a2-00.pdf as on 13 November 2007.

The Right to Information Act, 2005 (India): http://righttoinformation.gov.in/ as on 20November 2007.

The Right to Information Act, 2001(Delhi): http://ar.delhigovt.nic.in/right1.html as on7 November 2007.

Russian Federation Forest Code, 1997 (Russia) http://www.forest.ru/eng/legislation/forestcode.html as on 29 October 2007.

Transport, Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation Act, 2000(United States): www.citizen.org/documents/TREAD%20Act.pdf as on 20 November2007.

Websites

Asian Development Bank Organisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentAnti-Corruption Initiative, The Initiative’s Member Countries and Economies:

http://www.oecd.org/document/23/0,3343,en_34982156_35315367_35030743_1_1_ 1_1,00.html as on 7 November 2007.

165

Department of Justice Canada, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,1982:http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/charter/ as on 6 November 2007.

Election Commission of India: http://www.eci.gov.in/ as on 6 November 2007.

New Zealand Parliament, Bills, SOPS, Acts, Regulations: http://www.pa r l i a m e n t . n z / e n - N Z / P B / L e g i s l a t i o n / B i l l s / 6 / 5 / 7 / 6 5 7 7 9 d 6 a 9 2 9 6 4 c508670a3bba1544c1e.htm as on 6 November 2007.

South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/ as on7 November 2007.

The Solomon Islands Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet:http://www.pmc.gov.sb/ as on 27 October 2007.

Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå (TT): http://www.tt.se/utl/eng.asp as on 14 November2007.

United States of America, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), The World Fact Book:http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcczech.htm as on 7 November 2007.

United Nations website (2006) United Nations Member States: http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml as on 19 November 2007.

Others

Consumer Rights Commission of Pakistan pamphlet Using Local government

Ordinance 2001 to Enhance Transparency in Education: Islamabad, Pakistan.

Parliamentary Debates of Ireland (2007) Vol. 186 No 23, 26 April: http://debates.oireachtas.ie/DDebate.aspx?F=SEN20070426.XML &Dail=29&Ex=All&Page=3 ason 22 November 2007.

Parliamentary Debates of Ireland (2006) Vol. 613 No. 4, 1 February: http://debates.oireachtas.ie/DDebate.aspx?F=DAL20060201 .xml&Dail=29&Ex=All&Page=2 as on22 November 2006.

The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, The MillenniumDevelopment Goals and Water: http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/facts_figures/mdgs.shtml as on 20 November 2007.

Women’s Economic Participation Team, Communities and Local Government (2007)Tackling the Gender Pay Gap Fact Sheet, 23 May:http://www.womenandequalityunit. gov.uk/publications/genpaygap_facts_jun07.docas on 20 November 2007.

The World Bank Water Supply and Sanitation (2007) About Us:http://web.worldbank.org/W B S I T E / E X T E R N A L / TO P I C S / E X T W S S/ 0, c o n t e n t M D K : 20249471~menuPK:514186~pagePK:2100 58~piPK:210062~theSitePK:337302,00.html as on 6 November 2007.

166

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USO House, 6, Special Institutional Area

New Delhi 110067, INDIA

Phone: +91-11-2686 2064/ 2686 3846

Fax: +91-11-2686 2042

Websites: www.southasia.fnst.org,

www.stiftung-freiheit.org

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