Santiago Sierra - Galleria Civica Di Arte Contemporanea - Silvana Editoriale, Milan, 2005

8/15/2019 Santiago Sierra - Galleria Civica Di Arte Contemporanea - Silvana Editoriale, Milan, 2005

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UFDXIFAJ UIG\\F

U F DX I F A J

U I G \ \ F

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UFDXIFAJ UIG\\F



UFDXIFAJ UIG\\F

f eurf hi / eurftgh ly / eurfhj pjr

Mflij Efvfccueei

Efrcjs Oikédgz

UicvfdfGhitjrifcg



Eftfcjaj f eurf hi / Eftfcjaug

ghitgh ly / Eftæcjaj ejd

eurfhurëf hg

Mflij Efvfccueei, Efrcjs Oikédgz

Ejdtriluti / Ejdtrilutijds /

Ejdtrilueijdgs

Mflij Efvfccueei

Efrcjs Oikédgz

Kfrij \jssi

Ufdtifaj Uigrrf

Xrfhuzijdi / Xrfdscftijds /

Xrfhueeiõdgs

Ufrfn Uefdhimmij

(hfcc’itfcifdj / mrjk Itfcifd /

hgc Itfcifdj)

Kfttgj _fhrf

(hfcc’idacgsg / mrjk Gdacisn /

hgc Idacés)

Aijvfddi Lfrjdg, Ojrhi Efdfcs

Riöfs, Kfdugcf Mjx(hfccj g id spfadjcj / tj fdh mrjk

Upfdisn / hgc y fc Gspföjc)

Erghiti Mjtjarfmiei / Rnjtjarfpnie

Erghits / Erghitjs mjtjaræmiejs

Ufdtifaj Uigrrf

Cissjd Afccgry, Cjdhjd

Afcgrig Rgtgr @icenkfdd, _órien

Ihf Risfdi

Uidhfej / Kfyjr / Idtgdhgdtg

Fclgrtj Rfengr

Fssgssjrg fccf eucturf / Ejudeiccjr

mjr Eucturg / Ejdsgogrj hg cf

Eucturf

Cueif Kfgstri

Hiriagdtg sgrvizij eucturf /

Kfdfagr jm Eucturg / Hirgetjr

Hgpfrtfkgdtj Eucturf

Mrfdef Rirgri

Hirgttjrg frtistiej / Frtistie

Hirgetjr / Hirgetjr Frtëstiej

Mflij Efvfccueei

Fssistgdtg eurftjrg / Fssistfdt

Eurftjr / Fsistgdtg Eurfhjr

Ufrfn Uefdhimmij

\ghfzijdg rivistf / Kfafzidg

Ghitjr / \ghfeiõd \gvistf

Eristidf Dftfcieenij

\ghfzijdg sitj idtgrdgt / Idtgrdgt

Uitg Ghitjr / \ghfeiõd sitij

Idtgrdgt

Kfrej Xjkfsidi

Hihfttief / Ghueftijd / Hihæetief

Ycgdif Fdagci

Utfaistf / Idtgrd / Lgefrij

Kfttgj _fhrf

Ugargtgrif jrafdizzftivf

g fkkidistrftivf / Fhkidistrftijd /

Ugergtfrëf jrafdizftivf y

fhkidistrftivf

Uusfddf Lgrcjmmf

Agrkfdf Gdhrizzi

Rftrizif Afrlfri

Kiengcf \jeeflrudf

Ljj`snjp

Aijvfddf Lrfafadf

Ecfuhij Rjcjdiftj

Fccgstikgdti / Ug ttida / Kjdtfog

Aifddi Xnigccf, hirgzijdg

Uqufhrf fccgstikgdti, cjaistief gfrrghi hgc Ejkudg hi Xrgdtj

Fppfrfti gcgttriei / Gcgetriefc

Gquipkgdt / Gquipjs gcéetriejs

Gcgttrj s.g.f., Xrgdtj

Ikpifdti vihgj / ]ihgj Gquipkgdt

/ Gquipjs ]ihgj

Xgcgdjrh, Xrgdtj

Idmjrkfzijdi / Idmjrkftijd /

Idmjrkfeijdgs

Afccgrif Eivief hi Frtg

Ejdtgkpjrfdgf

vif Lgcgdzfdi, 8=

5>622 Xrgdtj Itfcif / Itfcy

X? +59 28=6 9>7766/9>=65>

M? +59 28=6 <51255

G? idmjBafccgrifeivief.it

Q? www.wjr`frtjdcidg.dgt

Wmmieij stfkpf / Rrgss Jmmieg /

Hgpfrtfkgdtj hg Rrgdsf

Uflridf Kienigcci,Lfrlfrf Afklidj


Ejdtgkpjrfdgf

X? +59 28=6 9>=65>

Frtcid` Ljczfdj

X? +59 2816 7228>5

Rgr cf rgfcizzfzijdg hgc cfvjrj

si ridarfzif / Mjr tng rgfcizftijd jm

tng wjr`, tnfd`s tj / Rfrf cf

rgfcizfeiõd hgc trflfoj sg

farfhgeg?

Rrjagttfzijdg / Hgsiad /

Rrjygetfeiõd

Ejstfdtid Enfrfcfljpjucjs,

Utgmfdj Lgrtjcidi, Rfjcj Efjlgcci,

Hidj Mrfdzji

\gfcizzfzijdg / Rrjhuetijd /

\gfcizfeiõd

UF\LF Ritturg hi Kiengcg \iaj

ejd Kfurizij Hg UikjdgAiucij Hg Uikjdg

Jckj Oj`f

Ejjpgrftivf ic Afllifdj

Fclgrtidi prjhjtti idhustrifci,

Xrgdtj

Ejccfljrfzijdi / Ejccfljrftijds /

Ejcfljrfeijdgs

prjkgtgjafccgry hi Ihf Risfdi

vif Aijvfddi ]gdturf 5

<2658 Cfklrftg, Kicfdj

X g M? +59 2< <=9<8872

G? ihf.pisfdiBviraicij.it

FssjeifzijdgRrjkgtgj FrtgEjdtgkpjrfdgf

Gx Enigsf hi Ufd Kfttgj

Rifzzf Ufd Kfttgj 5

77622 Cueef

X? +59 27>5 598<62

M? +59 27>5 8168=8

Rrgsihgdtg / Rrgsihgdt / Rrgsihgdtg

Ihf Risfdi

Ejccfljrftjri / Ejccfljrftjrs /

Ejcfljrfhjrgs

Gcgdf Lfrluti

Enristifd Efcifdhrj

Fcgssfdhrj Risfdi

Fctrg ejccfljrfzijdi / Jtngr

Ejccfljrftijds / Jtrfs

ejcfljrfeijdgs

Kfrifdf Hfvih

Ejstfdzf Aifddgcci

\ieefrhj Efsfhgi, Uwikkida

Rjjc Ugrvieg

G idjctrg / fdh kjrgjvgr /

y fhgkæs

Rrgsihgdzf Aiudtf Rrjvideifcg

hgccf Rrjvideif Futjdjkf

hi Xrgdtj

Wd pfrtiejcfrg ridarfzifkgdtj f /

Rfrtieucfr tnfd`s tj / Wd gspgeifc

farfhgeikigdtj f

Ejkkissijdg prjvideifcg hi

viaicfdzf sui tgftri g fctri cjefci

hi pullciej spgttfejcj

UFDXIFAJ UIG\\F Ic eftfcjaj î ghitj id jeefsijdg hgc prjagttj spgeifcg / Xng eftfcjaug

is pulcisngh mjr tng jeefsijd tng spgeifc prjoget / Gc eftfcjaj gs ghitfhj

gd jefsiõd hgc prjogetj gspgeifc Ufdtifaj Uigrrf , Wdf pgrsjdf

Afccgrif Eivief hi Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf, Xrgdtj

> jttjlrg <227 - 67 agddfij <22= / Jetjlgr >, <227 - Ofdufry 67, <22= / >Jetulrg <227 - 67 Gdgrj <22=

EJKWDGHI X\GDXJ

id ejpgrtidf / ejvgr / pjrtfhf

Lrfeeij hi ud cfvjrftjrg eng pfssf fttrfvgrsj ic sjmmittj hi udj

spfzij h’frtg hf ud’flitfzijdg / F wjr`gr¸s frk pfssida tnrjuantng egicida jm fd frt spfeg mrjk f hwgccida / Lrfzj hg jlrgrj

ftrfvgsfdhj gc tgenj hg udf sfcf hg frtg hgshg udf vivigdhf

id qufrtf hi ejpgrtidf / lfe` ejvgr

Wdf pgrsjdf / Jdg pgrsjd / Wdf pgrsjdf



Upgssj c’frtg ejdtgkpjrfdgf î stftf feeusftf

h’gssgrg futjrgmgrgdzifcg, grkgtief g idefpfeg hi

fmmrjdtfrg cg qugstijdi g i hrfkki hgc djstrj kjdhj.

C’fmmgrkfzijdg puü, fckgdj pfrzifckgdtg, risuctfrg

vgrf, kf fctrgttfdtj vgrj î ic mfttj eng jaai kjcti frtisti

cfvjrfdj dgccf hirgzijdg jppjstf, egrefdhj hi

idtgrprgtfrg i efklifkgdti g i djhi irrisjcti hgccf sjeigtâ.

Wdj hi cjrj î, sgdzf hullij, Ufdtifaj Uigrrf.

Uigrrf, idmftti, si î ikpjstj dgc pfdjrfkf frtistiej

pgr ic ejrfaaij g cf rfhiefcitâ ejd eui ejdtiduf

fh fmmgrkfrg c’ikpjrtfdzf hi ud rujcj eritiej g pjcitiej

hgcc’frtg. I suji idtgrvgdti rfeejdtfdj id kjhj fseiuttj

cf vijcgdzf hgccj smruttfkgdtj sui ejrpi più hgljci,

cg ejdhizijdi ukicifdti g hispgrftg hgi ecfdhgstidi,

cf mftief g c’fcigdfzijdg hgi cfvjri più ukici. Uigrrf nf

segctj hi kjstrfrg ic risenij hgccf svfcutfzijdg hgccf

pgrsjdf f jpgrf hi ud sistgkf gejdjkiej idhimmgrgdtg

g eidiej. Cf suf jpgrf ei pjdg hi mrjdtg f situfzijdi

hi hisfaij, ei fccgrtf ejd cg sug kfdimgstfzijdi mjrti

g prjvjeftjrig, idvitfdhjei f kghitfrg succf ejdhizijdg

agdgrfcg hgccf djstrf sjeigtâ, suc djstrj sistgkf

gejdjkiej eng pfrg mudzijdfrg pgrmgttfkgdtg,

cfseifdhjsi pgrü fccg spfccg udf kfssf hi pgrsjdg

hgprivftg hgi hiritti mjdhfkgdtfci.

Ic prjagttj spgeifcg eng Ufdtifaj Uigrrf prgsgdtf

fccf Afccgrif Eivief hi Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf hi Xrgdtj

î cf ejdmgrkf hi udf cidgf hi idtgrgssg pgr cg tgkftieng

sjeifci eng cf Afccgrif nf segctj, arfzig fccf qufcg gssf

î riuseitf fh gkgragrg dgc pfdjrfkf dfzijdfcg

g idtgrdfzijdfcg ejd ud prgeisj efrfttgrg g udf

djtgvjcg qufcitâ. Cf prgsgdzf hi ud idtgrvgdtj spgeimiejhi Ufdtifaj Uigrrf djd î sjcfkgdtg ud fctrj prgzijsj

tfssgccj hi ud kjsfiej frtistiej rgaijdfcg sgkprg più

rieej g vfrigaftj, kf ud’jeefsijdg udief hi ejdmrjdtj

g hi rimcgssijdg pgr tuttf cf eittâ.

Cueif Kfgstri

Fssgssjrg fccf Eucturf hgc Ejkudg hi Xrgdtj

Jmtgd ejdtgkpjrfry frt is feeusgh jm lgida sgcm-

rgmgrgdtifc, ngrkgtie fdh idefpflcg jm ejdmrjdtida tng

qugstijds fdh hrfkfs jm jur wjrch. Xng fmmirkftijd is

ft cgfst pfrtifccy trug, lut it is fcsj trug t nft tjhfy

kfdy frtists wjr` id fd jppjsitg hirgetijd, cjjìda tj

idtgrprgt enfdags fdh udrgsjcvgh `djts jm jur

sjeigty. Jdg jm tngsg frtists is witnjut f hjult

Ufdtifaj Uigrrf.

Id mfet Uigrrf is sgt id tng frtistie pfdjrfkf mjr tng

ejurfag fdh rfhiefcisk witn wnien ng ejdtidugs tj

fmmirk tng i kpjrtfdeg jm tng eri tiefc fdh pjci tiefc

rjcg jm frt. Nis id tgrvgdtijds rgejudt, id f pcfid wfy,

tng vijcgdeg jm gxpcjitftijd jd wgf`gr ljhigs, tng

nukiciftida fdh hgspgrftg ejdhitijds jm tn g

ecfdhgstidgs, tng mftiaug fdh fcigdftijd jm kjrg

nuklcg o jls. Ui grrf nfs enjsgd tj hgkjdstrftg tng

ris` jm hgvfcuftida tng pgrsjd ly fd idhimmgrgdt fdh

eydiefc gejdjkie systgk. Nis wjr` puts us id mrjdt

jm fd fw`wfrh situftijd, fcgrtida us witn nis strjda

fdh prjvjefti vg hgkjdstrft ijds, idvitida us t j tni d`

fljut t ng agdgrfc ejdhitijds jm jur sjeigty, fljut

jur gejdjkie systgk tnft sggks tj mudetijd

pgrmgetcy, lut cgfvgs ft its snjuchgrs f kfss jm

pgjpcg hgprivgh jm mudhfkgdt fc r iants.

Xng spgeifc prjoget tnft Ufdtifaj Uigrrf prgsgdts ft

tng Afccgrif Eivief hi Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf jm Xrgdtj

is f ejdmirkftijd jm f ci dg jm idtgrgst mjr sjeifc

tngkgs enjsgd ly tng Afccgrif, fdh tnfd`s tj tnis

cidg, i t nfs lggd flcg tj gkgrag id t ng dftijdfc fdh

idtgrdftijdfc pfdjrfkf witn prgeisg enfrfetgr fdh

djtflcg qufcit y. Xng prgsgdeg jm f spgeimie idtgrvgdtijd ly Ufdtifaj Uigrrf is djt oust fdjtngr

prgeijus stjdg jm f rien fdh vfrigh rgaijdfc frtistie

kjsfie, lut f udiqug jeefsijd jm ejdmrjdtftijd fdh

rgmcgetijd mjr tng gdtir g eity.

Cueif Kfgstri

Ejudeiccjr mjr Eucturg, Xjwd Ejudeic jm Xrgdtj

F kgduhj gc frtg ejdtgkpjrædgj nf sihj feusfhj hg

futjrgmgrgdeifcihfh, ngrkgtiskj g idefpfeihfh hg

gdmrgdtfr eugstijdgs y hrfkfs hg dugstrj kudhj. Cf

fmirkfeiõd pjhrëf rgsuctfr pfreifckgdtg vgrhfhgrf, rgfc gd

efklij gs gc ngenj qug njy gd hëf kuenjs frtistfs

trflfofd gd cf hirgeeiõd jpugstf, trftfdhj hg idtgrprgtfr

cjs efklijs y cjs duhjs dj rgsugctjs hg dugstrf sjeighf

Wdj hg gstjs frtistfs gs sid cuafr f huhfs Ufdtifaj Uigrr

Hg ngenj Uigrrf sg nf hgstfefhj gd gc pfdjrfkf frtëstie

pjr gc ejrfog y cf rfhiefcihfh ejd qug siaug fmirkfdhj cf

ikpjrtfdeif hg ud rjc erëtiej y pjcëtiej hgc frtg. Uus

idtgrvgdeijdgs eugdtfd hg kfdgrf æspgrf cf vijcgdeif hg

cf gxpcjtfeiõd hg cjs kæs hglicgs, cfs ejdhieijdgs

nukiccfdtgs y hgsgspgrfhfs hg cjs ecfdhgstidjs, cf mftia

y cf fcigdfeiõd hg cjs trflfojs kæs nukichgs. Uigrrf nf

gcgaihj kjstrfr gc rigsaj hg cf hiskidueiõd hg cf pgrsjd

mrgdtg f ud sistgkf gejdõkiej idhimgrgdtg y eëdiej. Uu

jlrf djs pjdg mrgdtg f situfeijdgs hg idejkjhihfh, djs

fcgrtf ejd sus kfdimgstfeijdgs mugrtgs y prjvjeftjrifs,

idvitædhjdjs f udf rgmcgxiõd sjlrg cf ejdhieiõd agdgrfc

hg dugstrf sjeighfh, sjlrg dugstrj sistgkf gejdõkiej

qug pfrgeg mudeijdfr pgrmgetfkgdtg, pgrj hgofdhj f sus

gspfchfs udf kfsf hg pgrsjdfs privfhfs hg sus

hgrgenjs mudhfkgdtfcgs.

Gc prjygetj gspgeifc qug Ufdtifaj Uigrrf prgsgdtf gd cf

Afcgrëf Eëvief hg Frtg Ejdtgkpjrædgj hg Xrgdtj

ejdmirkf cf cëdgf hg idtgrés nfeif cfs tgkætiefs sjeifcgs

qug cf Afcgrëf nf gcgaihj, arfeifs f cf eufc cf kiskf nf

cjarfhj hgstfefrsg gd gc pfdjrfkf dfeijdfc g

idtgrdfeijdfc ejd ud efræetgr prgeisj y udf djtflcg

efcihfh. Cf prgsgdeif hg udf idtgrvgdeiõd gspgeëmief hgUfdtifaj Uigrrf dj gs sjcfkgdtg jtrf vfcijsf pigzf hg

ud kjsfiej frtëstiej rgaijdfc sigkprg kæs riej y

vfrifhj, sidj udf jefsiõd ÿdief hg ejdmrjdtfeiõd y

rgmcgxiõd pfrf tjhf cf eiuhfh.

Cueif Kfgstri

Ejdsgogrj hg cf Eucturf hg cf Kudieipfcihfh hg Xrgdtj



Ujkkfrij / Ejdtgdts / Idhieg

62 Kidikg hgmcfarfzijdi / Kidikfc gxpcjsijds /

Hgmcfarfeijdgs këdikfs

Mflij Efvfccueei

88 Kf sg î tgftrj / Lut im it is tngftgr /

Rgrj si gs tgftrj

Efrcjs Oikédgz

18 C’frtg î udf sulcikfzijdg hgccf pjcitief /

Frt is f sulcikftijd jm pjcities /

Gc frtg gs udf sulcikfeiõd hg cf pjcitief

Idtgrvistf f / Idtgrvigw witn / Gdtgrvistf ejd Ufdtifaj UigrrfKfrij \jssi

99 Jpgrg / Qjr`s / Jlrfs

<81 Lilcijarfmif / Lilcijarfpny / Lilcijarfmif

Uicvfdf Ghitjrifcg

Rrjagttj g rgfcizzfzijdg Frti Arfmieng Fkicefrg Rizzi Upf

Hirgzijdg ghitjrifcgHfrij Eikjrgcci

Ejjrhidfkgdtj ghitjrifcg Fddf O. Fclfdj

Frt hirgetjr Aifejkj Kgrci

\ghfzijdg

Rfjcf DjéRrjagttj arfmiej g ikpfaidfzijdg Frhit Lfcf

Dgssudf pfrtg hi qugstj cilrj puü gssgrg riprjhjttfj trfskgssf id qufcsifsi mjrkf j ejd qufcsifsikgzzj gcgttrjdiej, kgeefdiej j fctrj sgdzfc’futjrizzfzijdg serittf hgi prjprigtfri hgi hiritti ghgcc’ghitjrg

C’ghitjrg î f hispjsizijdg hgaci gvgdtufci hgtgdtjrihi hiritti eng djd sif stftj pjssilicg ridtrfeeifrg.

© <227 Uicvfdf Ghitjrifcg UpfEidisgccj Lfcsfkj, Kicfdj



Wd kidikfciskj kjdhfdj

F prikf vistf ic cfvjrj hi Ufdtifaj U igrrf pjtrgllg sgklr frg mid trjppj udivjej g rip gtitivj, idegd-

trftj, qufsi sgkprg ejk’î, suc pfafkgdtj hi pgrsjdg pgr uticizzfrdg ic ejrpj j cf mjrzf cfvjrj. F

ejdmgrkf hgccf prgmgrgdzf pgr cf ripgtitivitâ g cf kjdjtjdif, mid hfaci gsjrhi, Uigrrf si hâ f rgeupg-

rfrg ud cidaufaaij frtistiej hi efrfttgrg rihuttivj, sengkftiej, kidikfcg? ic kidikfciskj, fppudtj, cf

eui spidtf prjpucsivf si pjtgvf ejdsihgrfrg jrkfi gsfuritf hf hgegddi. Mjrsg prjprij pgr udf rgf-

zijdg fcc’geegssj hi pittjrieiskj hgccf agdgrfzijdg prgeghgdtg, Uigrrf g fctri hgccf suf mfseif prgmg-

risejdj idvgeg senigrfrsi suc mrjdtg hgcc’gssgdzifcitâ, hgccf sgkpcimiefzijdg mjrkfcg. Mécix Ajdzæcgz- Xjrrgs jmmrg fc pullciej cg sug efrfkgccg g cg sug picg hi mjaci, rfeejctg id mjrkg agjkgtrieng gcg-

kgdtfri0 Jcfmur Gcifssjd idvgdtf kgeefdiski cukidjsi ikpcfeflici gh gssgdzifci ejkg i kjti hgcc’u-

divgrsj0 \ir`rit Xirfvfdiof ejstruiseg cg sug eueidg g i suji pfceni ejd tfvjcg hi cgadj spjacij, g

fdeng Cifk Aiccie`, eng purg rilfhiseg cf dgegssitâ hgccf vfrigtâ hi ejcjri, cj mf ejd mjrkg agjkg-

trieng squfhrftg, ejkg sg sjcj vjcgssg ejcjrfrg cg seftjcg g cg efssgttigrg hi Ouhh g hi Ukitn. G

idsigkg fc kidikj hispgdhij, tjrdf ic kfssikj ikpgadj, ic kfssikj smjrzj ejdegttufcg, tfdt’î eng

id tutti ejstjrj î c’ihgf fccf midg eiü eng ejdtf, jvvgrj ic vfcjrg hgcc’jpgrf djd î tfdtj dgcc’frtgmfttj,

kf id eiü eng puü agdgrfrg fc hi mujri. Djd f efsj aci frtisti eitfti sjdj segcti ejkg efkpijdi hi ud

dujvj ejrsj eng vigdg hgmiditj –gstgtief rgcfzijdfcg‛, udj scfdeij gtgrjdjkj hgcc’frtg, hjpj eng cg

vfrig Xrfdsfvfaufrhig g i vfri eitfzijdiski dg fvgvfdj sfdeitj c’futjdjkif g c’isjcfzijdiskj.

Fdeng Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, purg fccigvj id ud wjr`s njp fc Eëreucj hg Lgccfs Frtgs hi Kfhrih hi qu gc-

c’Oiri Hj`jupic hgi Dujvi Ugcvfaai tghgseni, mid hfi priki cfvjri rimiutf cg pifegvjcgzzg fdghhjtieng

g cf rfpprgsgdtfzijdg pgr tjrdfrg fccf prgsgdtfzijdg. Gaci, eng id vgritâ ‘ dftj f Kfhrih dgc 69==

‘ frrivf ud pj’ hjpj f tutti aci fctri id qufdtj f lijarfmif, î mjrsg ic più hgeisj gh gstrgkj, qufsi

mjdhfkgdtfcistf pgr ic riajrg fssjcutj ejd eui pjrtf fvfdti cf suf cidgf. Ejklfttgrg ic pittjrieiskjsiadimief pgr Uigrrf ridudeifrg ejkpcgtfkgdtg fc ejcjrg, tjrdfrg pgrsidj fccf sgvgritâ hgc lifdej g

dgrj ‘ dgccg jpgrg ejkg dgccg cjrj rfpprgsgdtfzijdi mjtjarfmieng ‘, riprgdhgrg cg mjrkg agjkg-

trieng prikfrig ejkg ic eulj, ic eicidhrj, ic pfrfccgcgpipghj.

KIDIKG HGMCFA\F_IJDIMflij Efvfccueei

F Kudhfdg Ki dikfcisk

Ft mirst siant, Ufdtifaj Uigrrf’s wjr` sggks tjj udivjefc fdh rgpgtitivg, fckjst fcwfys egdtgrgh

jd pfyida pgjpcg id jrhgr tj usg tngir ljhigs jr tngir cfljur mjreg. Xj ejdmirk tnis prgmgrgdeg

mjr rgpgtitijd fdh kjdjtjdy, sideg tng lgaiddida, Uigrrf nfs rgejvgrgh fd frtistie cfdaufag jm f

rghuegh, sengkftie, kidikfc enfrfetgr? tnft is, Kidikfcisk, wnjsg prjpucsivg mjreg nfs lggd

ejdsihgrgh gxnfustgh mjr kfdy ygfrs. Rgrnfps fs f rgfetijd tj tng gxegssgs jm tng –pfidtgrcy‛

jm tng prgvijus agdgrftijd, Uigrrf fdh jtngrs jm nis fag idstgfh prgmgr tj fciad tngksgcvgs jd tng

mrjdtcidgs jm gssgdtifcity, jm mjrkfc sikpcimieftijd. Mécix Ajdzæc gz-Xjrrgs jmmgrs tng pulcie efdhigs

fdh stfe`s jm pfpgrs aftngrgh id gcgkgdtfry agjkgtrie mjrks, Jcfmur Gcifssjd idvgdts cukidjus

kgenfdisks, ikpcfeflcg fdh gssgdtifc fs tng kjvgkgdts jm tng udivgrsg, \ir`rit Xirfvfdiof ejd-

struets nis ìtengds fdh stfags witn udtrgftgh wjjhgd ljfrhs, fdh fcsj Cifk Aiccie`, wnj rg-

gkpnfsizgs tng dggh mjr ejcjr vfrigty, hjgs it ly usida gssgdtifc, squfrgh mjrks fs im ng jdcy

wjuch wfdt tj ejcjr Ouhh fdh Ukitn’s ljxgs fdh hrfwgrs. Fdh tjagtngr witn kidikfc wfstg,

rgturds tng nian ejkkitkgdt, tng nian ejdegptufc gmmjrt, sj tnft mjr fcc jm tngsg frtists, id tnggdh, tng ihgf is wnft ejudts. Jr rftngr, tng vfcug jm tng wjr` is djt id tng prjhuegh jloget, lut

id wnft it efd agdgrftg jutwfrhs. It is djt ly enfdeg tnft tng frtists eitgh nfvg lggd enjsgd fs

kjhgcs jm f dgw pftn hgmidgh fs –\gcftijdfc Fgstngties‛, f dgw ngtgrjdykie stggr jm frt, fmtgr

vfrijus trfdsfvfdaufrhifs fdh eitftijdisks nfvg sustfidgh its futjdjky fdh isjcftijdisk.

Fcsj Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, id spitg jm nis cgfrdidas id f wjr`snjp ly Oiri Hj`jupic jm tng Agrkfd Dgw

Qichs ft tng Eëreucj hg Lgccfs Frtgs id Kfhrih, sideg nis mirst wjr`s nfs rgmusgh tng pcgfsfdtdgss

jm fdgehjtgs fdh rgprgsgdtftijd id jrhgr tj rgturd tj prgsgdtftijd. Ljrd id Kfhrih id 69== fdh

tnjuan lijarfpniefccy frrivgh snjrtcy fmtgr tng jtngrs, id trutn Uigrrf is pgrnfps tng kjst hgei-

sivg fdh gxtrgkg, fckjst f mudhfkgdtfcist mjr tng flsjcutg prgeisijd witn wnien ng pusngs nis

KIDIKFC G^RCJUIJDU

Mflij Efvfccueei

Wd kidikfciskj kudhfdj

Cf ikprgsiõd idieifc qug pughg suseitfr cf jlrf hg Ufdtifaj Uigrrf gs cf hg nfccfrdjs fdtg ud

trflfoj gd gxegsj udëvjej y rgpgtitivj, efsi sigkprg lfsfhj gd idhivihujs f cjs qug sg rgtri-

luyg f efklij hg uticizfr su eugrpj j su trflfoj. Hg gstf prgmgrgdeif pjr cf rgpgtieiõd y cf

kjdjtjdëf hf pruglf gc ngenj hg qug, efsi hgshg gc idieij hg su trfygetjrif, Uigrrf sg nf

hgefdtfhj pjr cf rgeupgrfeiõd hg ud cgdaufog hg dfturfcgzf rgstrietivf, gsqugkætiej, qug

fpudtf f cj gsgdeifc? gc kidikfciskj, oustfkgdtg, euyf mugrzf hg fegcgrfeiõd sg pjhëf ejdsi-

hgrfr yf fajtfhf hgshg nfeëf héefhfs. Vuizæs prgeisfkgdtg pjr rgfeeiõd fc gxegsj pietjri-

eistf hg cf agdgrfeiõd qug cg prgeghëf, Uigrrf y jtrjs ergfhjrgs qug ejkpfrtgd pfrgeihfs

idquigtuhgs jptfd gd efklij pjr tjkfr pjsieiõd f mfvjr hg cf gsgdeifcihfh, hg cf sgdeiccgz mjr-

kfc? Mécix Ajdzæcgz-Xjrrgs rgpfrtg gdtrg gc pÿlciej sus efrfkgcjs y sus kjdtjdgs hg njofs

farupfhfs hg kjhj qug ejdmiaurfd mjrkfs agjkétriefs gcgkgdtfcgs0 Jcfmur Gcifssjd idvgdtf

kgefdiskjs cukidjsjs tfd ikpcfeflcgs y gsgdeifcgs ejkj gc kjvikigdtj hgc udivgrsj0 \ir`rit

Xirfvfdiof ejdstruyg sus ejeidfs y sus gsegdfrijs ejd tflcfs hg kfhgrf0 y tfkliéd CifkAiccie`, qug fud sulrfyfdhj cf dgegsihfh hg cf vfrighfh hg ejcjrgs, cj nfeg ejd mjrkfs agj-

kétriefs jrtjajdfcgs, ejkj si su idtgdeiõd mugrf tfd sõcj cf hg ejcjrgfr cfs efofs y cfs efoj-

dgrfs hg Ouhh y hg Ukitn. Y oudtj ejd gc hispgdhij këdikj, sg nfeg pftgdtg gc kfyjr hg cjs

ejkprjkisjs, gc kæxikj gsmugrzj ejdegptufc0 tfdtj gs fsë qug gd tjhjs gccjs gs cf ihgf midfc

cf qug hg vgrfs eugdtf, pjr cj qug gc vfcjr hg cf jlrf dj rgsihg tfdtj gd gc frtgmfetj, sidj gd

fqugccj qug pughf agdgrfr kæs fccæ hg së kiskf. Dj gs efsufc qug cjs frtistfs kgdeijdfhjs

nfyfd sihj gcgaihjs ejkj futjrgs rgprgsgdtftivjs hg udf dugvf ejrrigdtg qug sg hgdjkidf

–gstétief rgcfeijdfc‛, ud ëkpgtu ngtgrõdjkj hgc frtg, hgspués hg qug cfs hivgrsfs Xrfdsvfd-

aufrhifs y cjs vfrijs eitfeijdiskjs nuligrfd hgergtfhj su futjdjkëf y fiscfkigdtj.

HGMCFA\FEIJDGU KËDIKFUMflij Efvfccueei

62



6<

Ic rgeupgrj hgc kidikfciskj pfrgllg qufsi geegssivj, mid trjppj pghissgquj, sgdzf prgsg hi

histfdzf. Kf f lgd aufrhfrg ic ejdtgstj id eui jrf ic cfvjrj î ejccjeftj, î ejkpcgtfkgdtg kutf-

tj. Ujc CgQitt, \jlgrt Kjrris, Efrc Fdhrg g ejkpfadi, vivgvfdj fdejrf cf arfdhg stfaijdg hgc-

c’utjpif g hgccf spgrfdzf eng i ejdegtti pjtgssgrj idefrdfrsi dgccf rgfctâ sgdzf sulirg fceud kutf-

kgdtj, sgdzf pgrhgrg cf cjrj purgzzf? c’ihgf ‘ pgr fctri c’ihgjcjaif ‘ pjtgvf kiacijrfrg ic kjdhj,

ejstituirg ud mfttjrg hi sieurj prjargssj g, ejkg tfcg, rgstfvf idtgarf dgccf suf idefrdfzijdg tgr-

rgdf, fdeng qufdhj fdhfvf f jeeupfrg fkpi spfzi, histgsg stgrkidftg, ejkg dgaci idtgrvgdti hi

Cfdh Frt eng hfi prideipi kidikfcisti hgrivfvfdj. Jrf qugstf spgrfdzf djd gsistg più, si sf eng cg

ihgg efcftg dgccf tgrrf si spjrefdj g s’idtrihjdj hi ukjri. Aci jaagtti eng Uigrrf prgsgdtf sjdj

fdejrf –pjcighri rgajcfri‛, kidikfci qufdtj f mjrkf ejkpjsitivf, kf rgfcizzfti ejd kftgrifci hi

rgeupgrj, frrfdaifti id ud’jmmieidf hf pfgsg id vif hi svicuppj, hf ud kgeefdiej hi pgrimgrif. I pfrfc-

cgcgpipghi hivgdtfdj ejdtfidgrs, i eicidhri sjdj mftti hi efrtgccjdi stfeefti hfccf strfhf, cg supgrmieihivgdajdj suppjrti pgr efrtgcci pullcieitfri. Idsjkkf, î ejkg sg c’frtistf vjcgssg fspirfrg f udf

pgrmgzijdg, afrfdtitf hfccf prgeisijdg dukgrief hgi titjci, eng i kgzzi tgrrgdi djd aci ejdsgdtjdj

più, rgdhgdhj qugaci jaagtti qufsi ajmmi g rihiejci. Ic mfttj î eng cf prgeisijdg f eui fspirfdj cg ihgg

Xfkliéd Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, qug miaurõ gdtrg cjs fcukdjs hg ud tfccgr qug jrafdizõ Oiri Hj`jupic,

kigklrj hg cjs Dugvjs Ufcvfogs fcgkfdgs, gd gc Eëreucj hg Lgccfs Frtgs hg Kfhrih, yf hgshg

sus prikgrjs trflfojs flfdhjdf cfs ejkpcfegdeifs fdgehõtiefs y cf rgprgsgdtfeiõd pfrf vjc-

vgr f cf prgsgdtfeiõd. Uigrrf, qug dfeg gd Kfhrih gd 69==, ccgaf pjr kjtivjs lijaræmiejs ejd

fcaj hg rgtrfsj rgspgetj f cjs hgkæs0 pgrj gs quizæs gc kæs rgsugctj y rfhiefc, efsi pjhrëfkjs

hgeir mudhfkgdtfcistf pjr gc riajr flsjcutj ejd gc qug ccgvf fhgcfdtg su prjygetj. \jkpgr ejd

cj pietõriej gquivfcg pfrf Uigrrf fc flfdhjdj tjtfc hgc ejcjr g idecusj fc rgargsj fc sgvgrj lcfd-

ej y dgarj ‘ tfdtj pjr cj qug sg rgmigrg f cfs jlrfs ejkj f su rgprgsgdtfeiõd mjtjaræmief ‘,

fc rgtjrdj f cfs mjrkfs agjkétriefs prikfrifs hg cjs –pjcighrjs rgaucfrgs‛, tfcgs ejkj gc eulj,

gc eicidhrj, gc pfrfcgcgpëpghj.

Cf rgeupgrfeiõd hgc kidikfciskj pfrgegrëf efsi gxegsivf, hgkfsifhj sgrvic, sid qug gc futjr

pjdaf histfdeif hg pjr kghij. Rgrj si djs miofkjs ejd ftgdeiõd gd gc ejdtgxtj gd gc qug sg

gdafrzf fnjrf su jlrf, éstg efklif ejkpcgtfkgdtg. Ujc CgQitt, \jlgrt Kjrris, Efrc Fdhrg

y jtrjs ejkpfögrjs hg vifog vivëfd tjhfvëf gsf arfd mfsg hg utjpëf, fcikgdtfdhj cf gspg-

rfdzf hg qug cjs ejdegptjs puhigrfd gdefrdfrsg gd cf rgfcihfh sid sumrir efklij fcaudj, sid

pgrhgr su purgzf? cf ihgf ‘ pfrf jtrjs cf ihgjcjaëf ‘ pjhëf kgojrfr gc kudhj, ejdstituir ud

mfetjr hg prjargsj sgaurj, y ejkj tfc hglëf kfdtgdgrsg ëdtgarf gd su gdefrdfeiõd tgrrgdf,

idecusj eufdhj tgrkidflf jeupfdhj arfdhgs gspfeijs, ccfdurfs idtgrkidflcgs, tfc ejkjjeurrëf gd cfs idtgrvgdeijdgs hg Cfdh Frt qug hgrivflfd hg cjs prideipijs kidikfcistfs.

Fnjrf gstf gspgrfdzf yf dj gxistg? gs sflihj qug cfs ihgfs qug hgseigdhgd f c f t igrrf sg

gdsueifd y flsjrlgd tjhj tipj hg nukjrgs. Cjs jlogtjs qug Uigrrf prgsgdtf sjd tjhfvëf

–pjcighrjs rgaucfrgs‛, kidikfcistfs gd eufdtj f su mjrkf hg ejkpjsieiõd, pgrj rgfcizfhjs

ejd kftgrifcgs rgeiecfhjs, qug ud kgeædiej hg lfrrifhf nf gdsfklcfhj gd gc tfccgr hg ud

pfës gd vëfs hg hgsfrrjccj. Cjs pfrfcgcgpëpghjs sg trfdsmjrkfd gd ejdtgdghjrgs, cjs eicid-

hrjs sg nfd ejdstruihj ejd efrtgcgs qug sg nfd frrfdefhj hg cf efccg, cfs pfrghgs sg trfds-

mjrkfd gd supgrmieigs hjdhg pgafr tgxtjs pulcieitfrijs. Gs ejkj si, gd hgmiditivf, gc frtistf

prgtgdhigrf fspirfr f cf pgrmgeeiõd, fvfcfhf pjr cf prgeisiõd dukérief hg cjs tëtucjs qug cjs

cidg fngfh. Mjr Uigrrf, tj ejklft tng pfidtgrcy kgfds tj ejkpcgtgcy rgdjudeg ejcjr, tj rgturd tj

tng sgvgrity jm lcfe` fdh wnitg‘id tng wjr`s fs wgcc fs id tngir pnjtjarfpnie rgprgsgdtftijd‘,

tj tf`g lfe` gcgkgdtfry agjkgtrie mjrks ci`g tng eulg, tng eycidhgr, tng pfrfccgcgpipgh.

Xng rgejvgry jm Kidikfcisk fppgfrs fckjst gxegssivg, fckjst tjj sgrvicg, witnjut lgida vigwgh

mrjk f histfdeg. Lut mrjk f ecjsgr cjj` ft tng ejdtgxt jm tng wjr`, it is ejkpcgtgcy fctgrgh. Ujc

CgQitt, \jlgrt Kjrris, Efrc Fdhrg fdh ejkpfdijds sticc civgh id tng argft fag jm utjpif, witn tng

njpg tnft purg ihgfs ejuch idefrdftg tngksgcvgs id tng wjrch witnjut udhgrajida fdy enfdag,

witnjut cjsida tngir purity? tng ihgf‘mjr jtngrs, tng ihgjcjay‘ejuch nfvg ikprjvgh tng wjrch,

ejdstruetgh f ejdhitijd jm surg prjargss. Fs suen, it rgkfidgh wnjcg id its gfrtncy idefrdftijd,

fcsj wngd it jeeupigh lrjfh spfegs, vfst gxpfdsgs, fs id Cfdh Frt idtgrvgdtijds, wnien frg

hgrivgh mrjk Kidikfcist prideipcgs. Djw tnis njpg dj cjdagr gxists, jdg `djws tnft wngd ihgfs

hgsegdh tj gfrtn, tngy frg sjicgh fdh sjf`gh witn nukjrs. Xng jlogets tnft Uigrrf prgsgdts frg

sticc –rgaucfr pjcynghrjds‛, kidikfcs fs f ejkpjsitijdfc mjrk, lut ejdstruetgh witn sfcvfagh

kftgrifcs id f wjr`snjp jm f hgvgcjpida ejudtry, ly f kgenfdie id tng pgripngry. Rfrfc-

cgcgpipghs lgejkg ejdtfidgrs, eycidhgrs frg ejkpjsgh jm pjstgrs tf`gd mrjk tng strggt, sur-

mfegs lgejkg liccljfrh suppjrts. Id suk, it is fs im tng frtist wfdts tj fspirg tj pgrmgetijd, aufr-

fdtggh ly t ng dukgrie prg eisijd jm nis titcgs, wnien gfrtncy hgviegs hjd’t ejdsgdt tj nik, rgd-

hgrida tnjsg jlogets fckjst fw`wfrh fdh rihieucjus. Xng mfet is tnft tngsg purg ihgfs fspirgtj f prgeisijd tnft kust lg ejkpfrgh witn sjeifc rucgs, psyenjcjaiefc fttituhgs, prg-gxistida

eucturfc tgdhgdeigs. It wfs ecgfrcy sggd id 699<, hurida tng ergftijd jm <2 pigegs jm rjfh kgfs-

urida 622 x 622 ek puccgh up mrjk tng arjudh (fckjst kikieìda Fdhrg’s mcjjrs), ng dgghgh tj

dgajtiftg witn wjr`grs wnj rgmusgh tj pgrmjrk fd fetijd turdgh tj wfstg fdh usgcgssdgss,

gvgd tnjuan tngy wjuch lg pfih tj hj sj. Xng frtist fequirgs fd fssukptijd tnft ng wicc tf`g

witn nik tnrjuanjut tng gdtirg pftn jm nis frtistie hgvgcjpkgdt, tnft is, tnft tng ergftijd

prjegss is oust fs ikpjrtfdt fs tng wjr` itsgcm, fdh vgry jmtgd it lgejkgs tng sfkg suloget jm

tng wjr`. Fdh tngd Uigrrf’s Kidikfcisk, id its fppfrgdt kjdjtjdy, fequirgs fd ikkgdsg vfri-

gty jm hgecgdsijds, rgvgfcida itsgcm tj lg fd gxegccgdt rgfagdt id jrhgr tj prjvg, tj tgst, tj vgr-

\jlgrt Kjrris, C Unfpgs, 69=8.

Ejdtfidgr euliej

Eulie ejdtfidgr

Ejdtgdghjr eÿliej

Qjr`snjp. Nfklura. 6992

K i d i k g h g m c f a r f z i j d i / K i d i k f c g x p c j s i j d s



68


fstrfttg hgvg ejdmrjdtfrsi ejd cg rgajcg sjeifci, cg fttituhidi psiejcjaieng, cg tgdhgdzg eucturfci

prggsistgdti. Cj si vihg sulitj qufdhj, dgc 699<, rgfcizzfdhj <2 pgzzi hi strfhf hgccf kisurf 622

x 622 ek sjccgvfti hfc sujcj (qufsi rimfegdhj ic vgrsj fi pfvikgdti hi Fdhrg), si trjvü f hiseutgrg

ejd i cfvjrftjri eng si rimiutfvfdj hi svjcagrg, fdeng sg pfafti, udf prftief vjctf fccj sprgej g fcc’i-

duticitâ. C’frtistf fequisiseg ud fssudtj eng pji si pjrtgrâ higtrj pgr tuttj ic suj svicuppj frtistiej,

jvvgrj eng ic prjegssj hi rgfcizzfzijdg hgcc’jpgrf î ikpjrtfdtg qufdtj c’jpgrf stgssf, fdzi spgs-

sj midirâ pgr gssgrg ic sjaagttj stgssj hgcc’jpgrf. G fccjrf ic kidikfciskj hi Uigrrf, dgccf suf fppf-

rgdtg kjdjtjdif, fequistf ud’gdjrkg vfrigtâ hi hgecidfzijdi, si rivgcf ejkg ud geegccgdtg rgf-

agdtg pgr kgttgrg fccf prjvf, sjdhfrg, vgrimiefrg hfc vivj cg situfzijdi prggsistgdti. Vugc sjcihj

agjkgtriej hivgdtf ejsã, hi vjctf id vjctf, ud jaagttj mftiejsfkgdtg sjstgdutj hf pgrsjdg, ud

rikjrenij hi ud efkijd eng lcjeef udf strfhf, udf seftjcf hi vgtrj pigdf hi fequf hgc Kfr Kjrtj,

ud eulj hi pfdg eng vf pji f smfkfrg i pjvgri idhiagdti hi Eittâ hgc Kgssiej. Fprg f ikpciefzijdisjeifci, gejdjkieng, psiejcjaieng, stjrieng g eucturfci sgkprg hivgrsg g sgkprg fttufci, pgrené

efcftj dgccg rgfci hidfkieng kjdhfdg.

\gajcf g idmjrkg

Ic kjdhj î mfttj hi kftgrif idmjrkg eng si jrafdizzf sgejdhj udf rgajcf g hi mjrkg jrafdizzf-

tg eng si sargtjcfdj g si smfchfdj. Ic eiecj pgrpgtuj hi ergfzijdg g hi ejdsudzijdg î cf cgaag hi

tuttg cg ejsg. Ufdtifaj Uigrrf vjcag spgssj i suji cfvjri f idhfafrg qugstj hupcieg fspgttj.

Geej fccjrf eng cg mjrkg riaihg djd sjdj qufsi kfi stftieng g isjcftg, kf hivgdtfdj sgkkfi

strukgdti pgr idhfafrg ic prjegssj gvjcutivj, c’fkpij frej eng sgpfrf cf rgajcf hfcc’idmjrkg. Id

<8 lcj eeni hi egkgdtj kjssi ejstfdtgkgdtg hf cfvjrftjri pfafti hur fdtg udf aijrdftf hi cfvj -

rj (Feg Afccgry, Cjs Fdagcgs, 6999), ic pullciej djd î idvitftj f vghgrg sjcfkgdtg i pfrfccgcg-

pipghi dgccf cjrj purgzzf, lgdsã ic risuctftj hgcc’idtgrf jpgrfzijdg? ic pfvikgdtj hgccf afccgrif smrg-

aiftj hfi sgadi hgccj smrgafkgdtj, cg lfrrg usftg pgr spjstfrg i lcjeeni g i rgsihui fcikgdtfri

usfti hfaci jpgrfi.

Xfcvjctf c’frtistf si hâ f vgrimiefrg cg kjctgpciei pjs izijdi hi fceudi kjhuci rgajcfri, ejkg fspirfssgf rfeeniuhgrg id ud sistgkf hi riajrg kftgkftiej cg pjssilici vfrifdti, f rihurrg f rgajcf cf vfrifli-

citâ. Ejsã geejcj f prjvfrg cg pjsizijdi hgaci jaagtti, ic dukgrj hgi pjssilici spjstfkgdti, ejkg id

> ejklidfzijdi pgr udf pjrtf hjppif (Ofcisej, Kgssiej, <222), j id 666 ejstruzijdi mfttg ejd 62

kghijs tgrrgdfcgs qug uticizf yf dj cg pgrkitgd, trfsmjrkfdhj gsjs jlogtjs efsi gd fcaj

tjsej y rihëeucj. Gc ngenj gs qug cf prgeisiõd f cf eufc fspirfd cfs ihgfs flstrfetfs hglgd

foustfr eugdtfs ejd cfs rgacfs sjeifcgs, cfs fetituhgs psiejcõaiefs, cfs tgdhgdeifs eucturfcgs

prggxistgdtgs. Fcaj qug puhj fhvgrtirsg efsi hg idkghiftj eufdhj gd 699<, fc rgfcizfr <2

trjzjs hg efccg frrfdefhf, hg 622 ek hg cfhj gd su efrf supgrijr (efsi gvjefdhj cjs pfvi-

kgdtjs hg Fdhrg), Uigrrf tuvj qug hiseutir ejd cjs trflfofhjrgs qug sg dgaflfd f rgfcizfr,

pjr kæs qug sg cgs pfafrf, udf præetief hgeihihfkgdtg jrigdtfhf fc hgrrjeng y f cf idutici-

hfh. Gc frtistf tjkf ejdeigdeif hg udf tgsis qug tgdhræ prgsgdtg gd su trfygetjrif frtëstief?

gc prjegsj hg rgfcizfeiõd hg cf jlrf gs tfd ikpjrtfdtg ejkj cf jlrf gd së kiskf0 gs kæs, f

kgduhj tgrkidf sigdhj oustj gc tgkf hg cf jlrf. Y gdtjdegs gc kidikfciskj hg Uigrrf, pgsg

f su fpfrgdtg kjdjtjdëf, fhquigrg udf gdjrkg vfrighfh hg hgecidfeijdgs, sg rgvgcf ejkj

ud gxegcgdtg rgfetivj qug pgrkitg pjdgr f pruglf, sjdhgfr, ejdtrjcfr gd prikgrf pgrsjdf

cfs situfeijdgs prggxistgdtgs. Hg gsg kjhj fqugc sõcihj agjkétriej sg trfdsmjrkf, prjarg-

sivfkgdtg, gd jlogtj qug fcaudfs pgrsjdfs sjstigdgd ejd mftiaf, gd ud rgkjcqug hg efkiõd

qug ikpihg gc pfsj pjr udf hgtgrkidfhf efccg, gd udf efof hg vihrij ccgdf hg fauf hgc Kfr

Kugrtj, gd ud eulj hg pfd qug sgrviræ cugaj pfrf sfeifr gc nfklrg hg pjlrgs kgdhiajs hg

Eiuhfh hg Kéxiej. Ug prjygetf ejd ikpciefeijdgs sjeifcgs, gejdõkiefs, psiejcõaiefs, nis-

tõriefs y eucturfcgs, qug sjd efhf vgz histidtfs y sigkprg fetufcgs, pjrqug sg nfccfd idkgr-sfs gd hidækiefs rgfcgs y kudhfdfs.

\gacf g idmjrkfc

Gc kudhj gstæ ngenj f lfsg hg kftgrif idmjrkg qug sg jrafdizf siauigdhj udf rgacf, y hg

mjrkfs jrafdizfhfs qug sg rgsquglrfofd y sg hisugcvgd. Gc eiecj pgrpgtuj hg cf ergfeiõd y

hgc fdiquicfkigdtj gs cf cgy qug cj riag tjhj. F kgduhj Ufdtifaj Uigrrf ihgf sus jlrfs hg

kjhj qug cg pgrkitfd prjmudhizfr gd gstjs hjs fspgetjs. Gs pjr gccj qug cfs mjrkfs rëai-

hfs dj sjd efsi dudef gstætiefs di sg nfccfd fiscfhfs, sidj qug gd tjhj efsj sg trfdsmjr-

kfd gd idstrukgdtjs f trfvés hg cjs eufcgs sg pughf idvgstiafr gc prjegsj gvjcutivj, gc

<2 pgzzi hi strfhf hgccf kisurf

622 x 622 ek sjccgvfti hfc sujcj

<2 pigegs jm rjfh kgfsurida622 x 622 ek puccgh up mrjk

tng arjudh

<2 trjzjs hg efccg frrfdefhf,

hg 622 ek hg cfhj gd su efrf

supgrijr

Afcgrëf Ædagc \jkgrj, Kfhrih.

Kfrzj Kfren 699<.

Jstruzijdg hi udf supgrstrfhf

ejd ic rikjrenij hi ud efkijd

Jlstruetijd jm f mrggwfy witn

f true`'s trficgr

Jlstrueeiõd hg udf vëf ejd ud

ejdtgdghjr hg efraf

Fdiccj Rgrimériej Uur. Kéxiej H.M.

Djvgklrg Djvgklgr Djvigklrg

699>.



fkpcij frej qug sgpfrf cf rgacf hg cj qug dj tigdg mjrkf. Gd <8 lcjqugs hg ejdergtj kjvi-

hjs ejdstfdtgkgdtg hurfdtg udf ojrdfhf pjr jlrgrjs rgkudgrfhjs (Feg Afccgry, Cjs Fdag-

cgs, 6999), fc pÿlciej dj sõcj sg cg idvitf f jlsgrvfr cjs pfrfcgcgpëpghjs gd tjhf su purgzf,sidj tfkliéd f fprgeifr gc rgsuctfhj hg cf gdtgrf jpgrfeiõd? gc sugcj hg cf afcgrëf gd gc qug

sg fhvigrtgd cfs nugccfs hg eufdtj sg nf frrfstrfhj pjr su supgrmieig, cfs lfrrfs gkpcgf-

hfs pfrf hgspcfzfr cjs lcjqugs, fsë ejkj cjs rgstjs hg ejkihf qug nfd hgofhj f su pfsj

cjs jlrgrjs.

F vg egs gc f rtistf sg h ghief f vg rimiefr cfs pjsieij dgs kÿctipcg s qu g pug hgd fhquirir fcau-

djs kõhucjs rgaucfrgs, ejkj si fspirfrf f gdegrrfr cfs pjsilcgs vfrifdtgs gd ud sistgkf

hg riajr kftgkætiej, f suogtfr cjs mfetjrgs vfriflcgs f udf hgtgrkidfhf rgacf. Fsë, pugs, cj

vgkjs prjlfdhj cfs histidtfs pjsieijdgs hg cjs jlogtjs, cf efdtihfh hg sus hgspcfzf-

kigdtjs pjsilcgs, ejkj gd > ejklidfeijdgs pfrf udf pugrtf hg < njofs (Ofcisej, <222) j

gd 666 ejdstrueeijdgs ngenfs ejd 62 kõhucjs y 62 trflfofhjrgs (Afcgrëf @icenkfdd,

_órien, <228). Rgrj gd jtrfs jefsijdgs fpudtf hirgetfkgdtg f eufdtj dj tigdg mjrkf, f cf

zfaf hg cjs gmgetjs hg cf hisjcueiõd y hgc hgsafstg, ejkj eufdhj gdeigrrf gd pjciurgtfdj

gxpfdhihj gc prjegsj hg hgsejkpjsieiõd hg cjs vgagtfcgs (Qjrch Xrfhg Egdtgr, Ofcisej,

Kéxiej, 699=)0 j idecusj eufdhj, gkpcgfdhj ihédtiej kftgrifc sjlrg eugrpjs nukfdjs,

idtgdtf efptfr y ejdagcfr sus prjygeeijdgs cilihidjsfs (Iacgsif hg Ufd Kfttgj, Cueef,<22<0 Cissjd Afccgry, Cjdhrgs, <228), hgofdhj cugaj cjs rgstjs hgspfrrfkfhjs pjr gc

gspfeij gxpjsitivj ejkj si sg trftfrf hg cjs rgsuctfhjs sid mjrkf hgmidihf hg udf flud-

hfdtg gyfeucfeiõd.

Gd gc mjdhj sg trftf hg cf kiskf hifcéetief qug sg nflëf hgsgdefhgdfhj gdtrg gc Kidikfciskj

y cf Fdti-Mjrkf, eufdhj \jlgrt Kjrris, trfs nflgr ejkprjlfhj tjhfs cfs pjsilicihfhgs hg cj

–rëaihj‛, pfsõ f uticizfr kftgrifcgs lcfdhjs y dfturfcgs? hgshg gc hurj kgtfc nfstf gc sufvg g

idmjrkg migctrj mcæeeihj. Ejd cf sfcvghfh hg qug gd Uigrrf cjs hjs fspgetjs gstæd kuy f kgdu-

hj jkdiprgsgdtgs. Xjkgkjs pjr gogkpcj 67 ngxfghrjs hg <72 ek hg cfhj efhf udj , rgfcizf-

hj gd cf Efccg Afdtg hg Eiuhfh hg Kéxiej (699=). Cfs gstrueturfs sjd rgaucfrgs, hg kghihfs

6=


kjhuci g 62 jpgrfi (Rgtgr @icenkfdd Afcgrig, _uriaj, <228). Kf id fctri efsi gaci pudtf hirgttj fcc’id-

mjrkg, fccf riegref hgaci gmmgtti hi hissjcuzijdg g hi ejdsudzijdg, ejkg qufdhj rfeeniuhg dgc

pjciurgtfdj gspfdsj ic prjegssj hi hgejkpjsizijdg hgi vgagtfci (Qjrch Xrfhg Egdtgr, Ofcisej,

Kgssiej, 699=) j fhhiritturf egref hi missfrg ejd cj stgssj kftgrifcg sui ejrpi ukfdi cg prjigzij-

di cilihieng (gx enigsf hi Ufd Kfttgj, Cueef, <22<0 Cissjd Afccgry, Cjdhrf, <228) cfseifdhj pji i

rgsti hissipfti dgccj spfzij gspjsitivj, qufsi gsiti idmjrki hi ud’flljdhfdtg gifeucfzijdg.

Id mjdhj si trfttf hgccf stgssf hifcgttief eng si grf prjhjttf trf ic kidikfciskj g c’ Fdti-Mjrk, qufd-

hj \jlgrt Kjrris, hjpj fvgrg tgstftj tuttg cg pjssilicitâ hgc –riaihj‛, pfssf f uticizzfrg kftgrifci

sjmmiei g dfturfci? hfc hurj kgtfccj fc kjrlihj g idmjrkg mgctrj efsefdtg. Ujcj eng id Uigrrf i hug

fspgtti sjdj spgssj ejkprgsgdti. Rrgdhifkj, fh gsgkpij, 67 gsfghri hgccg hikgdsijdi hi <72

x <72 x <72 ek, rgfcizzftj f Efccg Afdtg, f Eittâ hgc Kgssiej dgc 699=. Cg strutturg sjdj rgaj-

cfri, pgrmgttg dgccg kisurg, euli hi sjccgwittifdf kgkjrif, kf pgr rgfcizzfrci c’frtistf nf usftj ikftgrifci più hispfrfti, hfc efrtjdg fc cgadj, hfccf pcfstief fc kgtfccj ejrruaftj? idsjkkf dé più

dé kgdj hi eiü eng si puü trjvfrg id udf mfvgcf dgccf pgrimgrif hi udf kgafcjpjci, hjvg c’freni-

tgtturf spjdtfdgf hâ cujaj f mgstjsg sjvrfppjsizijdi hi kftgrig g ejcjri. Idjctrg c’jpgrf djd î

imy ci vg prg-gxistida situftijds. Mrjk tikg tj tikg, tnft sjcih agjkgtriefc miaurg l gejkgs fd

jloget gxnfustidacy ngch ly pgjpcg, f trfetjr-trficgr lcjeìda tng nianwfy, f acfss ljx miccgh witn

wftgr mrjk tng Hgfh Ugf, f eulg jm lrgfh lf`gh tj mggh nudary idhiagdts id Kgxiej Eity. It jpgds tng hjjr tj dukgrjus eurrgdt fdh hivgrsimigh sjeifc, gejdjkiefc, psyenjcjaiefc, nistjr-

iefc, eucturfc i kpcieftijds lgefusg it nfs lggd idtgarftgh idtj trug, kudhfdg hydfkies.

\ucg fdh Mjrkcgss

Xng wjrch is kfhg jm mjrkcgss kfttgr, wnien is jrafdizgh feejrhida tj f rucg fdh jm jrafdizgh

mjrks tnft ljtn ejccfpsg fdh eruklcg. Xng pgrpgtufc eyecg jm ergftijd fdh ejdsukptijd is tng

cfw jm fcc tnidas. Ufdtifaj Uigrrf jmtgd hirgets nis wjr`s ft idvgstiaftida tnis hjulcg fspget. Nis

riaih mjrks frg fckjst dgvgr stftie fdh isjcftgh, fdh im fdytnida, tngy lgejkg idstrukgdts mjr

idvgstiaftida tng hgvgcjpkgdt prjegss, tng fkpcg fren tnft sgpfrftgs tng rucg mrjk tng mjrkcgss.

Id <8 lcje`s jm ejdergtg ejdstfdtcy kjvgh hurida f hfy’s wjr` ly pfih wjr`grs (Feg Afccgry, Cjs

Fdagcgs, 6999) tng pulcie wfs djt jdcy idvitgh tj vigw tng pfrfccgcgpipghs id tngir purg mjrk, lut

tng rgsuct jm tng gdtirg jpgrftijd? tng mcjjr jm tng afccgry serfpgh ly siads jm mrietijd, tng lfrs usgh

tj kjvg tng lcje`s fdh rgkfids jm mjjh fdh hrid` ejdsukgh ly tng wjr`grs.

Ujkgtikgs tng frtist hghieftgs niksgcm tj vgrimyida tng kuctipcg pjsitijds jm sjkg rgaucfr

mjrks, fs im fikida tj gdecjsg fcc jm its pjssilcg vfriftijds idtj f systgk jm kftngkftiefc prgeisijd, jm rghueida vfriflicity tj f rucg. Fs f rgsuct, ng tg sts tng pjsitijds jm tng jlogets, tng duk-

lgr jm pjssilcg hispcfegkgdts, fs id > ejklidftijds mjr f hjulcg hjjr (Ofcisej, Kgxiej, <222),

jr id 666 ejdstruetijds kfhg witn 62 kjhucgs fdh 62 wjr`grs (Afcgrig Rgtgr @icenkfdd,

_órien, <228). Lut id jtngr efsgs, ng pjidts hirgetcy ft tng udhgmidgh mjrk, ft tng rgsgfren jm

gmmgets jm hissjcutijd fdh ejdsukptijd, ci`g wngd ng ejdtfids tng prjegss jm vgagtfc hgejk-

pjsitijd id mjfk pjcyurgtnfdg ( Qjrch Xrfhg Egdtgr, Ofcisej, Kgxiej, 699=) jr usida tng sfkg

kftgrifc, ng cjj`s tj mix custmuc prjogetijds jd nukfd ljhigs (mjrkgr enuren jm Ufd Kfttgj,

Cueef, <22<0 Cissjd Afccgry, Cjdhjd, <228), cgfvida tng rgkfids hissipftg id tng gxnilitijd

spfeg, fckjst mjrkcgss rgsucts jm fd fludhfdt gofeucftijd.

\jlgrt Kjrris, Mfccgd Mgct .

Rjciurgtfdj spruzzftj sjprf ud

kueenij hi vgagtfci kfrei idmicfti

id 8 ejdtfidgr uticizzfti pgr ic cjrj

prjegssj hi ejklustijdg

Rjcyurgtnfdg sprfygh jvgr wfs

vgagtflcgs mjr tng ejdegdtrftijd

jm tngir ejklustijd prjegss,

id 8 ejdtfidgrs

Rjciurgtfdj gsprgfhj sjlrg

vgrhurfs hgsgenfhfs, pfrf cf

ejdegdtrfeiõd hg su prjegsj h

ejklustiõd gd 8 ejdtgdghjrgs

Qjrch Xrfhg Egdtgr. ] Ghieiõd hg

Gxpjfrtg Aufhfcfofrf, Ofcisej,

Kéxiej.Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigkl

699=.



6>

K i d i k g h g m c f a r f z i j d i / K i d i k f c g

x p c j s i j d s

Fmtgr fcc, it is fd gxfkidftijd jm tng sfkg hifcgetie tnft wfs prjhuegh lgtwggd Kidikfcisk fdh

Fdti-Mjrk wngd \jlgrt Kjrris, fmtgr nfvida tgstgh fcc jm tng pjssilicitigs jm tng –riaih‛, lgafd

usida sjmt fdh dfturfc mjrks? mrjk nfrh kgtfc tj sjmt, snfpgcgss mgct. Gxegpt id Uigrrf’s wjr`s,tngsg twj fspgets frg jmtgd prgsgdt. Xf`g mjr gxfkpcg 67 ngxfnghrjds jm <72 x <72 x <72 ek ,

rgfcizgh id Afdtg Utrggt id Kgxiej Eity id 699=. Xng strueturgs frg rgaucfr, pgrmget id kgfsurg,

rgkidisegdt jm Ujc CgQittifd eulgs, njwgvgr id jrhgr tj rgfcizg tngk, tng frtist usgh kjrg vfr-

igh kftgrifcs, mrjk efrhljfrh tj wjjh, tj pcfstie, tj ejrruaftgh kgtfc. Id snjrt, it is dgitngr

kjrg djr cgss jm wnft is mjudh id snfdtytjwds id tng pgripngrigs jm f kgafcjpjcis wngrg spjd-

tfdgjus frenitgeturg aivgs risg tj enggrmuc jvgrcfppidas jm kftgrifcs fdh ejcjrs. Murtngrkjrg,

tng wjr` is djt fd fsgptie jloget flstrfet mrjk rgfcity, lut fd fagdt jm sjeifc hydfkies? f argft

duklgr jm kggtidas fdh hiseussijds frg dgghgh id jrhgr t j ejdvideg tng futnjritigs fdh ljss-

gs jm strggt vgdhjrs wnj ejdtrjc tng tgrritjry, tj arfdt tng spfegs mjr nis wjr`s, witn fcc tng

jlstidfey, mrietijd fdh rgmcgetijds jm fd udjmmieifc dgajtiftijd. Xng rgaucfr mjrk, idtgarftgh idtj

rgfcity, prjvj`gs f mjrkcgss kixturg jm rgfetijds.

Xnis id tng gdh isd’t vgry himmgrgdt mrjk wnft fppgfrs fs f arfpnie rgprgsgdtftijd id tng idtgr-

vgdtijd 72 à jm pcfstgr id tng strggt , rgfcizgh id Kfhrih id 6998, id wnien tng kftngkftiefc prg-

eisijd jm tng kgfsurg jm kftgrifc ejdtrfhiets tng mjrkcgss gmmget prjhuegh ly efrs pfssida jvgr

it, sprgfhida tng pcfstgr tnrjuan tng strggts. Xngd, wnft efd lg sfih jm tng prjegssgs jm ejklustijd fdh tng mcjjhida jm f spfeg witn mcuih kftgrifc, fs id Afccgry lurdgh witn afsjcidg (Frt

Hgpjsit Afccgry, Kgxiej Eity, 6991), jr Mcjjr ikprgadftgh witn 72 à jm fspnfct (Ejudtry Ecul

Njspitfc, Kgxiej Eity, 699=), jr kjrg rgegdtcy Njusg id Kuh , id wnien tng frtist trfdsmgrrgh

kuh fdh pgft idtj tng @gstdgragsgccgsenfmt id Nfddjvgr (<227):

Xnis hjulcg cidg jm rgsgfren, tng fspirftijd jm prgeisijd fdh tng pcgfsfdtry jm tng mjrkcgss, is

jdg jm tng kjrg hggpcy-rjjtgh cgit-kjtims jm Ufdtifaj Uigrrf’s pjgtie. Xng wjr` tnft gxprgssgs

tnis witn ecfrity, fcsj lgefusg it is kjrg idtikftg, wfs ergftgh id nis jwd njkg jd 76 \gaidf

Utrggt, id Kgxiej Eity, fdh is tngrgmjrg mrgg mrjk fcc jtngr ikpcieftijds? Ecgfdida jm f mcjjr tj

jltfid himmgrgdt histrilutijds jm wftgr. Xng frtist stjps tj pnjtjarfpn tng tnjusfdhs jm hjjhcgs

pgrmgetfs, euljs hg sjccgwittifdf kgkjrif, pgrj pfrf rgfcizfrcjs gc frtistf nf usfhj cjs kftg-

rifcgs kæs hispfrgs? hgc efrtõd f cf kfhgrf, pfsfdhj pjr gc pcæstiej y pcfdenfs hg enfpf.

Dfhf, gd hgmiditivf, qug dj pughf gdejdtrfrsg gd udf mfvgcf hg sulurlij hg udf kgtrõpjcis,hjdhg cf frquitgeturf gspjdtædgf hf pfsj f mgstivfs supgrpjsieijdgs hg kftgrifcgs y hg ejcj-

rgs. Rjr cj hgkæs cf jlrf dj gs ud jlogtj fséptiej hgsvideucfhj hg cf rgfcihfh, sidj ud fagd-

tg hg hidækiefs sjeifcgs? mugrjd dgegsfrijs vfrijs gdeugdtrjs y sg gdtflcfrjd hiseusijdgs

fdtgs hg cjarfr ejdvgdegr f cfs futjrihfhgs y f cjs cëhgrgs hg cjs vgdhghjrgs fklucfdtgs qug

ejdtrjcfd gc tgrritjrij, pfrf qug ejdeghigrfd gc gspfeij dgegsfrij pfrf gc gkpcfzfkigdtj hg cf

pigzf, ejd cjs pcfdtgs, pjcékiefs g idegrtihuklrgs hg riajr gd udf ejdtrftfeiõd dj jmieifc hg

tfcgs efrfetgrëstiefs. F cf mjrkf rgaucfr gdafrzfhf gd cf rgfcihfh, siaug udf kgzecf idmjrkg hg

rgfeeijdgs.

Xjhj gstj gd gc mjdhj dj gs tfd himgrgdtg hg cj qug fpfrgeg ejkj rgprgsgdtfeiõd aræmief gd

cf idtgrvgdeiõd 72 @a hg ygsj sjlrg cf efccg , rgfcizfhj gd Kfhrih gd 6998, hjdhg f cf riaurj-

sihfh kftgkætief hg cf kghihf hgc kftgrifc sirvg hg ejdtrfpgsj gc gmgetj idmjrkfc prjhueihj

pjr cjs ejengs qug, fc pfsfr sjlrg gc ygsj, cj gspfregd pjr gc fsmfctj. ºVué eflg hgeir fhg-

kæs hg cjs prjegsjs hg ejklustiõd j hg idudhfeiõd hg ud gspfeij ejd kftgrifcgs cëquihjs,

ejkj gd Afcgrëf qugkfhf ejd afsjcidf (Afcgrëf Frt Hgpjsit, Eiuhfh hg Kéxiej, 6991), j gd

Uugcj ikprgadfhj ejd 72 @a hg fsmfctj (Ejudtry Ecul Njspitfc, Eiuhfh hg Kéxiej, 699=), jgd cf rgeigdtg Idstitueiõd gklfrrfhf pfrf cf qug gc frtistf nf euligrtj hg tigrrf y lfrrj gc idtg-

rijr hgc @gstdgragsgccsenfmt hg Nfddjvgr (<227):

Gstf hjlcg hirgeeiõd hg lÿsqughf, cf fspirfeiõd fc riajr y gc pcfegr hg cj idmjrkg, gs udj

hg cjs kjtivjs rgeurrgdtgs kæs frrfiafhjs y prjmudhjs hg cf pjétief hg Ufdtifaj Uigrrf.

Nfy udf pigzf qug cj rgvgcf ejd ecfrihfh hglihj tfkliéd f qug gs udf hg cfs kæs ëdtikfs

y pgrsjdfcgs. Ug rgfcizõ gd su prjpif efsf, uliefhf gd cf Efccg \gaidf 76 hg Eiuhfh hg

Kéxiej, sid qug pjr cj tfdtj sg cg pughfd fenfefr ikpciefeijdgs hg hivgrsf ëdhjcg? Cik-

pigzf hg ud pisj pfrf cf jltgdeiõd hg hivgrsfs jrhgdfeijdg s h g fauf hg mrgafr . Gd gstg

efsj gc frtistf mjtjarfmëf cf kirëfhf hg hiluojs qug gc fauf kgzecfhf ejd oflõd mjrkf gd gc

6> pgrsjdg riejpgrtg

hi pjciurgtfdj

Uprfyida jm pjcyurgtnfdg

jvgr 6> pgjpcg

Gsprgfhj hg pjciurgtfdj

sjlrg 6> pgrsjdfs

Gx enigsf hi Ufd Kfttgj. Cueef.

Kfrzj Kfren <22<.

<8 lcjeeni hi egkgdtj kjssi

ejstfdtgkgdtg hf cfvjrftjri pfa

hurfdtg udf aijrdftf hi cfvjrj

<8 lcje`s jm ejdergtg ejdstfdt

kjvgh hurida f hfy's wjr` ly

pfih wjr`grs

<8 lcjqugs hg ejdergtj kjvihj

ejdstfdtgkgdtg hurfdtg udf

ojrdfhf pjr jlrgrjs rgkudgrfh

Feg Afccgry C.F., Cjs Fdagcgs.

Cuacij Oucy Oucij 6999



<2

ud jaagttj fsgttiej fstrfttj hfccf rgfctâ, kf ud fagdtg hi hidfkieng sjeifci? più idejdtri g his-

eussijdi ei sjdj vjcuti pgr ejdvidegrg cg futjritâ g i efpi hgi vgdhitjri hi strfhf eng ejdtrjccfdj

ic tgrritjrij f ejdeghgrg aci spfzi pgr cf ejccjefzijdg, ejd tuttg cg ikpudtfturg, cg mrizijdi g i ripgd-

sfkgdti hi udf ejdtrfttfzijdg idmjrkfcg. Fccf mjrkf rgajcfrg efcftf dgccf rgfctâ mf sgauitj ud’id-

mjrkg kisegcf hi rgfzijdi.

Eiü id mjdhj djd î trjppj hivgrsj hf qufdtj fppfrg ejkg rfpprgsgdtfzijdg arfmief dgcc’idtgr-

vgdtj 72 à hi agssj succf strfhf, rgfcizzftj f Kfhrih dgc 6998, id eui fc riajrg kftgkftiej hgccf

kisurf hgc kftgrifcg mf hf ejdtrfctfrg c’gmmgttj idmjrkfcg prjhjttj hfccg futj eng pfssfdhjei sjprf

cj spfrajdj succf strfhf. Eng hirg pji hgi prjegssi hi ejklustijdg j hi idjdhfzijdg hi udj spf-

zij ejd kftgrifci mcuihi, ejkg Afccgrif lrueiftf ejd lgdzidf (Frt Hgpjsit Afccgry, Eittâ hgc Kgssi-

ej, 6991), j Rfvikgdtj ikprgadftj hf 72 à hi fsmfctj (Ejudtry Ecul Njspitfc, Eittâ hgc Kgssi-

ej, 699=), j ic rgegdtg Efsf hi mfdaj, id eui c’frtistf nf vgrsftj tgrrf g mfdaj fcc’idtgrdj hgc @gst-

dgragsgccsenfmt hi Nfddjvgr (<227):

Vugstf hupcieg hirgzijdg hi riegref, c’fspirfzijdg fc riajrg g ic pifegrg hgcc’idmjrkg, î udj hgi cgit

kjtiv più rfhiefti g prjmjdhi hgccf pjgtief hi Ufdtifaj Uigrrf. E’î ud cfvjrj eng cj kfdimgstf ejd

enifrgzzf, fdeng pgrené più idtikj g rfeejctj, rgfcizzftj dgccf prjprif efsf hi efccg \gaidf 76, f

ergftgh ly tng sjfpy wftgr wngd sprgfh jd tng mcjjr ly f cfrag kjp, tnus ejklidida kgenfd-

iefc cidgfrity fdh mjrkcgss mjfkidgss. Ejdstruetijd fdh hgstruetijd, tng rgfcity prideipcg fdh tng

pcgfsurg prideipcg, fs id tng tnidas jm tng wjrch, fs id tng hgptns jm tng psyeng.

Cftid Fkgrief jm Acjlfcizftijd

Jur ygfrs frg tng ygfrs jm acjlfcizftijd, fd fag id wnien pjst-Mjrhist tgdhgdeigs, tng gdh jm

fcigdftgh cfljur arfhufccy sulstitutgh ly e rgftivg fetivitigs, e jgxists witn tng gxpcjitftijd jm

cfljur jm kidjrs fdh pjjr, hgmgdegcgss pgjpcg. Id tngsg ygfrs, fdti-acjlfcizftijd fttituhgs

ripgd, –dj cjaj‛ pjsitijds, fafidst cfrag kuctidftijdfc ejrpjrftijds wnj, id tng dfkg jm tng

kfr`gt gejdjky, sgt up nihhgd pjwgrs fdh gxpcjit vfst rgaijds jm tng Xnirh Qjrch. Cftid

Fkgrief is pgrnfps jdg jm tng pcfegs id wnien tngsg ejdtrfhietijds frg kjrg prjdjudegh, witn

f pjcitiefc ec fss tnft nfs fckjst dgvgr lggd flcg tj feejkpcisn fd gqufc histrilutijd jm riengs,

witn f cftgdt gejdjkie erisis tnft prjhuegs ojcts fdh lfd`rupteigs, ejdstfdtcy idergfsida tng

afp lgtwggd tng cuxurijuscy rien fdh tng stfrvgh pjjr. F pcfeg wngrg mrgqugdt ejups, hietf-

tjrsnips fdh ejrruptijds gvihgdtcy rgdhgr f prikitivg systgk jm nukfd rgcftijdsnips lfsgh jd

tng prideipcg jm pjwgr fdh mjreg. Kgxiej Eity is prgeisgcy jdg jm tng cfragst kgctida pjts jm

ejdtrfhietijds, f kgafcjpjcis jm kjrg tnfd twgdty kiccijd idnflitfdts wngrg cfvisn s`yserfpgrs

ejgxist witn pgripngrfc snfdtytjwds. Kfylg it fcsj mjr tnis rgfsjd tnft Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, wnj

nfh fcrgfhy snjwd fd idtgrgst id hirgetcy ejdmrjdtida ejdtrfhietjry situftijds, rgcjeftgh tngrg

id 699=.

Xng pjcitiefc-gejdjkie situftijd jm Cftid Fkgrief gdejurfags tng hgvgcjpkgdt jm fd frtistie gdvi-

rjdkgdt sjf gh witn lurdida prjlcgks nfdhcgh id strjda tjdgs. Lgcaifd Mrfdeis Fcús, wnj trgfhs

ciantcy tnjuan tng strggts jm Kgxiej Eity witn f pistjc id nfdh lgmjrg lgida stjppgh ly tng pjcieg,

ecgfrcy hgkjdstrftgs tnis ecikftg jm gxegss jm ljtn cilgrty fdh ris`. Id tnis gdvirjdkgdt, kfdy

frtists argw fdh kfturgh? Auftgkfcfd Âdëlfc Cõpgz, wnj rjls f pgrsjd fdh usgs tng mruit jm tng

erikg tj rgfcizg fd gxnilitijd ( Gc préstfkj , <222), jr wnj tnrjws f true`cjfh jm ljj`s idtj fd

idtgrsgetijd id Auftgkfcf Eity, ergftida f pnysiefc trfmmie ofk fs f kgtfpnjr mjr tng pjcitiefc-euc-

sugcj eufdhj ud fdenj gsejliccõd cf gxtigdhg pjr su supgrmieig, mudhigdhj cidgfcihfh kgeæ-

dief y gspukf sid mjrkf. Ejdstrueeiõd y hgstrueeiõd, prideipij hg rgfcihfh y prideipij hg

pcfegr, ejkj gs prjpij hg cfs ejsfs hg gstg kudhj, ejkj gs prjpij hg cf prjmudhihfh hgcf psiqug.

Cftidjfkérief hg cf acjlfcizfeiõd.

Cjs dugstrjs sjd cjs föjs hg cf acjlfcizfeiõd, udf ghfh gd cf qug ejdvivgd cfs tgdhgdeifs

pjstmjrhistfs, gc midfc hg ud trflfoj fcigdfdtg y qug pjej f pjej sg rggkpcfzf ejd fetivihf-

hgs ergfhjrfs, ejd cf gxpcjtfeiõd hg cf kfdj hg jlrf hg pgrsjdfs pjlrgs g idhgmgdsfs,

idecusj hg kgdjrgs. Ujd cjs föjs gd cjs qug kfhurfd cfs rgividhiefeijdgs fdti-acjlfcizfhj-

rfs, cfs pjsieijdgs –dj cjaj‛ ejdtrf cfs arfdhgs kuctidfeijdfcgs qug, gd gc djklrg hg cf gej-

djkëf hgc kgrefhj, ejdstituygd pjhgrgs jeuctjs y gxpcjtfd vfstfs ærgfs hgc tgregr kudhj.

Cftidjfkérief gs quizæs udj hg cjs cuafrgs hjdhg gstfs ejdtrfhieeijdgs rgsuctfd kæs gvi-

hgdtgs, ejd udf ecfsg pjcëtief qug efsi dudef cjarf ccgvfr f eflj udf rghistrilueiõd gquici-

lrfhf hg cf riqugzf, ejd udf erisis gejdõkief cftgdtg qug f kgduhj prjvjef ejdvucsijdgs

y lfdefrrjtfs, fukgdtfdhj ejdstfdtgkgdtg gc fliskj qug sgpfrf f cfs ecfsgs riefs hg cjs

pjlrgs qug pfsfd nfklrg. Wd cuafr hjdhg cjs mrgeugdtgs ajcpgs hg gstfhj, cfs hietfhurfs

y cf ejrrupeiõd pjdgd fc hgseuligrtj ud sistgkf prikitivj hg rgcfeijdgs nukfdfs qug sg

lfsfd gd gc prideipij hg cf mugrzf y hgc pjhgr. Eiuhfh hg Kéxiej gs prgeisfkgdtg udj hg cjs

pudtjs sgdsilcgs gd cjs qug sg kfdimigstfd tfcgs ejdtrfhieeijdgs ejd kfyjr idtgdsihfh? gs

udf gdjrkg kgtrõpjcis, ejd kæs hg vgidtg kiccjdgs hg nflitfdtgs, hjdhg cuojsjs rfsefeig-

cjs hisputfd gc tgrritjrij f mfvgcfs sulurlifcgs. Vuizæs gs gstg tfkliéd udj hg cjs kjtivjs pjr

cjs qug Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, qug yf nflëf hgofhj pftgdtg su idtgrés pjr fmrjdtfr situfeijdgs ejd-

trfhietjrifs, sg trfscfhõ fccë gd 699=.

Cf situfeiõd pjcëtief gejdõkief suhfkgriefdf mfvjrgeg gc hgsfrrjccj hg ud fkligdtg frtësti-

ej pgrkgflcg f eugstijdgs efdhgdtgs qug cjs ergfhjrgs fmrjdtfd sid kghifs tidtfs. Gc lgcaf

Mrfdeis Fcús, qug efkidf trfdquicj pjr cfs efccgs hg Eiuhfh hg Kéxiej gkpuöfdhj udf pis-


x p c j s i j d s

Rucizig hi ud pfvikgdtj pgr

jttgdgrg hivgrsg histriluzijdi

hi fequfEcgfdida jm f mcjjr tj jltfid

himmgrgdt histrilutijds jm wftgr

Cikpigzf hg ud pisj pfrf cf

jltgdeiõd hg hivgrsfs

jrhgdfeijdgs hg fauf hg mrgaf

76 Efccg \gaidf. Kéxiej H.M.

Hiegklrg Hgegklgr Hieigklrg

699>.

Efsf hi mfdaj

Njusg id kuh

Idstitueiõd gklfrrfhf

@gstdgragsgccsenfmt. Nfddjvgr.

Mgllrfij Mglrufry Mglrgrj <227.



<<

Eittâ hgc Kgssiej, g quidhi sajklrj hf fctrg ikpciefzijdi? Rucizig hi ud pfvikgdtj pgr jttgdgrg

hivgrsg histriluzijdi h’fequf. Id gssj c’frtistf si mgrkf f sefttfrg mjtjarfmig fi kiccg aniriajri eng

c’fequf idsfpjdftf ejkpjdg qufdhj ud cfraj sejpjdg cf spfdhg suc pfvikgdtj, kgsejcfdhj

cidgfritâ kgeefdief g seniukjsitâ idmjrkg. Ejstruzijdg g histruzijdg, prideipij hi rgfctâ g pridei-

pij hi pifegrg, ejkg dgccg ejsg hgc kjdhj, ejkg dgccg prjmjdhitâ hgccf psieng.

Cftidj Fkgrief hgccf acjlfcizzfzijdg

Ujdj, i djstri, aci fddi hgccf acjlfcizzfzijdg, ud’gtâ id eui ejdvivjdj cg tgdhgdzg pjstmjrhistg, cf

midg hgc cfvjrj fcigdftj vif vif sjstituitj hf fttivitâ ergftivg, ejd cj smruttfkgdtj hgccf kfdjhjpg-

rf hi pgrsjdg pjvgrg g idgrki, midfdeng hi kidjri. Ujdj aci fddi id eui kfturfdj cg istfdzg fdti-

acjlfcizzfdti, cg pjsizijdi –dj cjaj‛, ejdtrj cg arfdhi kuctidfzijdfci eng, id djkg hgcc’gejdjkif hi

kgreftj, ejstituisejdj pjtgri jeeucti g smruttfdj fkpig pcfang hgc tgrzj kjdhj. C’Fkgrief Cfti-

df î mjrsg udj hgi cujani id eui qugstg ejdtrfhhizijdi sjdj più gsfctftg, ejd udf ecfssg pjcitief

eng djd rigseg qufsi kfi fh fttufrg ud’gquf rihistriluzijdg hgccf rieengzzf, ejd udf erisi gejdj-

kief cftgdtg eng f trftti prjhueg sejssjdi g lfdefrjttg, fukgdtfdhj ejstfdtgkgdtg ic hivfrij trf

turfc jdg jm tng ejudtry0 Xgrgsf Kfrajccgs vfpjrizgs wftgr mrjk tng kjraug, Eulfd Xfdif

Lruaugrf prjhuegs pgrmjrkfdegs id wnien sng ngrsgcm fets fs fd idtgrkghifry lgtwggd tng rge-

jccgetijd jm nistjriefc gvgdts fdh tng hrfkfs jm tng prgsgdt cimg, Kgxiefd Kidgrvf Eugvfs fttfe`s kuctidftijdfc ejrpjrftijds usida tngir sfkg cjajs, \gaidf Afcidhj, witn ngr mggt sjf`gh id nukfd

lcjjh, wfc`gh lgtwggd tng Ejdstitutijdfc Ejurt fdh tng Dftijdfc Rfcfeg id Auftgkfcf Eity.

Utrjda, prjvjeftivg idtgrvgdtijds tnft frg jmtgd jpgdcy fhhrgssgh fafidst fd fdti-hgkjerftie,

ejgreivg, sjeij-pjcitiefc systgk. Xngy frg idtgrvgdtijds tnft jmtgd lgejkg idstrukgdts jm pjciti-

efc fetijd tngksgcvgs, id f eucturfc `jidé wngrg frt wgfvgs itsgcm lgtwggd tng mjchs jm sjeifc

gvgdts ci`g dj jtngr pcfeg, wngrg it fssukgs f pulcie hikgdsijd id tng wihgst kgfdida jm tng

tgrk. Xnis eucturfc gdvirjdkgdt fcsj djurisngs Ufdtifaj Uigrrf’s wjr`, wnien tf`gs jd vfrijus

fspgets jm tng cfdaufag jm pjcitiefc fetijd, jm struaacg fdh jm prjtgst. Xng lfddgr ngch ly pgjpcg

ft tng gdtrfdeg jm tng Lfsgc Frt Mfir (<226), tng strggt jlstruetgh witn jvgr-turdgh efrs fdh lurd-

ida jlogets (Acgdtwjrtn Utrggt, Cikgrie`, Irgcfdh, <222), tng sejrgs jm pgjpcg sittida id mrjdt jm tng

kusguk gdtrfdeg (Kusguk jm Ejdtgkpjrfry Frt, Rusfd, @jrgf, <222) jr tng kfd jd tng strggt

wnj rgpgfts njw kuen ng nfs lggd pfih id jrhgr tj tf`g pfrt id tng jpgrftijd, ci`g f vfafljdh

fdary witn tng wjrch (Dgw Utrggt, Lirkidanfk, <22<) frg fcc ecienés hrfwd mrjk tng ikfagry jm

pjcitiefc prjtgst, mrjk kgkjrigs jm urlfd lfrriefhgs, mrjk –dj acjlfc‛ sit-ids. Jtngr wjr`s frg

rghuegh tj fd ikfagry jm sjeij-pjcitiefc idvgstiaftijd usida vfrijus typgs jm pgjpcg pfih tj hj

sjkgtnida, tnjsg wnj feegpt frg gvihgdtcy tnjsg hrfwd mrjk tng pjjrgr sjeifc eirecgs, fdh usu-

fccy jm himmgrgdt rfegs, witn himmgrgdt ejcjrgh sìds. Xngir mfegs fdh ljhigs strgssgh ly fd fdjk-

fcjus fetivity, kf`g rgmgrgdeg tj gvihgdeg jm Xnirh Qjrch gxpcjitftijd, tj tng flusg jm pjwgr jd

hgmgdegcgss, idhiagdt pgjpcg. <2 wjr`grs id f snip’s njch , rgfcizgh id Lfregcjdf id <226, id wnien

twgdty pjjr djd-Gurjpgfd eitizgds wgrg ecjsgh id f njch jm f ljft mjr tnrgg njurs is gvjeftivg jm

tng mgrrigs mucc jm ecfdhgstidg gkiarfdts. 5,222 njcgs jm 6>2 x 72 x 72 ek gfen (Hgngsf hg Kjd-

tgkghij, ]gogr hg cf Mrjdtgrf, Efhieg, <22<), wnien jd jdg sihg rgefccs Cfdh Frt idtgrvgdtijds id

tng wihg hikgdsijd jm tng hissgkidftgh surmfeg jm rgaucfr njcgs, snjvgccgh jut ly Ugdgafcgsg

fdh Kjrjeefd wjr`grs, jd tng jtngr, rgmgrs lfe` tj tng ikfagry jm gxpcjitftijd.

tjcf fdtgs hg sgr hgtgdihj pjr cf pjcieëf, pjdg ecfrfkgdtg fc hgseuligrtj gstg ecikf hg gxeg-

sj, qug gs fc kiskj tigkpj gxegsj hg cilgrtfh y hg rigsaj. Gd gstg fkligdtg ergeg y kfhu-

rf gc auftgkfctgej Fdëlfc Cõpgz, qug rjlf f udf pgrsjdf y ejd gc mrutj hg su fetj hgcietivjkjdtf udf gxpjsieiõd ( Gc préstfkj, <222), j ligd frrjof gc gdtgrj ejdtgdihj hgc rgkjcqug hg

ud efkiõd rgpcgtj hg cilrjs gd ud erueg trfmiefhj hg Eiuhfh hg Auftgkfcf, ergfdhj ud

gkljtgccfkigdtj hgsejkudfc, cj qug gs udf kgtæmjrf hgc ftfsej pjcëtiej-eucturfc hgc pfës. Fccë

agrkidfd tfkliéd? cf kgxiefdf Xgrgsf Kfrajccgs, qug vfpjrizf gc fauf prjeghgdtg hgc hgpõ-

sitj hg efhævgrgs0 cf eulfdf Xfdif Lruaugrf, qug prjtfajdizf pgrmjrkfdegs gd cfs eufcgs su

pgrsjdf eukpcg ejd gc pfpgc hg idtgrkghifrij gdtrg cf ejdkgkjrfeiõd hg fejdtgeikigdtjs

nistõriejs y gc hrfkf hg cf vihf fetufc0 cf kgxiefdf Kidgrvf Eugvfs, qug ftfef f cfs kucti-

dfeijdfcgs uticizfdhj sus kiskjs cjajtipjs0 cf auftgkfctgef \gaidf Afcidhj qug, ejd cjs

pigs lföfhjs gd sfdarg, efkidf hgshg cf Ejrtg Ejdstitueijdfc nfstf gc Rfcfeij Dfeijdfc hg

Eiuhfh hg Auftgkfcf. Feeijdgs ccgdfs hg mugrzf qug lusefd cf prjvjefeiõd y qug kuy f

kgduhj sg hiriagd hg kfdgrf fligrtf ejdtrf ud sistgkf pjcëtiej-sjeifc fdtihgkjerætiej y

rgprgsjr. Ujd idtgrvgdeijdgs qug f kgduhj sg trfdsmjrkfd f su vgz gd idstrukgdtjs hg

feeiõd pjcëtief, gd udf ejidé eucturfc gd cf qug gc frtg fsjkf pjr gdtrg cfs hjlcgegs hg cjs

fejdtgeikigdtjs sjeifcgs ejkj gd didaÿd jtrj cuafr, qug fsukgd udf hikgdsiõd pÿlcief gd

gc sgdtihj kæs fkpcij pjsilcg hgc térkidj.

Hg hienj fkfsioj eucturfc sg fcikgdtf tfkliéd gc trflfoj hg Ufdtifaj Uigrrf qug hg cf feeiõd

pjcëtief, hg cf mjrkf hg cuenf y hg prjtgstf, fhjptf fsikiskj fcaudjs fspgetjs hgc cgdauf-

og. Cf pfdefrtf qug ud arupj hg pg rsjdfs sjstigdg fdtg gc fee gsj f c rgeid tj hg cf Mg rif hg

Lfsicgf (<226), cf jlstrueeiõd hg udf efccg kghifdtg futjkõvicgs vjcefhjs y ejd qugkf hg

jlogtjs (Acgdtwjrtn Utrggt, Cikgrie`, Ircfdhf, <222), cfs hgegdfs hg pgrsjdfs sgdtfhfs mrgd-

tg f cf gdtrfhf hg ud kusgj (Kusgj hg Frtg Ejdtgkpjrædgj, Rusfd, Ejrgf, <222) j gc njk-

lrg qug vf aritfdhj pjr cf efccg cf efdtihfh hg hidgrj qug cg nfd pfafhj pfrf tjkfr pfrtg

gd fqugccf kfdimgstfeiõd ejkj si sg trftfrf hg ud vfafludhj gdjofhj ejd gc kudhj (Dgw

Utrggt, Lirkidanfk, <22<), sjd tjhjs gccjs ecienés tjkfhjs hgc ikfaidfrij hg cf prjtgstf


x p c j s i j d s

\gaidf Afcidhj, Vuigd pughg

ljrrfr cfs nugccfs, <225.

Âdëlfc Cõpgz, 6 tjdgcfhf

hg cilrjs tirfhf sjlrg cf Fvgdihf

hg cf \gmjrkf, <225.





hgi dj acjlfc.

Fctrg jpgrg si riejdh uejdj f ud ikkfaid frij h’idh faidg sjeij-p jcitief? cg vfrig agdig hi pgr sjdg

pfaftg pgr mfrg qufcejsf, eng prjprij pgrené feegttfdj midisejdj pgr gssgrg gvihgdtgkgdtg

gstrfttg hfaci fkliti sjeifci più pjvgri, g pgrcjpiù hi rfzzg hivgrsg, ejd ejcjri hgccf pgccg himmgrgdti,

i cjrj vjcti g i ejrpi strgssfti hf fttivitâ f hir pjej fdjkfcg, riejdhuejdj fi hjeukgdti hi smruttf-

kgdtj hgc tgrzj kjdhj, fi sjprusi su pgrsjdg idgrki g idhiagdti. <2 cfvjrftjri dgccf stivf hi udf

dfvg, rgfcizzftj f Lfregccjdf dgc <226, id eui pjvgri gxtrfejkuditfri vgdivfdj rideniusi dgc vfdj

hi ud’iklfrefzijdg pgr ud pgrejrsj hgccf hurftf hi trg jrg, eitf cg efrrgttg hgc kfrg efrieng hi gki-

arfdti ecfdhgstidi. 5222 lueni hi 6>2 x 72 x 72 ek eifseudj (Hgngsf hg Kjdtgkghij, ]gogr hg

cf Mrjdtgrf, Efhieg, <22<), eng pgr ud vgrsj rikfdhf faci idtgrvgdti hi Cfdh Frt dgccf hikgdsijdg

fkpif hgccf spifdftf hissgkidftf hi lueng rgajcfri, ejd cf rgfcizzfzijdg f pfcf hf pfrtg hi cfvj-

rftjri sgdgafcgsi g kfrjeenidi, ridvif fcc’ikkfaidfrij hgccj smruttfkgdtj.

Ui pjtrgllg pgdsfrg eng Ufdtifaj Uigrrf fssukf udf pjsizijdg eritief dgi ejdmrjdti hi qugstg

situfzijdi, eng si vjacif griagrg f pfcfhidj hgaci smruttfti. Id rgfctâ, gaci idtgdhg uticizzfrg qugstg

ikkfaidi sjcj ejkg rimgrikgdti cidauistiei. Î ejdsfpgvjcg eng c’frtg î udf sulcikfzijdg hgccf pjci-

rifs? Lrueg Dfukfd kghëf ejd sus pfsjs gc gspfeij hgc prjpij gstuhij0 ]itj Feejdei kfref-

lf su pigrdf ejd cjs higdtgs0 Fcianigrj Ljgtti gserilëf cf kiskf mrfsg hg kfdgrf gspgeucfr,

usfdhj fc kiskj tigkpj tfdtj cf kfdj hgrgenf ejkj cf izquigrhf. Agstjs gcgkgdtfcgs qug gcrghgseulrikigdtj hg udf gstétief efutivfhjrf, dj sõcj visufc sidj tfkliéd pgrmjrkftivf, tjtf-

cizfhjrf, idhueëf f cf gxpgrikgdtfeiõd hg tjhj sjlrg udj kiskj.

Fc rgspgetj tfkliéd cjs tigkpjs nfd efklifhj. Gd gstg kjkg dtj gc frtistf gs pjej prjecivg

fc sjcipsiskj, f cf idtrjspgeeiõd idhivihufc. Uflg qug su feeiõd tigdg sgdtihj tfd sõcj si sg

gxpfdhg, si tjef fcaudjs afdacijs dgrvijsjs hg cf sjeighfh. Xfkliéd Uigrrf, fc nicj hg udf

pjétief qug sg jrigdtf pjr ud hispgdhij këdikj, rgtjkf fcaudfs pjsilicihfhgs hg gxprgsiõd

gcgkgdtfc? trfzfr udf cëdgf, egrrfr, jlstruir, ccgdfr, idecidfr... Ejd cf sfcvghfh hg qug gc efkpj

hg feeiõd yf dj gs cf njof, di kuenj kgdjs gc prjpij eugrpj. Gc efkpj hg feeiõd gs, gd tjhj

efsj, cf gdtgrf sjeighfh. Y pjr tfdtj fqugccfs feeijdgs gcgkgdtfcgs, hg trfzjs sikpcimiefhjs,

sg trfdsmjrkfd gd idstrukgdtjs hg jtrfs pjsilcgs idtgrrgcfeijdgs, fetivfd pjtgdeifcgs gdjr-

kgs hg hgmcfarfeiõd. Cf cëdgf qug gc frtistf tigkpj ftræs trfzflf pucerfkgdtg sjlrg udf njof,

fnjrf sg tftÿf sjlrg cf gspfchf hg pjlrgs hgsarfeifhjs f efklij hg udfs pjefs kjdghfs j

hg udf hjsis hg ngrjëdf.

Gdegrrfhj fc jtrj cfhj hg udf pfrgh sg nfccf ud njklrg fc qug sg cg jlciaf f vivir fccë hurfdtg

quideg hëfs. Gstæ fsikiskj jlstruihj, ejd udf pcfdenf hg enfpf, gc feegsj f udf afcgrëf, prg-

eisfkgdtg ejd kjtivj hg cf idfuaurfeiõd hg cf dugvf sghg. J tfkliéd gc kiskj pflgccõd

gspföjc hg cf Ligdfc hg ]gdgeif hurfdtg cf ghieiõd hg <225, eufdhj fc frtistf sg cg hgsiadõ

ejkj rgprgsgdtfdtg hg su pfës gd udj hg cjs kæxikjs gsefpfrftgs frtëstiejs idtgrdfeijdfcgs.

F vgegs pughg qughfr j lstruihj ud pugdtg y jtrfs vgegs udf efccg, jlciafdhj f cjs pgftjdgs

f hfr kfrenf ftræs. Ug ccgdf ud kusgj gdtgrj ejd egdtgdfrgs hg pgrsjdfs qug ikpihgd cf

gdtrfhf hgc pÿlciej qug quigrg fsistir f cf idfuaurfeiõd j ejd tjdgcfhfs hg cfhriccjs qug nfegd

qug gc feegsj sgf tfd sõcj pjsilcg pfrf udfs pjefs hgegdfs hg visitfdtgs fc kiskj tigkpj.

Wdf gdtgrf pfrgh, sjstgdihf hurfdtg eidej hëfs pjr trflfofhjrgs f cjs qug sg cgs pfaf pfrf

gccj, gstæ idecidfhf0 y fsë tfkliéd gc prjpij futjkõvic qug nf qughfhj fpfrefhj f cf pugrtf hg

<=


rigvjefzijdg hi viegdhg stjrieng g ic hrfkkf hgccf vitf fttufcg, cf kgssiefdf Kidgrvf Eugvfs, eng

fttfeef cg kuctidfzijdfci uticizzfdhj i cjrj stgssi cjani, cf auftgkfctgef \gaidf Afcidhj eng ejd i

pighi lfadfti hi sfdaug ejkpig ic trfaittj trf cf Ejrtg ejstituzijdfcg g ic Rfcfzzj dfzijdfcg hi Eittâ

hgc Auftgkfcf. Idtgrvgdti mjrti, prjvjeftjri, spgssj hirgtti fpgrtfkgdtg ejdtrj ud sistgkf pjcitiej

sjeifcg fdtihgkjerftiej g ejgreitivj. Idtgrvgdti eng spgssj hivgdtfdj gssi stgssi strukgdtj hi fzij-

dg pjcitief, id udf `jidé eucturfcg id eui c’frtg si idsiduf trf cg pigang hgccg viegdhg sjeifci ejkg id

dgssud fctrj cujaj, id eui fssukg udf hikgdsijdg pullcief dgc sgdsj più fkpij hgc tgrkidg.

Id qugstf ejdagrig eucturfcg si fcikgdtf fdeng ic cfvjrj hi Ufdtifaj Uigrrf eng hgcc’fzijdg pjcitief,

hgccf mjrkf hgccf cjttf g hgccf prjtgstf fssukg fdeng fceudi fspgtti hgc cidaufaaij. Cj striseijdg

sjstgdutj hf pgrsjdg hfvfdti fcc’idargssj hgccf migrf hi Lfsicgf (<226), cf vif jeecusf ejd futj-

kjlici rjvgseiftg g jaagtti idegdhifti (Acgdtwjrtn Utrggt, Cikgrie`, Ircfdhf, <222), cg hgeidg hi pgr-

sjdg sghutg hi mrjdtg fcc’idargssj hi ud kusgj (Kusgj hi Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf, Rusfd, Ejrgf,

<222) j c’ujkj succf strfhf eng ripgtg qufdtj î stftj pfaftj pgr prgdhgrg pfrtg fccf kfdimgstf-

zijdg ejkg ud lfrljdg frrflliftj ejc kjdhj (Dgw Utrggt, Lirkidanfk, <22<) sjdj tutti eciené

prgcgvfti hfcc’ikkfaidfrij hgccf prjtgstf pjcitief, hfccf kgkjrif hgccg lfrrieftg urlfdg, hfi sit-id

frg djw lrihags jr strggts, mjreida pghgstrifds tj turd frjudh. Miccgh witn nudhrghs jm pgjpcg

is fd gdtirg kusguk, lcjeìda tng pulcie’s feegss tj tng jpgdida, jr miccgh witn tjds jm lrie`s

sj tnft tng spfeg efd jdcy lg fee gssgh id skfcc duklgrs ft jdg tikg. Idecidgh is fd gdtirg wfcc fdh sustfidgh ly pfih wjr`grs mjr mivg hfys, jr idecidgh is djw tng efr pfr`gh udhgr nis njkg.

Id tngsg lfsie agsturgs tngrg is f hgsirg tj cilgrftg psyenjcjaiefc gdgraigs, tj lrgf` hjwd

rgprgssijd, ci`g id tng wjr`s jm tng pijdggrs jm Nfppgdidas jr pgrmjrkfdeg frt.

Ujkg jm Uigrrf’s idtgrvgdtijds frg gvjeftivg jm prfd`s puccgh ly arjups jm ìhs jr njjhcuks?

hgmfeida f efr witn f <22 ek cidg, cimtida fcc tng widhsnigch wipgrs jm efrs pfr`gh id f pfr`-

ida cjt hurida f rualy afkg, njistida f efr fdh rgkjvida its wnggcs. Cilg rftida fetijds, prj-

musijds jm tng pcgfsurg prideipcg, jm tnft irrgprgssilcg idstidet jm cilgrty tnft sjeigty jpprgss-

gs, rgstrfids, idnilits. Xnft sfkg jdg tnft hrjvg ]itj Feejdei tj efrry jut f pgrmjrkfdeg

wngrg ng kfsturlftgh udhgr f stfag idstfccgh id f afccgry fdh tnft djw is lrjuant jutsihg

idtj tng wjrch, tj idtgrfet witn tng gdtirg sjeigty.

Xfutjcjaiefc Ejdegptufc Frt

Jvgr tng spfd jm kjrg tnfd mjrty ygfrs, tng writtgd wjrh nfs trfvgccgh f cjda histfdeg id frt.

Qngd @jsutn rgfcizgh Jdg fdh Xnrgg Enfirs (69=7), ng hgecfrgh tnft tngrg gxistgh tnrgg

wfys jm idhieftida tnidas? tng tnida itsgcm, its pnjtjarfpnie jr pfidtgh ikfag, lut fcsj, its vgr-

lfc hgmid itijd. Mrjk tnft pjidt jdwfrh, tng wjrh nfs ejdtidufccy afidgh arjudh id tng wjrch

jm frt, lgejkida, id Ejdegptufc Frt, f trug fdh prgeisg sulstitutg mjr jtngr hgviegs. Id f tfu-

tjcjaiefc visijd, tng wjr` gdhs up ejideihida witn its hgseriptijd, ejdtfidgh idsihg jm its jwd

siadimiefdeg.

Ngrg it’s f qugstijd jm Ufdtifaj Uigrrf idtrjhueida jdcy f sciant vfriftijd, jm lridaida tnft

wjrh jutsihg fdh jlsgrvida tng rgfetijds tj it. Nis titcgs frg fcrgfhy usufccy jm tfutjcjaiefc

dfturg, idhieft ida tng purg hgseriptijd jm tng wjr`, witn t ng prgeisg kgfsurgkgdts tnft enfr-

fetgrizg it. Xnis ergftgs hi sjrigdtftijd, f afp lgtwggd tng gxpgetftijds jm f kidikfc wjr` fdh

tng ikfag, wnien idstgfh is jmtgd strjda fdh sgvgrg. Lut wngd tng wjr` itsgcm is tng writtgd

]itj Feejdei, Ugghlgh , 691<.



tief, eng aiudag hjpj tuttj ic rgstj g djd puü efklifrg ic kjdhj, puü sjcj ejkkgdtfrcj stfd-

hjei ikkgrsf.

Fzijdi pjvgrg

Ui î hgttj fdeng tfcvjctf hgc rfppjrtj hi Ufdtifaj Uigrrf ejd c’frtg pjvgrf, j kgacij, ejd qugc-

c’fklitj pgrmjrkftivj ejdegttufcg eng kfturü trf cf midg hgaci fddi Ugssfdtf g aci fddi Ugttfdtf,

qufdhj aci frtisti si highgrj f risejprirg pjrzijdi hi sgdsilicitâ pjej usftg ejkpigdhj fzijdi lfsi-

cfri. Lrueg Dfukfd kisurfvf ejd i pfssi cj spfzij hgc prjprij stuhij, ]itj Feejdei si ideihgvf ejd

i hgdti cf afklf, Fcianigrj Ljgtti serivgvf cf stgssf mrfsg id kjhj spgeucfrg ejdtgkpjrfdgf-

kgdtg ejd cf kfdj hgstrf g cf sidistrf. Agsti gcgkgdtfri eng cf risejpgrtf hi ud’gstgtief ejidvjc-

agdtg, djd più sjcj visivf, kf pgrmjrkftivf, tjtfcizzfdtg, pjrtfvf f spgrikgdtfrg prikf hi tuttj su

sg stgssi.

Fdeng id qugstj i tgkpi sjdj efklifti. Jrfkfi c’frtistf î pjej prjpgds j fc sjcipsiskj, fcc’idhf-

aidg idhivihufcg. Uf eng cf suf fzijdg nf sgdsj sjcj sg si gspfdhg, sg tjeef fceudi afdaci dgr-

vjsi hgccf sjeigtâ. Fdeng Uigrrf, dgccf suf pjgtief tgsf fc kidikj hispgdhij, riprgdhg fceudg pjs-

efsf. Nfy tfkliéd gd gstjs agstjs prikfrijs ud hgsgj hg cilgrfrsg hg cfs gdgraëfs psëquiefs,

hg hglicitfeiõd hg cfs rgprgsijdgs, ejkj cj nflëf tfkliéd gd cjs trflfojs hg cjs pijdgrjs hgc

nfppgdida y hg cf pgrmjrkfdeg. Fcaudfs idt grvgdeijdgs rgkitgd idecusj f cfs feeijdgs hg lfdhfs ouvgdicgs j hg afk lgrrjs?

rfyfr ud ejeng ejd udf cëdgf hg hjs kgtrjs, cgvfdtfr cjs cikpifpfrflrisfs hg tjhjs cjs vgnë-

eucjs hg ud fpfrefkigdtj kigdtrfs sg ougaf ud pfrtihj hg rualy, cgvfdtfr ud futjkõvic y qui-

tfrcg cfs rughfs. Feeijdgs cilgrftjrifs, prjmusijdgs hgc prideipij pcfegdtgrj, hg fqugc irrgmrg-

dflcg idstidtj hg cilgrtfh qug cf sjeighfh ideucef, mrgdf, idnilg. Gc kiskj idstidtj qug gd gc

trfdseursj hg udf pgrmjrkfdeg ccgvflf f ]itj Feejdei f kfsturlfrsg lfoj ud gsegdfrij ids-

tfcfhj gd udf afcgrëf y sjlrg gc eufc sg nfccflf gc pÿlciej y qug fnjrf gkfdf nfeif gc gxtgrijr,

idtgrfetufdhj ejd cf sjeighfh gdtgrf.

Cj ejdegptufc tfutjcõaiej

Hurfdtg kæs hg eufrgdtf föjs cf pfcflrf gseritf nf ccgvfhj f eflj ud gxtgdsj rgejrrihj gd gc

efkpj hgc frtg. Hgshg gc kjkgdtj gd qug @jsutn rgfcizõ Wdf y trgs siccfs (69=7), fmirkfdhj

qug gxistgd trgs kjhjs hg idhiefr cfs ejsfs (cf ejsf kiskf, su ikfagd mjtjarfmifhf j pidtf-

hf y tfkliéd su hgmidieiõd vgrlfc), cf pfcflrf nf jeupfhj gd tjhj kjkgdtj ud cuafr prgpjd-

hgrfdtg gd æklitj frtëstiej, ccgafdhj f sgr gd gc æklitj hg cj ejdegptufc ud vgrhfhgrj y fprj-

pifhj sustitutj hg jtrjs kghijs. Cf jlrf tgrkidf pjr ejideihir ejd su hgseripeiõd, gd cj qug

ejdstituyg udf ejdegpeiõd tfutjcõaief, tjtfckgdtg gdegrrfhf gd gc idtgrijr hg su siadimiefhj.

Xfkliéd gd gstg efsj sg trftf pfrf Ufdtifaj Uigrrf hg idtrjhueir tfd sõcj udf pgqugöf

vfrifdtg, hg ccgvfr cf pfcflrf fc gxtgrijr y jlsgrvfr cfs rgfeeijdgs qug suseitf. Cjs tëtucjs sjd

yf hg pjr së agdgrfckgdtg hg efræetgr tfutjcõaiej, idhiefd cf hgseripeiõd purf hgc trflfoj,

ejd cfs kghihfs prgeisfs qug cj efrfetgrizfd, ergfdhj udf hgsjrigdtfeiõd, ud fliskj gdtrg

cf gxpgetftivf hg ud trflfoj kidikfcistf y cf ikfagd qug gd efklij gs f kgduhj idtgdsf y

hgsafrrfhjrf.

Rgrj eufdhj gc jlogtivj hgc trflfoj gs cf pfcflrf gseritf, cf tfutjcjaëf ccgaf fc cëkitg hg cj pfrf-

<>


Rgrsjdf pfaftf pgr 5=2 jrg

hi cfvjrj ejdtiduftj

F pgrsjd pfih mjr 5=2 ejdtidujus

wjrìda njurs

Rgrsjdf rgkudgrfhf hurfdtg udf

ojrdfhf hg 5=2 njrfs ejdtidufs

R.U.6 Ejdtgkpjrfry Frt Egdtgr.

Dgw Yjr`. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr

Ugptigklrg <222.

Xgraieristfcci fczfti fccg kfeenidg

trjvftg pfrengaaiftg hurfdtg

udf efkkidftf hi ud'jrf

\fisida jm tng widhserggd wipgrs

jm tng efrs mjudh pfr`gh hurida f

jdg-njur wfc`

Gcgvfeiõd hg cjs cikpifpfrflrisfs

hg cjs futjkõvicgs gdejdtrfhjs

hurfdtg ud pfsgj hg udf njrf

Hivgrsi spfzi pullciei. Himmgrgdt

pulcie spfegs. Hivgrsjs gspfeijs.

Hulcid. Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg

<226.

Xgcf hgccf kisurf hi 6222 x 722 ek

sjspgsf hi mrjdtg

f ud ghimieij

Efdvfs kgfsurida 6222 x 722

ek suspgdhgh mrjk tng mrjdt

jm f luichida

Ccjdf hg 6.222 x 722 ek

suspgdhihf hg cf mfenfhf

hg ud ghimieij

Ugvgdtn Fvgdug fdh <9tn Utrggt.

Dgw Yjr` Eity.

Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg

6991.



hõoiej. Cjdf hg 6.222 x 722 ek suspgdhihf hg cf mfenfhf hg ud ghimieij (Dgw Yjr`, 6991) gs

udf arfd tgcf gd cf qug sg rgprjhueg cf mrfsg siauigdtg? –Xgxtj gseritj gd cgtrfs dgarfs hg tipj

muturf LcÈdct LX f <722 pudtjs sjlrg udf cjdf lcfdef hg 6.222x722 ek‛. Rjhrëf pfrgegrsõcj ud purj –ougaj cidaóëstiej‛ wit tagdstgidifdj, hgc kiskj tipj hg fqugccjs f cjs qug fejs-

tuklrflf rgeurrir @jsutn gd ejngrgdeif ejd cf ihgf hg qug cf pfcflrf dj pughg kæs qug rgki-

tir f së kiskf y dj f cf rgfcihfh. Rgrj gstg jlogtj sg gdeugdtrf ejcjefhj hg kjhj flusivj

oustj gd cf Uéptikf Fvgdihf, udf uliefeiõd gd cf qug dj sg pughgd ejcaf r efrtgcgs sid nflgr

pfafhj cjs hgrgenjs ejrrgspjdhigdtgs. Hg kfdgrf qug cf pfdefrtf sg gxpjdg j sg gsejdhg

hg feugrhj ejd cf fusgdeif j prgsgdeif gd fqugccf efccg hg cf pjcieëf cjefc, ejd cj qug pfsf f

sgr sëkljcj y kgtæmjrf hg udf tfutjcjaëf ikpjsilcg gd cf rgfcihfh fetufc. Rgrj eufdhj cf mrfsg

qug gd gccf miaurf gs gd efklij cf hg –Idcèdhgr rfus‛ (Mugrf cjs dftivjs), ejkj cf qug sg ejcaõ

f cf gdtrfhf hg cf Mgrif hg Lfsicgf gd gc föj <226 j sjlrg udf pfrgh rjejsf hg udf pcfyf hg

Kfccjref f cf qug vfd sjlrg tjhj turistfs fcgkfdgs, cf kiskf sg trfdsmjrkf gd ud gcgkgdtj

gxpcjsivj, gd ud eftfcizfhjr hg hidækiefs sjeifcgs qug prjvjef prjtgstfs y cfs ejdsiauigdtgs

idtgrvgdeijdgs hg cfs futjrihfhgs. Uid tgdgr gd eugdtf qug fqugccf tgcf tgdhihf pughg tjkfr

tfkliéd jtrf mjrkf y prgsgdtfr gc fspgetj hg udf arfd lfdhgrf fkgriefdf, tfc ejkj jeurriõ

gd udf jlrf qug sg ejcaõ gd gc gxtgrijr hgc Kusgj hg Xgrtucif hg Efci (Ejcjklif)? ºgrf irjdëf,

prjvjefeiõd, egrtimiefeiõd hg udf hjkidfeiõd gxtrfdogrf: Vuizæs tjhjs gstjs sgdtihjs fc

kiskj tigkpj qug, hg tjhjs kjhjs, prjhuegd gmgetjs ikprgvistjs g idecusj prgvisilcgs,

ejkj gc idtgdtj hg qugkfr gsf arfd lfdhgrf pjr pfrtg hg ud puöfhj hg pgrsjdfs.

Nfy tfkliéd ud eigrtj arfhj hg irjdëf gd gstfs idtgrvgdeijdgs, ejkj eufdhj gd cf Efsf hg cf

Eucturf hg _idfefdtæd gd Kéxiej (<226) Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, qug gd gc idtgrvfcj nflëf idieifhj f

rgfcizfr tfkliéd trflfojs sjdjrjs, nizj qug jdeg kuogrgs idhifs hg cf trilu Xzjtzic qug dj sflë-

fd udf pfcflrf hg gspföjc fprgdhigrfd gd efklij cf siauigdtg mrfsg? –Gstjy sigdhj rgkudg-

rfhj pfrf hgeir fcaj euyj siadimiefhj iadjrj‛. J idecusj eufdhj gd cf Iacgsif hg Ufd Kfttgj

hg Cueef (<228), ejdstruyg ejd arfdhgs cgtrfs hg kfhgrf udf pfcflrf qug fc rgeilir cf icuki-

dfeiõd trfsgrf hg ud mjej prjygetf gd cfs pfrghgs udf sjklrf fkgdfzfhjrf? udf gspcédhihf

52


silicitâ hi gsprgssijdg gcgkgdtfrg? tirfrg udf riaf, eniuhgrg, jstruirg, rigkpirg, idecidfrg… Ujcj eng

ic efkpj hi fzijdg djd î più ic mjacij g dgkkgdj ic prjprij ejrpj. Ic efkpj î jrkfi tuttf cf sjeig-

tâ. G fccjrf qugccg fzijdi gcgkgdtfri, hfi trftti sgkpcimiefti, hivgdajdj strukgdti hi fctrg pjssilici

idtgrrgcfzijdi, fttivfdj pjtgdzifci gdjrki hi hgmcfarfzijdg. Cf cidgf eng c’frtistf udf vjctf trfeeifvf

lgccfkgdtg suc mjacij jrf î tftuftf succf senigdf hi pjvgri hifvjci id efklij hi pjeng kjdgtg j hi

udf hjsg hi grjidf. Eniusj fc hi câ hi ud kurj ei stf ud ujkj ejstrgttj f vivgrg cã pgr quidhiei

aijrdi. Eniusj î fdeng c’idargssj hi udf afccgrif ejd hgc kgtfccj jdhucftj, prjprij id jeefsijdg

hgcc’idfuaurfzijdg hgccf dujvf sghg. J fdejrf cj stgssj pfhiacijdg spfadjcj fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif hgc <225 dgc kjkgdtj id eui c’frtis tf î segctj prjp rij pgr rfpprgsgdtfrg cf suf d fzijdg

id udf hgccg kfssikg rilfctg frtistieng idtgrdfzijdfci. F gssgrg jstruiti sjdj jrf ud pjdtg j udf

vif, ejstridagdhj i pfssfdti f tjrdfrg idhigtrj. \igkpitj î ud idtgrj kusgj ejd egdtidfif hi pgr-

sjdg eng ikpghisejdj c’feegssj fc pullciej hgcc’idfuaurfzijdg j ejd tjddgccftg hi kfttjdi eng

mfddj sã eng vi si pjssf feeghgrg id pjeng hgeidg pgr vjctf. Idecidftf î ud’idtgrf pfrgtg sjstg-

dutf pgr eidqug aijrdi hf cfvjrftjri pfafti, j cf prjprif futjkjlicg pfrengaaiftf sjttj efsf. E’î

fdeng udf vjcjdtâ hi cilgrfrg cg gdgraig psienieng, hi fllfttgrg cg rgprgssijdi, id qugsti agsti pri-

wjrh, tfutjcjay rgfengs tng pfrfhjx. Efdvfs kgfsurida 6222 x 722 suspgdhgh mrjk tng

mrjdt jm f luichida (1 tn Fvgdug fdh <9tn Utrggt, Dgw Yjr`, 6991) is f cfrag efdvfs tnft efrrigs

tng pnrfsg? –Xgxt Qrittgd id lcfe` cgttgrs jm typg muturf ^LcÈdct LX ft <,722 pjidts jd f wnitgefdvfs jm 6,222 x 722 ek‛. It kfy sggk f purg –cidauistie afkg‛ jm Qittagdstgidifd rgejc-

cgetijd, tng typg usgh ly @jsutn id tn g ih gf t nft tn g wjrh efd’t rgmgr tj rg fcity, lut jdcy tj

itsgcm. Lut fetufccy, tnft jloget wfs flusivgcy pc fegh jd Ugvgdtn Fvg dug, wngrg tng pjssilic-

ity jm nfdaida siads ejkgs witn pfyida f n ian tfx. Fs suen, tng lfddgr wfs hi spcfygh jr ni h-

hgd lfsgh jd tng kjvgkgdt jm tng cjefc pjcieg, lgejkida fd gklcgk, f kgtfpnjr, jm fd

ikpjssilcg tfu tjcjay id tng rgfc wjrch. Xngd im tng writida lge jkgs –Idcèdhg r \fus‛ (Dftivgs

Jut), fs id tng lfddgr nuda ft tng gdtrfdeg tj tng Lfsgc Frt Mfir <226, jr jd f rje`y wfcc jm

f lgf en i d Kfc cjref mrgqugdtgh prideipfccy ly Ag rkfds, it lgejkgs fd g cgkgdt jm hg tjdf-

tijd, f rgfagdt jm sjeifc hydfkies tnft hgtgrkidgs prjtgst fdh idtgrvgdtijd ly futnjritigs.

Qitnjut efceucftida tnft tnft suspgdhgh efdvfs efd tf`g fdjtngr mjrk fdh snjw itsgcm, ci`g

id tng juthjjr pi geg ft tng Kusgj hi Xgrtucif id Efci, E jcjklif, fs f cfrag Fkgriefd mc fa. Is

it irjdy, prjvjeftijd, fssgrtijd jm f mjrgiad pjwgr: Kfylg it is fc c jm tng sg tnidas tjagtngr

tnft prjhuegs tngsg udmjrgsggd gmmgets, jr rftngr mjrgsggflcg, ci`g id tng fdjdykjus fttgkpt

ft sgttid a tng cfrag mcfa jd mirg.

Xngrg is fcsj sjkg hgargg jm irjdy id tngsg idtgrvgdtijds, ci`g wngd Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, wnj, id

tng kgfdwnicg lgafd rgfcizida sjudh wjr`s, idvitgh gcgvgd Xzjtzic Idhifd wjkgd tj tng Efsf

hg cf Eucturf id _idfefdtæd, Kgxiej id <226, tj cgfrd f pnrfsg id Upfdisn, f cfdaufag tnft fcc

jm tngk wgrg udflcg tj spgf`. Id Upfdisn, tng pnrfsg rgfh, –I fk lgida pfih tj sfy sjkgtnida,

tng kgfdida jm wnien I hjd’t `djw‛. Jr tng wjr` ejdhuetgh ft tng Enuren jm Ufd Kfttgj id

Cueef (6998) wngd ng ergftgh f cfrag wjjhgd siad witn f ciant tnft cit it mrjk lgnidh fdh prj-

ogetgh its ikfag fs f tnrgftgdida snfhjw jd tng wfccs? f spcgdhi h segdjarfpnie idvgdtijd. Xng

wjrh is writtgd id Agrkfd? –@cfssgd`fkpm‛ (Ecfss Utruaacg). Ly djw, tnis is tng situftijd jm

Kfrx’s prgegpts? f tngftriefc gmmget. Xng irjdy is fcsj, fs id tng lgst efsgs, tng rgvgcftijd jm f

pfidmuc gvgdt, tng rgejaditijd jm mficurg.

Ojsgpn @jsutn, Jdg fdh Xnrgg

Ufws, 69=7.





58

K i d i k g h g m c f a r f z i j d i / K i d i k f c

g x p c j s i j d s

hi Lfsicgf hgc <226 j su udf pfrgtg rjeeijsf hi udf spifaaif hi Kfijref mrgqugdtftf prideipfc-

kgdtg hf tghgseni, gssf si trfsmjrkf id ud gcgkgdtj hi hgtjdfzijdg, ud rgfagdtg hi hidfkieng

sjeifci eng hgtgrkidf prjtgstg g idtgrvgdti hgccg futjritâ. Ugdzf ejdtfrg eng qugccf tgcf sjspgsf

puü prgdhgrg fdeng ud’fctrf mjrkf g hfrsi, ejkg id ud cfvjrj gstgrdj fc Kusgj hi Xgrtucif, f Efci,

id Ejcjklif, ejkg udf arfdhg lfdhigrf fkgriefdf? irjdif, prjvjefzijdg, fssgrzijdg hi ud hjki-

dij strfdigrj: Mjrsg tuttg qugstg ejsg idsigkg eng, ejkudqug, prjhuejdj gmmgtti ikprgvisti,

jppurg prgvghilici, ejkg ic tgdtftivj hi fdjdiki hi idegdhifrg cf arfdhg lfdhigrf.

E’î fdeng ud qufceng arfhj h’irjdif id qugsti idtgrvgdti, ejkg qufdhj fccf Efsf hgccf euctu-

rf hi _idfefdtæd id Kgssiej, dgc <226, Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, eng mrfttfdtj nf ejkideiftj fdeng f

rgfcizzfrg cfvjri sjdjri, idvitf udhiei hjddg idhifdg Xzjtzic eng djd ejdjsejdj cj spfadjcj f

ikpfrfrg udf mrfsg. Cf mrfsg grf? –sjdj pfaftf pgr hirg qufcejsf hi eui djd ejdjsej ic siadi-

mieftj‛. Jppurg qufdhj, dgccf gx enigsf hi Ufd Kfttgj f Cueef (<228) rgfcizzf udf arfdhg

serittf hi cgadj ejd udf cfkpfhf eng cf iccukidf hf higtrj g dg prjigttf ud’jklrf kidfeeijsf

succg pfrgti? udf spcgdhihf idvgdzijdg segdjarfmief. Cf pfrjcf î id tghgsej? –@cfssgd`fkpm‛

(cjttf hi ecfssg). Vugstf î jrkfi cf situfzijdg hgc h gttfkg hi Kfrx? ud gmmgttj tgftrfcg. C’irjdif

Xng Frt Qjrch Xgstgh

Aivgd tng kuctituhg jm hirgetijds tnft Ufdtifaj Uigrrf’s wjr`s hgvgcjp, it sggks tnft kfdy

wjr`s frg fhhrgssgh tj gxpcieitcy sjcieit tng wjrch jm frt, tj tgst tng sturhidgss jm its mjudhftijd,tj hgkjdstrftg tng gssgdtifc strueturg hgprivgh jm tng eucturfc supgrstrueturg. Ngrg nis idtgr-

vgdtijds frg fikgh ft strippida tngsg idstitutijdfc systgks lfrg. Xnjsg kftgrifc systgks, fs id

tng efsg ft Hnjdht-Hnfgdgds Kusguk id Hgurcg, Lgcaiuk (<228), wngrg Uigrrf rgkjvgh tng

widhjws jm tng kusguk, cgfvida tng spfeg witnjut fdy sgeurity systgks jr fcfrks mjr tng

gdtirg gxnilitijd pgrijh, ci`g fd udjeeupigh luichida. Jr tnjsg ikkftgrifc jdgs, tngir jrafdizf-

tijdfc systgks, fs id tng sjudh idtgrvgdtijd ft tng <227 ]gdieg Ligddifc id wnien cjuhspgf`grs

ejdtidujuscy rgeitg f citfdy jm fhkidistrftivg rucgs, luhagtfry gxpgdsgs, prgsgdt fdh flsgdt

dftijdfc pfvicijds. Fpfrt mrjk tng frt wjrch, tng Ligddifc is rgvgfcgh tj lg oust ci`g fdy jrafdi-

zftijd, rgaucftgh ly f pjcitiefc lurgfuerftie systgk ci`g f lusidgss tnft prjhuegs fdy rgaucfr

ajjh. Kjrgjvgr, Uigrrf is dgvgr hgcie ftg wngd ng spgf`s fljut tng frt systgk? –]gry ejstcy

kgenfdisks jm cgaitikizftijd frg idvjcvgh id frtistie ergftijd, fdh tngrg is dj suen tnida fs

ecgfd kjdgy‛, stftgs Ufdtifaj Uigrrf id fd idtgrvigw witn \jsf Kfrtëdgz. Jr sticc, id tng sfkg

idtgrvigw? –Frt is pfrt jm tng eucturfc fppfrftus, wnien nfs f ejgreivg mudetijd, djt fd gkfdei-

pftjry jdg‛.

Jdeg fafid, tng mjccjwida Kfrxist tnjuant is vfcih? im eucturg is f supgrstrueturg, tngd tng gstfl-

cisnkgdt jm frtistie idstitutijds, tngir strueturgs, is ejkpjsgh jm kftgrifc tjjcs. Qg lgcigvg tnft

frt wjuch lg tng vjieg jm cilgrty fdh purg ergftivity, lut idstgfh it is gklghhgh pgrmgetcy id jur

Efpitfcist systgk.

Kgtfpnysies:

Jdg kfy tnid` tnft fckjst gvgrytnida nfs lggd sfih fljut Ufdtifaj Uigrrf’s frtistie systgk, f

kjdjcitnie fdh gxtrgkgcy riajrjus systgk, lut wngrg gfen wjr` is jpgdgh tj himmgrgdt migchs jm

idvgstiaftijd. Njwgvgr, fs is agdgrfccy tng efsg mjr fcc argft frtists, sjkgtnida sticc rgkfids tj lg

sfih. Kfdy jm Uigrrf’s wjr`s nfvg dgvgr lggd sggd ly tng pulcie, lut wgrg jdcy pnjtjarfpngh

ejkj cf kftgrif prikf j gc kgrefhj. Ejdtrfrifkgdtg f eufdtj prjpuadfd cfs tgjrëfs pjstmjr-

histfs, j cfs visijdgs jptikistfs qug fhvigrtgd hgc fvfdeg hg cfs fetivihfhgs ergftivfs gd

dugstrf sjeighfh, hispugstfs f cilgrfr cfs mugrzfs hgc Gs qug gc –prideipij hg prgstfeiõd‛ ideuc-ef, Uigrrf djs prgsgdtf ud kudhj qug sg nfccf tjhfvëf pcgdfkgdtg idkgrsj gd ud sistgkf

hgeikjdõdiej? kfdimgstfeiõd hgc pjhgr ejgreitivj hg dugstrj sistgkf gejdõkiej, hgc kgef-

diskj hg gxpcjtfeiõd ikpcëeitj gd tjhf fetivihfh cfljrfc, hg cf rgcfeiõd psiejcõaief læsief qug

sg gstflcgeg gdtrg cf vëetikf y gc vgrhuaj. Éc dj quigrg hg tjhjs kjhjs hfr idtgrprgtfeijdgs.

Ejrrgspjdhg f efhf udj hg djsjtrjs gc hfr ejd cf prjpif ecfvg hg cgeturf, gd ud sistgkf gd

gc eufc dj pjhgkjs hgofr hg hgecfrfr dugstrf pgrtgdgdeif fc sistgkf efpitfcistf, sid ikpjrtfr

qug djs ejcjqugkjs hg cf pfrtg hgc pjhgr j qug gc ejkpcgoj hg eucpflicihfh djs rgcgaug fc

lfdhj hg cjs gxpcjtfhjs.

Gc kudhj hgc frtg pugstj f pruglf

Cf kuctipcieihfh hg hirgeeijdgs gd cfs qug sg hgsfrrjccf gc trflfoj hg Ufdtifaj Uigrrf nfeg qug

kuenfs hg sus jlrfs tgdafd ejkj jlogtivj gxpcëeitj gc hg prjvjefr fc kudhj hgc frtg, efci-

lrfr su efpfeihfh hg rgsistgdeif, kjstrfrdjs idecusj cf gstrueturf gsgdeifc qug sg cilgrf hg cf

supgrgstrueturf eucturfc. Gdejdtrfkjs fsë cfs feeijdgs qug tigdgd pjr jlogtivj gc hg pjdgr fc

hgseuligrtj cjs sistgkfs hg cfs idstitueijdgs. Cjs gspgeëmiefkgdtg kftgrifcgs, ejkj gd gc

efsj hgc Kusgj Hnjdht-Hnfgdgds hg Hgurcg, gd Lécaief (<228), hgc qug Uigrrf nizj quitfr

tjhjs cjs eristfcgs hg cfs vgdtfdfs hgofdhj gc gspfeij gxpjsitivj sid sistgkf hg sgaurihfh di

hg fcfrkf, ejkj si sg trftfrf hg ud ghimieij flfdhjdfhj eufcquigrf. J cjs idkftgrifcgs, sus

sistgkfs jrafdizftivjs, ejkj gd cf idtgrvgdeiõd sjdjrf hg cf Ligdfc hg ]gdgeif hgc föj <227,

jefsiõd gd cf qug pjr udjs fctfvjegs sg cgëf ejdtidufkgdtg udf cgtfdëf hg rgacfs fhkidistrf-

tivfs, hg prgsupugstjs hg afstjs, hg pflgccjdgs dfeijdfcgs qug sg nfccflfd prgsgdtgs j

fusgdtgs. Rrgseidhigdhj hgc æklitj frtëstiej, cf Ligdfc sg rgvgcf hg gstg kjhj ejkj udf jraf-

dizfeiõd kæs, rgacfkgdtfhf pjr ud sistgkf lurjerætiej pjcëtiej, ejkj udf gkprgsf qug prj-

hueg udf kgrefdeëf eufcquigrf. Rjr cj hgkæs Uigrrf dudef sg nf kjstrfhj ejdhgsegdhigdtg

6<2 jrg hi cgtturf ejdtiduftivf

hgcc'gcgdej tgcgmjdiej

6<2 njurs jm ejdtidujus rgfhid

jm f tgcgpnjdg ljj`

6<2 njrfs hg cgeturf ejdtiduf

hg udf auëf hg tgcémjdjs

Afcgrëf Ngcaf hg Fcvgfr, Kfhrih.


<228.





5>

î fdeng, ejkg dgi efsi kiacijri, cf rivgcfzijdg hi udf viegdhf hjcgdtg, ic riejdjseikgdtj hi ud

idsueegssj.

Gejdjkif

Kf egrtj udj hgaci fspgtti più siadimieftivi hgc cfvjrj hi Ufdtifaj Uigrrf î hftj hfccg prjlcgkfti-

eng gejdjkieng. Ic sistgkf gejdjkiej eng Ufdtifaj Uigrrf gspcjrf î gstrgkfkgdtg gcgkgdtf-

rg, fdeng qugstj id mjdhj kidikfcistf, lfsftj ejk’î suc sgkpcieg pfafkgdtj hi pgrsjdg pgr udf

prgstfzijdg h’jpgrf. Eng pji vgdaf fttuftj prideipfckgdtg ejd pjvgri idhiagdti hgi pfgsi id vif

hi svicuppj, prjdti f ejkpigrg cg fzijdi più strfdg g pgrvgrsg pgr ud puadj hi hjccfri, î sjcj ud

kjhj più sgkpcieg pgr ricgvfrg c’fssurhitâ hgc pjtgrg eng si egcf higtrj ic pfafkgdtj hgccf prg-

stfzijdg. Geej fccjrf qugsti pjvgri hifvjci prjdti qufsi f tuttj? f mfrsi tftufrg udf cidgf succf senig-

df, f kfsturlfrsi hfvfdti f udf tgcgefkgrf, f sjrrgaagrg ud pfrfccgcgpipghj pgr jrg, f sjccgvfrg

pfdenidg, f idmicfrg cg lrfeeif jctrg ic luej hi ud kurj. Fzijdi fssurhg, sgdzf fceudf midfcitâ prfti-

ef, g prjprij pgr qugstj hudqug frtistieng, fckgdj pgr qufdtj c’frtg puü gssgrg fdejrf ejdsi-

hgrftf c’fklitj privicgaiftj hgcc’iduticitâ. Fdeng cg jpgrfzijdi hi efrfttgrg idtgccgttufcg vgdajdj hgc

tuttj svujtftg hi qufcsifsi siadimieftj pgr gssgrg rihjttg f purg prgstfzijdi f pfafkgdtj? idsg-

adfrg cf stjrif hgccf afccgrif Mj`sfc f ud hisjeeupftj uerfidj pfaftj pgr fsejctfrcf (Afccgrif Mj`-

sfc, ]frsfvif, <22<) î ud fttj pgrvgrsj eng prgseidhg hfc ejdtgdutj. Fdeng cf cgtturf hi ud tgstj

si rivgcf fssjcutfkgdtg idsgdsftf qufdhj ic cilrj î hftj hf ud gcgdej tgcgmjdiej frflj (Afcgrëf

Ngcaf hg Fcvgfr, <228).

Id mjdhj Uigrrf djd mf fctrj eng fppciefrg fccf cgttgrf c’idtgrprgtfzijdg kfrxifdf hgccf mjrzf cfvjrj?

purf kgreg hi sefklij, gcgkgdtj hgc sistgkf prjhuttivj qufdtj cf kftgrif prikf j ic kgreftj.

Ejdtrfrifkgdtg f tuttg cg tgjrig pjstmjrhistg, j fccg visijdi jttikistieng eng vghjdj c’fvfdzftf hgccg

fttivitâ ergftivg dgccf djstrf sjeigtâ, prjdtg f cilgrfrg cg mjrzg hgcc’Gs ejdeuceftg hfc –prideipij hi

prgstfzijdg‛, Uigrrf ei prgsgdtf ud kjdhj fdejrf pigdfkgdtg ikkgrsj id ud sistgkf jttjegdtg-

sej? kfdimgstfzijdg hgc pjtgrg ejgreitivj hgc djstrj sistgkf gejdjkiej, hgc kgeefdiskj hi smrut-

tfkgdtj ikpcieitj id qufcsifsi fttivitâ cfvjrftivf, hgc lfsicfrg rfppjrtj psiejcjaiej trf cf vittikf g ic

efrdgmieg. Gaci djd vujcg pgrü mjrdirg idtgrprgtfzijdi. Utf f eifseudj hi dji trjvfrg cf prjprif enif-

vg hi cgtturf, id ud sistgkf id eui, ejkudqug, sif eng ei si kgttf hfccf pfrtg hgc pjtgrg, sif eng ic

ejkpcgssj hi ejcpf ei pjdaf hfccf pfrtg gaci smruttfti, djd pjssifkj mfrg f kgdj hi hienifrfrg

fc nflcfr hgc kgrefhj hgc frtg? –Gd cf ergfeiõd frtëstief idtgrvigdgd ejstjsisikjs fpfrftjs hg

cgaitikfeiõd y dudef nf gxistihj cikpij‛, hgecfrõ gd udf gdtrgvistf f \jsf Kfrtëdgz. Y gd gstf

kiskf gdtrgvistf föfhiõ? –Gc frtg mjrkf pfrtg hgc fpfrftj eucturfc, euyf mudeiõd gs ejgreitivf,dj gkfdeipfeiõd‛.

Xfkliéd fquë tigdg viagdeif udf vgz kæs gc ihgfrij kfrxistf? si cf eucturf gs udf supgrgstrue-

turf, gc mudhfkgdtj y gstrueturf hg cfs idstitueijdgs frtëstiefs gs pjsilcg udf vgz kæs arfeifs

f cjs kghijs kftgrifcgs. Erggkjs qug gc frtg gs udf vjz hg cilgrtfh y hg ergftivihfh purf, pgrj

gd efklij gccf tfkliéd sg fhgeuf pgrmgetfkgdtg fc sistgkf efpitfcistf.

ºKgtfmësief:

Ug pjhrëf pgdsfr qug ngkjs fljrhfhj efsi tjhj gc sistgkf frtëstiej hg Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, ud sis-

tgkf kjdjcëtiej y kuy riaurjsj, pgrj gd gc qug efhf udf hg sus jlrfs sg prjygetf fsikiskj

sjlrg histidtjs æklitjs hg idvgstiafeiõd. Y f pgsfr hg tjhj, ejkj sigkprg jeurrg ejd cjs arfd-

hgs frtistfs, fcaj fÿd sg djs gseurrg hg gdtrg cjs hghjs. Gc pÿlciej dj nf vistj fÿd kuenjs hg

cjs trflfojs hg Uigrrf, hg kjhj qug nf tgdihj qug ejdtgdtfrsg ejd mjtjarfmëfs y hgseripeijdgs

ccgvfhfs f eflj pjr gc futjr. Dj nfd tgdihj udf visilicihfh pÿlcief, fc kgdjs gd gc sgdtihj ejd

gc qug sjcgkjs pgdsfr gd cfs mjrkfs gxpjsitivfs trfhieijdfcgs, sidj qug nfd gxistihj gd cf

kgdtg hgc frtistf pfrf sfcir f cf supgrmieig pjr pjejs kidutjs, sõcj fdtg sus jojs. Gstf gspgeig

hg idhimgrgdeif ejd rgspgetj f qug udf jlrf pughf sgr jlsgrvfhf pjr gc pÿlciej y cf ftrilueiõd

hg ud vfcjr qug vf hg tjhjs kjhjs kæs fccæ hg su prgsgdeif, gs udf ejdstfdtg gd cf gdtgrf

trfygetjrif hg Uigrrf. Wd arupj hg jlrfs prgvé gc pfaj f pgrsjdfs pfrf qug pgrkfdgzefd

gsejdhihfs gd gc idtgrijr hg efofs hg efrtõd, gd gc kfcgtgrj hg ud ejeng, gd ud fauogrj prfeti-

efhj gd gc sugcj, hgdtrj hg efofs hg kfhgrf gd gc trfdseursj hg udf migstf. Xjhj cj qug gkfdf

hg cfs ikæagdgs y hg cf hgseripeiõd hg gstjs trflfojs gs gc sgdtihj hg cj idvisilcg, hg cf fusgd-

eif, hg cf kugrtg. 622 pgrsjdfs gsejdhihfs (Efccg Hõetjr Mjurqugt, Kfhrih, <225) gs ud trflf-

oj rgfcizfhj gd udf efccg hg Kfhrih. Ug djs hieg gd cf hgseripeiõd qug sg nf pfafhj f eigd pgr-

sjdfs pfrf qug éstfs pgrkfdgzefd gsejdhihfs hurfdtg euftrj njrfs gd fqugccf efccg. Gd cfs

\ikjzijdg hgc vgtrj hi udf midgstrf

hgc kusgj

\gkjvfc jm f kusguk¸s acfss

widhjws

Hgskjdtfog hg cjs eristfcgs hg

ud kusgj

Kusguk Hnjdht-Hnfgdgds,Hgurcg, Lgcaij Lgcaiuk.

Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg

<228.



82

fdejrf cf djstrf fppfrtgdgdzf fc sistgkf efpitfcistiej.

Ic kjdhj hgcc’frtg kgssj fccf prjvf

Cf kjctgpcieitâ hi lidfri id eui si svicuppf ic cfvjrj hi Ufdtifaj Uigrrf mf sã eng kjcti cfvjri sifdj

hirgtti gspcieitfkgdtg f sjccgeitfrg ic kjdhj hgcc’frtg, f tgstfrdg cg sug pjssilicitâ hi tgdutf, f

kjstrfrdg midfdeng cf strutturf gssgdzifcg sajklgrftf hfccf sjvrfstrutturf eucturfcg. Geej fccjrf

aci idtgrvgdti tgsi f kgttgrg f duhj i sistgki hgccg istituzijdi. Vugcci kftgrifci, ejkg dgc efsj hgc

Hnjdht-Hnfgdgds Kusguk f Hgurcg, id Lgcaij (<228), id eui Uigrrf nf mfttj tjacigrg tuttg cg vgtrf-

tg cfseifdhj cj spfzij sgdzf sistgki hi sieurgzzf g hi fccfrki, ejkg ud qufcsifsi ghimieij hiskgs-

sj. J qugcci ikkftgrifci, i cjrj sistgki jrafdizzftivi, ejkg dgcc’idtgrvgdtj sjdjrj hgccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif hgc <227 id eui hgaci fctjpfrcfdti rgeitfdj id ejd tiduj udf citfdif hi rgajcg fkkidistrftivg,

hi luhagt hi spgsf, hi pfhiacijdi dfzijdfci prgsgdti j fssgdti. F prgseidhgrg hfcc’fklitj frtistiej,

cf Ligddfcg si rivgcf ejsã pgr ud’jrafdizzfzijdg qufcsifsi, rgajcftf hf ud sistgkf lurjerftiej pjci-

tiej ejkg ud’fzigdhf eng prjhuef udf qufcsifsi kgreg. Hgc rgstj Uigrrf djd î kfi tgdgrj qufd-

hj pfrcf hgc sistgkf hgcc’frtg? –Kgeefdiski kjctj ejstjsi hi cgaittikfzijdg sjdj ikpciefti dgccf

ergfzijdg frtistief, g djd î kfi gsistitj ic hgdfrj pucitj‛, nf hgttj id ud’idtgrvistf hi \jsf Kfrtë-

dgz. J fdejrf, dgccf stgssf idtgrvistf? –C’frtg î udf pfrtg hgcc’fppfrftj eucturfcg, eng nf udf mud-

zijdg ejgreitivf, djd hi gkfdeipfzijdg‛.

Fdeng q ui vfcg, id mjd hj, fdejrf udf vjctf, ic pgds igrj kfrxifdj? sg cf eucturf î udf sjvr fstrut-

turf, fccjrf ic mjdhfkgdtj hgccg istituzijdi frtistieng, cf cjrj strutturf, î hftf fdejrf udf vjctf hfi

kgzzi kftgrifci. Erghifkj eng c’frtg sif udf vjeg hi cilgrtâ g hi ergftivitâ purf, idvgeg î fden’gs-

sf pgrmgttfkgdtg idsgritf dgc sistgkf efpitfcistiej.

Kgtfmisief:

Ui pjtrgllg pgdsfrg hi fvgrg hgttj qufsi tuttj hgc sistgkf frtistiej hi Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, ud sistgkf

kjdjcitiej g riajrjsissikj, kf id eui eifseud’jpgrf fprg fdeng f himmgrgdti fkliti hi idhfaidg.

Gppurg, ejkg sgkprg pgr i arfdhi frtisti, qufcejsf fdejrf smuaag. Kjcti cfvjri hi Uigrrf djd sjdj

stfti visti, kf sjdj sjcj stfti mjtjarfmfti g hgseritti hfcc’futjrg. Djd nfddj fvutj udf visilicitâ frti-

stief, fckgdj dgc sgdsj id eui sifkj sjciti pgdsfrg fccg mjrkg gspjsitivg trfhizijdfci, kf sjdj gsi-

stiti dgccf kgdtg hgcc’frtistf pgr gkgragrg pjeni fttiki, sjcj fi suji jeeni. Vugstf sjrtf hi idhimmg-

ikæagdgs sg vg cf efccg hg djeng, vfeëf, icukidfhf pjr mfrjcgs. Gstfs mjtjarfmëfs ejd tjhj djs

hfd efsi cf sgdsfeiõd hg pgreilir fqugccfs prgsgdeifs? cjs ærljcgs y cjs futjkõvicgs fpfrefhjs

gd cf efccg sg fdikfd fc tjqug hg gdtihfhgs idvisilcgs, sg fdikfd ejd udf vihf qug vf kæs fccæhg cfs fpfrigdeifs. ºCcgaf gc frtistf f tjefr tfkliéd cf kgtfmësief hg cf rgfcihfh, hg cf ftgdeiõd

f cjs fspgetjs kæs idtgdsjs hg cf vihf ejdergtf: Vuizæs dj, pgrj kghifdtg su visiõd pjétief

Ufdtifaj Uigrrf djs quigrg tfc vgz suagrir tfkliéd qug dj sõcj cj qug fpfrgeg gs rgfc, y qug pjr

gc ejdtrfrij nfy jefsijdgs gd qug cj qug dj sg vg pughg tgdgr kuenf kæs prgsgdeif qug cfs

fpfrigdeifs.

ßctikfs

Gd cjs ÿctikjs tigkpjs Ufdtifaj Uigrrf gstæ flrigdhj tfkliéd ud dugvj mrgdtg hg idvgstiaf-

eiõd, fcaj qug ejkj sigkprg jeurrg dj nf suraihj hg kfdgrf ikprgvistf, sidj qug sg cg pughg

sgauir gc rfstrj efsi hgshg cjs prikgrjs pfsjs hg su trfygetjrif. Gc gspgetfhjr dj nf sihj

dudef ud kgrj gcgkgdtj feegsjrij gd sus trflfojs? f éc cg ejrrgspjdhg cf tfrgf hg cf idtgr-

prgtfeiõd midfc. Ug pjhrëf jlogtfr qug gstj gs væcihj pfrf tjhf jlrf hg frtg, pgrj gd gc efsj

hg cjs trflfojs hg Uigrrf, hgcilgrfhfkgdtg ccgdjs hg mugrzf y hg fkliaóghfh, gc ouieij hgc

gspgetfhjr rgsuctf hgtgrkidfdtg. Yf sgf qug pughf jlsgrvfr cf jlrf hirgetfkgdtg j qug ccg-

aug f su ejdjeikigdtj kghifdtg cf hjeukgdtfeiõd qug hg gccf nf qughfhj, gc gspgetfhjr

feflf situfhj gd gc egdtrj hgc prjegsj0 f éc cg ejrrgspjdhg cf vfcjrfeiõd qug, pjr tfdtj, pughg

vfrifr y hfr pfsj f tfdtfs idtgrprgtfeijdgs sgaÿd sgfd cjs lfafogs eucturfcgs y cfs himgrgdtgs

sgdsilicihfhgs.

Gd fcaudfs hg sus ÿctikfs jlrfs gstf egdtrfcihfh hgc rgegptjr sg rgfczf tjhfvëf kæs. Gc gspge-

tfhjr flfdhjdf cf pjsieiõd hg jlsgrvfhjr qug gstæ gd sgaudhj pcfdj y sg trfdsmjrkf gd gc

vgrhfhgrj prjtfajdistf hg cfs feeijdgs y hg cjs kjdtfogs hgc frtistf. Fsë jeurriõ gd Lrgtiady

gd gc föj <228, jefsiõd gd cf qug f cjs fsistgdtgs sg cgs idvitõ f idtrjhueirsg hg udj gd udj

gd udf efof dgarf, gd udf nflitfeiõd hg dugvg kgtrjs hg cfhj, pfrf udf vgz gd gc idtgrijr

gdegrrfrcjs lfoj ccfvg pjr ud tigkpj idhgmidihj, suogtjs fc frlitrij hgc pgrsjdfc hg aufrhif. Ug

Wdf stfdzf hi 9 kgtri qufhrfti

F rjjk jm 9 squfrg kgtrgs

Nflitfeiõd hg 9 kgtrjs

eufhrfhjs

EFE Lrgtiady, Lrgtiady-sur-Jrag,

Mrfdeg. Kfrzj Kfren <228.



8<


rgdzf pgr qufdtj ud’jpgrf pjssf gssgrg vistf hfc pullciej g c’fttriluzijdg ejkudqug hi ud vfcj-

rg fc hi câ hgccf suf visilicitâ î udf ejstfdtg eng si trjvf cudaj tuttj ic pgrejrsj hi Uigrrf. Wd arup-

pj hi jpgrg, pji, prgvghg ic pfafkgdtj hi pgrsjdg pgr stfrg dfsejstg? id seftjcg hi efrtjdg, dgc

ejmfdj hi udf kfeenidf, id udf luef dgccf tgrrf, id efssg hi cgadj hurfdtg udf mgstf. Eiü eng prj-

kfdf hfccg ikkfaidi g hfccf hgserizijdg hi qugsti cfvjri î ic sgdsj hgcc’idvisilicg, hgcc’fssgdzf, hgccf

kjrtg. 622 idhivihui dfsejsti (Efccg Hõetjr Mjurqugt, Kfhrih, <225) î ud cfvjrj rgfcizzftj id udf

vif hi Kfhrih. Cf hgserizijdg rfeejdtf eng egdtj pgrsjdg sjdj stftg pfaftg pgr rgstfrg dfsejstg

pgr qufttrj jrg dgccf strfhf. Cg ikkfaidi rfpprgsgdtfdj cf vif hi djttg, vujtf, iccukidftf hfi cfk-

pijdi. Vufsi ei pfrg pgrü hi pgregpirg qugccg prgsgdzg0 aci fclgri g cg futjkjlici si fdikfdj hi gdti-

tâ idvisilici, hi udf vitf eng stf fc hi câ hgccg fppfrgdzg. Hfccf rgfctâ, hfcc’fttgdzijdg faci fspgtti più

mjrti hgccf vitf ejdergtf, c’frtistf frrivf f tjeefrg fdeng cf kgtfmisief: Mjrsg dj, kf prjlflickgdtg

dgccf suf visijdg pjgtief Ufdtifaj Uigrrf ei vujcg fdeng hirg eng cf rgfctâ djd î sjcj eiü eng fppf-

rg, g, fdzi, tfcvjctf eiü eng djd si vghg puü gssgrg prgsgdtg più hgccg fppfrgdzg.

Wctikg

Ufdtifaj Uigrrf stf fprgdhj fdeng ud dujvj mrjdtg hi riegref dgaci uctiki tgkpi g, ejkg sgkprg,

djd dftj fcc’ikprjvvisj, kf ridtrfeeiflicg mid hfi priki pfssi hgc suj pgrejrsj. Cj spgttftjrg djd

î kfi stftj ud purj gcgkgdtj feegssjrij dgi suji cfvjri? f cui tjeef ic ejkpitj hgcc’idtgrprgtfzij-

dg midfcg. Ui pjtrgllg jlligttfrg eng qugstj vfcg pgr qufcsifsi jpgrf h’frtg, kf dgc efsj hgi cfvj-

ri hi Uigrrf, vjcutfkgdtg mjrti gh fkliaui, ic aiuhizij hgccj spgttftjrg risuctf hgtgrkidfdtg. Uif eng

pjssf vghgrg c’jpgrf hirgttfkgdtg, sif eng dg sif kgssj f ejdjsegdzf fttrfvgrsj cf hjeukgd-

tfzijdg rgsihuf, gaci î fc egdtrj hgc prjegssj, f cui spgttf ic aiuhizij, eng pgrtfdtj puü vfrifrg,

hfrg cujaj f himmgrgdti idtgrprgtfzijdi qufdti sjdj i lfeàrjudh eucturfci g cg hivgrsg sgdsilicitâ.Vugstf egdtrfcitâ hgc pgreipigdtg, id fceudg jpgrg rgegdti si feegdtuf kfaaijrkgdtg. Cj spgttf-

tjrg gseg hfccf pjsizijdg hi jssgrvftjrg cftgrfcg, g hivigdg vgrj g prjprij sjaagttj hgccg fzijdi g

spgetftjr is dj cjdagr id tng pjsitijd jm tng cftgrfc jlsgrvgr, lut lgejkgs tng trug suloget jm

tng frtist’s fetijds fdh idstfccftijds. It nfppgdgh id Lrgtiady, Mrfdeg id <228, tng pulcie wfs

sidaucfrcy idvitgh tj gdtg r f lcfe` eulg, f didg kgtgr rjjk c je`gh witn f `gy mrjk tng jutsihg,mjr fd idhgtgrkidftg tikg, hgeihgh upjd ly tng kusguk aufrh. Mrjk tnis wjr`, gkgrags tng

fag-jch rgcftijdsnip lgtwggd tng prisjdgr fdh tng aufrh, tng vieti k fdh tng tjrturgr, gxegpt

tnis tikg it is tng spgetftjr niksgcm tnft lgejkgs tng vietik, pcfegh id f ejdhitijd tj tnid` fljut

tng hgargg jm nis jwd kfsjenisk, fljut nis jwd efpfeity tj rgsist sgargaftijd.

Fdh fafid, tng sidaucfr spgetftjr lgejkgs tng prjtfajdist jm tng wjr` rgfcizgh ft tng Afccgrif Eivi-

ef hi Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf jm Xrgdtj, fpprjpriftgcy titcgh Wdf Rgrsjdf (Jdg Rgrsjd). F cjda tnrgg

nudhrgh kgtgr ecfustrjpnjlie ejrrihjr udrfvgcs itsgcm upjd twj mcjjrs jm tng gxnilitijd spfeg,

wngrg tng visitjr gdtgrs fcjdg, rgfengs tng gdh fdh is mjregh tj turd lfe` frjudh witnjut gdejud-

tgrida fdy fctgrdftg gxit pftns. Xng ejrrihjr efd lg f pcfeg jm pgfegmuc kghitftijd, jm pjsitivgcy cis-

tgdida tj jdg’s jwd sjudhs, jr jm rgfwf`gd jdg’s jwd mgfrs, jm hgkjdstrftida jdg’s jwd idsgeu-

ritigs. Rrideipfccy it is f kidikfcist wjr` wnien jpgdcy eitgs Lrueg Dfukfd’s ejrrihjr, lut lrjuant

tj pfrjxysk, pusngh tnjrjuancy, prjhuegs f cjss jm jrigdtftijd, lgwichgrkgdt. It lgejkgs tng

rgfagdt mjr idtrjspgetijd, erfeìda tng sngcc jm sgeurity tnft wg nfvg ejdstruetgh, ft cgfst mjr f mgw

kidutgs, ft cgfst udtic wg wicc nfvg kgtfljcizgh it fdh luict f dgw sngcc frjudh jursgcvgs.

kfdimigstf gd gccj cf rgcfeiõd fdtiauf gdtrg gc prisijdgrj y gc aufrhiæd, cf vëetikf y gc vgrhuaj,

ejd cf sfcvghfh hg qug gd gstf jefsiõd cf vëetikf gs gc prjpij gspgetfhjr, fc qug sg ejcjef

gd cf ejdhieiõd hg pjhgr kghitfr sjlrg su arfhj hg kfsjquiskj, sjlrg su efpfeihfh hgrgsistgdeif f cf sgargafeiõd.

Wdf vgz kæs gc gspgetfhjr sjcitfrij sg trfdsmjrkf gd prjtfajdistf hg gstg trflfoj rgfcizf-

hj pfrf cf Afccgrif Eivief hi Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf hg Xrgdtj, titucfhj prgeisfkgdtg Wdf pgr-

sjdf. Ejdsistg gd ud cfraj y ecfustrjmõliej pfsiccj hg trgseigdtjs kgtrjs hg cjdaituh qug sg

gxtigdhg f cj cfraj hg cfs hjs pcfdtfs hgc gspfeij gxpjsitivj fc qug gc visitfdtg gdtrf sjcj,

ccgaf fc gxtrgkj midfc y rgargsf pjr gc kiskj efkidj sid nflgr cjarfhj gdejdtrfr jtrfs sfci-

hfs fctgrdftivfs. Wd pfsiccj qug pughg sgr ud farfhflcg cuafr hg kghitfeiõd, hjdhg pjhgr

gseuenfr hg kjhj pjsitivj cjs prjpijs ruihjs j, pjr gc ejdtrfrij, sfefr hg su cgtfraj cjs

kighjs qug sg egcfd gd efhf udj hg djsjtrjs, kfdimgstfeiõd hg dugstrfs idsgaurihfhgs.

Wd trflfoj hg kftriz kidikfcistf qug ejdstituyg gd gc mjdhj udf fcusiõd gvihgdtg fc ejrrg-

hjr hg Lrueg Dfukfd, pgrj qug ccgvfhj f su pfrjxiskj y gdmftizfhj nfstf gc cëkitg prjhu-

eg hgsjrigdtfeiõd. Ug trfdsmjrkf gd gc rgfetivj fhgeufhj pfrf gstikucfr cf idtrjspgeeiõd,

hgstruyg cf ejrfzf hg sgaurihfhgs qug ngkjs ejdstruihj f dugstrj fcrghghjr, fc kgdjs pjr

udjs pjejs kidutjs, fc kgdjs nfstf qug dj cj fsikicgkjs y ejdstruyfkjs udf vgz kæs ud

dugvj efsefrõd prjtgetjr.

Wdf pgrsjdf

Jdg pgrsjd

Wdf pgrsjdf


Ejdtgkpjrfdgf. Xrgdtj.

Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg <227.

Lrueg Dfukfd, Arggd Ciant

Ejrrihjr , 6912.

KF UG Î XGFX\J



Fcc’fdajcj hi udf strfhf @frc vihg ud kfdimgstj ejd qugstf serittf? –Jaai hfccg sgi hi kfttidf f kgzzf-

djttg, succ’ippjhrjkj hi Ecfytjd, vigdg fssudtj pgrsjdfcg pgr ic Xgftrj hi J`cfnjkf! Ic arfdhg Xgftrj

hi J`cfnjkf vi enifkf! ]i enifkf sjcfkgdtg jaai, pgr udf vjctf sjcf! Eni pgrhg qugstf jeefsijdg, cf

pgrhg pgr sgkprg! Eni pgdsf fc prjprij fvvgdirg, î udj hgi djstri! Xutti sjdj i lgdvgduti! Eni vujcg

hivgdtfrg frtistf, si prgsgdti! Dji sifkj ic Xgftrj eng sgrvg f eifseudj, jadudj fc prjprij pjstj! Hifkj

sgdz’fctrj ic lgdvgdutj f eni si hgeihg hi sgauirei! Kf fmmrgttftgvi, pgr pjtgr gssgrg fssudti prikf hi

kgzzfdjttg! F kgzzfdjttg tuttj vgrrâ eniusj g djd sfrâ più rifpgrtj! Aufi f eni djd erghg! Rfrtitg tutti

pgr Ecfytjd! Mrfdz @fm`f6

Id qugstj dujvj tgdtftivj hi serivgrg su Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, ejkidegrü ejd c’fdfcisi hgc tipj hi tgftrj

hf cui kgssj id segdf ejd tfdtf mrgqugdzf. Wd tgftrj eng ejdsgrvf cgafki gvihgdti ejd ic Arfd Xgftrj hi J`cfnjkf ikkfaidftj hf Mrfdz @fm`f pgr qufd tj, f udf prikf cgtturf, qugstj sgklri

ud tgftrj pfrfhjssfcg eng, sg fhgkpissg vgrfkgdtg fccf prjkgssf hi ikpigafrg –tutti‛, si hissjc-

vgrgllg ejkg tgftrj pgrené tutti vi sfrgkkj idejrpjrfti gh gssj stgssj midirgllg pgr fssjrlirg

ic kjdhj. Wd tgftrj sgdzf pullciej id eui tutti sfrgkkj fttjri, ejkg dgcc’ nfppgdida, hjvg djd ei

sjdj fttjri dé spgttftjri? sjcj tgftrj. Wd tgftrj id eui jadudj î qugc eng î, idagadgrg, tgediej j

udj stuhgdtg hi udf seujcf kghif gurjpgf, ejkg hi mfttj grf @frc \jsskfd, ic pgrsjdfaaij hi

Fkgrief eng feegttf c’ikpgrijsj idvitj hgc Arfd Xgftrj hi J`cfnjkf g vi si udiseg. Eng tipj hi tgf-

trj î qugstj, id eui djd ei sjdj dé fttjri dé spgttftjri g id eui dgssudj idtgrprgtf ud rujcj hivgr-

sj hf qugccj hi rfpprgsgdtfrg sg stgssj: Wd tgftrj id eui jadudj î sg stgssj g djd egref hi mfrsi

pfssfrg pgr ud fctrj: Hi mfttj @frc ei prjvü, mfegdhjsi idizifckgdtg pfssfrg pgr idagadgrg, kf

sueegssivi idtgrrjaftjri hispjsti hfaci idtgrvistftjri hgc tgftrj cj jllciafrjdj fh feegttfrsi pgr qugc

eng grf rgfckgdtg? ud fcuddj hi civgccj kghij gurjpgj. G qugstj tgftrj ejdtiduf fh gssgrg tfcg

qufdhj djd e’î digdt’fctrj eng tgftrj: Jvvifkgdtg qugstf hjkfdhf vfcg djd sjctfdtj pgr ic tgstj

(idejkpiutj) hi @fm`f, kf fdeng pgr ic kjdhj eng vivifkj, più prgeisfkgdtg pgr qugccf iejdj-

smgrf ‘ ejkg hirgllg \jkfd Aulgrd< ‘ eng tfdtg pfrgdtgcg ejdsgrvf ejd ic Arfd Xgftrj hiJ`cfnjkf. Djd gsistg mjrsg ud’idtgrf ejrrgdtg hgccf sjeijcjaif ecfssief fkgriefdf eng pgdsf fccf

situfzijdg hgaci idhivihui dgccf sjeigtâ ejdtgkpjrfdgf id tgrkidi hi rujci:5 Id tgrkidi, eijî, hi idtgr-

KF UG Î XGFX\JEfrcjs Oikédgz

Jd f strggt ejrdgr, @frc sfw f siad witn tng mjccjwida fddjudegkgdt? –Xjhfy, ft tng Nippjhrjkgid Ecfytjd, mrjk = fk tj kihdiant, pgrsjddgc is lgida nirgh mjr tng Xngftgr id J`cfnjkf! Xng ArgftDfturg Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf is efccida yju! It’s efccida yju tjhfy jdcy! Im yju kiss tnis jppjrtudity,tngrg wicc dgvgr lg fdjtngr! Fdyjdg tnidìda jm nis muturg, yjur pcfeg is witn us! Fcc wgcejkg! Fdy-jdg wnj wfdts tj lg fd frtist, stgp mjrwfrh! Qg frg tng tngftgr tnft nfs f pcfeg mjr gvgryjdg,gvgryjdg id nis pcfeg! Im yju hgeihg tj ojid us, wg ejdarftucftg yju ngrg fdh djw! Lut nurry, lgsurg djt tj kiss tng kihdiant hgfhcidg! Qg snut hjwd ft kihdiant, dgvgr tj rgjpgd! Feeursgh lgfdyjdg wnj hjgsd’t lgcigvg us! Ejkg jd hjwd tj Ecfytjd! Mrfdz @fm`f6

Id tnis dgw fttgkpt tj writg fljut Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, I wicc lgaid witn fd fdfcysis jm tng typg jm

tngftgr ng jmtgd stfags. F tngftgr tnft rgtfids jlvijus ejddgetijds tj tng Argft Dfturg Xng-

ftgr jm J`cfnjkf ikfaidgh ly Mrfdz @fm`f. Njwgvgr, ft mirst rgfh, it sggks tj lg pfrfhjxiefc

tngftgr wnien wjuch egfsg tj gxist fs f tngftgr im it mucmics its prjkisg tj gkpcjy –gvgryjdg‛.

Gfen jdg jm us wjuch lg idejrpjrftgh idtj it fdh tng tngftgr itsgcm wjuch widh up flsjrlida

tng wjrch. F tngftgr witnjut f pulcie wngrg wg frg fcc fetjrs, ci`g f nfppgdida , wngrg tngrg frg

dgitngr fetjrs djr spgetftjrs? jdcy tngftgr. F tngftgr id wnien gvgryjdg is wnft ng is? fd gdai-

dggr, f pgrsjd witn tgendiefc `djwcghag jr f stuhgdt jm f Gurjpgfd –kihhcida senjjc‛, ci`g @frc \jsskfdd, tng prjtfajdist jm Fkgri`f wnj feegptgh tng ikpgrijus idvitftijd tj ojid tng Argft

Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf. Qnft ìdh jm tngftgr is tnis id wnien tngrg frg dgitngr fetjrs djr spgetf-

tjrs: Qngrg dj jdg pcfys f himmgrgdt rjcg fsihg mrjk rgprgsgdtida niksgcm: F tngftgr wngrg

gvgryjdg fets fs niksgcm fdh hjgsd’t prgtgdh tj lg sjkgjdg gcsg: Fetufccy, @frc fttgkptgh tj

hj tnis0 iditifccy pfssida mjr fd gdaidggr, sueegssivg idtgrrjaftijd ly tngftgr idtgrvigwgrs

rgquirgh nik tj feegpt niksgcm mjr wnft ng rgfccy wfs? f stuhgdt mrjk f Gurjpgfd kihhcg

senjjc. Fdh hjgs tnis t ngftgr ejdtidug tj lg f tngftgr wngd tngrg is djtnida lut tngftgr: D ft-

urfccy tnis qugstijd is djt jdcy vfcih mjr @fm`f’s (udmidisngh) tgxt, lut fcsj mjr tng wjrch wg civg

LWX IM IX IU XNGFXG\

Efrcjs Oikédgz

Gd cf gsquidf hg udf efccg, @frc vij ud efrtgc ejd cf siauigdtg idseripeiõd? ¨ Njy, gd gc nipõhrjkj hgEcfytjd, hgshg cfs sgis hg cf kfhruafhf f cf kghif djeng, sg ejdtrftf pgrsjdfc pfrf gc tgftrj hgJ`cfnjkf ¡¡ Gc arfd tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf js ccfkf! Uõcj pjr njy, pjr udf sjcf vgz! ¡Éc qug hgsprgeig njy cf jpjrtudihfh, cf hgsprgeif pfrf sigkprg! ¡Gc qug pigdsf gd su muturj gs udj hg cjs dugs-trjs!!Xjhjs sgræd ligdvgdihjs! ¡Gc qug quigrf sgr frtistf, qug sg prgsgdtg!! Dugstrj tgftrj pughggkpcgfr f tjhj gc kudhj, f efhf udj gd su sitij! ¡Fc qug hgeihf idejrpjrfrsg cg mgcieitfkjs hgshg fquë! ¡Rgrj fprgsurfjs pfrf pjhgr ccgafr fdtgs hg cf kghifdjeng!! F cfs hjeg sg eigrrf tjhj, y dj sg flrg kæs!! Kfchitj sgf gc qug dj ejdmëg gd djsjtrjs! ¡Ædikj y f Ecfytjd! Mrfdz @fm`f6

Gd gstf dugvf tgdtftivf hg gserilir sjlrg Ufdtifaj Uigrrf vjy f gkpgzfr pjr gc fdæcisis hgc tipj

hg tgftrj qug éc nf pugstj ejd tfdtf mrgeugdeif gd gsegdf. Wd tgftrj qug aufrhf ejdgxijdgs

gvihgdtgs ejd gc arfd tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf ikfaidfhj pjr Mrfdz @fm`f pjr eufdtj, gd prikgrf

idstfdeif, gs ud tgftrj pfrfhõoiej qug, hg eukpcir su prjkgsf, hg idejrpjrfr –f tjhj gc kudhj‛,

sg hisjcvgrëf ejkj tgftrj pjrqug tjhjs gstfrëfkjs hgdtrj hg gc y éc kiskj flsjrlgrëf fc

kudhj. Wd tgftrj sid pÿlciej gd gc qug tjhjs sgrëfkjs fetjrgs, ejkj gd gc nfppgdida, hjdhg

dj nfy fetjrgs di gspgetfhjrgs? sõcj tgftrj. Wd tgftrj gd gc qug efhf quigd gs cj qug gs, idag-

digrj, agdtg ejd ejdjeikigdtjs téediejs j –fcukdj hg gdsgöfdzf kghif gurjpgf‛, ejkj hgngenj cj grf @frc \jsskfdd, gc pgrsjdfog hg Fkérief qug fegptf cf ikpgrijsf idvitfeiõd hgc

arfd tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf y sg udg f éc. ºVué ecfsg hg tgftrj gs gstg gd gc qug dj nfy fetjrgs

di gspgetfhjrgs y gd gc qug dfhig idtgrprgtf ud pfpgc histidtj fc hg rgprgsgdtfrsg f së kiskj:

ºWd tgftrj hjdhg efhf quiéd ejkj quiéd gs y dj prgtgdhg nfegrsg pfsfr pjr jtrj: Hg ngenj

@frc cj idtgdtõ nfeiédhjsg pfsfr idieifckgdtg pjr idagdigrj pgrj suegsivjs idtgrrjaftjrijs hg

cjs idtgrrjafhjrgs hispugstjs pjr gc tgftrj cj jlciafrjd f fegptfrsg ejkj cj qug grf rgfckgd-

tg? ud fcukdj hg lfeniccgrftj gurjpgj. Y gstg tgftrj? ºsiaug sigdhj tgftrj eufdhj yf dj nfy

dfhf kæs qug tgftrj: Jlvifkgdtg gstf prgaudtf idtgrrjaf dj sõcj fc tgxtj (idejdecusj) hg

RG\J UI GU XGFX\JEfrcjs Oikédgz

88



8=

prgtfzijdg hi ud rujcj: J prjarfkki tgcgvisivi ejkg Ic Arfdhg Mrftgccj djd stfddj mjrsg rgpci-

efdhj c’jmmgrtf hgc Arfd Xgftrj hi J`cfnjkf fccj scjafd hi –eni vujcg hivgdtfrg frtistf, si prgsgd-

ti!‛: G eng cj mfeeif! Eng si prgsgdti id ud tgftrj ejkg qugccj hi J`cfnjkf, eng id rgfctâ î ud ippj-

hrjkj g pgreiü ud cujaj hgstidftj fccf ejkpgtizijdg tjut ejurt g fccg sejkkgssg sui videgdti g

i pgrhgdti hi qugccf ejkpgtizijdg. Cj ripgtifkj, pgrené fdejrf djd midiseg hi sjrprgdhgrg? ic tgf-

trj id rgfctâ î ud ippjhrjkj. Kf sg id tgftrj jadi rgfctâ î tgftrfcg ‘ g fdejrf hi più id qugccj hi

J`cfnjkf ‘ fccjrf cf rgfctâ hgcc’ippjhrjkj î purfkgdtg tgftrfcg g c’ippjhrjkj id rgfctâ î udf

segdf.

Cf segdf j cf kgssf id segdf:

Rgrené, sg i pgrsjdfaai hgc tgftrj hi J`cfnjkf djd mfddj eng rgeitfrg eiü eng rgfckgdtg sjdj, ei

rgstf hf sfpgrg ejs’î eng ci kgttg id segdf, ejs’î eng ci ikkgttg dgccf trfdeg segdief. Vufcg fceni-

kif, qufcg hispjsitivj, qufcg kgeefdiskj j qufcg prjhiaij hi rgaif trfsmjrkf ud hipcjkftj gurj-

pgj ‘ @frc fctrj djd î eng qugstj ‘ djd prjprij id ud fttjrg kf id ud pgrsjdfaaij hi tgftrj: Cfrispjstf pjtrgllg gssgrg eng c’ippjhrjkj idsegdf cf cgaag eng stf f kjdtg hgccf stgssf kgssf id

segdf dgc Arfd Xgftrj hi J`cfnjkf g eng qugccf cgaag fctrj djd î eng cf cgaag hgccf duhf g eruhf

ejkpgtizijdg, eng trfsmjrkf ud efvfccj id ud efvfccj hf ejrsf sgdzf eng skgttf hi gssgrg ud

efvfccj. Hi mfttj, aci ummiei hjvg si ecfssimief g si ejdtrjccf cf hjeukgdtfzijdg hi tutti ejcjrj eng

nfddj fllfdhjdftj f sgauitj hgccg prjtgstg ecfkjrjsg hgc tgftrj hi J`cfnjkf, sjdj idstfccfti

–dgaci stgssi lfrfeenidi hgi tjtfcizzftjri hgccg sejkkgssg‛ ‘ ejkg vigdg idmjrkftj @frc hfc efpj

hgc pgrsjdfcg. G cf sghg hgccf aiurif eng ejdmgrkf c’fssgadfzijdg hgc rujcj fh jadudj hgaci fspi-

rfdti nf cj stgssj fspgttj hgccg tjrri j hgccg pifttfmjrkg rifczftg hfccg qufci dgaci ippjhrjki si ejd-

trjccf c’fdhfkgdtj hgccg ejrsg.

Dgkkgdj c’gvjcuzijdg hgc Arfdhg Mrftgccj cfseif spfzij f hulli. Dgccf suf prikf vgrsijdg jcfd-

hgsg ‘ g dgccg sueegssivg ikitfzijdi id Agrkfdif, Upfadf, Fkgrief g id tfdti fctri pfgsi ‘ ejdsi-

stgvf sjctfdtj dgccf rgeitfzijdg hi pgrsjdfaai ejkudi, mjrzfti f ejdhivihgrg cf vitf qujtihifdf ejd

ud aruppgttj hi cjrj sikici, id ud cujaj eniusj g hfvfdti fcc’jeenij hi tgcgefkgrg jddiprgsgdti. Xgcg-

efkgrg jpgrftivg vgdtiqufttrj jrg su vgdtiqufttrj. Id sgauitj ic prjarfkkf si î gvjcutj vgrsj mjr-

kft fpgrtfkgdtg ejkpgtitivi, dgi qufci cf ejdvivgdzf id qugc lficfkkg tgcgvisivj hivgdtfvf udfspgeig hi ejkpgtizijdg hfvvgrj sidajcfrg. I rgstfdti pfrtgeipfdti, j i tgcgspgttftjri, aiuhiefvfdj sg

ic pfrtgeipfdtg si grf ejkpjrtftj lgdg j kfcg g hgeihgvfdj sg rgstfvf dgc prjarfkkf j sg vgdi-

@fm`f sidj tfkliéd fc kudhj qug vivikjs, y kfs prgeisfkgdtg f gsf iejdjsmgrf ‘ qug hirëf

\jkæd Aulgrd< ‘ qug aufrhf tfdtj pfrgdtgsej ejd gc arfd tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf. ºJ gs qug

fefsj dj nfy udf vfrifdtg gdtgrf hg cf sjeijcjaëf ecæsief fkgriefdf qug pigdsf cf situfeiõd hg

cjs idhivihujs gd cf sjeighfh ejdtgkpjrædgf gd térkidjs hg rjcgs: 5 Gs hgeir, gd térkidjs hg

cf idtgrprgtfeiõd hg ud pfpgc ºJ gs qug fefsj prjarfkfs tgcgvisivjs ejkj gc Lia Lrjtngr , dj

gstæd eukpcigdhj ejd cf jmgrtf hgc arfd tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf hg qug –gc qug quigrf sgr frtistf,

qug sg prgsgdtg‛: Y ¡qug cj nfaf¡ qug sg prgsgdtg gd ud tgftrj ejkj gc hg J`cfnjkf, qug gd

rgfcihfh gs ud nipõhrjkj y pjr cj tfdtj ud cuafr hgstidfhj f cf ejkpgtgdeif tjut ejurt y f cfs

fpugstfs fegref afdfhjrgs y pgrhghjrgs gd cf ejkpgtgdeif. \gpitækjscj, qug fÿd siaug sigd-

hj sjrprgdhgdtg? gc tgftrj gd rgfcihfh gs ud nipõhrjkj. Rgrj si gd gc tgftrj tjhf rgfcihfh gs

tgftrfc ‘ y tjhfvëf kæs gd gc hg J`cfnjkf ‘ gdtjdegs cf rgfcihfh hgc nipõhrjkj gs purfkgdtg

tgftrfc y gc nipõhrjkj gd rgfcihfh gs udf gsegdf.

ºCf gsegdf, j cf pugstf gd gsegdf:

Rjrqug si cjs pgrsjdfogs hgc tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf dj nfegd kfs qug fetufr ejkj cj qug rgfc-

kgdtg sjd, cj qug siaug gs sflgr qué cjs pjdg gd gsegdf, qué gs cjs pjdg gd trfdeg gseédiej

ºVué fcquikif, qué hispjsitivj, qué kgefdiskj j qué prjhiaij hg hirgeeiõd ejdvigrtg f ud

lfeniccgr gurjpgj qug gs sõcj gsj, dj gxfetfkgdtg gd ud fetjr sidj gd ud pgrsjdfog hgc tgf-

trj: Cf rgspugstf pjhrëf gstfr gd qug gc nipõhrjkj gsegdimief cf cgy qug riag f cf pugstf gd

gsegdf gd gc arfd tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf y qug gsf cgy dj gs jtrf qug cf cgy hg cf purf y hurf ejk-pgtgdeif qug trfdsmjrkf f ud eflfccj gd ud eflfccj hg efrrgrfs sid qug hgog hg sgr eflfccj. Hg

ngenj cfs jmieidfs hjdhg sg ecfsimief y sg rgvisf cf hjeukgdtfeiõd hg tjhjs cjs qug sg nfd

flfdhjdfhj f cjs rgecfkjs ecfkjrjsjs hgc tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf, gstæd idstfcfhfs gd‛ cfs efsg-

tfs hg cjs ejrrghjrgs hg fpugstfs‛ ‘ ejkj cg idmjrkf f @frc gc ogmg hg pgrsjdfc. Y cf sghg hgc

ourfhj qug ejdmirkf cf fsiadfeiõd hg pfpgc qug cg nfd ngenj f efhf udj hg cjs fspirfdtgs,

tigdg gc kiskj fspgetj hg cfs tjrrgs j hg cfs pcftfmjrkfs gcgvfhfs hgshg cfs qug sg ejdtrjcfd

gd cjs nipõhrjkjs gc eursj hg cfs efrrgrfs.

Cf gvjcueiõd hgc Lia Lrjtngr tfkpjej hgof cuafr f huhfs. Gd su prikgrf vgrsiõd njcfdhgsf ‘

id, kjrg feeurftgcy, mjr tng ie jdjspngrg‘fs \jkæd Aulgrd wjuch sfy < ‘wnien fcsj rgtfids

kfdy rgcftijds witn tng Argft Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf. Hjgsd’t tng gdtirg eurrgdt jm e cfssie Fkgr-

iefd sjeijcjay trucy g xist ly fdy enfdeg, tnft wnien e jdsihgrs tng situftijd jm idhivihufcs id

ejdtgkpjrfry sjeigty id tgrks jm rjcgs:5 Id tgrks jm idtgrprgtftijd jm f rjcg: Jr frgd’t tgcgvi-

sijd prjarfks suen fs Lia Lrjtngr oust rgitgrftida tng Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf’s jmmgr witn tng

pnrfsg –Fdyjdg wnj wfdts tj lg fd frtist, stgp mjrwfrh!‛: Fdh c gt it hj it! Fdh cgt it prgsgdt

itsgcm id f tngftgr ci`g tng jdg jm J`cfnjkf, wnien is id rgfcity f nippjhrjkg, f rfeg trfe`, fdh

gxfetcy mjr tnft rgfsjd, it is f pcfeg hgstidgh mjr tjut ejurt ejkpgtitijd fdh afklcgs jd tng

widdgrs fdh cjsgrs jm tnft ejkpgtitijd. Qg rgpgft it fafid lgefusg it sticc hjgs djt stjp sur-

prisida us? tng tngftgr is fetufccy f nippjhrjkg. Ygt im id tngftgr gfen rgfcity is tngftriefc ― fdh

gvgd kjrg sj id tng jdg jm J`cfnjkf‘tngd tng rgfcity jm tng nippjhrjkg is purgcy tngftriefc

fdh tng nippjhrjkg, id rgfcity, is f segdg.

Xng segdg jr tng stfaida:

Lgefusg, im tng enfrfetgrs jm tng Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf fet fs wnft tngy rgfccy frg, wg tngd

dggh tj `djw wnft i s it tnft put s tngk jd tng stfag, wnft puts tngk id f segdie trfdeg. Qnien

fcengky, wnien hgvieg, wnien kgenfdisk jr wnien pngdjkgdjd jm tngftgr hirgetijd efd

trfdsmjrk f Gurjpgfd senjjc arfhuftg‘wnj is djtnida kjrg tnfd tnis‘djt gxfetcy idtj fd

fetjr lut idtj f t ngftgr enfrfetgr: Xng rgspjdsg kfy lg tnft tng nippjhrjkg stfags tng cfw

tnft cigs upstrgfk mrjk tng kisg-gd-seîdg jm tng Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf, fdh tnft tnis cfw is djtnida jtngr tnfd tng cfw jm purg e jkpgtitijd‘wnien t rfdsmjrks f njrsg idtj f rfeg njrsg

witnjut gvgr egfsida tj lg f njrsg. Fetufccy, tng jmmiegs tnft ecfssimy fdh ejdtrjc tng hjeu-

kgdtftijd jm fcc tnjsg wnj nfvg flfdhjdgh mjccjwida tng ecfkjrjus prjtgsts jm tng Xngftgr

jm J`cfnjkf, frg pcfegh –id tng sfkg ljjtns fs tng lgt tjtfcizgrs‛‘fs @frc nfs lggd

idmjrkgh ly tng ngfh jm pgrsjddgc. Fdh tng pcfeg wngrg tng oury arfdts rjcgs tj gfen jm tng

efdhihftgs, nfs tng sfkg fppgfrfdeg fs tng tjwgrs fdh rfisgh pcftmjrks mrjk wnien tng

ejursg jm tng trfe`s is ejdtrjccgh.

Djt gvgd tng gvjcutijd jm Lia Lrjtngr cgfvgs fdy spfeg mjr hjults. Id its mirst vgrsijd, id Njc-

k f s g î t g f t r j / l u t i m i t i s

t n g f t r g

Arfdhg Mrftgccj

Lia Lrjtngr

Jpgrfeiõd Xriudmj.

Cidgf hi 52 ek tftuftf

su hi udf pgrsjdf pfaftf

Cidg jm 52 ek tfttjjgh

jd f rgkudgrftgh pgrsjd

Cëdgf hg 52 ek tftufhf sjlrg

udf pgrsjdf rgkudgrfhf

76 Efccg \gaidf. Kéxiej H.M.

Kfaaij Kfy Kfyj 699>.



8>

vf gcikidftj. Ic più fhfttj, ic più fstutj j più mjrtg, sjprfvvivgvf f tuttg qugccg vfcutfzijdi sueegs-

sivg g videgvf ic prgkij. Vugc eng si prgkif î, jvvifkgdtg, cf efpfeitâ hi sjprfvvivgrg id udf spig-

tftf ejkpgtizijdg trf sikici.

C’gsfctfzijdg hgc hfrwidiskj sjeifcg, eng mf kfciadfkgdtg efpjcidj dgc Arfdhg Mrftgccj, ejsã

ejkg cj mfegvf dgc Arfd Xgftrj hi J`cfnjkf, djd puü mfrei jkgttgrg cf himmgrgdzf eng gsistg trf

c’udj g c’fctrj, fdeng sg midj fh jrf djd dg fllifkj pfrcftj.

Dgc Arfdhg Mrftgccj i pfrtgeipfdti sjdj idhivihui eng si prgsukg fllifdj djd sjctfdtj ud’ihgdtitâ

kf ud’istruzijdg, udf prjmgssijdg j ud’fttivitâ. Dgssudj hi cjrj, tuttfvif, î id segdf pgr i suji stuhi

j pgr cf prjprif prjmgssijdfcitâ0 î cã pgrené nf hgeisj hi ejdhivihgrg c’idtikitâ, cf vitf privftf, sif ejd

fctri eng fcc’idizij grfdj hgaci gstrfdgi, sif ejd ud’fuhigdeg tgcgvisivf, gspjdgdzifckgdtg kfssimief-

tf g rfhiefckgdtg gstrfdgf. F dgssudj hgi pfrtgeipfdti hgc Arfdhg Mrftgccj î stftj enigstj eng

rgeitidj ejkg idagadgri, tgediei j hipcjkfti gurjpgi. Aci si î enigstj ‘ sgkprg g id tutti i cujani

hjvg si î rgfcizzftj ic prjarfkkf ‘ eng rgeitidj ejkg pgrsjdg djrkfci, ejkudi, g djd ejkg hgacistuhijsi j hgi prjmgssijdisti. Id rgfctâ c’udief ejsf rienigstf î eng kjstridj faci fctri ejkg vivjdj. G

eng cj mfeeifdj id udf situfzijdg id eui si vgrimief ic pfrfhjssj eng, djdjstfdtg (j prjprij pgr qug-

stj) cf prjcimgrfzijdg idejdtrjccftf hi –kfgstri hi vitf‛ g hi kfdufci eng kjstrfdj ic efkkidj hgcc’fr-

kjdif g hgccf mgcieitâ, dgssudj jrkfi puü idsgadfrg ejkg si hgvg vivgrg, kgdtrg eniudqug puü

idsgadfrg, kjstrfrg, gsilirg ejkg vivg. Ejsã, hgc tuttj sgkpciegkgdtg, kjstrfdhj cf prjprif

kfdigrf hi vivgrg ejkg eni, dgccg mjtj pjrdjarfmieng, gsiliseg cf hikgdsijdg hgc pgdg, ic luej hgc

eucj j cf prjmjdhitâ hgccf vfaidf.

Dgc Arfd Xgftrj hi J`cfnjkf, idvgeg, djd si rienighgvf eng qufceudj kjstrfssg cf prjprif vitf.

Ui enighgvf eng jadudj rgeitfssg ejkg qugc eng grf hf ud pudtj hi vistf strgttfkgdtg jpzij-

dfcg? idagadgrg, tgediej, hipcjkftj… qufcudqug ejsf! G qugstf ejsf hi vivgrg cf prjprif vitf

dgc tgftrj: Djd e’î dgssudf trfeeif, dgssud idhizij, dgssud fdtieipj hgc mfttj eng, id qugc tgstj

lrgvg g cukidjsj, @fm`f fvgssg id kgdtg qufcejsf eng pjtgssg kidikfkgdtg sjkiacifrg fccf

prjpjstf eng aci fttjri vivgssgrj cf prjprif vitf dgc Arfd Xgftrj hi J`cfnjkf8. Rgr qugc eng rgstf

hgccg sug idtgdzijdi, id qugstj tgstj irrikghiflickgdtg idejkpiutj, sgklrf eng eiü eng cui egr-

efvf mjssg hfr ejdtj hi ud tgftrj dgc qufcg jadudj pjtgssg rgeitfrg cf suf prjmgssijdg g djdgsecusivfkgdtg c’idtikitâ hgccf suf vitf. Kf si pjssjdj sgpfrfrg: Ruü cf vitf prgdhgrg udf strf-

hf g cf prjmgssijdg ud’fctrf: Uã, egrtj eng sã, ejdvgdifkj fcc’udisjdj, ejdvidti eng ‘ qufcud-

cfdh‘fdh id tng sueegssivg ikitftijds id Agrkfdy, Upfid, Fkgrief fdh id kfdy jtngr ejud-

trigs‘it ejdsistgh jdcy id tng stfaida jm ejkkjd enfrfetgrs wnj wgrg mjregh tj snfrg tngir

gvgryhfy civgs witn f arjup jm tngir pggrs, id f ecjsgh spfeg fdh lgnidh tng cgdsgs jm

jkdiprgsgdt vihgj efkgrfs. ]ihgj efkgrfs rjccgh twgdty-mjur njurs f hfy. Fs f ejdsgqugdeg,

tng prjarfk gvjcvgh tjwfrhs f kjrg jpgdcy ejkpgtitivg mjrkft, id wnien ejnflitftijd id tnft

tgcgvisijd pfdhgkjdiuk lgefkg f spgeigs jm trucy sidaucfr ejkpgtitijd. Xng rgst jm tng pfrtie-

ipfdts, jr tgcgvisijd spgetftjrs, ouhagh im tng pfrtieipfdts lgnfvgh jr kislgnfvgh tngksgcvgs,

fdh fcsj hgeihgh im tngy stfygh jd tng prjarfk jr im tngy wgrg gcikidftgh. Ng jr sng, jr tng kjst

suitflcg, tng kjst fstutg jr tng strjdagst, survivgh fcc jm tng gvfcuftijds fdh wjd tng prizg. Qnft

is fwfrhgh, jlvijuscy, is tng efpfeity tj survivg f rutncgss ejkpgtitijd fkjda tngir pggrs.

Xng gxfctftijd jm Ujeifc Hfrwidisk, wnien kfciadfdtcy pggps tnjuan id Lia Lrjtngr , fs it hjgs

id tng Argft Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf, hjgs djt fccjw us tj gxecuhg tng himmgrgdeg tnft gxists

lgtwggd jdg fdh tng jtngr, fctnjuan up udtic djw wg nfvgd’t spj`gd fljut it .

Id Lia Lrjtngr tng pfrtieipfdts frg idhivihufcs wnj prgsukflcy nfvg djt jdcy ihgdtitigs lut fd

ghueftijd, f prjmgssijd jr fd fetivity. Njwgvgr djdg jm tngk frg enjsgd mjr tngir stuhigs jr

tngir fetivitigs0 jdcy lgefusg tngy hgeihgh tj snfrg tngir idtikftg, privftg civgs gitngr witn jtn-

grs wnj wgrg strfdagrs ft tng lgaiddida, jr witn tng gxpjdgdtifccy kfadimigh fdh rfhiefccy mjr-

giad tgcgvisijd fuhigdeg. Djdg jm Lia Lrjtngr’s pfrtieipfdts wgrg fs`gh tj pcfy tng pfrt jm gdai-

dggrs, tgendieifds, Gurjpgfd senjjc arfhuftgs. Xngy frg fs`gh‘fcwfys, fdh id fcc jm tng pcfegs wngrg tng prjarfk is njstgh‘tnft tngy fet fs djrkfc, ejkkjd pgjpcg fdh djt fs

senjcfrs jr prjmgssijdfcs. \gfccy tng jdcy tnida tngy frg fs`gh is tnft tngy snjw jtngrs njw

tngy civg. Fdh tnft tngy hj it id f situftijd wngrg tng pfrfhjx jeeurs tnft ly djw (djtwitn-

stfdhida‘jr rftngr gxfetcy lg efusg jm tnis‘, tng udejdtrjccgh prjcimgrftijd jm kfdufcs fdh

–cimg tgfengrs‛ wnj idhieftg pftns jm nfrkjdy fdh nfppidgss) dj jdg efd tgfen sjkgjdg njw

tj civg wnicg fdyjdg efd tgfen, snjw, gxnilit njw ng civgs. Uj, sikpcy, snjwida yjur wfy jm cimg

is ci`g tnjsg wnj, id pjrdjarfpnie pnjtjs, gxnilit tng hikgdsijd jm tng pgdis, tng fssnjcg jr

tng hgptns jm tng vfaidf.

k f s g î t g f t r j / l u t i m

i t i s

t n g f t r g

8=7 pgrsjdg pfaftg

8=7 pfih pgjpcg

8=7 pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs

Kusgj \umidj Xfkfyj, Ufcf 1.

Kéxiej H.M.

Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg 6999.

qug sif ic djstrj cfvjrj ‘ djd ejdsgdtirgkj eng cf djstrf fttivitâ si ikpjssgssi hgccf djstrf



qug s f js j f j j j ej sg g j e g f js f f â s pjssgss hg f js f

vitf. J cf fcigdi ? cf rgdhf gstrfdgf, pgrsidj f dji stgssi. Vugstj fppfrtigdg fcc’Fle hgccf strut-

turf jdtjcjaief hgcc’idhivihufciskj kjhgrdj gh î gvihgdtg eng ic Arfdhg Mrftgccj g tuttj eiü eng

nf f eng vghgrg ejd cf ejdhizijdg pjstkjhgrdf ‘ djd mf fctrj eng dfturfcizzfrg qugcc’jdtjcj-

aif, hfdhj ejdsistgdzf f qugcc’jppjsizijdg trf cfvjrj g vitf fttrfvgrsj c’gsecusivf segdgaaif-

turf hgccf vitf. Hgccf vitf eng duccf sf hgc cfvjrj.7

Ic tgftrj eng Ufdtifaj Uigrrf kgttg id segdf, ejsã ejkg ic Arfd Xgftrj hi J`cfnjkf, vf id sgdsj

ejdtrfrij? cfseif hf pfrtg cf vitf idhivihufcg g si ejdegdtrf suc kjdhj hgc cfvjrj, suc cfvjrj g sjprft-

tuttj sui cfvjrftjri. Djd e’î c’idhivihuj kf ic cfvjrftjrg ejdvjeftj su rienigstf hgccj stgssj Uigrrf,

eng idvitf f pfrtgeipfrg fccg sug fzijdi tgftrfci tutti qugi cfvjrftjri eng sjdj hispjsti f cfvjrfrvi. G

hiej –cfvjrfrg‛ dgc sgdsj più rfhiefcg g fstrfttj hgc tgrkidg, pgrené Uigrrf dgccg sug jpgrg djd ejd-

vjef dgssudj id qufdtj kurftjrg, gcgttrieistf, ihrfuciej j kgeefdiej, kf sgkpciegkgdtg pgrené

î hispjstj f cfvjrfrg. G f cfvjrfrg id qufcudqug kjhj g jvudqug sif, djd id fttivitâ spgeimieng.

Vugstf miaurf hi cfvjrftjrg î fccj stgssj tgkpj fstrfttf ‘ hi mfttj î ic kjhgccj purfkgdtg fstrft-tj hi cfvjrftjrg eui si rimâ @frc Kfrx id Ic efpitfcg pgr ejstruirg cf suf tgjrif hgc pcusvfcjrg ‘ g fccj

stgssj tgkpj ejdergtf, pgrené tgdhg f idefrdfrsi id qugi egti cfvjrftivi cf eui ergseitf gspjdgd-

y gd cfs vgrsijdgs qug ejpifrjd su vgrsiõd idieifc gd Fcgkfdif, gd Gspföf, gd Fkérief y gd tfd-

tjs jtrjs pfësgs ‘ ejdsistëf sõcj gd cf fetufeiõd hg pgrsjdfogs ejkudgs y ejrrigdtgs, mjrzf-

hjs f ejkpfrtir cf vihf ejtihifdf ejd ud puöfhj hg sus sgkgofdtgs, gd ud cuafr egrrfhj y fdtg

cfs eækfrfs jkdiprgsgdtgs hg cf tgcgvisiõd. Eækfrfs jpgrftivfs <8 njrfs sjlrg <8. Cugaj gc

prjarfkf gvjcueijdõ nfeif mjrkftjs fligrtfkgdtg ejkpgtitivjs, gd cjs qug cf ejdvivgdeif gd

gsg gsefpfrftg tgcgvisivj sg ejdvirtiõ gd udf ecfsg kuy sidaucfr hg ejkpgtgdeif. Gc rgstj hg

cjs pfrtieipfdtgs j cjs tgcgspgetfhjrgs ouzaflfd si gc pfrtieipfdtg sg nflëf ejkpjrtfhj ligd j

kfc y hgeihëf si sg qughflf gd gc prjarfkf j si tgdëf qug kfrenfrsg hgc éc. Éc j cf kæs fptf,

kæs fstutf j kæs mugrtg, sjlrgvivëf f tjhfs gsfs gvfcufeijdgs suegsivfs y afdflf gc prgkij.

Cj qug sg prgkif, jlvifkgdtg, gs cf efpfeihfh hg sjlrgvivir f udf hgspifhfhf ejkpgtgdeif

gdtrg sgkgofdtgs.

Cf gxfctfeiõd hgc hfrwidiskj sjeifc qug fsjkf sus jrgofs hgprghfhjrfs gd gc Lia Lrjtngr , fc

iaufc qug cj nfeëf gd arfd tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf, dj pughg nfegrdjs jkitir cf himgrgdeif qug nfy

gdtrg gc udj y gc jtrj, fudqug nfstf fquë cf nfyfkjs pfsfhj pjr fctj. Gd gc Lia Lrjtngr cjs pfr-

tieipfdtgs sjd idhivihujs hg quigdgs sg prgsukg qug tigdgd dj sõcj udf ihgdtihfh sidj tfkliéd

udjs gstuhijs, udf prjmgsiõd j ud jmieij. Rgrj didaudj hg gccjs gstæ gd gsegdf pjr sus gstu-

hijs j su jmieij sidj pjrqug sg nfd hgeihihj f ejkpfrtir cf idtikihfh, cf vihf privfhf, tfdtj ejd

jtrjs qug gd prideipij grfd gxtrföjs, fogdjs, ejkj ejd udf fuhigdeif tgcgvisivf, gxpjdgdeifc-kgdtg kfsivf y rfhiefckgdtg gxtrföf. F didaudj hg cjs pfrtieipfdtgs gd gc Lia Lrjtngr sg cgs

nf pghihj dudef y gd didaudf pfrtg qug fetÿgd ejkj idagdigrjs, téediejs j lfeniccgrgs gurj-

pgjs. Ug cgs nf pghihj ‘ sigkprg y gd tjhfs cfs pfrtgs hjdhg sg nf rgfcizfhj gc prjarfkf ‘

qug fetÿgd ejkj pgrsjdfs djrkfcgs, ejkudgs y ejrrigdtgs, y dj ejkj gstuhijsjs j prjmg-

sijdfcgs. Gd rgfcihfh cj ÿdiej qug pihgd gs qug gdsgögd f cjs hgkæs ejkj vivgd . Y qug cj

nfafd gd udf situfeiõd gd cf sg hf cf pfrfhjof hg qug f pgsfr, j prgeisfkgdtg f efusf, hg cf

prjcimgrfeiõd idejdtrjcfhf hg –kfgstrjs hg vihf‛ y kfdufcgs qug kugstrfd gc efkidj hg cf

frkjdëf y cf mgcieihfh yf dfhig pughg gdsgöfr eõkj nfy qug vivir pgrj gd efklij eufcquigrf

72


i t i s

t n g f t r g

Idstgfh, id tng Argft Dfturg Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf, dj jdg wfs rgquirgh tj prgsgdt nis jwd cimg.

Gfen pgrsjd wfs fs`gh tj pjrtrfy wnft ng wfs mrjk f strietcy jptijdfc pjidt jm vigw? gdaidggr,

tgendieifd, arfhuftg…fdytnida! Fdh tnis tnida fljut civida tngir jwd civgs id tng tngftgr: Xngrg

is dj trfeg, dj ecugs, dj fdtieipftijd jm tng mfet tnft @fm`f, id tnft lrigm fdh lriant tgxt, nfh

sjkgtnida id kidh tnft wjuch sciantcy rgsgklcg tng prjpjsfc tnft tng fetjrs civg tngir jwd civgs

id tng Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf8. Qnft rgkfids jm nis idtgdtijds, id tnis irrgkghiflcy udmidisngh tgxt,

sggks tj lg tnft @fm`f trigh tj tf`g idtj ejdsihgrftijd f tngftgr id wnien fdyjdg wfs mrgg tj

pgrmjrk nis prjmgssijd fdh djt jdcy tng idtikfey jm nis cimg. Lut efd tngy lg sgpfrftgh: Efd

cimg tf`g jdg rjfh fdh prjmgssijd fdjtngr: Ygs, egrtfidcy, wg frg fcc id farggkgdt, ejdvidegh

tnft‘wg hj wnft wg hj‘wg wjd’t fccjw jur fetivity tj tf`g ejdtrjc jm jur civgs. Jr fcigdftgs

jur civgs? kf`gs jur civgs mjrgiad, gvgd mrjk jursgcvgs. Xnis lgcjdas tj tng FLEs jm tng jdtj-

cjaiefc strueturg jm kjhgrd idhivihufcisk fdh is fcsj gvihgdt tnft Lia Lrjtngr ‘idecuhida gvgry-

tnida tj hj witn tng pjst-kjhgrd ejdhitijd‘hjgs djtnida lut dfturfcizg tnft jdtjcjay, aivida

ejdsistgdey tj tnft jppjsitijd lgtwggd wjr` fdh cimg vif tng gxecusivg seript jm cimg. Jm cimg tnft

`djws djtnida jm wjr` 7.

Xng tngftgr tnft Ufdtifaj Uigrrf stfags, ci`g tng Argft Dfturg Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf, jpgrftgs

id f ejdtrfry sgdsg? ng puts cimg fsihg fdh e jdegdtrftgs jd tng wjrìda wjrch, jd wjr` fdh fljvg fcc jd wjr`grs. Xj Uigrrf, tngy frgd’t idhivihufcs lut wjr`grs, wnj ng idvitgs tj pfrtiei-

pftg id nis argft tngftriefc fetijds. Fdh I sfy –wjr`‛ id tng kjst rfhiefc fdh flstrfet sgdsg jm

tng tgrk, lgefusg id nis wjr`s Uigrrf hjgs djt sikpcy sukkjd sjkgjdg lgefusg tngy frg f

kfsjd, fd gcgetrieifd, f pcuklgr jr f kgenfdie, lut rftngr lgefusg tng y frg fvficflcg tj wjr`.

Fdh tj wjr` id fdywfy fdh fdywngrg, djt hjida fdy spgeimie fetivity. Xnis miaurg jm tng wjr`gr

is flstrfet‘fetufccy, it is tng purgcy flstrfet kjhgc jm tng wjr`gr, wnien @frc Kfrx rgmgrs tj id

Efpitfc id jrhgr tj ejdstruet nis surpcus tngjry. Fdh ft tng sfkg tikg, it is ejdergtg lgefusg it

tgdhs tj idefrdftg itsgcm id tnjsg wjrìda sgetjrs wnjsg gxpjdgdtifc arjwtn fppgfrs tj lg

852 pgrsjdg pfaftg 52 sjcgs

fcc'jrf

852 pgjpcg pfih 52 sjcgs pgr

njur 852 pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs ejd

52 sjcgs cf njrf

Afcgrëf Rfdenj Migrrj. Cikf.

Fajstj Fuaust <226.

=> pgrsjdg pfaftg pgr lcjeefrg



7<


i t i s

t n g f t r g

zifcg fppfrg enifrfkgdtg fssjeiftf fcc’fttufcg acjlfcizzfzijdg? aci gsecusi pgr sgkprg g sgdzf

fppfrgdtg rikghij hfc kgreftj hgc cfvjrj dgc Xgrzj Kjdhj, aci gkiarfdti hf qugc Xgrzj Kjdhj fc

Rrikj, i hisjeeupfti hi cudaf hurftf g id agdgrfcg tutti ejcjrj eng sjdj sjttjpjsti id jadi cujaj f

ud rgaikg hi cfvjri tgkpjrfdgi g prgefri, rgfcizzfti fc hi mujri j fi kfraidi hgccg arfdhi mfllrieng, hgi

sidhfefti g hgccg cgaiscfzijdi hgc cfvjrj stflicitg f suj tgkpj hfccf sjeigtâ mjrhistf pgr mfvjrirg qug-

sti uctiki. Xuttg qugstg eftgajrig sjdj stftg rfaaruppftg hfi pgdsftjri hgcc’jrafdizzfzijdg Enfid-

wjr`grs= sjttj ic tgrkidg hi prgefriftj fc midg hi sjttjcidgfrg eng tuttg nfddj id ejkudg djd sjcj cf

rjtfzijdg pgrkfdgdtg hgi suji ejkpjdgdti dgi più hivgrsi ikpigani g dgi più idsjciti cujani hi cfvj-

rj, kf fdeng udj stftj ejdhivisj hi prgefrigtâ gsistgdzifcg, vitfcg, fppfrgdtgkgdtg j rgfckgdtg

irrihueilicg.

Cf prikf vjctf eng Uigrrf nf kgssj id segdf i suji prgefri î stftj dgcc’jttjlrg hgc 6999, fc Kusgj

Xfkfyj f Eittâ hgc Kgssiej. G ejdsistgttg dgc riudirg 8=7 cfvjrftjri f tgkpj hgtgrkidftj dgccf sfcf

1 hgc Kusgj, pgr mfrci rikfdgrg trg jrg g kgzzj id pighi ejd cg spfccg rivjctg fcc’gdtrftf, dgc aijrdjhgcc’idfuaurfzijdg hi qugccf eng si suppjdgvf gssgrg udf hgccg tfdtg gspjsizijdi frtistieng.

Uigrrf, idtgrgssftj fh uticizzfrg gsecusivfkgdtg cfvjrftjri prgefri, si grf rivjctj f ud’ikprgsf spg-

ecgfrcy fssjeiftgh witn eurrgdt acjlfcizftijd? tnjsg mjrgvgr gxecuhgh, fdh witnjut fd fppfrgdt

sjcutijd, mrjk tng wjr` kfr`gt jm tng Xnirh Qjrch, gkiarfdts mrjk tng Xnirh tj tng Mirst Qjrch,

cjda-tgrk udgkpcjygh fdh id agdgrfc, fcc tnjsg g vgrywngrg wnj frg sulogetgh tj f rgaikg jm

tgkpjrfry fdh prgefrijus wjr`, rgfcizgh jutsihg jr ft tng kfraids jm cfrag mfetjrigs, udijds fdh

cgaiscftijds tnft wgrg jdeg stflicizgh ly f Mjrhist sjeigty id jrhgr tj mfvjur tngsg cfst eftg-

ajrigs. Xngsg eftgajrigs nfvg lggd rgarjupgh ly tnid`grs jm tng Enfidwjr`grs jrafdizftijd=

udhgr tng tgrk prgefriftj witn tng purpjsg jm udhgrcidida tng ejkkjd mgfturg tnft djt jdcy its

kgklgrs pgrkfdgdtcy rjtftg fkjda himmgrgdt jeeupftijds fdh udusufc wjr` pcfegs, lut fcsj

snfrg f stftg jm gssgdtifc, vitfc, fppfrgdtcy jr fetufc irrghueilcg prgefrijusdgss.

Xng mirst tikg Uigrrf stfagh nis prgefrijus wjr`grs wfs id Jetjlgr 6999, ft tng Kusgj Xfkfyj

id Kgxiej Eity. It ejdsistgh jm aftngrida 8=7 wjr`grs ft f sgt tikg id rjjk 1 jm tng kusguk, tj

rgkfid stfdhida mjr tnrgg fdh f nfcm njurs witn tngir lfe`s tj tng rjjk’s gdtrfdeg hurida tng

jpgdida jm jdg jm tng suppjsgh frtistie gxnilitijds.

Uigrrf, idtgrgstgh id gxecusivgcy usida prgefrijus wjr`grs, turdgh tj fd fagdey spgeifcizida id

tgkpjrfry wjr` fdh fs`gh tnft tngy sgdh –8=7 Kgxiefd kfcg eitizgds, 52 tj 82 ygfrs jch, 6=2

tj 612 ek id ngiant fdh jm kixgh Fkgriefd-Idhifd fdh Efuefsifd rfeg‛, rgmusida tj spgeimy fdy

prjmgssijdfc qufcimieftijd rgquirgkgdts mjr tng pgjpcg rgqug stgh 1. Wsida tng prgeisg duklgr jm

mivg pgjpcg pgr squfrg kgtgr, ng idtgdhgh tj jeeupy tng gdtirg spfeg jm tng rjjk id jrhgr tj

prgvgdt tng gdtrfdeg jm frt fmieijdfhjs. Fdh id jrhgr tj mjreg tngk tj feegpt tng pfssivg gxnilitijd jm wjr`grs fs fd frtwjr`, wnj fs njstgssgs jr wfitgrs hurida eje`tfic njurs jr jpgdidas

frg usgh tj pfssida id fd udpgregivflcg wfy. Kjst ci`gcy tngsg jlogetivgs wgrg fenigvgh, gvgd

tnjuan tng kfojrity jm tnjsg wnj tjj` pfrt id tng fetijd hihd’t rgfcizg tnft tng fagdey fttgkpt-

gh tj pfss 672 stuhgdts mrjk f Rrjmgssijdfc Uenjjc mjr wjr`grs. Xjagtngr witn tngir tgfengrs,

tng stuhgdts wgrg efccgh tj tng Kusguk ly tng fagdey, hgegivgh idtj tnidìda tngy wgrg ajida

tj fssist id f –tngftriefc rgprgsgdtftijd‛. Qitnjut `djwida tnft tngy sfih it, tngy sfih wnft tngrg

wfs tj sfy.

Mrjk tnft pjidt jd, Uigrrf lgafd usida prgefrijus wjr`grs kjrg mrgqugdtcy mjr vfrijus fdh

pughg gdsgöfr, kjstrfr, gxnilir eõkj vivg. Fsë, sid kæs di kæs, gxniligdhj tu kfdgrf hg vivir

ejkj quiéd gxnilg gd cf mjtjarfmëf pjrdjaræmief gc tfkföj hgc pgdg, cf egrrfzõd hgc eucj j cf

prjmudhihfh hg cf vfaidf.

Gd gc arfd tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf, gd efklij, dj sg gspgrflf qug dfhig kjstrfrf su vihf. Ug

gspgrflf qug efhf quiéd fetufrf ejkj cj qug grf hgshg ud pudtj hg vistf gstrietfkgdtg jeu-

pfeijdfc? idagdigrj, téediej, lfeniccgr… ¡ cj qug mugrf¡ ºRgrj gsj hg vivir su prjpif vihf gd gc

tgftrj: Dj qughf didaudf trfzf, didaÿd idhieij, didaÿd fdtieipj hg qug gd gsg tgxtj lrgvg y

cukidjsj, @fm`f tuvigrf gd kgdtg fcaj qug puhigrf si quigrf sgkgofrsg f cf prjpugstf hg qug

cjs fetjrgs vivigrfd su vihf gd gc arfd tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf 8. Rjr cj qug rgstf hg sus idtgdeijdgs

gd gstg tgxtj irrgkghiflcgkgdtg idejdecusj, pfrgeg sgr qug cj qug éc prgtgdhëf grf hfr eugdtf

hg ud tgftrj gd gc qug efhf quiéd puhigrf fetufr su prjmgsiõd y dj gxecusivfkgdtg cf idtikihfh

hg su vihf. Rgrj ºpughgd sgpfrfrsg: ºRughg cf vihf ir pjr ud cfhj y cf prjmgsiõd pjr jtrf: Uë,

ecfrj qug së, ecfkfkjs fc udësjdj, ejdvgdeihjs hg qug nfafkjs cj qug nfafkjs dj vfkjs f

ejdsgdtir qug cj nfegkjs sg fpjhgrg hg dugstrf vihf. J cf fcigdg? cf nfaf gxtrföf, idecusj pfrf

djsjtrjs kiskjs. Gstj pgrtgdgeg fc FLE hg cf gstrueturf jdtjcõaëef hgc idhivihufciskj kjhgr-

dj y gs gvihgdtg qug gc Lia Lrjtngr ‘ fÿd ejd tjhj cj qug tigdg qug vgr ejd cf ejdhieiõd pjs-

kjhgrdf ‘ dj nfeg kfs qug dfturfcizfr gsf jdtjcjaëf, hfdhj ejdsistgdeif f gsf jpjsieiõd

gdtrg gc trflfoj y cf vihf kghifdtg cf gxecusivf gsegdimiefeiõd hg cf vihf. Hg cf vihf qug dj sflg

dfhf hgc trflfoj7.

Gc tgftrj qug pjdg gd gsegdf Ufdtifaj Uigrrf vf, fc iaufc qug gc arfd tgftrj hg J`cfnjkf, gd gc

sgdtihj ejdtrfrij? hgof hg cfhj cf prjpif vihf y sg ejdegdtrf gd gc kudhj hgc trflfoj, gd gc trf-

lfoj y sjlrg tjhj gd cjs trflfofhjrgs. Fccë dj gstf gc idhivihuj sidj gc trflfofhjr ejdvjefhj pjr

gc rgecfkj hgc prjpij Uigrrf qug idvitf f pfrtieipfr gd sus feeijdgs tgftrfcgs f tjhj fqugc trf-

lfofhjr qug gsté hispugstj f trflfofr gd gccfs. Y hiaj –trflfofr‛, gd gc sgdtihj kfs rfhiefc y kfs

flstrfetj hgc térkidj pjrqug Uigrrf dj ejdvjef f dfhig gd sus pigzfs kfs rfhiefcgs pjrqug

c'gdtrftf f

=> pgjpcg pfih tj lcje` f

kusguk gdtrfdeg

=> pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs pfrf

pgrkfdgegr lcjqugfdhj gc

feegsj f ud kusgj

Kusguk jm Ejdtgkpjrfry Frt.

Rusfd, Ejrgf @jrgf. Jttjlrg

Jetjlgr Jetulrg <222.



78

eifcizzftf dgc cfvjrj tgkpjrfdgj g fvgvf enigstj eng aci kfdhfssgrj –8=7 eittfhidi kgssiefdi,

kfseni, hfi trgdtf fi qufrgdt’fddi fddi, hfi 6=2 fi 612 ek hi fctgzzf g hi rfzzf kistf fkgridhif g

efuefsief‛, gvitfdhj hi spgeimiefrg qufcudqug rienigstf hi qufcimiefzijdg prjmgssijdfcg1. Idtgdhgvf

jeeupfrg, ejd ic dukgrj prgeisj hi eidqug pgrsjdg f kgtrj qufhrj, tuttj cj spfzij hgccf sfcf, pgr

ikpghirg c’idargssj hgaci fmieijdfhjs hgcc’frtg, g ejstridagrci fh feegttfrg ejkg jpgrf h’frtg c’g-

spjsizijdg pfssivf hi fceudi cfvjrftjri eng, ejkg cg njstgss j i efkgrigri hurfdtg i eje`tfic j cg

idfuaurfzijdi, sjdj sjciti pfssfrg id kjhj hgc tuttj ikpgregttilicg. Kjctj prjlflickgdtg qugsti

jligttivi murjdj rfaaiudti, fdeng sg cf kfaaijr pfrtg hi ejcjrj eng nfddj fssistitj fcc’fzijdg mjrsg

djd si î rgsf ejdtj eng c’ikprgsf idefrieftf fvgvf tgdtftj hi mfr pfssfrg pgr cfvjrftjri f tgkpj

hgtgrkidftj egdtjeidqufdtf stuhgdti hi udf seujcf prjmgssijdfcg eng, idsigkg fi cjrj hjegdti,

grfdj stfti ejdvjefti fc Kusgj ejdvidti hi fdhfrg fh fssistgrg f udf –rfpprgsgdtfzijdg tgftrfcg‛.

Ugdzf sfpgrcj, hissgrj qugc eng e’grf hf hirg.

Hf fccjrf Uigrrf nf uticizzftj più vjctg cfvjrftjri prgefri pgr vfri prjagtti. Rgdsifkj, pgr gsgkpij,f qugcci eng id mjdhj djd sjdj fctrj eng vfrifzijdi hgcc’fzijdg hgc Kusgj Xfkfyj, ejkg hi mfttj î

stftf c’jeeupfzijdg hgccf Afccgrif Rfdenj Migrrj hi Cikf, id Rgrù, ejd 852 pgrsjdg pfaftg 52 sjcgs

fcc’jrf, hgcc’fajstj hgc <226. Jppurg c’fzijdg => pgrsjdg pfaftg pgr lcjeefrg c’gdtrftf hi ud

kusgj, rgfcizzftf dgc Kusgj hi Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf hi Rusfd, id Ejrgf, dgcc’jttjlrg hgc <222. Kf

pgdsifkj fdeng fccg fzijdi id eui ic rujcj hi cfvjrftjri ejidvjcti î stftj hivgrsj hfccf sgkpcieg jeeu-

pfzijdg sicgdzijsf g pfssivf hi udj spfzij ejdsferftj fcc’frtg. F qugstf vfrigtâ fppfrtigdg, pgr

gsgkpij, <8 lcjeeni hi egkgdtj kjssi ejstfdtgkgdtg hf cfvjrftjri pfafti hurfdtg udf aijrdftf

hi cfvjrj, fzijdg rgfcizzftf dgc cuacij hgc 6999 fcc’Feg Afccgry hi Cjs Fdagcgs. J 5 euli hi 622 ek

hi cftj spjstfti hi 122 ek , rgfcizzftf hf sgi rimuaifti fclfdgsi sgdzf hirittj fc cfvjrj dgccf @udstnfc-

cg hi Ufd Afccj id Uvizzgrf, dgcc’fpricg hgc <22<. G, egrtfkgdtg, udf hgccg più hurg? Kurj hgccf afc-

cgrif rikjssj, idecidftj f =2 arfhi rispgttj fc pfvikgdtj g sjrrgttj hf 7 pgrsjdg, rgfcizzftf dgccf

afccgrif Feegsj F hi hi Eittâ hgc Kgssiej dgcc’fpricg hgc <222 pgr 7 aijrdi, ejd rjtfzijdg hi cfvjrf-

tjri id turdi hi qufttrj jrg.

Cg fzijdi hi qugstj agdgrg, ejsã ejkg qugccg prgeghgdti (ejkg qugccf hgc Kusgj Xfkfyj) nfddj

ejkg efrfttgristief ejkudg eng i cfvjrftjri eng vi idtgrvgdajdj rikfdajdj gspjsti fc pullciejfdeng sg hgccf cjrj prgsgdzf g hgccf cjrj fttivitâ rgstfdj sjctfdtj cg trfeeg hgi cjrj ejdsuki, ljtti-

acig vujtg g rgsti hi eilj. Ei sjdj idvgeg aruppi hi jpgrg uaufckgdtg ikpjrtfdti hi Uigrrf dgccg qufci

sgf fclföic, gcgetrieistf, mjdtfdgrj j kgeædiej sidj sikpcgkgdtg pjrqué gstæ hispugstj f trf-

lfofr. Y f trflfofr gd cj qug sgf y gd hjdhg sgf y dj gd fcaÿd jmieij j fetivihfh gspgeëmief. Gstf

miaurf hg trflfofhjr gs f cf vgz flstrfetf ‘ hg ngenj gs gc kjhgcj purfkgdtg flstrfetj hg

trflfofhjr fc qug fpgcf @frc Kfrx gd Gc efpitfc pfrf ejdstruir su tgjrëf hg cf pcusvfcëf ‘ y f cf

vgz ejdergtf pjrqug tigdhg f gdefrdfrsg gd gsjs gstrftjs cfljrfcgs euyj ergeikigdtj gxpj-

dgdeifc fpfrgeg ecfrfkgdtg fsjeifhj f cf fetufc acjlfcizfeiõd? cjs gxecuihjs pfrf sigkprg y sid

fpfrgdtg rgkghij hgc kgrefhj cfljrfc gd gc Xgregr Kudhj, cjs gkiarfdtgs hg gsg Xgregr Kudhj

gd gc Rrikgrj, cjs hgsgkpcgfhjs hg cfraf hurfeiõd y gd agdgrfc tjhjs cjs qug gstæd sjkgtihjs

gd tjhfs pfrtgs f ud réaikgd hg trflfojs tgkpjrfcgs g idgstflcgs, rgfcizfhjs pjr mugrf j fc kfr-

agd hg cfs arfdhgs mælriefs, hg cjs sidhieftjs y hg cfs cgaiscfeijdgs cfljrfcgs gstflcgeihfs gd

su hëf pjr cf sjeighfh mjrhistf pfrf mfvjrgegr f gstjs ÿctikjs. F tjhfs gstfs eftgajrëfs cjs pgd-

sfhjrgs hg cf jrafdizfeiõd Enfidwjr`grs= cfs farupfd lfoj gc térkidj ejkÿd hg prgefrifhj ejd

gc mid hg sulrfyfr qug tjhfs gccfs tigdgd gd ejkÿd dj sjcj cf rjtfeiõd pgrkfdgdtg hg sus idtg-

arfdtgs pjr cjs kfs histidtjs gkpcgjs y pjr cjs kæs idsõcitjs sitijs hg trflfoj sidj tfkliéd ud

gstfhj ejkpfrtihj hg prgefrighfh gxistgdeifc, vitfc, fpfrgdtg j rgfckgdtg irrghuetilcg.

Cf prikgrf vgz qug Uigrrf pusj gd gsegdf f cjs prgefrijs tuvj cuafr gd jetulrg hg 6999, gd gc

Kusgj Xfkfyj gd cf Eiuhfh hg Kéxiej. Y ejdsistiõ gd rgudir f 8=7 trflfofhjrgs tgkpjrfcgs gd

cf sfcf 1 hg hienj kusgj ejd gc mid hg qug pgrkfdgeigrfd trgs njrfs y kghif gd pig y hg gspfc-

hfs fc feegsj hg cf kiskf hurfdtg gc hëf hg cf idfuaurfeiõd hg cj qug sg supjdëf ilf sgr udfgxpjsieiõd frtëstief kæs. Uigrrf, idtgrgsfhj gd gkpcgfr gxecusivfkgdtg trflfofhjrgs prgefrijs,

sg hiriaiõ f udf gkprgsf gspgeifcizfhf gd gc trflfoj tgkpjrfc y cg sjcieitõ qug cg gdvifrf –8=7

eiuhfhfdjs kgxiefdjs, vfrjdgs, hg 52 f 82 föjs, hg 6=2 f 612 ek. hg gstfturf y hg rfzf kgs-

tizf hg fkgridhij y efueæsiej‛0 dgaædhjsg f gspgeimiefr eufcquigr rgqugrikigdtj hg efcimiefeiõd

prjmgsijdfc prgvif f cjs hgkfdhfhjs1. Vugrëf ejd gsg dÿkgrj prgeisj ejpfr, f rfzõd hg eidej

pgrsjdfs pjr kgtrj eufhrfhj, tjhj gc gspfeij hg cf sfcf pfrf ikpghir fsë gc idargsj hg cjs fmi-

eijdfhjs fc frtg f cf kiskf. Y pfrf mjrzfrcjs f fegptfr ejkj udf jlrf hg frtg cf gxpjsieiõd

pfsivf hg udjs trflfofhjrgs qug fc iaufc qug cfs fzfmftfs j cjs efkfrgrjs gd cjs eõetgcgs j gd


t n g f t r g

Kurj hgccf afccgrif rikjssj,

idecidftj hi =2 arfhi rispgttj

fc pfvikgdtj g sjrrgttj

hf 7 pgrsjdgXng wfcc jm f afccgry puccgh jut,

idecidgh =2 hgarggs mrjk

tng arjudh fdh sustfidgh

ly 7 pgjpcg

Kurj hg udf afcgrëf frrfdefhj,

idecidfhj f =2 arfhjs hgc sugcj

y sjstgdihj pjr 7 pgrsjdfs

Feegsj F, Kéxiej H.M. Fpricg Fp

Flric <222.

<8 lcjeeni hi egkgdtj kjssi

ejstfdtgkgdtg hf cfvjrftjri pfafti

hurfdtg udf aijrdftf hi cfvjrj

<8 lcje`s jm ejdergtg ejdstfdtcy

kjvgh hurida f hfy's wjr` ly

pfih wjr`grs

<8 lcjqugs hg ejdergtj kjvihjs

ejdstfdtgkgdtg hurfdtg udf

ojrdfhf pjr jlrgrjs rgkudgrfhjs

FEG Afccgry, Cjs Fdagcgs. Cuacij

Oucy Oucij 6999

Î

> pgrsjdg pfaftg pgr rikfdgrg

cc'i t hi t c hi t



7=

i cfvjrftjri djd fppfijdj j sjdj prftiefkgdtg idvisilici. Î efpitftj pgr cf prikf vjctf id > pgrsjdg

pfaftg pgr rikfdgrg fcc’idtgrdj hi seftjcg hi efrtjdg , ud prjagttj rgfcizzftj dgcc’ghimieij A & X hi

Eittâ hgc Auftgkfcf dgcc’fajstj hgc 6999. Id qugccf jeefsijdg jttj cfvjrftjri prgefri murjdj mftti

sghgrg dgccg rispgttivg sghig g id sgauitj ejpgrti hf seftjcg hi efrtjdg hi hikgdsijdi summieigdti f

riejprirci idtgrfkgdtg. Vufdhj ic pullciej mu fkkgssj dgccj spfzij, djd vihg fctrj eng cg arfdhi

seftjcg hi efrtjdg hispjstg fh idtgrvfcci rgajcfri ejkg id qufcsifsi jpgrf kidikfcistf. C’jeeuctf-

kgdtj hgi cfvjrftjri mu ripgtutj hf Uigrrf id sgauitj, id hivgrsg fzijdi trf cg qufci kgritf hi gssgrg

eitftf Cfvjrftjri eng djd pjssjdj gssgrg rgtriluiti, pfafti pgr rikfdgrg fcc’idtgrdj hi seftjcg hi efr-

tjdg, jpgrfzijdg rgfcizzftf fc @udstwgr`g hi Lgrcidj dgc sgttgklrg hgc <222. J fdeng Rgrsjdf

pfaftf pgr rikfdgrg dgc lfafacifij hi ud’futjkjlicg, rgfcizzftf dgc kfrzj hgc <222 hurfdtg c’idfu-

aurfzijdg hgccf I] Ligddfcg Gvf f Cikgrie`, Ircfdhf. Id qugc efsj ud cfvjrftjrg fdjdikj riegvgttg

c’gquivfcgdtg hi qufrfdtf hjccfri pgr rgstfrg eniusj dgc lfafacifij hi ud’futj pfrengaaiftf hfvfdti

fccf pjrtf hgccf sghg prideipfcg hgccf Ligddfcg, pgr tuttg cg jrg id eui î hurftf c’idfuaurfzijdg. Uipuü eitfrg id qugstj stgssj aruppj 5 pgrsjdg pfaftg pgr aifegrg mgrkg fcc’idtgrdj hi 5 seftjcg

hurfdtg udf mgstf, rgfcizzftf hurfdtg c’idfuaurfzijdg hgccf Ligddfcg hg C’Fvfdf hgc <222 dgccf tgr-

hivgrsg prjogets. Mjr gxfkpcg, wg efd tnid` jm jtngr wjr`s, wnien id tng gdh frg djtnida lut

vfriftijds jm tng fetijd pgrmjrkgh ft tng Kusgj Xfkfyj, suen fs tng jeeupftijd jm tng Rfd-

enj Migrrj Afccgry id Cikf, Rgru, witn 852 pgjpcg pfih 52 sjcgs pgr njur id Fuaust <226. Jr

rftngr tng fetijd => pgjpcg pfih tj lcje` f kusguk gdtrfdeg rgfcizgh ft tng Ejdtgkpjrfry Frt

Kusguk jm Rusfd, @jrgf, id Jetjlgr <222. Ygt wg efd eitg jtngr fetijds wngrg tng wjr`grs’

rjcg wfs himmgrgdt mrjk tng sikpcg sicgdt fdh pfssivg jeeupftijd jm f ejdsgerftgh frt spfeg.

Fd gxfkpcg wjuch lg tng wjr` <8 lcje`s jm ejdergtg ejdstfdtcy kjvgh hurida f hfy’s wjr`

ly pfih wjr`grs , fd fetijd rgfciz gh id Oucy 6999 ft tng Feg Afccgry id Cjs Fdagcgs. Fdjtngr

wjuch lg 5 eulgs jm 622 ek jd gfen sihg kjvgh 122 ek , rgfcizgh id Fpric <22< ly six Fclfd-

ifd rgmuaggs witnjut tng riant tj wjr` ft tng @udstnfccg id Ufd`t Afccgd, Uwitzgrcfdh. Fdh, egr-

tfidcy, jdg jm kjst himmieuct? Xng wfcc jm f afccgry puccgh jut, idecidgh =2 hgarggs mrjk tng arjudh

fdh sustfidgh ly 7 pgjpcg , ergftgh mjr tng afccgry Feegsj F id Kgxiej H.M. id Fpric <222 mjr

mivg hfys, witn f rjtftijd jm wjr`grs gvgry mjur njurs.

Fetijds suen fs tng prgeghida jdgs (ci`g tng jdg ft tng Kusgj Xfkfyj), snfrg fs f ejkkjd

enfrfetgristie tng mfet tnft tng idtgrvgdida wjr`grs rgkfid gxpjsgh tj tng pulcie gvgd tnjuan

tngir prgsgdeg fdh fetivitigs frg jdcy flsgdt trfegs jm tngir ejdsukptijds‘gkpty ljttcgs fdh

cgmtjvgrs. Idstgfh tngrg frg arjups jm wjr`s ly Uigrrf gqufccy ikpjrtfdt id wnien tng wjr`grs

hj gvgd djt fppgfr jr frg prfetiefccy idvisilcg. Ng frrivgs ft tnis mjr tng mirst tikg id > pgjpcg

pfih tj rgkfid idsihg efrhljfrh ljxgs , f prjoget rgfcizgh id tng A & X Luichida id AuftgkfcfEity id Fuaust 6999. Mjr tnis jeefsijd giant prgefrijus wjr`grs sft id tngir rgspgetivg sgfts

fdh wgrg ejvgrgh ly f efrhljfrh ljx wnjsg hikgdsijds wgrg summieigdt gdjuan tj ejvgr tngir

gdtirg ljhigs. Qngd tng pulcie wgrg fhkittgh idtj tng spfeg, tngy hihd’t sgg fdytnida lut cfrag

efrhljfrh ljxgs pjsitijdgh id rgaucfr idtgrvfcs ci`g fdy id Kidikfcist frtwjr`. Uigrrf nfs rgpgft-

gh tnis fetijd jm ejdegfcida wjr`grs id himmgrgdt wjr`s, suen fs tnjsg kgritida eitftijds Qjr`-

grs wnj efddjt lg pfih, rgkudgrftgh tj rgkfid idsihg efrhljfrh ljxgs , fd jpgrftijd rgfcizgh

ft tng @udst Qgr`g afccgry id Lgrcid id Ugptgklgr <222. Jr fcsj Rgrsjd pfih tj rgkfid idsihg

tng trud` jm f efr , rgfcizgh id Kfren <222 hurida tng idfuaurftijd jm mjurtn G]F Ligddifc id Cik-

cfs idfuaurfeijdgs sugcgd pfsfr ejkpcgtfkgdtg hgsfpgreilihjs. Gstjs jlogtivjs kuy prjlf-

lcgkgdtg sg cjarfrjd, fudqug cf kfyjr pfrtg hg cjs fsistgdtgs f gstf feeiõd quizæs dj sg gdtg-

rõ hg qug cf gkprgsf ejdtrftfhf idtgdtõ nfegr pfsfr pjr trflfofhjrgs tgkpjrfcgs f 672 gstu-

hifdtgs hg udf Gseugcf prgpfrftjrif, quigdgs, oudtj ejd sus prjmgsjrgs, mugrjd ejdvjefhjs fc

kusgj ejd gc sgöugcj hg qug ilfd f fsistir f udf –pigzf hg tgftrj‛. Uid sflgr qug cj hgeëfd hiog-

rjd cj qug nflëf qug hgeir.

Hgshg gdtjdegs Uigrrf nf gkpcgfhj udf y jtrf vgz f trflfofhjrgs prgefrijs pfrf prjygetjs

kuy vfrifhjs y histidtjs gdtrg së. Nfy qug pgdsfr, pjr gogkpcj, gd cjs qug gd mjdhj dj sjd kfs

qug vfrifeijdgs hg cf pigzf hgc Kusgj Xfkfyj, ejkj mug hg ngenj cf jeupfeiõd hg cf Afcgrëf

Rfdenj Migrrj hg Cikf, Rgrÿ, ejd 852 pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs ejd 52 sjcgs cf njrf , gd fajstj

hg <226. J cf feeiõd hg => pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs pfrf pgrkfdgegr lcjqugfdhj gc feegsj f

ud kusgj, rgfcizfhf gd gc Kusgj hg Frtg Ejdtgkpjrædgj hg Rusfd, Ejrgf, gd jetulrg hg

<222. Rgrj nfy qug pgdsfr iaufckgdtg gd cfs pigzfs gd cfs qug gc pfpgc hg cjs trflfofhjrgs

idvjcuerfhjs nf sihj histidtj f cf kgrf jeupfeiõd sicgdeijsf y pfsivf hg ud gspfeij ejdsfarf-

hj fc frtg. F gstf vfrighfh pgrtgdgeg, pjr gogkpcj, <8 lcjqugs hg ejdergtj kjvihjs ejdstfd-

tgkgdtg hurfdtg udf ojrdfhf pjr jlrgrjs rgkudgrfhjs, feeiõd rgfcizfhf gd oucij hg 6999 gd cf

Feg Afccgry hg Cjs Ædagcgs. J 5 euljs hg 622 ek hg cfhj efhf udj , kjvihjs 122 ek, rgfci-

zfhf pjr sgis rgmuaifhjs fclfdgsgs sid hgrgenj f trflfofr gd cf @udstnfccg hg Ufd`t Afccgd,

Uuizf, gd flric hg <22<. Y, hgshg cugaj, udf hg cfs kfs pgdjsfs? Kurj hg udf afcgrëf frrfdef-hj, idecidfhj f =2 arfhjs hgc sugcj y sjstgdihj pjr 7 pgrsjdfs , rgfcizfhf gd cf afcgrëf Feegsj

F hg Kéxiej H.M. gd flric hgc <222 hurfdtg eidej hëfs, euligrtjs pjr cjs trflfofhjrgs f rfzõd

hg euftrj njrfs hifrifs hg trflfoj.

Cfs pigzfs hg gstf ecfsg fc iaufc qug cfs fdtgrijrgs (qug sjd ejkj cf hgc Kusgj Xfkfyj) ejk-

pfrtgd ejkj efrfetgrëstief ejkÿd qug cjs trflfofhjrgs qug idtgrvigdgd gd gccfs qughfd

gxpugstjs f cf cuz pÿlcief, fÿd gc efsj hg qug hg su prgsgdeif y hg su gsmjrzfhf fetivihfh sõcj

qughgd cfs nugccfs hg sus hgstrjzjs, ljtgccfs vfeëfs y rgstjs hg ejkihf. Gd efklij nfy jtrjs

ejdoudtjs iaufckgdtg ikpjrtfdtgs hg jlrfs hg Uigrrf gd cf qug cjs trflfofhjrgs dj fpfrgegd j

k f s g î t g f t r j / l u t

i m i t i s

t n g f t r g

fcc'idtgrdj hi seftjcg hi efrtjdg

> pgjpcg pfih tj rgkfid idsihg

efrhljfrh ljxgs

> pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs pfrf

pgrkfdgegr gd gc idtgrijr hg

efofs hg efrtõd

Ghimieij A & X. Eiuhfh hg

Auftgkfcf. Fajstj Fuaust 6999.

t l i h ti ih > C’ i n hi t t ih i i ihi h cc it c l C t t tit t c m t m mm t h



kfsturlfrsi hfvfdti f udf vihgjefkgrf>. C’udief ejsf eng pgrkfdg higtrj qugstg rihuzijdi sjdj i

cikiti lijcjaiei hi jadudj hgi cfvjrftjri ejdvjefti g ic mfttj idejdtgstflicg eng ic cfvjrj ukfdj privf-

tj hgi suji fttriluti gmmgttivi si rihueg fccf pjssilicitâ purfkgdtg fstrfttf hi mfrg qufcejsf id qufceng

cujaj g faci jrhidi hi qufceudj. Cf rihuzijdg idjctrg ejdmgrkf eng ic cfvjrj ejsã fstrfttj djd î id

hgmiditivf eng ud’fttivitâ jrigdtftf, hjkidftf sg si vujcg hf udf midfcitâ sgdzf midg, hf udf tgcgjcj-

aif sgdzf técjs, efpfeg quidhi hi stflicirg g kfdtgdgrg ud egrtj isjkjrmiskj ejd c’fttivitâ frtistief

eng, pgr cg gstgtieng hi rfhieg `fdtifdf, î hgtgrkidftf uaufckgdtg hf udf midfcitâ sgdzf midg. Id

qugstj ejdtgstj, c’gqufzijdg –ic cfvjrj ejkg frtg g c’frtg ejkg cfvjrj‛, eng pjtrgllg rifssukgrg

ic prjpjsitj gssgdzifcg hgccf strftgaif frtistief hi Uigrrf, fequisiseg dujvi g ikpjrtfdti siadimiefti fccf

cueg hi udf sjcihfrigtâ sjttgsf trf i hug tgrkidi hgccf stgssf, eng sujcg gssgrg hisfttgsf hf ejcjrj

eng si smjrzfdj hi sjttjcidgfrg cg himmgrgdzg idsfdflici trf c’udj g c’fctrj. Xrf c’frtg g ic cfvjrj.

Kf qugstg ejddgssijdi djd dgafdj, fdzi, fc ejdtrfrij rgdhjdj fdejrf più fpprjpriftf cf sgaugd-

tg hjkfdhf? i cfvjrftjri ejdtidufdj fh gssgrg tfci qufdhj sjdj id segdf g sgaujdj cg istruzijdihgc djstrj frtistf: J e’î qufcejsf eng id cjrj efklif id qugccf situfzijdg, djdjstfdtg id fppfrgd-

zf ejdtiduidj fh gssgrg qugc eng sjdj fc hi mujri: Cf prikf rispjstf f qugstg hjkfdhg î fmmgr-

sjd præetiefkgdtg idvisilcgs. Fsë jeurriõ pjr prikgrf vgz gd > pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs pfrf pgr-

kfdgegr gd gc idtgrijr hg efofs hg e frtõd, ud prjygetj ccgvfhj f eflj gd gc ghimieij A & X hg cf

Eiuhfh hg Auftgkfcf, gd fajstj hg 6999. Gd gsf jpjrtudihfh jenj trflfofhjrgs gvgdtufcgs

mugrjd sgdtfhjs gd sus ejrrgspjdhigdtgs siccfs y cugaj euligrtjs pjr efofs hg efrtõd hg sumi-

eigdtg tfkföj ejkj pfrf qug cjs eulrigrfd ejkpcgtfkgdtg. Eufdhj gc pÿlciej tuvj feegsj fc

gspfeij dj vij kæs qug cfs arfdhgs efofs hg efrtõd hispugstfs f idtgrvfcjs rgaucfrgs ejkj gd

eufcquigr jlrf kidikfcistf. Gc jeuctfkigdtj hg cjs trflfofhjrgs cj rgpitiõ hgspués Uigrrf gd his-

tidtfs jlrfs gdtrg cf eufcgs eflg hgstfefr Xrflfofhjrgs qug dj pughgd sgr pfafhjs, rgkudg-

rfhjs pfrf pgrkfdgegr gd gc idtgrijr hg efofs hg efrtõd , jpgrfeiõd rgfcizfhf gd cf afcgrëf @udst

Qgr`g hg Lgrcëd, gd sgptigklrg hg <222. J cf hg Rgrsjdf rgkudgrfhf pfrf pgrkfdgegr gd gc

kfcgtgrj hg ud ejeng, ccgvfhf f eflj gd kfrzj hg <222 hurfdtg cf idfuaurfeiõd hg cf I] Ligd-

fc Gvf gd Cikgrie`, Ircfdhf. Fccë ud trflfofhjr fdõdikj rgeiliõ gc gquivfcgdtg hg eufrgdtf hõcf-

rgs f efklij hg pgrkfdgegr gdegrrfhj gd gc pjrtfgquipfogs hg ud ejeng pfrqugfhj hgcfdtg

hg cf pugrtf hg cf sghg prideipfc hg cf ligdfc hurfdtg cfs njrfs qug hurõ su idfuaurfeiõd. Rughg

eitfrsg fsë kiskj, gd gstg fpfrtfhj 5 pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs pfrf pgrkfdgegr tuklfhfs gd gc

idtgrijr hg 5 efofs hurfdtg udf migstf, rgfcizfhf hurfdtg cf idfuaurfeiõd hg cf ligdfc hg Cf Nflf-

df hgc <222 gd cf fzjtgf hg udf efsf hg cf efpitfc eulfdf. Cfs trgs pgrsjdfs grfd trgs putfs,

trgs oidgtgrfs, y cf migstf vgspgrtidf mug jmrgeihf f frtistfs, erëtiejs hg frtg y eurfhjrgs prgsgd-

tgs gd cf ligdfc, qug tjkfrjd ejpfs sgdtfhjs gd cfs efofs iadjrfdhj ejkpcgtfkgdtg qug gsfsefofs ejdtgdëfd futédtiejs sgrgs nukfdjs.

Cf jpjsieiõd gdtrg cfs jlrfs gd cfs qug sg vg f cjs trflfofhjrgs fetufr y fqugccfs gd cfs qug

dj sg vgd gstæ, sid gklfraj, dgutrfcizfhf pjr cf hgeisiõd hg Uigrrf hg uticizfr f cjs trflfofhj-

rgs gd fklfs ecfsgs hg pigzfs prgseidhigdhj hgcilgrfhfkgdtg hg eufcquigr efcimiefeiõd qug

gccjs puhigrfd tgdgr gd térkidjs hg ejdjeikigdtj j hjkidij hg ud jmieij, hg hgstrgzf kfdufc

y gkpcgj idtgciagdtg hg cf kgkjrif y cf ikfaidfeiõd f cf njrf hg ccgvfr f eflj ud hgtgrkidf-

7>

k f s g î t g f t r j / l u t i

m i t i s

t n g f t r g

rfzzf hi udf efsf hgccf efpitfcg eulfdf. Cg trg pgrsjdg grfdj trg prjstitutg g cf mgstf mu jmmgrtf fh

frtisti, eritiei h’frtg g eurftjri prgsgdti fccf Ligddfcg, eng sjrsgaaifvfdj lieenigri sghuti succg sef-

tjcg, iadjrfdhj ejkpcgtfkgdtg eng qugccg efssg ejdtgdgvfdj futgdtiei gssgri ukfdi.

C’jppjsizijdg trf cg jpgrg id eui si vghjdj i cfvjrftjri fcc’jpgrf g qugccg id eui djd si vghjdj î,

ejkudqug, dgutrfcizzftf hfccf hgeisijdg hi Uigrrf hi uticizzfrg i cfvjrftjri id gdtrfkli i tipi hi fzij-

dg, prgseidhgdhj hgcilgrftfkgdtg hf qufcsifsi qufcimief cfvjrftivf eng pjssf gssgrg cjrj fttrilui-

tf id tgrkidi hi ejdjsegdzf j pfhrjdfdzf hi ud kgstigrg, hi hgstrgzzf kfdufcg g usj idtgcciagdtg

hgccf kgkjrif j hgcc’ikkfaidfzijdg fc kjkgdtj hi gsgauirg ud hgtgrkidftj cfvjrj. Digdtg, dgs-

sudf hi qugstg fdtieng efrfttgristieng hgc cfvjrj ukfdj vigdg rienigstf fi cfvjrftjri uticizzfti dgccg

sug jpgrg. C’udief ejsf eng si rienighg î eng sifdj fssjcutfkgdtg hispjdilici g hispjsti f mfrg j

mfrsi mfrg qugc eng c’frtistf vujcg, id efklij hi ud sfcfrij. Hfc lcjeefrg id sicgdzij udf sfcf gspjsi-tivf f riegvgrg hf pfrtg hi hjegdti udivgrsitfri cgzijdi succf stjrif hgccf Afccgrif Mj`sfc hi ]frsfvif,

hfc mfrsi tftufrg udf cidgf idhgcglicg succf senigdf fc kgttgrsi id micf ejd cf mfeeif rivjctf fc kurj j

Cfvjrftjri eng djd pjssjdj

gssgrg rgtriluiti, pfafti pgr

rikfdgrg fcc'idtgrdj hi seftjcg

hi efrtjdg

Qjr`grs wnj efddjt lg pfih,

rgkudgrftgh tj rgkfid idsihg

efrhljfrh ljxgs

Xrflfofhjrgs qug dj pughgd sgr

pfafhjs, rgkudgrfhjs pfrf

pgrkfdgegr gd gc idtgrijr hg

efofs hg efrtõd

@udst Qgr`g. Lgrcid. Ugttgklrg

Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg <222.

kftivf I cfvjrftjri uticizzfti hf Uigrrf eng si kjstridj j si dfsejdhfdj eng stifdj sgkpciegkgd

Rgrsjdf pfaftf pgr rikfdgrg

dgc lfafacifij hi ud'futjkjlicg



kftivf. I cfvjrftjri uticizzfti hf Uigrrf, eng si kjstridj j si dfsejdhfdj, eng stifdj sgkpciegkgd-

tg idfttivi, eng spjstidj hf ud cftj fcc’fctrj pgsfdti lcjeeni hi egkgdtj, j eng si mfeeifdj tidagrg i

efpgcci hi ejcjr efrjtf, ejdtidufdj fh gssgrg hgi cfvjrftjri. Jssif agdtg hispjstf f mfrg j f mfrsi

mfrg eiü eng jrhidf eni ci pfaf, g f mfrcj idhipgdhgdtgkgdtg hfc sgdsj eng pjssjdj j djd pjssj-

dj trjvfrg id eiü eng mfddj. Kf e’î ud’fdjkfcif id qugc eng mfddj, qufdhj cj mfddj pgr Uigrrf, eng

idvitf f ejrrgaagrg cf prikf rispjstf fmmgrkftivf g f hulitfrg eng qugc eng mfddj sif rgfckgdtg cfvj-

rj. Hi mfttj cg ejsg eng Uigrrf jrhidf hi mfrg sjdj tfdtj idusufci j seijeefdti eng idgvitflickgdtg

prjvjefdj j gvjefdj udf seissijdg j udj shjppifkgdtj trf ic cfvjrj g ic cfvjrftjrg, dgc sgdsj hgc-

c’uticitâ, ejdhivisj hf gdtrfklg cg miaurg. Ic cfvjrj, id agdgrfcg, id qufdtj fttivitâ prjhuttivf ejdsi-

hgrftf dgc suj idsigkg, î sgkprg uticg pgrené afrfdtiseg cf sjprfvvivgdzf tfdtj hgccf sjeigtâ

qufdtj hi ejcjrj eng dg mfddj pfrtg. G id pfrtiejcfrg î uticg fdeng pgrené jadi cfvjrj ejdergtj,

qufcg eng sif, prjhueg lgdi, ejsg eng ‘ fdeng sg idtfdailici ‘ sgrvjdj f cjrj vjctf f sjhhismfrg

dgegssitâ uaufckgdtg ejdergtg lgdené ‘ ejkg hiegvf Kfrx prjprij dgccf prikf pfaidf hg Ic efpi-tfcg ‘ prjvgdafdj tfdtj hfccj –stjkfej qufdtj hfccf tgstf‛. Ic cfvjrftjrg ejidvjctj id udf fzijdg

hi Uigrrf sf pgrmgttfkgdtg eng qugc eng stf mfegdhj î ud cfvjrj pgrené cf pfaf eng riegvg pgr mfrcj

hj trflfoj. Dfhf, didaudf hg gstfs fdtiaufs efrfetgrëstiefs hgc trflfoj nukfdj, cgs sjd gxi-

aihfs f cjs trflfofhjrgs qug gkpcgf gd sus jlrfs. Cj ÿdiej qug cgs pihg gs qug gstéd flsj-

cutfkgdtg hispjdilcgs y hispugstjs f nfegr j hgofrsg nfegr cj qug éc cgs pihf, f efklij hg ud

sfcfrij. Hgshg lcjqugfr gd sicgdeij udf sfcf hg gxpjsieijdgs nfstf rgeilir pjr pfrtg hg prjmg-

sjrgs udivgrsitfrijs cgeeijdgs sjlrg cf nistjrif afcgrëf hg frtg hg ]frsjvif, pfsfdhj pjr hgofr-

sg tftufr udf rfyf idhgcglcg gd cf gspfchf, pjdgrsg gd micf y hg efrf f cf pfrgh j kfsturlfrsg

hgcfdtg hg udf eækfrf hg vëhgj>. Cj ÿdiej qug qughf gd pig trfs gstfs rghueeijdgs sjd cjs

cëkitgs lijcõaiejs hg efhf udj hg cjs trflfofhjrgs ejdvjefhjs y cf gvihgdeif idejdtgstflcg

hg qug gc trflfoj nukfdj hgspjofhj hg sus ftrilutjs gmgetivjs qughf rghueihj f cf pjsilici-

hfh purfkgdtg flstrfetf hg nfegr fcaj gd fcaudf pfrtg y lfoj gc kfdhj hg fcauigd. Cf rghue-

eiõd tfkliéd hgof gd ecfrj qug gc trflfoj fsë flstrfëhj dj gs gd hgmiditivf kæs qug udf fetivi-

hfh jrigdtfhf, hjkidfhf si sg quigrg, pjr udf midfcihfh sid mid, pjr udf tgcgjcjaëf sid –tgcjs‛,

efpfz pjr cj tfdtj hg gstflcgegr y kfdtgdgr ud eigrtj nicgkjrmiskj ejd cf fetivihfh frtëstief

qug pfrf cfs gstétiefs hg rfëz `fdtifdf gstæ hgtgrkidfhf iaufckgdtg pjr udf midfcihfh sid mid.

Gd gstg ejdtgxtj cf geufeiõd –Gc trflfoj ejkj frtg y gc frtg ejkj trflfoj‛, qug pjhrëf rgsu-

kir gc prjpõsitj læsiej hg cf gstrftgaif frtëstief hg Uigrrf, fhquigrg siadimiefhjs dugvjs y kuy

rgvgcfhjrgs f cf cuz hg udf sjcihfrihfh sjtgrrfhf gdtrg cjs hjs térkidjs hg cf kiskf qug sugcg

sgr hgsftgdhihf pjr quigdgs sg gsmugrzfd gd sulrfyfr cfs himgrgdeifs idsfcvflcgs gdtrg gc udj

y gc jtrj. Gdtrg gc frtg y gc trflfoj.Rgrj gstfs ejdgxijdgs dj digafd sidj qug, pjr gc ejdtrfrij, nfegd tjhfvëf kæs fprjpifhf cf

siauigdtg prgaudtf? ºcjs trflfofhjrgs siaugd sigdhj trflfofhjrgs eufdhj gstæd gd cf gsegdf

siauigdhj cfs idstrueeijdgs hg dugstrj frtistf: ºJ nfy fcaj qug efklif gd gccjs gd gsf situf-

eiõd f pgsfr hg qug gd fpfrigdeif siafd sigdhj cj qug sjd mugrf hg gccf: Cf prikgrf rgspugstf

f gstf eugstiõd gs fmirkftivf. Cjs trflfofhjrgs gkpcgfhjs pjr Uigrrf fudqug sg kugstrgd j sg

gsejdhfd, fudqug gsté sikpcgkgdtg quigtjs j kjvigdhj hg ud cfhj pfrf jtrj pgsfhjs lcj-

qugs hg egkgdtj, j hgofdhj sikpcgkgdtg qug cgs tiöfd gc pgcj hg ejcjr zfdfnjrif, siaugd sigd-

hj trflfofhjrgs. J sgf agdtg hispugstf f nfegr j hgofrsg nfegr cj qug kfdhf quiéd cgs pfaf,

=2


t n g f t r g

grie`, Irgcfdh. Id tnis efsg, fd fdjdykjus wjr`gr rgegivgh tng gquivfcgdt jm mjrty hjccfrs tj

rgkfid idsihg tng trud` jm f efr pfr`gh id mrjdt jm tng prideipfc sitg jm tng Ligddifc, mjr tng gdtirg

idfuaurftijd. Id tnis sfkg arjup jm wjr`s, jdg efd fcsj eitg 5 pgjpcg pfih tj cfy sticc idsihg 5

ljxgs hurida f pfrty , ergftgh hurida tng jpgdida jm tng Nfvfdf Ligddifc id <222 jd tng tgrrfeg

jm f njusg id tng Eulfd efpitfc. Xng tnrgg pgjpcg wgrg tnrgg prjstitutgs, fdh tng pfrty wfs

tnrjwd mjr frtists, frt erities fdh eurftjrs fttgdhida tng Ligddifc wnj sippgh widg acfssgs wnicg

sittida jd tng ljxgs, ejkpcgtgcy iadjrida tng mfet tnft tngsg ljxgs e jdtfidgh futngdtie nukfd

lgidas.

Xng jppjsitijd lgtwggd tng pigegs wngrg tng wjr`grs ft wjr` frg visilcg fdh tnjsg wngrg tngy

frgd’t, is dgutrfcizgh ly Uigrrf’s hgeisijd tj usg wjr`grs id ljtn typgs jm fetijds. Ng hgcilgr-

ftgcy gxecuhgs fdy cfljr qufcimieftijds tnft ejuch lg fttrilutgh tj tngk id tgrks jm `djwcghag

jr sìcc kfstgry, jr kfdufc fhgptdgss fdh idtgcciagdt usg jm kgkjry, jr ikfaidftijd ft tng

kjkgdt tngy pgrmjrk f spgeimie wjr`. Djtnida, djt jdg jm tng sg fdtiqug enfrfetgristies jm

nukfd wjr` frg rgqugstgh jm tng wjr`grs usgh id nis frtwjr`s. Xng jdcy tnida tnft ng rgquirgs

is tnft tngy frg flsjcutgcy wiccida fdh fvficflcg tj hj fdh nfvg hjdg wnftgvgr ng wfdts id

gxenfdag mjr f wfag. Mrjk lcje`fhida fd gxnilitijd rjjk id sicgdeg tj rgegivida cgssjds mrjk

udivgrsity tgfengrs jd tng nistjry jm tng Mj`sfc afccgry id Qfrsfw, tj lgida tfttjjgh witn fd idhgcilcg cidg jdtj tngir lfe`s, jr stfdhida id f cidg mfeida tng wfcc, jr kfsturlftida id mrjdt jm

f kjvig-efkgrf>. Xng jdcy tnida tnft cigs lgnidh tngsg rghuetijds frg tng lijcjaiefc cikits jm

gfen wjr`gr fdh tng idejdtgstflcg mfet tnft nukfd wjr` hgprivgh jm its gmmgetivg fttrilutgs is

rghuegh tj tng purgcy flstrfet pjssilicity jm hjida sjkgtnida sjkgwngrg fdh ft tng jrhgrs jm

sjkgjdg. Xng rghuetijd fcsj ejdmirks tnft wjr` tnis flstrfet is, fmtgr fcc, djtnida lut fd jri-

gdtgh, fetivity hjkidftgh, im jdg wfdts, ly f midfcity witnjut fd fik, f tgcgjcjay witnjut técjs ,

tngrgmjrg efpflcg jm stflicizida fdh kfidtfidida f egrtfid isjkjrpnisk witn tng frtistie fetivity

tnft, mjr fgstngties jm @fdtifd rjjts, is gqufccy hgtgrkidgh ly f midfcity witnjut fik. Id tnis ejd-

dgc lfafacifij hi ud futjkjlicg

Rgrsjd pfih tj rgkfid idsihg

tng trud` jm f efr

Rgrsjdf rgkudgrfhf pfrf

pgrkfdgegr gd gc kfcgtgrj

hg ud ejeng

Cikgrie` Eity Afccgry. Cikgrie`,

Irgcfdh. Kfrzj Kfren <222.



djseikgdtj hgaci fctri pgr qugc eng nf mfttj. Vugstf seissijdg si gdmftizzf midj fcc’gvihgdzf jadi

522 tjddgccftg

522 tjds



=8


i m i t i s

t n g f t r g

a p q a

vjctf eng Uigrrf enighg fi cfvjrftjri eng sjstgdafdj pgr jrg udf pfrgtg idecidftf j eng stifdj eniu-

si pgr trgegdtjsgssfdtf jrg higtrj ud kurj j sghuti su udf sghif dgc mjdhj hi ud mjrj prftieftj id

udf pifzzf9. Id qugstg jpgrg î fssjcutfkgdtg enifrj eng ic cfvjrftjrg î tfcg pgr cf suf hispjsizij-

dg j cf suf feegttfzijdg hgcc’idefriej, g djd pgrené cfvjri gmmgttivfkgdtg j pgrené ejdsihgri eng

qugc eng mf sif ud cfvjrj. Id rgfctâ Uigrrf î riuseitj f mfrg id kjhj eng dgccg sug jpgrg ic cfvjrftj-

rg mfeeif ic cfvjrftjrg sgdzf cfvjrfrg.

Vugstj pfrfhjssj nf sgdzf hullij udf rgcfzijdg ejd qugccj hi eni rgeitf sgdzf gssgrg fttjrg, eng

î qugc eng feefhg prjprij dgc Arfdhg Mrftgccj aiâ kgdzijdftj, i eui pfrtgeipfdti sjdj ejseigdti

eng fdeng sg kfdaifdj, si cfvfdj, hiseutjdj trf hi cjrj, rihjdj j mfddj c’fkjrg murtivfkgdtg ejsã

ejkg mfrgllgrj dgccg rispgttivg efsg, sjdj ejkudqug g sgkprg hi mrjdtg fccg tgcgefkgrg g eng,

pgrtfdtj, qugc eng mfddj î rgeitfrg. Ujctfdtj eng dgfdeng cjrj rgeitfdj, sg pgr rgeitfrg id tgftrj j

id qufcudqug fctrf frtg segdief s’idtgdhg ic rfpprgsgdtfrg ud rujcj prgeghgdtgkgdtg hgmiditj,sgaugdhj ud ejpijdg serittj g cg idhiefzijdi hgttftg pfssj pfssj hf ud jddipjtgdtg hirgttjrg hi

segdf. Ug i cfvjrftjri, dgccg fzijdi più rfhiefci hi Uigrrf, cfvjrfdj sgdzf cfvjrfrg, ejcjrj eng rgeitf-

tng pjssilicity tnft ft mirst tng wjr`gr feegpts wnft Uigrrf is hjida frg wjr`s jm frt‘fdh tnft

frt efd lg rgejadizgh ly tng wjr`gr fs sjeifccy dgegssfry‘fdh sgejdhcy, tnft ng wjuch pcfy

f rjcg sikicfr tj tnft jm fd –gxtrf‛ wnj pcfys tng pfrt jm fd Idhifd id Qgstgrd micks jr f sjchigr

id wfr micks, witnjut wjrryida niksgcm id tng sciantgst mjr nis nistrijdie aimts jr mjr tng cgfhida

rjcgs, mjr tng mick seript jr mjr tng sgdsg jr djd-sgdsg jm tng sfkg. Jdcy witn tnis ejdseijus-

dgss, tng wjr`gr sulogetgh tj Uigrrf hjgs djtnida lut rgfmmirk tnft tng uticity jm wjr` mjr tng

wjr`gr is ejkpcgtgcy himmgrgdt mrjk tng enfrfetgristie uticity jm fdy wjr`. Fdh im id ejdergtg

wjr`s, tng twj typgs jm uticity lgejkg ejdmusgh id fd fppfrgdt jr trucy idhissjculcg wfy, tng

sfkg hjgs djt nfppgd id Uigrrf’s wjr`s, wngrg tng wjr`gr gxpgets djtnida mrjk tng fssiadgh

–wjr`‛ gxegpt nis jwd survivfc fdh djt tng sftismfetijd jm –f ojl wgcc hjdg‛ jr rgejaditijd mrjk

jtngrs mjr wnft ng nfs feejkpcisngh. Xnis hivisijd is gkpnfsizgh gfen tikg Uigrrf fs`s wjr`-

grs tj sustfid fd idecidgh wfcc mjr njurs jr rgkfid ecjsgh lgnidh f wfcc mjr 5=2 njurs, jr sit id

f enfir ft tng ljttjk jm f hiten hua id f squfrg9. It is flsjcutgcy ecgfr id tngsg wjr`s tnft tng

wjr`gr is suen mjr nis hispjsfc jr nis feegptfdeg jm tng tfs`, fdh djt lgefusg ng fetufccy wjr`s

jr lgefusg ng ejdsihgrs wnft ng is hjida fs wjr`. Id rgfcity, id nis wjr`s, Uigrrf is flcg tj kf`g

tng wjr`gr f wjr`gr witnjut wjrìda.

Wdhjultghcy tnis pfrfhjx is ejddgetgh tj tnjsg wnj fet witnjut lgida fetjrs, fs id tng efsg

jm tng fljvg-kgdtijdgh Lia Lrjtngr ‘tng pfrtieipfdts frg fwfrg tnft g vgd tnjuan tngy gft,

tngy lftng, tngy hiseuss fkjdast tngksgcvgs, cfuan jr murtivgcy kf`g cjvg fs id rgspgetivg njusgs, dgvgrtngcgss t ngy frg fcwfys id mrjdt jm f vihgj efkgrf fdh tngrgmjrg, wnft tngy frg

hjida is fetida. Gvgd tngy hjd’t fet‘im fetida id tng tngftgr jr id sjkg jtngr frt segdg is ejd-

sihgrgh tng rgprgsgdtftijd jm f prgvijuscy hgmiditg rjcg, mjccjwida tng cidgs jm f seript fdh tng

idhieftijds writtgd, stgp ly stgp, mrjk fd jkdipjtgdt hirgetjr. Im tng wjr`grs id sjkg Uigrrf’s

kjrg rfhiefc fetijds, wjr` witnjut wjrìda, tnjsg wnj fet id Lia Lrjtngr fet witnjut lgida

fetjrs. Is tnis tng lfsis mjr rgeitftijd: Xng lfsis mjr tngftgr:

Xnis typg jm spjciftijd jm fetida efd lg rgfh id –kidikfcist‛ tgrks - im wg rgtfid djtnida lut Mrfd`

Utgccf’s egcglrftgh tfutjcjay jm wnft jdg sggs is wnft jdg sggs mrjk nistjrie Kidikfcisk. Fdh

nfd gdefrafhj dfhf kfs qug su prjpif supgrvivgdeif y dj sftismfeeiõd pjr –gc trflfoj ligd

ngenj‛ j rgejdjeikigdtj hg cjs hgkæs pjr cj qug nf ngenj. Gstf gseisiõd sg gdmftizf nfstf cf

gvihgdeif efhf vgz qug Uigrrf pihg f cjs trflfofhjrgs qug sjstgdafd hurfdtg njrfs udf pfrgh

idecidfhf j gdegrrfhjs hurfdtg 5=2 njrfs trfs ud kurj j sgdtfhjs gd ud fauogrj prfetiefhj gd

udf pcfzf ejd udf siccf gd gc mjdhj9. Gd hienfs pigzfs qughf flsjcutfkgdtg ecfrj qug gc trf-

lfofhjr gs trflfofhjr pjr su hispjsieiõd j su gdtrgaf gc trflfoj y dj pjrqug trflfog gmgetivf-

kgdtg j pjrqug ejdsihgrg qug cj qug nfeg sgf gmgetivfkgdtg ud trflfoj. Gd rgfcihfh Uigrrf nf

cjarfhj qug gd sus pigzfs gc trflfofhjr fetué ejkj trflfofhjr sid trflfofr.

Gstf pfrfhjof aufrhf sid huhf rgcfeiõd ejd cf hg quiéd fetÿf sid sgr fetjr qug gs cj qug jeu-

rrg oustfkgdtg gd gc Lia Lrjtngr yf kgdeijdfhj, euyjs pfrtieipfdtgs gstæd ejdeigdtgs hg qug

fudqug ejkfd, sg cfvgd, hiseutfd gdtrg së, sg rëfd j nfafd gc fkjr murtivfkgdtg tfc y ejkj cj

nfrëfd gd sus rgspgetivfs efsfs, gstæd sigkprg hgcfdtg hg cfs eækfrfs y qug, pjr cj tfdtj, cj

qug gstæd nfeigdhj gs fetufr. Uõcj qug gccjs tfkpjej fetÿfd si pjr fetufr gd gc tgftrj j gd

eufcquigrf hg cfs frtgs gseédiefs sg gdtigdhg rgprgsgdtfr ud pfpgc prgvifkgdtg hgmidihj,

siauigdhj ud auiõd gseritj hg fdtgkfdj y udfs pfutfs hietfhfs pfsj f pfsj pjr ud jkdipj-

tgdtg hirgetjr hg gsegdf. Ui cjs trflfofhjrgs gd cfs pigzfs kfs rfhiefcgs hg Uigrrf trflfofd sid

trflfofr quigdgs fetÿfd gd gc prjarfkf Lia Lrjtngr fetÿfd sid sgr fetjrgs. ºGc arfhj egrj hg

cf fetufeiõd: ºGc arfhj egrj hgc tgftrj:

Gstf ecfsg hg hgsduhfkigdtj hg cf fetufeiõd pjhrëf cggrsg ecfvg –kidikfcistf‛, si rgtgdgkjshgc kidikfciskj nistõriej dfhf kfs qug cf eécglrg tfutjcjaëf hg Mrfd` Utgccf sgaÿd cf eufc cj

qug sg vg gs cj qug sg vg. Y kæs si tgdgkjs gd eugdtf qug Ufdtifaj Uigrrf nf uticizfhj ud

vjeflucfrij hg mjrkfs agjkétriefs gcgkgdtfcgs, nflitufckgdtg fsjeifhfs ejd gc kidikfc , f cj

cfraj hg su jlrf. Hgshg gc Ejdtgdghjr eÿliej hg <22 ek hg cfhj, ‘ gxpugstj gd oudij hg 6992

gd cf afcgrëf Ædagc \jkgrj hg Kfhrih ‘ nfstf cf jlrf 522 tjdgcfhfs ‘ rgfcizfhf gd flric hg

<228 gd cf @udstnfus Lrgagdz, hg Lrgagdz, Fustrif ‘ pfsfdhj pjr tjhfs cfs pigzfs fdtgs

kgdeijdfhfs hg trflfofhjrgs gdegrrfhjs hurfdtg pgrëjhjs miojs gd efofs hg efrtõd, cf trfyge-

tjrif frtëstief hg Uigrrf gstæ trumfhf hg pigzfs gd cfs qug cfs mjrkfs agjkétriefs gcgkgdtfcgs

Ejdtfidgr euliej hgccf kisurf

hi <22 x <22 ek

Eulie ejdtfidgr gfen sihg

kgfsurida <22 x <22 ekEjdtgdghjr eÿliej hg <22 ek

hg cfhj

Afcgrëf Ædagc \jkgrj. Kfhrih.

Aiuadj Oudg Oudij 6992.

522 tjdgcfhfs

@udstnfus Lrgagdz, Fustrif. Fpr

Fpric Flric <228.

dj dgc Arfdhg Mrftgccj rgeitfdj sgdzf gssgrg fttjri. Î ic arfhj zgrj hgccf rgeitfzijdg: Ic arfhj zgrj

Ujc CgQitt, Utrueturg, 6916.



efrfetgrëstiefs hgc trflfoj hg Efrc Fdhrg, Ujc CgQitt, \jlgrt Kjrris j \ienfrh Ugrrf sjd eitfhfs

y fc kiskj tigkpj tgraivgrsfhfs hg ejdtiduj, gd ud gsmugrzj gvihgdtg pjr ejdvgrtir fc kidikf-

ciskj nistõriej gd gc ejdtrfpudtj hgc prjpij trflfoj. Gsf eitf y gsf tgraivgrsfeiõd rgitgrfhfs pgr-

kitirëfd idecuir f Uigrrf gd gc efkpj hg feeiõd frtëstief hgmidihj pjr Agrfrhj Kjsqugrf ejkj

hg –pgrvgrsiõd hgc kidikfciskj‛, pjr eufdtj gd hienj efkpj jpgrf, sgaÿd gc eritiej eulfdj,

gstf rgmutfeiõd hg cf sgdtgdeif hg Utgccf? sigkprg vgs kfs hg cj qug vgs. Hg ngenj, cfs mjrkfs

gcgkgdtfcgs gkpcgfhfs ejd tfdtf mrgeugdeif pjr Uigrrf djs idhuegd f vgr cj qug djrkfckgdtg

dj vgkjs eufdhj cfs vgkjs rgfcizfhfs y qug gs oustfkgdtg –gc trflfoj hgc sfstrg qug hgsfpf-

rgeg gd cf cgvitf‛ ‘ qug hirëf Kfrx, hg dugvj gd gc prikgr efpëtucj hg Gc efpitfc . Rgrj si nieigrf

mfctf pruglf hg qug fÿd gd ejdtrfstg y gd jpjsieiõd ejd éc, gc kidikfciskj nistõriej gs erueifc

gd cf frquitgeturf ejdegptufc hgc trflfoj hg Uigrrf pjhrëf genfrsg kfdj hg cf sjrprgdhgdtg

hgsefcimiefeiõd qug Kienfgc Mrigh genõ gd efrf f gsg kiskj kidikfciskj. Eõkj sg sflg gd su

gdsfyj hg 69=1 Frt fdh Jlogetnjjh Mrigh feusf fc kidikfciskj hg –ideurflcgkgdtg tgftrfc‛,

pjr cj qug tigdg, f su ouieij, hg flfdhjdj j gdtrgaf hgc frtg fc tigkpj kudhfdj fc qug idgvitf-

lcgkgdtg gstæ hfhj gc tgftrj. F gstg prjpõsitj Nfc Mjstgr jmrgeg cf siauigdtg vgrsiõd? –Rfrf

Mrigh ejkj pfrf Arggdlgra, tfc vfdaufrhiskj gs idmfdtic? cgojs hg sgr udf supgrfeiõd hifcéeti-

ef hgc frtg gd cf vihf, cf trfsargsiõd kidikfcistf ÿdiefkgdtg jltigdg gc citgrfciskj hg ud fejd-

tgeikigdtj y jlogtj sid kfrej –tfc ejkj jeurrg, tfc ejkj kgrfkgdtg gs‛ Mrigh ‘ ejdtidÿf Mjs-

tgr ‘ ccfkf f gstg citgrfciskj kidikfcistf „tgftrfc’ pjrqug ikpcief fc tigkpj kudhfdj, udf prj-pighfh qug ejdsihgrf idfhgeufhf pfrf gc frtg visufc‛62.

Rgrj cj qug njy rgsuctf tjhfvëf kæs sjrprgdhgdtg hg cfs feusfeijdgs hg Mrigh fc kidikfcis-

kj dj gs sõcj qug sulrfygd ud vëdeucj jeuctj gdtrg gc kidikfciskj y gc tgftrj, pugstj hg prg-

sgdtg, gxpugstj si sg quigrg pjr gc trflfoj gdtgrj hg Uigrrf. Xfkliéd sjrprgdhg qug gd su

hgmgdsf hgc frtg kjhgrdj pjdaf hg prgsgdtg qug gsg frtg ‘ tfc y ejkj éc cj ejdeilg ‘ tgdaf

tfdtj udf hikgdsiõd jdtjcõaief ejkj udf kjrfc. Ejkj jlsgrvf Mjstgr, –Fquë cf hjetridf hg

cf futjdjkëf gstétief rgtjrdf ejd ud hismrfz tfrhëj y suaigrg qug, kfs qug sgpfrfrsg hg cf

rgciaiõd (ejkj f vgegs sg prjpusj sgr cf gstétief icustrfhf ), gc frtg futõdjkj gs, gd pfrtg, ud

==


i m i t i s

t n g f t r g

hgc tgftrj:

Vugstj tipj hi spjcifzijdg hgccf rgeitfzijdg pjtrgllg cgaagrsi id enifvg –kidikfcistf‛, sg hgc kidi-

kfciskj stjriej ejdsihgrifkj digdt’fctrj eng cf egcglrg tfutjcjaif hi Mrfd` Utgccf, sgejdhj cf

qufcg qugc eng si vghg î qugc eng si vghg. G fdejr più sg tgdifkj ejdtj eng Ufdtifaj Uigrrf nf

uticizzftj ud vjefljcfrij hi mjrkg agjkgtrieng gcgkgdtfri, flitufckgdtg fssjeiftg fc kidikfc dgc-

c’idsigkg hgccg sug jpgrg. Hfc Ejdtfidgr euliej hgccf kisurf <22 x <22 ek ‘ gspjstj f aiuadj

hgc 6992 dgccf afccgrif Fdagc \jkgrj hi Kfhrih ‘ midj fcc’jpgrf 522 tjddgccftg ‘ rgfcizzftf dgc-

c’fpricg hgc <228 dgccf @udstnfus Lrgagdz id Fustrif ‘ pfssfdhj pgr tuttg cg fzijdi prikf kgd-

zijdftg hgi cfvjrftjri eniusi hgdtrj seftjcg hi efrtjdg pgr pgrijhi missi, cf trfigttjrif frtistief hi Uigr-

rf î ejdtrfssgadftf hf fzijdi id eui cg mjrkg agjkgtrieng gcgkgdtfri efrfttgristieng hgc cfvjrj hi

Efrc Fdhrg, Ujc CgQitt, \jlgrt Kjrris j \ienfrh Ugrrf sjdj eitftg g fccj stgssj tgkpj tgraivgr-

sftg, id udj smjrzj gvihgdtg pgr trfsmjrkfrg id kidikfciskj stjriej ic ejdtrfppudtj hgc prjprijcfvjrj. Vugstf eitfzijdg g qugstf tgraivgrsfzijdg ripgtutg pgrkgttgrgllgrj hi idecuhgrg Uigrrf dgc

efkpj hgcc’fzijdg frtistief hgmiditj hf Agrfrhj Kjsqugrf ejkg –pgrvgrsijdg hgc kidikfciskj‛,

gvgd kjrg sj wg rgfcizg tnft id fcc jm nis wjr`s, Ufdtifaj Uigrrf nfs usgh f vjeflucfry jm gcg-

kgdtfry agjkgtrie mjrks tnft is usufccy rgcftgh tj tng kidikfc. Mrjk Eulie ejdtfidgr gfen sihg

kgfsurida <22 x <22 ek ‘gxnilitgh id Oudg 6992 ft tng Afccgrif Ædagc \jkgrj id Kfhrih‘tj

tng wjr` 522 Xjds ‘rgfcizgh id Fpric <228 mjr tng @udstnfus Lrgagdz id Fustrif‘ lypfssida fcc

jm tng fljvg-kgdtijdgh wjr`s jm wjr`grs gdecjsgh id efrhljfrh ljxgs mjr mixgh tikg pgrijhs,

Uigrrf’s frtistie trfogetjry is kfr`gh ly fetijds id wnien gcgkgdtfry agjkgtrie mjrks, tnjsg enfr-

fetgristie jm tng wjr` jm Efrc Fdhrg, Ujc CgQitt, \jlgrt Kjrris jr \ienfrh Ugrrf, frg eitgh fdh ft

tng sfkg tikg tgraivgrsftgh id fd ecgfr gmmjrt tj trfdsmjrk nistjriefc Kidikfcisk idtj tng ejud-

tgrpjidt jm nis jwd wjr`. Xnis rgpgftgh eitftijd fdh tgraivgrsftijd fccjws Uigrrf idecusijd id tng

migch jm frtistie fetijd fs hgmidgh ly Agrfrhj Kjsqugrf fs –pgrvgrtida kidikfcisk‛0 njwgvgr,

feejrhida tj tng Eulfd eritie id tnis migch jpgrftgs f rgvivfc jm Utgccf’s fmmirkftijd? –Qnft yju sgg

is wnft yju sgg‛. Fetufccy, tng gcgkgdtfry mjrks tnft Uigrrf mrgqugdtcy usgs gdejurfags us tj

sgg tnjsg tnidas tnft wg djrkfccy hjd’t sgg wngd wg sgg tngsg wjr`s rgfcizgh. It is prgeisgcy

–tng cfljur jm tng tficjr hisfppgfrs id tng rgfcizftijd‛‘fs Kfrx wjuch sfy id tng mirst enfptgr jm

Efpitfc. Ygt im tngrg wfs dggh mjr prjjm‘fcsj id ejdtrfst jr jppjsitijd tj nik‘tnft nistjrie Kid-

ikfcisk is erueifc mjr tng ejdegptufc frenitgeturg jm Uigrrf’s wjr`, jdg ejuch ejdsihgr tng sur-

prisida kidikfcizftijd jm tnft sfkg Kidikfcisk wnien Kienfgc Mrigh usgh. Fs jdg `djws, id nis

69=1 gssfy Frt fdh Jlogetnjjh , Mrigh feeusgs Kidikfcisk jm lgida –ideurflcy tngftriefc‛, mjr

tng ejkpjdgdts jm flfdhjdkgdt fdh hgcivgrfdeg jm frt tj f kudhfdg tikg, wnien tngftgr is idgvitflcy rgmgrrgh tj. Xj tnis prjpjsfc, Nfc Mjstgr jmmgrs tng mjccjwida vgrsijd? –Mjr Mrigh fs mjr

Arggdlgra, tnis Fvfdtaufrhisk is idmfdticg? witnjut lgida f hifcgetie triukpn jm frt id cimg, tng

Kidikfcist trfdsargssijd jdcy fenigvgs tng rgdhgrida jm f mfet jr jm fd jloget’s surmfeg witnjut

tng hgptns jm tng ejdtgxt, gxfetcy fs njw it nfppgds , prgeisgcy fs it is‛. Ejdtidugs Mjstgr, –Mrigh

efccs tnis typg jm Kidikfcisk „tngftriefc’ lgefusg it ikpcigs f kudhfdg tikg, f prjprigty tnft is

ejdsihgrgh idfhgquftg mjr tnis visufc frt‛ 62.

Lut wnft is kjrg surprisida tjhfy fljut Mrigh’s feeusftijds jm Kidikfcisk is djt jdcy tng mfet

tnft tngy udhgrcidg f nihhgd cid` lgtwggd Kidikfcisk fdh tngftgr, prgsgdt fdh gxpjsgh ‘im jdg

Kurj eng eniuhg udj spfzij

Qfcc gdecjsida f spfeg

Kurj egrrfdhj ud gspfeij

Rfhiacijdg Upfadjcj, Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, Itfcif. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij

<225.

pgr qufdtj id qugstj efkpj jpgri, sgejdhj ic eritiej eulfdj, qugstf riprgsf hgcc’fmmgrkfzijdg hi

Cidgf hi <72 ek tftuftf

su = pgrsjdg pfaftg

<72 ci t tt h



=>

Utgccf? –vghi sgkprg più hi qugc eng vghi‛. Hi mfttj, cg mjrkg gcgkgdtfri uticizzftg ejd tfdtf mrg-

qugdzf hf Uigrrf ei idhuejdj f vghgrg qugc eng djrkfckgdtg djd vghifkj qufdhj cg vghifkj

rgfcizzftg g eng î prjprij –ic cfvjrj hgc sfrtj eng sejkpfrg dgccf rgfcizzfzijdg‛ ‘ ejkg hirgllg

Kfrx sgkprg dgc prikj efpitjcj hgc Efpitfcg. Kf sg ei mjssg lisjadj hi udf prjvf eng ‘ fdeng

id ejdtrfstj j id jppjsizijdg ejd cui ‘ ic kidikfciskj stjriej sif erueifcg dgcc’frenitgtturf ejd-

egttufcg hgc cfvjrj hi Uigrrf, si pjtrgllg ejdsihgrfrg cf sjrprgdhgdtg kidikizzfzijdg hi qugccj

stgssj kidikfciskj eng jpgrü Kienfgc Mrigh. Ejkg si sf, dgc suj sfaaij hgc 69=1 Frt fdh Jloge-

tnjjh , Mrigh feeusf ic kidikfciskj hi gssgrg –ideurflickgdtg tgftrfcg‛ pgr qugc eng nf, f suj

pfrgrg, hi fllfdhjdj j ejdsgadf hgcc’frtg fc tgkpj kjdhfdj fc qufcg idgvitflickgdtg î rimgritj

ic tgftrj. F qugstj prjpjsitj Nfc Mjstgr jmmrg cf sgaugdtg vgrsijdg? –Rgr Mrigh ejkg pgr Arggd-

lgra, qugstj fvfdaufrhiskj î idmfdticg? sgdzf gssgrg ud supgrfkgdtj hifcgttiej hgcc’frtg dgccf

vitf, cf trfsargssijdg kidikfcistf jttigdg sjctfdtj cf rgsf hgccf supgrmieig hi ud mfttj j hi ud jaagt-tj sgdzf cf prjmjdhitâ hgc ejdtgstj, gsfttfkgdtg ejkg fvvigdg, prgeisfkgdtg ejkg î. –Mrigh ‘

ejdtiduf Mjstgr ‘ hgmidiseg „tgftrfcg’ qugstj tipj hi kidikfciskj pgrené ikpcief ic tgkpj kjd-

wfdts‘id Uigrrf’s gdtirg ljhy jm wjr`. It is fcsj surprisida tnft id Mjstgr’s hgmgdeg jm Kjhgrd

Frt, ng pjidts jut tnft frt‘fs ng ejdegivgs it tj lg ‘pjssgssgs fs kuen fd jdtjcjaiefc hikgd-

sijd fs f kjrfc jdg. Fs ng jlsgrvgs, –ngrg tng hjetridg jm fgstngtiefc futjdjky rgfppgfrs witn

cftg efkjumcfag fdh suaagsts tnft, kjrg tnfd sgpfrftg mrjk rgciaijd (fs ft jdg tikg, tng iccus-trftgh fgstngtie prjpjsgh tj lg), tng futjdjky jm frt is, id pfrt, f sulstitutg mjr rgciaijd, tnft

is, f sulstitutg jm tng kjrfc hiseipcidg jm tng suloget tnft rgciaijd prjvihgh ft jdg tikg ‛ 66.

I udhgrcidgh tng cfst pnrfsg jm Mjstgr’s fddjtftijd lgefusg I lgcigvg tnft it mudetijds pgrmgetcy

fs f prgfklcg fdh fd gxnjrtftijd tj ejdsihgr fd gqufccy erueifc fspget jm Uigrrf’s wjr`. Egr-

tfidcy, tngrg is fd gtniefc fspget, usufccy eritiefccy pjidtgh jut ly tnjsg wnj lgcittcg Uigrrf, ejd-

sihgrida nik tj lg f –eydie‛ wnj usgs sefdhfcjus tfeties jm kfss kghif id nis mfvjur fdh witn-

jut fdy hgegdey. Kjrg tnfd hgdjudeg tng ejdhitijds jm prgefrijus wjr`grs id tng prgsgdt

wjrch‘fhh tngsg sfkg erities‘fcc tnft Uigrrf rgfccy hjgs is tj tf`g fhvfdtfag jm tngk mjr

gxecusivgcy pgrsjdfc kgfds. Fdh im tnis sticc isd’t gdjuan‘tngy idecuhg‘Uigrrf, sulhuida tngk

tj tng hjulcg cjaie jm tng spgetfecg fdh pfdjpties, hjgs djtnida lut trfdsmjrk tng hgprgssida

wjrch jm wjr` idtj f dgw spgetfecg.

Xng prjlcgk witn tngsg erities is tnft tngy jkit fdh hjd’t ejdsihgr, gvgd tnjuan Uigrrf rgsjrts

tj tng kghif id jrhgr tj pulcieizg nis wjr`, wnien ng hjgs it id f ejdtgxt wngrg kghif segdg

hirgetjrs idsist jd gxecuhida tng wjrch jm wjr`, mrjk tngir fagdhfs fdh prjarfks, gxfetcy

lgefusg it is kjrg ejdsistgdt fdh rgfc. Fdh, tngrgmjrg, it is kjrg tgrrilcg. Qjr`grs ejkg up fafid jdcy wngd tngrg frg eftfstrjpngs suen fs tng jdg id Engrdjlyc id tng W`rfidg jr id

Lnjpfc id Idhif. Jr kjrg rgegdtcy, tng hgftns jm nudhrghs jm iccgafc Kgxiefd ikkiarfdts mrjk

ejdsukptijd fdh hgnyhrftijd id tng hgsgrts jm Efcimjrdif fdh Frizjdf. Jr tng summjeftijd jm

Kfargl fdh Uul-Ufnfrfd ikkiarfdts id tng wftgrs jm tng Utrfits jm Ailrfctfr. Uigrrf jlvijuscy

hjgs djt iadjrg tngsg cikits fdh rgstrietijds, fdh idstgfh trigs tj trfdsargss fdh jvgrejkg

tngk, ejudtida jd sefdhfc fdh prjvjeftijd. Mjr nik, tngy frg usgmuc idstrukgdts mjr tngsg

fiks, fs ng hgkjdstrftgh id fd gxgkpcfry wfy witn nis idtgrvgdtijd ft tng Upfdisn Rfvicijd ft

tng <225 ]gdieg Ligddifc. Mjr tnis jeefsijd, fpfrt mrjk ikpghida tng kfid gdtrfdeg tj tng

sustitutj hg cf rgciaiõd, gs hgeir ud sustitutj hg cf hiseipcidf kjrfc hgc suogtj qug cf rgciaiõd udf

vgz prjvgyõ‛ 66.

Ng rgsfctfhj cf ÿctikf mrfsg hg cf fdjtfeiõd hg Mjstgr pjrqug ergj qug mudeijdf pgrmgetfkgd-

tg ejkj prgæklucj y gxnjrtfeiõd f ejdsihgrfr ud fspgetj iaufckgdtg erueifc hg cf jlrf hg Uig-rrf. Wd fspgetj étiej eigrtfkgdtg, qug sugcg sgr pugstj hg prgsgdtg flruptfkgdtg pjr quigdgs

hgsefcimiefd f Uigrrf pjr ejdsihgrfrcj ud –eëdiej‛, qug uticizf f su mfvjr y sid didaÿd puhjr cfs

tæetiefs gsefdhfcjsfs prjpifs hg cjs kfss kghif. Kfs qug hgdudeifr cf sugrtg hg cjs trflfof-

hjrgs prgefrijs gd gc kudhj fetufc ‘ föfhgd gstjs erëtiejs ‘ cj qug nfeg rgfckgdtg Uigrrf gs

fprjvgenfrsg hg gccjs gd lgdgmieij gxecusivfkgdtg pgrsjdfc. Y pjr si mugrf pjej ‘ rgkftfd ‘

Uigrrf, sjkgtiédhjsg f cf hjlcg cõaief hgc gspgetæeucj y hgc pfdõptiej, dj nf ngenj jtrf ejsf

qug ejdvgrtir gc kudhj hgprikgdtg hgc trflfoj gd ud dugvj gspgetæeucj.

Gc prjlcgkf ejd gstjs erëtiejs gs qug jkitgd j pfsfd pjr fctj qug si ligd Uigrrf fpgcf f cjs

kghif pfrf flrircg ud eursj pÿlciej f su trflfoj, cj nfeg gd ud ejdtgxtj gd gc eufc cjs hirge-

tjrgs hg cf gsegdf kghiætief idsistgd gd gxecuir hg cfs fagdhf y hg cfs prjarfkfeijdgs gc

kudhj hgc trflfoj, oustfkgdtg gd cj qug tigdg hg kfs ejdsistgdtg y rgfc. Y, pjr cj kiskj, hg

kfs tgrrilcg. Cjs trflfofhjrgs sjcj sfctfd f cfs prikgrfs pcfdfs, f cjs prikgrjs pcfdjs, ejd

jefsiõd hg eftæstrjmgs ejkj cf hg Engrdjlyc gd Werfdif j hg Lnjpfc gd Idhif. J, kfs

rgeigdtgkgdtg, ejd jefsijdgs ejkj cf kugrtg pjr fajtfkigdtj j hgsnihrftfeiõd hg egdtg-

dfrgs hg idkiarfdtgs kgxiefdjs icgafcgs gd cjs hgsigrtjs hg Efcimjrdif j hg Frizjdf. J gcfnjafkigdtj hg idkiarfdtgs kfarglëgs y sulsfnfrifdjs gd gc Gstrgenj hg Ailrfctfr. Uigrrf

dj iadjrf jlvifkgdtg gstjs cëkitgs y rgstrieeijdgs g idtgdtf trfdsarghircfs j sjlrgpfsfrcfs

ejdtfdhj ejd qug gc gseædhfcj y cf prjvjefeiõd sjd rgeursjs gmiefegs pfrf cjarfrcj, tfc y

ejkj cj hgkjstrõ gogkpcfrkgdtg gd su idtgrvgdeiõd gd gc Rflgccõd hg Gspföf, gd cf Ligdfc

hg ]gdgeif hgc <225. Fccë, fpfrtg hg sgccfr gc feegsj prideipfc hgc pflgccõd ejd ud tjsej kurj

hg lcjqugs hg egkgdtj, ikpihiõ gc idargsj fc idtgrijr ruidjsj hgc kiskj f tjhjs fqugccjs qug

dj puhigrfd ferghitfr su ejdhieiõd hg gspföjcgs 6<. Dj, kfs fccæ hg cfs prjvjefeijdgs, qughf

gd pig gc ngenj kuy irritfdtg hg qug cjs trflfofhjrgs f cfs õrhgdgs hg Uigrrf trflfofhjrgs rgf-


t n g f t r g

<72 ek cidg tfttjjgh

jd = pfih pgjpcg

Cëdgf hg <72 ek tftufhf

sjlrg = pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs

Gspfeij Facutidfhjr. Nfvfdf,

Eulf. Hiegklrg Hgegklgr

Hieigklrg 6999.



1 C’idmjrkfzijdg tgedief su qugstf fzijdg g suc rgstjhi qugccg eng si eitfdj dgcc’frtiejcj î riefvftf hfcsgaugdtg sitj wgl? www.sfdtifaj-sigrrf.ejk> Ki img isej fccg sga gdti jpg g j f ijdi Ejdarg

vgrsj ud fdajcj, jttjlrg <22<, Cissjd Afccgry, Cjd-hrf0 Wdf pgrsjdf pfaftf pgr 5=2 jrg hi cfvjrj ejd-tiduftj, sgttgklrg <222, R.U.6, Dgw Yjr`0 Rgrsjdfid d mjssj hi 522 722 522 ek sgttgkl g <226

6 Mrfdz @fm`f, Fkgrief, Frdjchj Kjdhftjri Ghitjrg,Kicfdj, 6912, p. <95.< \jkæd Aulgrd, Cf kirfhf jpucgdtf. Gxpcjrfeiõdhg cf iejdjsmgrf ejdtgkpjrædgf A stf j Aici Lf

trj hi J`cfnjkf nfddj ejccjeftj hfvfdti fcc’ippj-hrjkj pgrené mudzijdi ejkg fvvisj pullcieitfrij.7 ]frifdti hgc Arfdhg Mrftgccj, ejkg qugccf spfadjcfidtitjcftf Jpgrfeiõd Xrijdmj g itfdj q gccf dgttf



> Ki rimgrisej fccg sgaugdti jpgrg j fzijdi? Ejdarg- afzijdg hi cfvjrftjri icc gafci, sgttgklrg 6999, stfdhhgccf Afccgrif LM 67, M.I.F.E., Rfriai0 Cf stjrif hgccfAfccgrif Mj`sfc idsgadftf f ud hisjeeupftj uerfidj,mgllrfij <22<, Mjdhfzijdg Afccgrif Mj`sfc, ]frsf-vif, Rjcjdif0 Cidgf hi 6=2 ek tftuftf su 8 pgrsjdg ,hiegklrg <222, Gc Afccj Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf,Ufcfkfdef, Upfadf 0 62 pgrsjdg pfaftg pgr kfsturlfrsi, djvgklrg <222, Efccg Xgofhiccj, C’Fvf-df, Eulf.9 Ki rimgrisej fccg sgaugdti jpgrg? Aruppj hi pgrsjdg rivjctg ejd cf mfeeif fc kurj g udf pgrsjdf rivjctf

id ud mjssj hi 522 x 722 x 522 ek, sgttgklrg <226,spfzij situftj trf ic Kusgj Kifskf g cf sghg hgcRfrcfkgdtj, Midcfdhif.62 Nfc Mjstgr, Ic ritjrdj hgc rgfcg. C’fvfdaufrhif fccfmidg hgc Djvgegdtj, Rjstkghif Ljj`s, Kicfdj,<227.66 Ilihgk, p. 77.6< Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, eftfcjaj ghitj id jeefsijdg hgc-c’jeecusijdg hf pfrtg hi Ufdtifaj Uigrrf hgc c’gdtrftfhgc Rfhiacijdg spfadjcj fccf 72f ghizijdg hgccf Ligd-dfcg hi ]gdgzif, Kidistgrj hgaci Fmmfri Gstgri hgccfUpfadf, <225, p. =9.

6 Mrfdz @f`mf, Fkérief, Gc cilrj hg ljcsiccj, Kfhrih,69>5, p. <97.< \jkæd Aulgrd, Cf kirfhf jpucgdtf. Gxpcjrfeiõdhg cf iejdjsmgrf ejdtgkpjrædgf, Austfvj Aici, Lfr-egcjdf, 69>1.5 Xfcejtt Rfrsjds, Xng Ujeifc Uystgk, Mrgg Rrgss,Dgw Yjr`, 6976.8 Cf ÿdief pjsilicihfh qug gxistg gd gc tgftrj hgJ`cfnjkf hg fetufr gd fcaj qug dj sgf gd ud jmi-eij ejkÿd y ejrrigdtg dj tigdg, sid gklfraj, dfhfqug vgr ejd fetufr cf prjpif vihf gd pcfd rfhiefc-kgdtg dfturfcistf. Ug trftf, pjr gc ejdtrfrij, hg cfpjsilicihfh hg fetufr ejkj ædagc j hgkjdij, j sgfejkj udf miaurf purfkgdtg fcgaõrief, gd cf gdjrkgpcftfmjrkf qug cjs jrafdizfhjrgs hgc arfd tgftrj hgJ`cfnjkf nfd pugstj hgcfdtg hgc nipõhrjkj pfrfqug mudeijdg ejkj rgecfkj pulcieitfrij.7 ]frifdtgs hgc Lia Lrjtngr ejkj cf qug gd Gspföfsg ccfkf Jpgrfeiõd Xriudmj gvitf, sid gklfraj, gsfjpjsieiõd tfofdtg pjr eufdtj cj qug pjdg gd gseg-df gs f ud arupj hg fspirfdtgs f efdtfdtgs qugejkpfrtgd fdtg cfs eækfrfs tfdtj gc gkpgöj gdejdvgrtirsg gd gstrgccfs hg cf efdeiõd pjpucfr ‘ejkj hg ngenj cjs triudmfhjrgs tgrkidfd siédhjcj‘ ejkj cf ejdvivgdeif ejtihifdf hgcfdtg hg cfseækfrfs. Rgrj gs jlvij qug gstf dgutrfcizfeiõd gsejdsistgdtg ejd gc kitj rjkædtiej hgc frtistf gdeufdtj idhivihuj euyf vihf tigdhg f sgr tfd gspgeifc ejkj su prjpif fetivihfh frtëstief, qug gs ejdsihg-

rfhf histidtf hg ud kgrj trflfoj.= Cf mugdtg hg kis idmjrkfeijdgs sjlrg cjs enfidwjr-

`grs gs gc siauigdtg wglsitg? www.enfidwjr grs.jra1 Cf idmjrkfeiõd téedief sjlrg gstf pigzf y sjlrg gcrgstj hg cfs qug sg eitfd gd gstg frtëeucj gstæ tjkf-hf hgc siauigdtg wglsitg? www.sfdtifaj-sigrrf.ejk> Kg rgmigrj f cfs siauigdtgs pigzfs j feeijdgs? Ejd-

egdtrfeiõd hg trflfofhjrgs idhjeukgdtfhjs, sgp-tigklrg hg 6999. Utfdh hg cf Afcgrëf LM 67. M.I.F.E.Rfris0 Nistjrif hg cf Afcgrëf Mj`sfc gdsgöfhf f udhgsgkpcgfhj uerfdifdj, mglrgrj hg <22<, Mudhf-eiõd Afcgrëf Mj`sfc, ]frsjvif, Rjcjdif0 Cëdgf hg 6=2ek tftufhf sjlrg 8 pgrsjdfs, hieigklrg hg <222,Gc Afccj Frtg Ejdtgkpjrædgj. Ufcfkfdef, Gspföf062 pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs pfrf kfsturlfrsg,djvigklrg hg <222, Efccg Xgofhiccj. Cf Nflfdf,Eulf.9 Kg rgmigrj f cfs siauigdtgs jlrfs? Arupj hg pgrsjdfs efrf f cf pfrgh y pgrsjdf efrf f cf pfrgh, Jetu-lrg <22<, Cissjd Afccgry, Cjdhrgs0 Rgrsjdf rgkudgrfhf hurfdtg udf ojrdfhf hg 5=2 njrfs ejdtë- dufs, sgptigklrg hg <222, R.U.6, Dugvf Yjr`0 Rgr- sjdf gd ud nugej lfoj tigrrf hg 522 x 722 x 522ek, sgptigklrg <226, Gspfeij situfhj gdtrg gcKusgj @ifskf y gc Ghimieij hgc Rfrcfkgdtj, Ngcsid-ì, Midcfdhif.62 NfcMjstgr, Gcrgtjrdjhg cjrgfc.Cfvfdaufrhiffmidf- cgs hgc siacj, F`fc/Frtg Ejdtgkpjrædgj, Kfhrih, p. 7866 Jp eit, p. 77.6< Ufdtifaj Uigrrf. Kidistgrij hg Fsudtjs Gxtgrijrgshg Gspföf, <225. Eftæcjaj ghitfhj ejd jefsiõd hg

cf idecusiõd hg Uigrrf gd gc Rflgccõd hg Gspföf gd cf72f ghieiõd hg cf Ligdfc hg ]gdgeif, p. =9.

1<


i m i t i s

t n g f t r g

hg cf iejdjsmgrf ejdtgkpjrædgf, Austfvj Aici, Lfr-egccjdf, 69>1.5 Xfcejtt Rfrsjds, Xng Ujeifc Uystgk, Mrgg Rrgss,Dgw Yjr`, 6976.8 C’udief pjssilicitâ eng gsistg dgc tgftrj hi J`cf-njkf hi rgeitfrg qufcejsf eng djd sif udkgstigrg ejkudg djd nf, id jadi efsj, digdtg feng vghgrg ejd ic rgeitfrg cf prjprif vitf su udpifdj rfhiefckgdtg dfturfcistf. Ui trfttf, fc ejdtrf-rij, hgccf pjssilicitâ hi rgeitfrg ejkg fdagcj j hgkj-dg, jssif ejkg miaurf purfkgdtg fccgajrief, dgcc’g-djrkg pifttfmjrkf eng aci jrafdizzftjri hgc arfd tgf-

idtitjcftf Jpgrfeiõd Xrijdmj, gvitfdj qugccf dgttfjppjsizijdg fdeng sg si kgttg id segdf ud aruppj hiefdtfdti eng ejdhivihjdj hi m rjdtg fccg tgcgefkgrg sifc’ikpgadj pgr hivgdtfrg stgccg hgccf efdzjdg pjp ‘ejkg hi mfttj i trijdmftjri hivgdtgrfddj ‘ sif cf ejd-vivgdzf qujtihifdf hfvfdti fccg tgcgefkgrg. Kf îjvvij eng qugstf dgutrfcizzfzijdg î id cidgf ejd ickitj rjkfdtiej hgcc’frtistf id qufdtj idhivihuj cf euivitf tgdhg fh gssgrg spgeifcg qufdtj cf suf fttivitâfrtistief, ejdsihgrftf hivgrsf hf ud kgrj cfvjrj.= Cf mjdtg hgccg kig idmjrkfzijdi sui enfidwjr`grs îic sgaugdtg sitj wgl? www.enfidwjr`grs.jra

6 Mrfdz @fm`f, Fkgri`f, Uenje`gd Ljj`s, DgwYjr`, 699=, p. <92.< \jkæd Aulgrd, Cf kirfhf jpucgdtf. Gxpcjrfeiõdhg cf iejdjsmgrf ejdtgkpjrædgf, Austfvj Aici,Lfregcjdf, 69>1.5 Xfcejtt Rfrsjds, Xng Ujeifc Uystgk , Mrgg Rrgss,Dgw Yjr`, 6976.8 Xng jdcy pjssilicity tnft gxists id tng Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf tj pjrtrfy id sjkgtnida tnft is djt fejkkjd wjr` nfs, id gfen efsg, djtnida tj hj witn pjrtrfyida tngir civgs jd f rfhiefccy dfturfcist pcfdg.Jdg hgfcs witn, jd tng ejdtrfry, tng pjssilicity jm fetida tng pfrt jm fd fdagc jr hgkjd, jr fs f purgcy fccgajriefc miaurg, id tng gdjrkjus pcftmjrk tnft tng jrafdizgrs jm tng Argft Dfturg Xngftgr jm J`cfnjkf nfvg aftngrgh id mrjdt jm tng nippjhrjkg lgefusg it mudetijds fs f pulcie fddjudegkgdt.7 ]friftijds jm Lia Lrjtngr , suen fs tng jdg idUpfid gdtitcgh Jpgrfeiõd Xrijdmj , fvjihs tnft ecgfr jppjsitijd, gvgd tnjuan it is stfagh witn f arjupjm sidagrs wnj snfrg tngir ejkkitkgdt tj lgejkida stfrs jm pjp sjdas‘fs fetufccy tng widdgrswicc lgejkg‘fs wgcc fs civida tjagtngr id mrjdt jm vihgj efkgrfs. Lut it is jlvijus tnft tnis dgutrfc- izftijd is ejdsistgdt witn tng rjkfdtie kytn jm tng frtist fs fd idhivihufc, wnjsg cimg tgdhs tj lg fsspgeifc fs nis frtistie fetivity, ejdsihgrgh himmgrgdt mrjk f kgrg wjr`.= Xng sjureg jm ky idmjrkftijd jd Enfidwjr`grswfs feeukucftgh mrjk tng mjccjwida wglsitg?www.enfidwjr`grs.jra

1 Xng tgendiefc idmjrkftijd jd tnis fetijd fdh fcc jtngrs eitgh id tng frtiecg nfs lggd tf`gdmrjk tng mjccjwida wglsitg? www.sfdtifaj-sigrrf.ejk> I fk rgmgrrida tj tng mjccjwida wjr`s jr fetijds?

Ejdargaftijd jm Iccgafc Qjr`grs , Ugptgklgr 6999, stfdh jm Afcgrif LM 67, M.I.F.E., Rfris0 XngNistjry jm Mj`sfc Afccgry tfuant tj fd Wdgk-pcjygh W`rfidifd , Mglrufry <22<, Mj`sfc Afccgry Mjudhftijd, Qfrsfw, Rjcfdh0 6=2 ek Cidg Xft-tjjgh jd 8 Rgjpcg , Hgegklgr <222, Gc Afccj FrtgEjdtgkpjrfdgf. Ufcfkfdef, Upfid0 62 RgjpcgRfih tj Kfsturlftg , Djvgklgr <222, EfccgXgofhiccj, C’Nfvfdf, Eulf.9 I fk rgmgrrida tj tng mjccjwida wjr`s? Arjupjm Rgrsjds Mfeida tng Qfcc fdh Rgrsjd Mfeidaidtj f Ejrdgr , Jetjlgr <22<, Cissjd Afccgry,Cjdhjd0 F Rgrsjd Rfih mjr 5=2 EjdtidujusQjrìda Njurs, Ugptgklgr <222, R.U.6 DgwYjr`0 Rgrsjd id f Hiten Kgfsuida 522 x 722 x522 ek , Ugptgklgr <226, spfeg lgtwggd@ifskf Kusguk fdh tng Rfrcifkgdt Luichida,Midcfdh.62 Nfc Mjstgr, Xng \gturd jm tng \gfc? Xng Fvfdt-Afrhg ft tng Gdh jm tng Egdtury , KIX Rrgss, 699=.66 Ilih , p. 77.6< Ufdtifaj Uigrrf. Kidistgrj hgaci Fmmfri Gstgri hgccf Upfadf. <225. Wdghitgh eftfcjaug mjr tngjeefsijd jm Uigrrf’s idecusijd id tng UpfdisnRfvicijd jm tng 72tn ghitijd jm tng ]gdieg Ligddifc, p. =9.

lgdgssgrg hipgdhg hfccf mjrzf hi ud hgtgrkidftj aruppj sjeifcg g hi ejdsgaugdzf hfccf hgljcgz-

zf hi kjcti pgr eui qui si hjvrgllg pfrcfrg hi ejkpcieitâ piuttjstj eng hi eritief H’fctrjdhg qug

C’F\XG Î WDF UWLCIKF_IJDGHGCCF RJCIXIEF



I tuji cfvjri tgdhjdj f eritiefrg sif ic sistgkf hgcc’frtg sif ic sistgkf sjeifcg id sgdsj cftj.

Vufcg hgi hug fkliti î pgr tg più idtgrgssfdtg:

Id prikj cujaj, g rispgttj fcc’ideipit hgccf tuf hjkfdhf, djd erghj hi pfrtirg hf udf pjsizijdg eri-

tief. Cf eritief ikpcief ic prjlcgkf idsjculicg hi suppjrrg, id eni cf mjrkucf, udf pjsizijdg sgdzf

kfeenif j, id fctgrdftivf, udf pjsizijdg ipjeritf. Ugllgdg qugst’uctikf risucti id agdgrg cf pjsizij-

dg più prjlflicg, c’frtg eritief nf pgr tgkf c’frtistf eritiej eng cf rgfcizzf, stflicgdhj ud kjhgccj hi

eiü eng ejkudgkgdtg s’ihgdtimief ejkg pgrsjdfcitâ ejkpcgssf. Cg histfdzg trf cg ecfssi si sjdj

fccfraftg f civgccj acjlfcg, f mfvjrg hgi mjrtudfti eng pjssighjdj rghhiti lujdi, j ejkudqug nfddj

cf pjssilicitâ hi pgregpirci, pgr rfzzf, sgssj g jriaidi fhgauftg, g sjdj qugsti, g djd fctri, aci fequi-

rgdti g aci spgttftjri hgc kij cfvjrj. Xutti dji sfppifkj ejkg si fequisisejdj privicgai g eng c’frtg

djd si vgdhg dgi viejci j dgi kgreftidi. Vuidhi djd ki vghj f hfrg cgzijdi f enieengssif0 ic kij

zf hi kjcti, pgr eui qui si hjvrgllg pfrcfrg hi ejkpcieitâ piuttjstj eng hi eritief. H fctrjdhg qug-

st’fssgdzf hi udf –kjrfcg hgccf mfvjcf‛ î udf hgccg lfsi hgc kij cfvjrj. Cudai hf qufcsifsi tipj hi

nfppy gdh eng enifrirgllg cf pjsizijdg hgcc’futjrg, c’jpgrf pjssighg udf mjrzf kfaaijrg prjprij

pgrené djd frrivf f dgssud risuctftj g jllciaf cj spgttftjrg fh fssukgrg udf suf prjprif pjsizij-

dg, sgdzf kjhgcci. Fceudi vghjdj id kg ud eritiej, fctri idvgeg ud eidiej smruttftjrg0 tuttj eiü djd

k’idtgrgssf più hi tfdtj, pgrené djd î hi kg stgssj eng stj pfrcfdhj. Eni, idvgeg, prjvf idtgrgs-

sg î cj spgttftjrg hftj eng si rivjcag fcc’frtg egrefdhj hi gssgrg ikpgadftj g ejjc fccj stgssj

tgkpj? egref kjhgcci.

Xjrdfdhj fccf tuf hjkfdhf, f prjpjsitj hgccf kif prgmgrgdzf pgr ic sistgkf frtg j p gr qugccj

sjeifcg tjut ejurt , î enifrj eng ki kujvj dgc kjdhj hgcc’frtg, eng, f suf vjctf, î ud gcgkgdtj

hi ud sistgkf. Rgr qufdtj c’frtg djd î ud gcgkgdtj qufcsifsi. C’frtg si svicuppf mrf cg ecfssi ergf-

tivg hgccf sjeigtâ, eng si jeeupfdj hi ikpjrrg fc rgstj hgccf pjpjcfzijdg ic ritkj pifdimieftj hgc-

c’jlsjcgsegdzf, ic riddjvj ejstfdtg hgccf mjrkf g hgccf sjstfdzf hgc prjhjttj. Rgr qugstj, pfrcf-

rg hgc kjdhj hgcc’frtg î pfrcfrg ejd i efpi hgc sistgkf, ejd cf erîkg hg cf erîkg. C’frtg djd si

HGCCF RJCIXIEF Idtgrvistf f Ufdtifaj Uigrrf hi Kfrij \jssi

Yjur wjr`s tgdh tj eritieizg gitngr tng frt systgk jr tng gdtirg sjeifc systgk. Qnien jm

tngsg twj strueturgs is kjrg idtgrgstida mjr yju:

Id tng mirst pcfeg, fdh witn rgspget tng idtrjhuetijd jm yjur qugstijd, I hjd’t lgcigvg tnft I lgaid

mrjk f eritiefc pjsitijd. Eritieizida ikpcigs tnft udajvgrdflcg prjlcgk tnft frisgs mrjk tng mfet tnft

wg fssukg, mjr tnjsg wnj mjrkucftg tng eritieisk, f stfidcgss pjsitijd jr, id its flsgdeg, f nypj-

eritiefc pjsitijd. Fctnjuan tng cfttgr agdgrfccy rgsucts id tng kjst prjlflcg pjsitijd, tng tngkg jm

frt eritieisk is tng eritiefc frtist wnj rgfcizgs it, stflicizida f kjhgc jm wnft is ejkkjdcy ihgdtimigh

fs f ejkpcgx pgrsjdfcity. Xng histfdeg lgtwggd ecfssgs is wihgdgh ft f acjlfc cgvgc, id mfvjur jm

tnjsg mjrtudftg njchgrs jm fhvfdtfagjus idejkgs, jr tnjsg wnj nfvg tng pjssilicity jm pgregiv-

ida tngk, mjr rfeg, sgx fdh fhgquftg jriaids, fdh tngsg fdh djt jtngrs frg tng purenfsgrs fdh

tng spgetftjrs jm ky wjr`. Qg fcc `djw njw privicgags frg fequirgh, fdh tnft frt is djt sjch id

fccgys jr strggt kfr`gts. Xngrgmjrg I hjd’t sgg kysgcm aivida f cgssjd tj fdyjdg0 ky wgcc-lgida

hgpgdhs jd tng mjreg jm f hgtgrkidftg sjeifc arjup fdh jm f ejdsgqugdeg mrjk tng wgf`dgss jm

kfdy, mjrwnien ngrgjdg kustspgf` kjrgjm ejkpcieity tnfd jm eritieisk. Kjrgjvgr,tnis flsgdeg

jm tng –kjrfc jm tng stjry‛ is jdg jm tng sjuregs jm ky wjr`. Mfr mrjk fdy sjrt jm Nfppy Gdhida

tnft wjuch ecfrimy tng pjsitijd jm tng futnjr, tng wjr` gdojys f strjdagr ikpfet prgeisgcy lgefusg

it hjgsd’t rgsjcvg fdytnida fdh jlciags tng spgetftjr tj fssukg nis jwd pjsitijd, witnjut kjh-

gcs. Ujkg sgg f eritie id kg, jtngrs sgg fd gxpcjitftivg eydie0 tnis rgfccy hjgsd’t idtgrgst kg ft fcc

sideg I fk djt tfcìda fljut kysgcm. Idstgfh, tng idtgrgsts jm tng spgetftjr frg tgstgh sideg ng

turds tj frt cjjìda tj lg ejkkittgh fdh ejjc ft tng sfkg tikg. Ng cjj`s mjr kjhgcs.

Id rgmgrgdeg tj yjur qugstijd, im I prgmgr tng frt strueturg jr sjeifc strueturg tjut ejurt , it is gvi-

hgdt tnft I kjvg kysgcm id tng wjrch jm frt, wnien is, id itsgcm, fd gcgkgdt jm f systgk. Fctnjuan

wg kust rgkgklgr tnft frt isd’t fdy rgaucfr gcgkgdt. Frt is hgvgcjpgh fkjda tng ergftivg

F\X IU F UWLCIKFXIJD

JM RJCIXIEUIdtgrvigw witn Ufdtifaj Uigrrf ly Kfrij \jssi

Xus trflfojs idtgdtfd eritiefr tfdtj gc sistgkf hgc frtg, eufdtj gc sistgkf sjeifc gd sgd-

tihj fkpcij. Euæc hg cjs hjs æklitjs gs kæs idtgrgsfdtg pfrf të:

Gd prikgr cuafr y rgspgetj f cf idtrjhueeiõd f tu prgaudtf, dj ergj gstfr gd udf pjsturf erë-

tief. Cf erëtief tigdg gc idkfdgoflcg prjlcgkf hg qug supjdgkjs gd quigd cf mjrkucf udf pjsi-

eiõd sid kæeucf j gd su fusgdeif udf pjsturf nipõeritf. Fÿd qug gstj ÿctikj rgsuctf f tjhfs

cuegs kæs pjsilcg, gc frtg erëtiej tigdg ejkj tgkf fc frtistf erëtiej qug cj rgfcizf gstflcgeigd-

hj ud kjhgcj hg cj qug ejkÿdkgdtg sg ejdjeg ejkj tëj gdrjccfj. Cfs histfdeifs idtgrecf-

sistfs sg nfd gdsfdenfhj acjlfckgdtg f lgdgmieij hg cjs fmjrtudfhjs pjsgghjrgs hg udf

lugdf rgdtf j pjsilicihfhgs hg tgdgrcf, pjr udf rfzf, sgxj y jriagd fhgeufhjs, y sjd gstjs y

dj jtrjs cjs ejkprfhjrgs y gspgetfhjrgs hg ki trflfoj. Xjhjs sflgkjs ejkj sg ejdsiaugd

cjs privicgaijs y tfkliéd qug gc frtg dj sg vgdhg gd efccgojdgs di gd kgrefhiccjs. Fsë qug dj

kg vgj hfdhj cgeeijdgs f dfhig0 ki sustgdtj hgpgdhg hg cf mjrtfcgzf hg ud hgtgrkidfhj

arupj sjeifc y pjr tfdtj hgc hgtrikgdtj hg kuenjs, ejd cj qug hg cj qug nflcfkjs fquë gs

hg ejkpcieihfh y dj hg erëtief. Gs pjr jtrf pfrtg gstf fusgdeif hg kjrfcgof udf hg cfs lfsgs

hg ki trflfoj. Cgofdj f eufcquigr Nfppy Gdh qug fecfrg cf pjsturf hgc futjr, cf jlrf ajzf hg

udf kfyjr mugrzf prgeisfkgdtg pjrqug dj rgsugcvg dfhf y jlciaf fc gspgetfhjr f pjsieij-

dfrsg pjr su eugdtf, sid kjhgcjs. Fcaudjs vgd gd ki f ud erëtiej y jtrjs f ud gdmgrkizj gxpcj-

tfhjr, gsj dj kg ikpjrtf kuenj pugs dj gs hg ki hg cj qug gstjy nflcfdhj. F quiéd si cg

ikpjrtf gs fc gspgetfhjr pugs éstg feuhg fc frtg lusefdhj ejkj sgr ejkprjkgtihj y ejjc

f ud tigkpj. Lusef kjhgcjs.

Ejd rgspgetj f tu prgaudtf sjlrg si prgmigrj cf gstrueturf frtg j cf gstrueturf sjeifc gdtgrf,

pugs rgsuctf gvihgdtg qug kg hgsgdvugcvj gd gc kudhj hgc frtg qug f su vgz gs gcgkgdtj hg

ud ejdoudtj. Dj jlstfdtg gc frtg dj gs ud gcgkgdtj eufcquigrf. Gc frtg sg hgsfrrjccf gdtrg cfs

GC F\XG GU WDF UWLCIKFEIÕDHG CF RJCIXIEF Gdtrgvistf ejd Ufdtifaj Uigrrf hg Kfrij \jssi

18

trjvf dgcc’–isjcf eng djd e’î‛, fdeng sg spgssj ei ejkpjrtifkj ejkg sg ei trjvfssikj cã. Ic hgdf-

rj eng sgrvg f pfafrg c’frtg î ejdiftj dgc kjdhj rgfcg g, cf kfaaijr pfrtg hgccg vjctg, î più fkli-

j ic HID, cg dgegssitâ hi fccjdtfdfrg c’jaagttj prjhjttj hfi kgtjhi hi prjhuzijdg j hfccg strftgaig hi

kgreftj. Rrjlflickgdtg vghrgsti cg rgtjrieng hgc ejdsgrvftjriskj fdacjsfssjdg hgcc’gpjef g cg



1=

rj eng sgrvg f pfafrg c frtg î ejdiftj dgc kjdhj rgfcg g, cf kfaaijr pfrtg hgccg vjctg, î più fkli

auj hi qufdtj si pgdsi.

I tuji priki cfvjri grfdj gvihgdti eitfzijdi hgccj sticg kidikfcistf hi Kjrris, CgQitt g ejkpf-

adi. Ujcj eng qugi euli, qugi pfrfccgcgpipghi grfdj ripjrtfti f udf hikgdsijdg tgrrgdf, fhhi-

ritturf hf jmmieidf kgeefdief hgc tgrzj kjdhj, rgfcizzfti ejd kftgrifci hi rgeupgrj? pgzzi hi

cfkigrf usftf pgr mjrkfrg euli, rjtjci hi pjstgr strfppfti hfi kuri, kftgrifci vfri trjvfti pgr

strfhf. Kf id mjdhj tuttj pfrtivf hf ud rimgrikgdtj idtgrdj fcc’frtg. Djd erghi:

Uã, egrtfkgdtg. Ujcj eng cg strftgaig hgcc’frtg sjdj sulcikfzijdi hgcc’jrhidg pjcitiej. Djd pjssifkj

pgdsfrg fc kjhucj, fccf lujdf mjrkf, fcc’frajkgdtfzijdg seigdtimief j fccf riegref hi djd-rgmgrgd-

zifcitâ sgdzf tjeefrg cf prfssi pjcitief. Jadi prjarfkkf pjcitiej nf ud suj ejrrispjdhgdtg gstgti-

ej, pgr qugstj i rimgrikgdti sjdj idtgrefkliflici. Fctrikgdti djd sj hfvvgrj eng hivgrtikgdtj ei

sfrgllg. Kgttifkj ic efsj eng tu djd fllif cf più pfccihf ihgf hi eni sifdj \jlgrt Kjrris, Ujc CgQitt

g vif hi sgauitj. Vugccj eng vghrgsti sfrgllgrj sjctfdtj i ejdtgditjri, cf djrkftivf idhustrifcg, c’FUF

kgreftj. Rrjlflickgdtg vghrgsti cg rgtjrieng hgc ejdsgrvftjriskj fdacjsfssjdg hgcc gpjef g cg

sug ikkfejcftg tjrri ejrpjrftivg. Dfturfckgdtg jadi frtistf ejdjseg qugstj aijej g sf f eni stf

frrghfdhj cf efsf. F vjctg mf pfrtg hi qugstg strftgaig dgafrg c’gvihgdzf gh î sjttidtgsj eng mf

pfrtg hgc aijej. Ei sjdj frtisti iccukidfti, pjpucisti, rgcftivisti, fpjefcittiei, seigdtimieisti, tgedjcjaiei-

sti, rgciaijsi, dfzijdfcisti, sjcipsisti g fctri fdejrf? tutti ikpigafdj cf mjrkf g nfddj i cjrj rgpgrtjri g

djki enifvg. Xutti sgklrfdj pfrcfrg h’frtg g digdt’fctrj.

\ispgttj faci gsgkpi eng prjpjdi, e’î hf hirg eng c’gejdjkif sidtfttief î midfcizzftf fc rispfrkij

g fccf djrkfcizzfzijdg hgc prjhjttj dgccf stgssf kisurf hgccf ejstruzijdg frenitgttjdief hi sussi-

stgdzf0 g eng c’FLE Frt, j Kidikfciskj, hipgdhg fdeng hfccf prjspgttivf hf eui cf si vghg g trfe-

eifrcf hfccg strfhg hi Eittâ hgc Kgssiej djd sfrâ kfi cf stgssf ejsf eng mfrcf dgcc’isjcf hi Kfd-

nfttfd. Cj stgssj hisejrsj prjdudeiftj hf ud pjcitiej rgpullciefdj dgaci Utfti Wditi djd vgrrâ

ejkprgsj dgccf stgssf kfdigrf hi ud hisejrsj hi ud pfdistf6 kgssiefdj. Vufdhj ud rgpullcief-

dj pfrcf hi –frgf hi cilgrj ejkkgreij‛ vujc hirg id rgfctâ –cj ejkprj‛, kgdtrg ud pfdistf kgssi-

efdj ejd –frgf hi cilgrj ejkkgreij‛ id rgfctâ idtgdhg –si vgdhg‛. Ic ejdtgstj î mjdhfkgdtfcg, kf

ecfsgs ergftivfs hg cf sjeighfh quigdgs sg jeupfd hg ikpjdgr fc rgstj hg cf pjlcfeiõd gc ritkj

pcfdimiefhj hg cf jlsjcgsegdeif, cf rgdjvfeiõd ejdstfdtg hg cf mjrkf y mjdhj hgc prjhuetj. Rjr

tfdtj nflcfr gd gc kudhj hgc frtg gs nflcfr ejd cjs ogmgs hgc fsudtj, ejd cjs kgrjs, kgrjs. Gc

frtg dj sg gdeugdtrf gd cf tigrrf hg Dudef Ofkæs fÿd qug f kgduhj djs ejkpjrtgkjs ejkjsi gstuviérfkjs fccë. Gc hidgrj qug pfaf gc frtg gstf feuöfhj gd gc kudhj rgfc y cf kfyjr pfrtg

hg cfs vgegs gs kæs jseurj hg cj ejkÿd.

Rgrj tus trflfojs grfd eitfs lfstfdtg ecfrfs hgc gsticj kidikfcistf hg Kjrris, Cg Qitt y

jtrjs. Uõcj qug fqugccjs euljs, fqugccjs pfrfcgcgpëpghjs, sg gdejdtrflfd rghueihjs f

udf hikgdsiõd tgrrgdfc, efsi hg jmieidf kgeædief hgc tgregr kudhj, rgfcizfhjs ejd

kftgrifcgs rgeupgrfhjs? pghfzjs hg enfpf uticizfhf pfrf frkfr euljs, rjccjs eicëdhriejs

hg pjstgrs frrfdefhjs hg cjs kurjs, kftgrifcgs vfrijs gdejdtrfhjs gd cf efccg. Rgrj fc

mid y fc eflj tjhj ejkgdzflf hg udf rgmgrgdeif idtgrdf fc frtg. Dj tg pfrgeg:

Uë, ecfrj. Gs qug cfs gstrftgaifs hgc frtg sjd sulcikfeijdgs hgc jrhgd pjcëtiej. Dj pjhgkjs

pgdsfr gd gc kõhucj, gd cf lugdf mjrkf, gd cfs fraukgdtfeijdgs eigdtimieistfs j gd cf lÿs-

qughf hg cf frrgmgrgdeifcihfh sid tjefr cf prfxis pjcëtief. F tjhj prjarfkf pjcëtiej cg ejrrgs-

pjdhg udj gstétiej, pjr cj qug cfs rgmgrgdeifs sjd idtgrefkliflcgs. Ui dj, dj sg qug arfeif

tgdhrëf. Uupjdafkjs qug dj tigdgs di cf kæs rgkjtf ihgf hg quigdgs sjd \jlgrt Kjrris, Ujc

CgQitt y ejkpföëf. Cj qug vgrëfs gdtjdegs gs gc ejdtgdghjr hg efraf, cf djrkftivf idhustrifc,

gc FUF j gc HID, cfs dgegsihfhgs hg fcgofr gc jlogtj prjhueihj hg cjs kétjhjs hg prjhueeiõd

j cfs gstrftgaifs hg kgrefhj. Rrjlflcgkgdtg vgrëfs cfs rgtõriefs hgc ejdsgrvfhuriskj fdacj-

sfoõd hg cf épjef y sus idkfeucfhfs tjrrgs ejrpjrftivfs. Dfturfckgdtg efhf frtistf ejdjeg

gstg ougaj y sflg f quiéd hgejrf cf efsf efhf udj. F vgegs mjrkf pfrtg hg gstfs gstrftgaifs

dgafr cf gvihgdeif y tfkliéd sjlrggdtgdhgkjs qug gs pfrtg hgc ougaj. Nfy icukidfhjs, pjpu-

cistfs, rgcftivistfs, fpjefcëptiejs, eigdtimieistfs, tgedjcjaieistfs, rgciaijsjs, dfeijdfcistfs, sjcip-

sistfs y cj qug quigrfs, tjhjs gkpcgfd cf mjrkf y tigdgd sus prjpijs rgpgrtjrijs y djklrgs

ecfvg. Xjhjs pfrgegd nflcfr hg frtg y dfhf kæs.

7>= jrg hi cfvjrj

7>= njurs jm wjr`

7>= njrfs hg trflfoj

Rcfzf hg cfs ]gcgtfs, Eæegrgs,

Gspföf. Fpricg Fpric Flric <228.

cj î fdeng stflicirg ejdtgduti kidiki eng mfeicitidj cf ejkprgdsijdg hgcc’jpgrf. Ejdtgduti eng uti-

cizzgrgkj id kfaaijrg j kidjr kisurf sgejdhj qufdtj vjacifkj mfrei efpirg f civgccj acjlfcg. Xutti

fdeng cg mfccg, cg kfacig fttrfvgrsj eui î pjssilicg gdtrfrg cgafckgdtg fcc’idtgrdj hgc sistg-

kf, kgttgdhj id erisi cg istituzijdi hfcc’idtgrdj, sgrvgdhjti hgccg cjrj stgssg prjeghurg.

Eng ejsf rgfckgdtg t’idtgrgssf kfdimgstfrg? cg ejdhizijdi hgprivftg id eui vivg udf pfrtg



1>

C ’ f r t g î u d f s u l c i k f z i j d g h g c c f p j c i t i e f / F r t i s f s u l c i k f t i j d

j m p j c i t i e s

aa q a p a

ejdjseifkj cg ikpciefzijdi hgc eulj cgwittifdj, pgr qugstj risuctf più sgkpcieg usfrcj su lfsg rit-

kief g hjtfrcj hi ud’fctrf prjspgttivf. Î più rfpihj gh gmmiefeg piuttjstj eng ergfrdg udj gx djvj

g stflicirg dujvg rgajcg f jadi pfssfaaij. Idjctrg, djd usfrg pgr ejkudiefrg qugccj eng id frtg î

hftj pgr ejdjseiutj, puü sjctfdtj pjrtfrei f ud gstgdufdtg idsgauikgdtj hgcc’iddjvfzijdg j fccf

ergfzijdg hi ud vjefljcfrij pgrsjdfcg idhgeimrflicg. Djd hiej eng sif dgaftivj, kf î dgegssfrij

sfpgrg ejsf ejkpjrtf cf segctf hi djd usfrg ud cidaufaaij ejkudg. Djd hikgdtienifkj eng i

kigi rgmgrgdti sjdj fdeng i rgmgrgdti hgccj spgttftjrg g eng sfrâ qugst’uctikj eng, id uctikf istfd-

zf, hfrâ sgdsj fc kij cfvjrj.

Wdj hgaci fspgtti mjdhfkgdtfci hgc tuj cfvjrj î, sgdzf hullij, c’idhfaidg suc sistgkf hgi

rfppjrti gejdjkiei? pfafrg pgrsjdg pgr prgstfzijdi idutici g fdtigejdjkieng gvihgdzif

udf sgrig hi fspgtti dgaftivi dgc kjhgccj hi sefklij fhjttftj hfccf djstrf sjeigtâ? ic pjtg-

rg hi eni pfaf g cf riaihitâ hgc sistgkf hgccg jrafdizzfzijdi. Fccj stgssj tgkpj kjstri

p p

hgccf pjpjcfzijdg kjdhifcg, ic eidiskj hgccf cgaag eng ejdsgdtg hi ejkpigrg fzijdi his-

turlfdti pgr cf psiejcjaif idhivihufcg purené gdtrj pfrfkgtri mjrkfckgdtg ejrrgtti, j ejsf

fctrj fdejrf:

Rrikf hi tuttj cf kif djd î udf riegref eng vgrtf su ejkg g qufdtj ud cfvjrftjrg aufhfadi id lfsg

fc suj cfvjrj. Riù sgkpciegkgdtg risuctf hfc enighgrg fc cfvjrftjrg eng nj feefdtj qufdtj aufhf-

adf. Vufdhj udj cgaag seritti hi eritief h’frtg, s’iklfttg id riegreftjri hi qufcsifsi tipj? udj riegref

i cikiti hgccf mjrkf trfkitg udj saufrhj ideisivj, c’fctrj eng riegref c’gtdjegdtriskj trfkitg c’usj hi

mfrkfei, j enissâ ejs’fctrj si kgttgrâ f riegrefrg. Id rgfctâ c’frtg djd î ic cujaj hjvg si ejkpijdj

qugstg riegreng, kf hjvg sg dg hiseutjdj i risuctfti ejd idtgdzijdi hgejrftivg, sikljcieng j rfp-

prgsgdtftivg. Î pgr qugstj eng, qufdhj si pfrcf hgi mjdhfkgdti hgcc’frtg, si risenif hi hikgdtiefrg

eng c’frtg, jctrg f gssgrg tfdtg fctrg ejsg, î fdeng pfrtg hgc sistgkf efpitfcistf0 j si sjrvjcf suc

mfttj eng c’frtistf prjhueg jaagtti hi cussj j eng cg jpgrg h’frtg djd frrivfdj dgi kusgi pgr kfaif,

kf piuttjstj pgr idtgregssijdg hgccf hividf kfdj h’jpgrf, kfdj eng hjvrâ ejdsgrvfrg, viaicfrg g

ecfssgs jm sjeigty, wnj jeeupy tngksgcvgs witn ikpjsida tng pcfddgh rnytnk jm jlsjcgsegdeg,

tng ejdstfdt rgdgwfc jm tng mjrk fdh tng sulstfdeg jm tng prjhuet jd tng rgst jm tng pjpucf-

tijd. Mjr tnis rgfsjd, tj spgf` tj tng frt wjrch is tj spgf` witn tng ngfhs jm tng systgk, witn

tng erîkg hg cf erîkg. Frt isd’t mjudh id –Dgvgrcfdh‛, gvgd tnjuan wg jmtgd lgnfvg jursgcvgs

fs im wg wgrg tngrg. Xng kjdgy tnft sgrvgs tj pfy mjr frt is kidtgh id tng rgfc wjrch fdh fckjst

fcwfys, it i s kjrg fkliaujus tnfd jdg tnid`s it is.

Yjur mirst wjr`s wgrg ecgfrcy rgmgrgdegs tj f strietcy frtistie eirecg, tj tng kidikfcist

seucpturg jm Kjrris, CgQitt fdh ejkpfdijds. Lut tnjsg eulgs, tnjsg pfrfccgcgpipghs

wgrg lrjuant lfe` tj fd gfrtncy hikgdsijd, mrjk f kgenfdie’s snjp jm tng Xnirh Qjrch,

rgfcizgh witn sfcvfagh kftgrifcs? pigegs jm frkjurgh pcftgs usgh tj mjrk eulgs, eycid-

hriefc rjccs jm pjstgrs tf`gd mrjk wfccs, vfrijus kftgrifcs mjudh jd tng strggts. Lut id tng

gdh, gvgrytnida lgafd mrjk f rgmgrgdeg witnid frt. Hj yju fargg:

Ygs, egrtfidcy, lut tng strftgaigs jm frt frg sulcikftijds jm pjcitiefc jrhgr. Qg efd’t tnid` jm tng

kjhucg, jm tng ajjh mjrk, jm seigdtimie fraukgdtftijd jr jm rgsgfren jm djd-rgmgrgdegs witnjut

tjuenida jd tng pjcitiefc prfxis. Gfen pjcitiefc prjarfk nfs its jwd fgstngtiefc ejkpcikgdt, fdh

mjr tnis rgfsjd rgmgrgdegs frg idtgrenfdagflcg. Jtngrwisg I trucy hjd’t `djw wnft mud tngrg

wjuch lg. Xf`g tng efsg tnft yju hjd’t nfvg tng sciantgst ihgf wnj \jlgrt Kjrris, Ujc CgQitt

fdh jtngrs frg. Qnft yju wjuch sgg wjuch jdcy lg tng ejdtfidgrs, tng idhustrifc djrkftivg, tng

FUF jr tng HID, tng dgegssity jm histfdeida tng jloget prjhuegh mrjk tng kgtnjhs jm prjhue-

tijd jr mrjk tng strftgaigs jm tng kfr`gt. Rrjlflcy yju wjuch sgg tng rngtjrie jm Fdacj-Ufxjd

ejdsgrvftisk jm tnft fag fdh its ikkfeucftg ejrpjrftg tjwgrs. Dfturfccy gvgry frtist `djws tnis

afkg fdh `djws wnjsg njusg ng’s murdisnida. Ft tikgs, pfrt jm tngsg strftgaigs is tj hgdy tng

gvihgdeg fdh udhgrstfdh tnft it lgcjdas tj tng afkg. Xngrg frg frtists wnj frg gdciantgdgh,

pjpucists, rgcftivists, fpjefcypties, seigdtimieists, tgendjcjaieists, rgciaijus, dftijdfcists, sjcip-

sists, fdh sticc jtngrs. Gfen jdg usgs tng mjrk fdh gfen jdg nfs tngir jwd rgpgrtjirgs fdh `gy

dfkgs. Gfen jdg sggks tj spgf` fljut frt fdh djtnida gcsg.

6> pgrsjdg riejpgrtg hi

pjcyurgtfdj

Uprfyida jm pjcyurgtnfdg jvgr

6> pgjpcg

Gsprgfhj hg pjciurgtfdj sjlrg

6> pgrsjdfs

Gx enigsf hi Ufd Kfttgj. Cueef.

Kfrzj Kfren <22<Hjdfch Ouhh, Wdtitcgh , 69=9.

trfspjrtfrg c’frtg, g faaiudagrcg vfcjrg ejd ic suj cfvjrj. Vugsti gcgkgdti fppfrgdtgkgdtg ‘ kf

sjcj fppfrgdtgkgdtg ‘ hgejrfdj kfcg, vjcafrizzfdj i kjhgcci g rfpprgsgdtfdj sjctfdtj sg stgs-

Gc hgaógccj

Gc hgaógccj

Gc hgaógccj



si, sjdj jvvigtâ idutici. Ejsã, qufdhj pfrci hi fzijdi fdtigejdjkieng g idutici, ti rimgrisei ‘ sgdzf rgd-

hgrtgdg ejdtj ‘ f qugaci jligttivi mjdhfkgdtfci, g quidhi faci idtgrgssi hgc aruppj eng ejdsukf

frtg, aruppj eng ejideihg pgrfctrj ejd cj stgssj eng jmmrg pjsti hi cfvjrj. Hfccf prjspgttivf hgc

cfvjrftjrg, ic sgdsj hgc suj cfvjrj si ejdergtizzf ejd ic pfafkgdtj hgccj stipgdhij (sj eng ud lujd

ud pgr egdtj vi trjvf fhhiritturf ic siadimieftj hgccf prjprif vitf) g hfc kij pudtj hi vistf qugc eng

fvvigdg fequisiseg siadimieftj gejdjkiej ejd cf vgdhitf hgc kij cfvjrj, quidhi dé ij dé cjrj sifkj

tjeefti hfi djdsgdsg. Fdfcizzifkj ic kgssfaaij cftgdtg dgccg tug pfrjcg? qugccj eng id rgfctâ vuji

hirg î eng c’udief ejsf eng fceudg hgccg kig fzijdi trfskgttjdj ‘ prgkgttgdhj eng djd ti rimgrisei

f tuttg ‘ î c’idtgrsefklij kjdgtfrij eng cg rgdhg pjssilici g eng qugstj djd î uticg sg djd ki rimg-

risej fccf eritief hgc suhhgttj idtgrsefklij. Ejsf sueeghgrgllg sg djd mjssg ejsã, sg djd ei mjssg

cf –kjrfcg hgccf mfvjcf‛, sg ic cjrj ikpigaj mjssg aiustimieftj hfc mfttj hi hispjrrg hi ud kftgrifcg

ukfdj flljdhfdtg, f lfssj ejstj, sgdzf spgeifcizzfzijdg, sgdzf pgdsfrg dé fi sidhfefti dé fi

pfrtiti: Ejsf sueeghgrgllg sg eiü si mfegssg sgkpciegkgdtg pgrené cj si puü mfrg sgdzf eng digd-

Ejd rgspgetj f cjs gogkpcjs qug prjpjdgs pgdsgkjs qug cf gejdjkëf sidtæetief gs tfd fhg-

eufhf gd gc fnjrrj y gd cf djrkfcizfeiõd hgc prjhuetj ejkj gd cf ejdstrueeiõd frquitgetõdi-

ef hg sulsistgdeif pjr cj qug gc FLE Frt j Kidikfciskj hgpgdhg tfkliéd hg cf pgrspgetivf y

trfzfrcj hgshg cfs efccgs hg cf Eiuhfh hg Kéxiej dudef sgræ iaufc qug nfegrcj gd cf iscf hgKfdnfttfd. Gc kiskj hiseursj hienj gd cf ljef hg ud pjcëtiej rgpulciefdj gd GGWW dj sg

gdtgdhgræ iaufc gd cf hg ud pfdistf6 kgxiefdj. Eufdhj ud rgpulciefdj hieg –ærgf hg cilrg

ejkgreij‛ quigrg gd rgfcihfh hgeir –cj ejkprj‛ y eufdhj ud pfdistf kgxiefdj hieg –ærgf hg

cilrg ejkgreij‛ gd rgfcihfh hieg –sg trfspfsf‛. Gc ejdtgxtj gs mudhfkgdtfc, pgrj tfkliéd gc

gstflcgeikigdtj hg udjs ejdtgdihjs këdikjs ejkpfrtihjs qug mfeicitgd cf ejkprgdsiõd hg cf

jlrf. Ejdtgdihjs qug gkpcgfrgkjs gd kfyjr j gd kgdjr kghihf hgpgdhigdhj hg eufd acj-

lfckgdtg qugrfkjs nfegrdjs gdtgdhgr. Xjhjs sflgkjs cfs ikpciefeijdgs hgc eulj cgwëttiej

fsë qug rgsuctf kuy sgdeiccj gkpcgfrcj hg lfsg rëtkief y hjtfrcg hg jtrf pgrspgetivf. Gs kæs

ræpihj y gmiefz qug ergfr udj prjpij y gstflcgegr dugvfs rgacfs f efhf pfsj. Fhgkæs, dj

gkpcgfr cj qug sg hf pjr sflihj gd frtg pfrf ejkudiefrtg sjcj pughg ejdhueirdjs f udf gxtg-

dufdtg pgrsgeueiõd hg cj iddjvfhjr j f cf ergfeiõd hg ud vjeflucfrij pgrsjdfc idhgseimrflcg.

Dj hiaj qug gsté kfc pgrj nfy qug sflgr f qué ejdhueg cf gcgeeiõd hg dj usfr ud cgdaufog

ejkÿd. Dj jcvihgkjs qug kis rgmgrgdtgs sjd tfkliéd cjs rgmgrgdtgs hgc gspgetfhjr y qug sgræ

éstg quigd gd ÿctikf idstfdeif hfræ sgdtihj f ki trflfoj.

Wdf hg cfs vgrtigdtgs læsiefs hg tu trflfoj gs, sid cuafr f huhfs, cf idvgstiafeiõd sjlrg

gc sistgkf hg rgcfeijdgs gejdõkiefs? pfafr f pgrsjdfs pfrf prgstfeijdgs idÿticgs y

fdtigejdõkiefs pjdg gd gvihgdeif udf sgrig hg fspgetjs dgaftivjs gd gc sistgkf hg

idtgrefklij fpciefhj pjr dugstrf sjeighfh? gc pjhgr hg quigd pfaf, cf riaihgz hgc sistg-

kf hg cfs jrafdizfeijdgs. Rgrj fc kiskj tigkpj tu gvihgdeifs tfkliéd cfs mfccfs, cfs trf-

kfs f trfvés hg cfs eufcgs gs pjsilcg gdtrfr cgafckgdtg fc idtgrdj hgc sistgkf, pjdgdhj

gd erisis cfs idstitueijdgs hgshg gc idtgrdj, uticizfdhj cfs kiskfs gstrftgaifs. Vué tg

idtgrgsf rgfckgdtg kfdimgstfr? cfs ejdhieijdgs hg pjlrgzf gd cfs eufcgs vivg udf pfrtg

>2

C ’ f r t g î u d f s u l c i k f z i j d g h g c c f p j c i t i e f / F r t i s f s u l c i k f t

i j d

j m p j c i t i e s

Qitn rgspget tng gxfkpcgs tnft yju prjpjsg, wg lgcigvg tnft tng sydtfetiefc gejdjky is fikgh

ft tng sfvida fdh tj tng djrkfcizftijd jm tng prjhuet id tng sfkg kgfsurg jm frenitgeturfc ejd-

struetijd jm sulsistgdeg. Qg tnid` tnft tng FLE Frt jr Kidikfcisk fcsj hgpgdhs jd pgrspge-

tivg, fdh tj trfeg tnis mrjk tng strggts jm Kgxiej Eity wicc dgvgr lg tng sfkg fs tj hj it jd tng iscfdh jm Kfdnfttfd. Xng sfkg spggen vjiegh ly f Wditgh Utftgs’ \gpulciefd pjcitieifd wicc

dgvgr lg udhgrstjjh id tng sfkg wfy fs f spggen ly f Kgxiefd Rfdistf6. Qngd f \gpulciefd

sfys –frgf jm mrgg trfhg‛, id rgfcity it kgfds –I’cc luy it‛, fdh wngd f Kgxiefd Rfdistf sfys –frgf

jm mrgg trfhg‛, rgfccy it siadimigs –mjr sfcg‛. Xng ejdtgxt is mudhfkgdtfc, lut it is fcsj mudhfkgd-

tfc tj stflicizg kidikfc ejdtgdts tnft wjuch mfeicitftg tng ejkprgngdsijd jm tng wjr`. Ejdtgdts

tnft wg wjuch usg id cfrag jr skfcc kgfsurgs feejrhida tj njw kuen wg cgt jtngrs udhgrstfdh

us ft f acjlfc cgvgc. Qg fcc `djw tng ikpcieftijds jm tng CgQittifd eulg, fdh mjr tnis rgfsjd it

is gfsigr tj usg it jd tng rnytnkie lfsis fdh prjvihg it witn fdjtngr pgrspgetivg. It is kjrg rfpih

fdh gmmieigdt tnfd tj ergftg f dgw jdg fdh tj stflicizg dgw rucgs mjr gfen pfssfag. Fcsj, djt

usida tng jdg tnft is aivgd mjr tng udhgrstfdhida jm frt, id jrhgr tj ejkkudieftg, efd jdcy cgfh

us tj gxnfustivgcy pursug tng iddjvftijd jr tng ergftijd jm f pgrsjdfc, idhgeipngrflcg vjeflu-

cfry. I’k djt sfyida tnft tnis wjuch lg dgaftivg, lut it is dgegssfry tj `djw wnft pgrkits tng

enjieg jm djt usida f ejkkjd cfdaufag. Qg efd’t mjragt tnft ky rgmgrgdegs frg fcsj tng spge-

tftjr’s rgmgrgdegs fdh tnft it wicc lg tng spgetftjr wnj wicc uctikftgcy aivg sgdsg tj ky wjr`.

Jdg jm tng mudhfkgdtfc fspgets jm yjur wjr` is witnjut f hjult fd idvgstiaftijd jm tng

systgk jm gejdjkie rgcftijdsnips? tj pfy pgjpcg mjr usgcgss fdh fdti-gejdjki efc pgr-

mjrkfdegs puts id gvihgdeg f sgrigs jm dgaftivg fspgets id tng gxenfdag systgk

fppcigh ly jur sjei gty? tng pjwgr j m wnj pfys, tng riai hity jm tng systgk jm jrafdizf-

tijds. Lut ft tng sfkg tikg it snjws tng njcgs, tng cid`s tnrjuan wnien it is pjssilcg tj

cgafccy gdtgr, puttida tng idstitutijds id erisis mrjk witnid, usida tngir sfkg prjeghurgs.

Qnft frg yju rgfccy idtgrgstgh id hgkjdstrftida? tng hgprivgh ejdhitijds id wnien f

pfrt jm tng wjrch’s pjpucftijd civgs, tng eydieisk jm cfw tnft ejdsgdts tj m ucmiccida his-

Lfttgry Rfr`. Dgw Yjr`.

Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jttulrg <225.

52 mjrkg hi pfdg fccidgftg

52 cjfvgs jm lrgfh cidgh up

52 lcjqugs hg pfd fcidgfhjs

Idtgrsgeeiõd hg cfs efccgs Mÿtljc Eiecistfs. Kéxiej H.M. Fpricg Fpri

Flric 699=



erghj sif pgrtidgdtg kgsejcfrcf ejd udf kuctidfzijdfcg hi mfst mjjh. Kf c’frtg ejdtgkpjrfdgf î

ejsã, f tutti i suji ejkpjdgdti pifeg pgdsfrg hi sputfrg dgc pifttj id eui kfdaifdj. Djd e’î dgs-

sud gcgkgdtj jligttivj eng ejccgani c’frtg ejdtgkpjrfdgf f udf cjttf ejdtrj ic sistgkf. Ug ei mfi

î ü

cf pgregdtufcg hgccg gspjsizijdi eng nfddj siadimieftj qufcejsf pgr kg î fllfstfdzf rihjttf, kf qug-

stj feefhg fdeng ejd ic eidgkf j ejd cf cgttgrfturf. Hi higei hiseni eng fsejcti, sjctfdtj ud pgzzj mjrsg

ti puü sgrvirg. Xrf cg kjstrg eng più ki nfddj frrieenitj, pjtrgi eitfrg qugccf eng vihi udf vgdtidf hi fddi



>8


j m p j c i t i e s

efsj î tjtfckgdtg c’jppjstj. Djdjstfdtg eiü, sg qufceudj hgeihgssg hi idtrfprgdhgrg cf kfreif

hjvrgllg pgr prikf ejsf vfcutfrg sg cf prjhuzijdg hi jaagtti hi cussj sif cf strfhf più ejrrgttf hf

sgauirg. Djd efpisej pgrené risucti ejsã hifljciefkgdtg himmieicg feegttfrg eng ic tgkf hgcc’frtg puü

gssgrg fdeng eiü eng sueeghg higtrj c’fdajcj, sgdzf ic lisjadj hi fmmgrkfrg ic djstrj ikpgadj kici-

tfrg dgccf himgsf hgc ejdtgstj hi qugcc’fdajcj j idvgdtfrg eng ejsã ei trfsmjrkifkj id tfdti Eng Aug-

vfrf. Ujdj sjctfdtj ud frtistf g mfeeij sjcfkgdtg frtg0 djdjstfdtg kg cj si enighf, djd vjacij

gssgrg ejkpcieg hgc kjdukgdtfcg futj-idafddj ejccgttivj hi egrefrg hi efklifrg ic kjdhj.

Vufci sjdj stfti i tuji idejdtri hgeisivi ejd frtisti jh jpgrg, rfpprgsgdtftivi hi kjkgdti hi

svjctf dgc tuj pgrejrsj frtistiej: Ejkg ejccjeni ic tuj jpgrfrg dgcc’fttufcg sistgkf hgcc’fr-

tg: Xi sgdti udf miaurf isjcftf:

Ujdj stfti kjcti g djd ki sgdtj fmmfttj sjcj j isjcftj. Ugdtj kjctj enifrfkgdtg c’fppfrtgdgdzf f udf

ejkuditâ ejd cf qufcg ejdhivihj qufsi tuttj? gpjef, cidaufaaij, fspirfzijdi g prjlcgki. Î sieurj eng

mf fccf Lilcijtgef Dfzijdfcg hi Kfhrih? grf udf kjstrf hi Ngrkfdd Ditsen g f qugcc’gpjef djd sfpg-

vj dgfdeng hgcc’gsistgdzf hi qugcc’fustrifej, pgr eui cf kif sjrprgsf mu djtgvjcg. Rgdsf, gsistgvf

ud’frtg hi qugc agdgrg, g hjvgvf gssgrei kjctj sjttj qugccf pudtf hgcc’ieglgra. Rji c’gspjsizijdg hgccf

ejccgzijdg Rfdzf fc Kusgj Dfeijdfc Egdtrj hg Frtg \gidf Ujmëf hi Kfhrih fceudi custri mf, g c’fkieizif

ejd Xgrgsf Kfrajccgs sgadfdj ud prikf g ud hjpj. Kf e’î kjctj hi più g qugccj î ic ejdtgdutj hgc

kij cfvjrj hgcc’fddj sejrsj, 666 ejstruzijdi mfttg ejd 62 kjhuci g 62 jpgrfi , eng vujcg gssgrg udf

hienifrfzijdg hgccg kig idmcugdzg frtistieng? ic pfafkgdtj hi ud hglitj. Rgreiü, f eni idtgrgssf, cfseij

ejkg ejkpitj hi hfrg ud’jeeniftf f qugstj cfvjrj. Vugccj eng lisjadf efpirg î sg cg ejsg più ikpjr-

tfdti dgccf kif mjrkfzijdg j dgi ejdtgduti hgc kij cfvjrj prjvgdajdj hfcc’frtg stgssf. Ejdtf hi più udf

pfssgaaiftf pgr strfhf eng udf visitf fc KjKF. Djd î frrjafdzf, î udf qugstijdg hi kgtjhj.

Vufc î cf tuf visijdg hgc cfvjrj: Cf tuf eritief î rivjctf ejdtrj ic sistgkf gejdjkiej efpitf-

cistiej-jeeihgdtfcg jppurg î hirgttf f qufcejsf hi ejdagditj fccf mftief hi jadi cfvjrj: Xu ti

timy tngir usg: Qnft wjuch nfppgd im it wfs hjdg sikpcy lgefusg it ejuch lg hjdg witnjut fdy-

tnida stjppida it: Gvihgdtcy KeHjdfch’s, Di`g jr tng Enidgsg Ejkkudist Rfrty gkpcjys‘mjr

wnft efd lg sggd‘tng fljvg-kgdtijdgh kfdpjwgr witn tng prfisgwjrtny purpjsg jm prj-

hueida f nfkluragr, f pfir jm sdgf`grs fdh wnftgvgr gcsg. Xngrgmjrg yju efd’t tnid` tnft tngjlogetivgs jm tngsg arjups pjidt jut dgaftivg fspgets jm tng systgk, fdh, djtwitnstfdhida,

tngy fcc hj it.

Qitn rgafrhs tj puttida idstitutijds id erisis mrjk witnid, I hjd’t lgcigvg tnft tnis is tng efsg.

Xngy sggk vgry ngfctny fdh it fppgfrs tj kg tnft tngy hjd’t djtieg ky prgsgdeg. Qgcc, frt fs

fd idstitutijd tf`gs djtieg jm kg i dstgfh, fdh I hjd’t mggc udejkmjrtflcg witn tnft idstitutijd. Jd

tng ejdtrfry, tngy ejdtrfet ky sgrviegs quitg mrgqugdtcy, fdh tngy wjuchd’t hj it im wnft I jmmgrgh

wfsd’t fdytnida jtngr tnfd sgrviegs. Jd tng jtngr nfdh, mrjk wngrg nfvg yju hghuegh tnft I

pursug egrtfid jlogetivgs jr tnft it wjuch nfvg pfst ky kidh tj hj tng @gfdu \ggvgs jm frt:

Qg frg usgh tj rgfhida tnft fd frtist hiskfdtcgs sjkgtnida jr tnft fdjtngr frtist hgstrjys tng

ejdegpt jm tnft tnida, fdh fcrgfhy wg frg egrtfid tnft tng purpjsg jm frt wjuch lg, ft cgfst, f

rgvjcutijd. Id Kgxiej, UIXFE (Idtgrdftijdfc Uykpjsiuk jm tng Xngjry jm Ejdtgkpjrfry Frt) is

sustfidgh witn tng rgsjudhida kjttj jm –\gsistfdegs‛, fdh it wfs f siant tj lg sggd, njw kfdy

jm us wgrg rgsistfdt tj cgfvg tng njkg jm tng jwdgr jm tng Xfej Idd wngrg tng rgcftivg pfrty nfh

lggd jrafdizgh. Xng nistjriefc Mfseist rgsistfdeg kgrits f egrtfid rgspget, fdh I hjd’t lgcigvg it

is rgcgvfdt tj ejklidg it witn f kuctidftijdfc mfst mjjh ejkpfdy. Lut ejdtgkpjrfry frt is ci`g

tnis, fcc jm its ejkpjdgdts ci`g tj tnid` tngy litg tng nfdh tnft mgghs tngk. Xngrg isd’t fdy jloge-

tivg gcgkgdt tnft ejddgets ejdtgkpjrfry frt tj f miant fafidst tng systgk. Im yju kf`g f efsg,

it’s tjtfccy tng jppjsitg. Djtwitnstfdhida tnft im sjkgjdg wgrg ejdsihgrida tng ihgf jm jrafd-

izida f kfren, tng mirst tnida wjuch lg tj hgtgrkidg im tng prjhuetijd jm cuxury jlogets wjuch

lg gmmgetivg. I hjd’t udhgrstfdh wny it is sj hifljciefccy ejkpcieftgh tj feegpt tnft tng tngkg

jm frt efd fcsj lg tnft wnien jeeurs lgnidh tng ejrdgr, witnjut dgghida tj fmmirk jur kicitfdt

rgquirgkgdt mjr hgmgdhida tng ejdtgxt jm tnft sfkg ejrdgr jr prgtgdhida tnft wg trfdsmjrkgh

idtj kfdy Eng Augvfrfs. I fk jdcy fd frtist fdh I jdcy kf`g frt, fdh djtwitnstfdhida tnft I fk

nuligrf kjrfcgof, si gc ngenj hg qug hispjdafkjs hg ud kftgrifc nukfdj fludhfdtg, f lfoj

ejstg, sid fpgdfs gspgeifcizfeiõd y sid sjöfr siquigrf ejd sidhieftjs y pfrtihjs, oustimiefsg su

gkpcgj. Vué tfc si sikpcgkgdtg sg nfeg pjrqug pughg nfegrsg y dfhf cj ikpihg. Gvihgdtg-

kgdtg KeHjdfch’s, Di`g j gc Rfrtihj Ejkudistf Enidj gkpcgfd hienf kfdj hg jlrf ejd cf,pjr cj qug sg vg, kuy fegptflcg midfcihfh hg prjhueir nfkluraugsfs, efczfhj hgpjrtivj y hg

tjhj, fsë qug dj ergj qug pigdsgs qug gc jlogtivj hg gstjs arupjs gs pjdgr gd gvihgdeif

fspgetjs dgaftivjs hgc sistgkf. Y sid gklfraj cj nfegd.

Ejd rgspgetj f pjdgr idstitueijdgs gd erisis hgshg fhgdtrj dj ergj qug sgf gc efsj. Gstfs sg

vgd kuy sfdfs y dj kg ejdstf sgpfd siquigrf qug fdhj pjr fnë. Lugdj, gc frtg ejkj idstitu-

eiõd si cj sflg, pgrj dj kg ccgvj dfhf kfc ejd gsf idstitueiõd. Rjr gc ejdtrfrij ejdtrftfd kis

sgrvieijs ejd mrgeugdeif y dj cj nfrëfd si cj qug yj jmrgeigsg dj mugsg jtrf ejsf qug sgrvieijs.

Rjr jtrj cfhj hg hõdhg sfefs qug yj prgtgdhj tfc ejsf j qug sg kg nf pfsfhj fcaudf vgz

pjr cf eflgzf nfegr hg @gfdu \ggvgs hgc frtg. Gstfkjs hgkfsifhj fejstuklrfhjs f cggr qug

ud frtistf hgejdstruyg tfc ejsf j qug jtrj hgrruklf gc ejdegptj hg tfc jtrf y yf hfkjs pjr

sgaurj qug gc mid ÿctikj hgc frtg gs, ejkj këdikj, cf rgvjcueiõd. Gd Kéxiej udj hg cjs Uitfe,

sikpjsij idtgrdfeijdfc hg tgjrëf hgc frtg ejdtgkpjrædgj, pjr sus siacfs gd gspföjc, sg egcg-

lrõ lfoj gc sjdjrj cgkf hg –\gsistgdeifs‛ y grf hg vgrsg cj rgsistgdtgs qug muikjs tjhjs f

irdjs hg cf efsf hgc prjpigtfrij hg Xfej Idd hjdhg sg nizj cf ejrrgspjdhigdtg migstf. Cf rgsis-

tgdeif nistõrief fc mfseiskj kgrgeg eigrtj rgspgtj y dj ergj pgrtidgdtg kgzecfrcf ejd udf

ejkpföëf kuctidfeijdfc hg ejkihf ræpihf. Rgrj gc frtg ejdtgkpjrædgj gs fsë, f tjhjs sus

idtgarfdtgs cgs austf pgdsfr qug kugrhgd cf kfdj qug cgs fcikgdtf. Dj nfy didaÿd gcgkgdtj

jlogtivj qug videucg gc frtg ejdtgkpjrædgj ejd udf cuenf fdtisistgkf. Ui tg hfs eugdtf gs

flsjcutfkgdtg cj jpugstj. Dj jlstfdtg si fcauigd hgeihigrf gkprgdhgr cf kfrenf hglgræ pri-

kgrj kghir si cf prjhueeiõd hg jlogtjs hg cuoj gs gc efkidj kæs fhgeufhj. Dj ejkprgdhj

pjrqué rgsuctf tfd gdhiflcfhfkgdtg ejkpcgoj gc fegptfr qug gc tgkf hgc frtg pughg sgr tfk-

liéd cj qug sueghg f cf vugctf hg cf gsquidf sid qug hglfkjs fhgkæs fmirkfr dugstrj ejk-

prjkisj kicitfr ejd cf hgmgdsf hg cj gsquidfhj j idvgdtfr qug fsë djs trfdsmjrkfkjs gd eng-

Ngrkfdd Ditsen, Fetijd d. 87,

6918.

sgdti sjhhismfttj hfc tuj cfvjrj:

Ic cfvjrj î cf vgdhitf hgc tgkpj, hgcc’idtgcciagdzf g hgccf mjrzf hgc cfvjrftjrg f mfvjrg hgccf pfrtg ejdtrft-

tfdtg id efklij hi udf rgkudgrfzijdg. Djd î udf kif jpidijdg? ic cfvjrj î tuttj eiü. F civgccj sjeifcg î

ejdegpitj id qugstj kjhj g pjej ikpjrtf cf kif visijdg pfrtiejcfrg succf qugstijdg Cf visijdg eng

Xgrgsf Kfrajccgs, Mgti id ud lcjeej

hi egkgdtj

Mgtus id f lcje` jm egkgdt

Mgtj idecuihj gd ud lcjqug hg



>=

C ’ f r t g î u d f s u l c i k f z i j d g h g c c f p j c i t i e f / F r t i s f s u l c i k f t

i j d

j m p j c i t i e s

ejdegpitj id qugstj kjhj g pjej ikpjrtf cf kif visijdg pfrtiejcfrg succf qugstijdg. Cf visijdg eng

hgvg sgkprg prgvfcgrg î qugccf eng ei cgaf fc rgstj id kjhj eng cj spgttftjrg sfppif hi ejsf si stf pfr-

cfdhj g djd rikfdaf sgdzf sfpgrg ejsf pgdsfrg, dgc efsj si trfttfssg hi udf visijdg pfrtiejcfrg.

Cf tuf uctikf hjkfdhf djd ki î pifeiutf hgc tuttj. Mjrsg djd sjdj stftj summieigdtgkgdtg enifrj, kf

hjvrü egrefrg hi gssgrcj. Hgvj ejdtidufrg f svicuppfrg strftgaig eng ki ejdsgdtjdj hi pfrcfrg mjrtg

g enifrj, mfegdhj ejsã spfrirg qufcudqug trfeeif hi sjmistiefzijdg dgc kij cfvjrj. H’fctrf pfrtg, ic cfvj-

rj djd midiseg kfi. Wd’jpgrf ejdecusf djd î kfi idhipgdhgdtg, lisjadf rimgrircf fc rgstj hgccf prjhu-

zijdg g hi sjcitj rikfdajdj ejsg hf faaiudagrg j hf gcikidfrg, fkliauitâ g hissjdfdzg. Vugccj eng

ki pifeg kgdj hgc kij cfvjrj î tuttj eiü eng gdtrf id rfppjrtj ejd c’idfuaurfzijdg, î ejkg spjsfr-

si udf vjctf fc kgsg g ejc ritj efttjciej. K’iddgrvjsiseg g djd efpisej pgrené cj si hgllf mfrg0 î ejkg

sg ud aijrdfcistf mfegssg udf egcglrfzijdg sjeifcg hi sg stgssj ejkg prjtfajdistf jadi vjctf eng

pjrtf f tgrkidg ud rgpjrtfag. Djd e’î hfvvgrj digdtg hf egcglrfrg, sjprfttuttj qufdhj si trfttfdj

frajkgdti ejkg i kigi. Kf hisarfziftfkgdtg djd si feegttf qugstf pjsizijdg g mfrg udf prjpjstf hi

fs`gh tj hj sj, I hjd’t wfdt tj lg fd feejkpcieg tj tng kjdukgdtfc sgcm-hgegptivg ejccgetivg

jm enfdaida tng wjrch.

Qnien hgeisivg gdejudtgrs witn frtists jr frtwjr`s nfvg rgprgsgdtgh kjkgdts jm hgvgc-jpkgdt mjr yjur frtistie pftn: Njw hj yju pcfeg yjur wjr` id tng eurrgdt frt systgk:

Hj yju mggc ci`g fd isjcftgh miaurg:

Xnjsg gdejudtgrs frg kfdy fdh ly dj kgfds hj I mggc fcjdg jr isjcftgh. I mggc vgry ecgfrcy tnft

I lgcjda tj f ejkkudity witn wnien I snfrg fckjst gvgrytnida‘fag, cfdaufag, fspirftijds fdh

prjlcgks. Uurgcy tng pgregdtfag jm tng gxnilitijds tnft nfvg kgfdt sjkgtnida is quitg rghuegh,

lut tnis fcsj nfppgds witn eidgkf jr witn citgrfturg. Jm tgd EHs yju cistgd tj, yju kfy jdcy lg

idtgrgstgh id jdg trfe`. Fkjda tng snjws tnft nfvg jmmgrgh kg sjkgtnida kjrg, I wjuch eitg

jdg tnft I sfw sjkg twgdty ygfrs faj ft tng Dftijdfc Cilrfry jm Kfhrih. It wfs fd gxnilitijd jm

Ngrkfdd Ditsen fdh I hihd’t gvgd djw tnft tnis Fustrifd gxistgh, fdh mjr tnft rgfsjd I wfs ejd-

sihgrflcy surprisgh. Xj tnid`, tngrg gxistgh fd frt jm tnft ìdh, it kust nfvg lggd hggp-hjwd

udhgr tnft tip jm tng ieglgra. Xng gxnilitijd jm tng Rfdzf ejccgetijd id KDEF\U (Kusgj Dfeijdfc

Egdtrj hg Frtg \gidf Ujmif) fljut mivg ygfrs faj fdh ky mrigdhsnip witn Xgrgsf Kfrajccgs kfr`s

f lgmjrg fdh fd fmtgr. Lut tngrg frg kfdy kjrg fdh tnis is tng suloget kfttgr jm ky wjr` mrjk

tng cfst ygfr, 666 ejdstruetijds kfhg witn 62 kjhucgs fdh 62 wjr`grs wjuch lg f hgecfrftijd

jm ky frtistie idmcugdegs? tng pfykgdt jm f hglt. Mjr tnft rgfsjd, mjr tnjsg idtgrgstgh, yjur

njkgwjr` is tj tf`g f cjj` ft tnis wjr`. Qnft kust lg udhgrstjjh is tnft tng kjst ikpjrtfdt

tnida id ky ghueftijd fdh id tng ejdtgdts jm ky wjr` ejkgs mrjk frt itsgcm. F wfc` id tng strggt

ejudts kjrg mjr kg tnfd f visit tj tng KjKF. It isd’t frrjafdeg0 it is f qugstijd jm kgtnjh.

Qnft is yjur visijd jm wjr`: Is yjur eritieisk turdgh fafidst tng Qgstgrd efpitfcist gej-

djkie systgk, jr is it hirgetgh ft sjkgtnida ejdagditfc ft tng mftiaug jm gfen wjr`: Frg

yju sftismigh witn yjur wjr`:

Qjr` is tng sgccida jm tikg, idtgcciagdeg fdh tng strgdatn jm tng wjr`gr id gxenfdag mjr rgku-

augvfrfs. Uõcj sjy ud frtistf y sõcj nfaj frtg, y, pjr kæs qug sg kg gxiof, dj quigrj sgr eõk-

pcieg hgc kjdukgdtfc futjgdaföj ejcgetivj hg qug gstfkjs efklifdhj gc kudhj.

Euæcgs mugrjd tus gdeugdtrjs hgeisivjs ejd frtistfs u jlrfs qug nfyfd rgprgsgdtfhjkjkgdtjs hg efklij gd tu rgejrrihj frtëstiej: Eõkj ejcjefs tu nfegr gd gc fetufc sis-

tgkf hgc frtg: Xg sigdtgs udf miaurf fiscfhf:

Ujd kuenjs gsjs gdeugdtrjs y dj kg sigdtj sõcj j fiscfhj gd flsjcutj. Xgdaj kuy ecfrf ki

pgrtgdgdeif f udf ejkudihfh ejd cf qug ejkpfrtj efsi tjhj, épjef, cgdaufog, fspirfeijdgs

y prjlcgkfs. Gs eigrtj qug gc pjregdtfog hg gxpjsieijdgs qug kg fpjrtfd fcaj gs kuy rghu-

eihj, pgrj gstj jeurrg tfkliéd ejd gc eidg j cf citgrfturf. Hg higz hisejs qug gseuenfs pughg

qug sõcj tg sirvf ud trfe`. Gdtrg cfs kugstrfs qug kæs kg nfd fpjrtfhj pjhrëf eitfr udf qug

vë nfeg yf vgidtg föjs gd cf Lilcijtgef Dfeijdfc hg Kfhrih, grf udf kugstrf hg Ngrkfdd

Ditsen y yj di sflëf qug gxistëf gc fustrifej ejd cj qug ki sjrprgsf mug kfyÿseucf. Ikfaëdftg,

gxistëf ud frtg fsë, hglëf nflgr kuenj lfoj gsf pudtf hg Ieglgra. Cf gxpjsieiõd hg cf ejcge-

eiõd Rfdzf gd gc KDEF\U nfeg fcaudjs custrjs y ki fkistfh ejd Xgrgsf Kfrajccgs kfrefd

ud fdtgs y ud hgspués. Rgrj, nfy kuenj kæs y gsg gs gc ejdtgdihj hg ki trflfoj hgc föj

pfsfhj 666 ejdstrueeijdgs ngenfs ejd 62 kõhucjs y 62 trflfofhjrgs, qug prgtgdhg sgr udf

hgecfrfeiõd hg kis idmcugdeifs frtëstiefs? gc pfaj hg udf hguhf. Fsë qug sg cj hgoj hg tfrgf f

quigd cg fpgtgzef genfrcg ud joj f gstg trflfoj. Cj qug gstæ pjr vgrsg gs si cj kæs ikpjrtfd-

tg gd ki mjrkfeiõd j gd cjs ejdtgdihjs hg ki trflfoj prjeghg hgc frtg kiskj. ]fcg kæs ud

pfsgj pjr cf efccg qug udf visitf fc KjKF. Dj gs frrjafdeif gs udf eugstiõd hg kétjhj.

Euæc gs tu visiõd hgc trflfoj: Xu erëtief gstæ hiriaihf gd ejdtrf hgc sistgkf gejdõkiej

efpitfcëstiej jeeihgdtfc j ligd sg rgmigrg f cf mftiaf ikpcëeitf hg efhf trflfoj: Xu tg sigd-

tgs sftismgenj hg tu trflfofr:

Gc trflfoj gs cf vgdtf hgc tigkpj, cf idtgciagdeif y cf mugrzf hgc trflfofhjr f efklij hg udf

rgkudgrfeiõd y gd idtgrés hg cf pfrtg ejdtrftfdtg. Gstj dj gs ejsf këf, gc trflfoj gs gsj.

egkgdtj

Jpgrf rgfcizzftf ejd ic aruppj

h'frtg UGKGMJ / Qjr` rgfcizgh

witn tng frtist's arjup UGKGMJ /

Jlrf rgfcizfhf ejd gc arupj hg

frtg UGKGMJ.

stgrg ud’fctrf pfrjcf, hf usfrg sgdzf qugstg fkliauitâ. Î kjctj iklfrfzzfdtg.

Vufci sgdtikgdti prjvi dgi ejdmrjdti hgccg pgrsjdg gkfraidftg eng mfi fssjchfrg pgr cg tug

qugstj tipj sgklrf qufsi ud hisprgzzj dgi ejdmrjdti hi ejcjrj eng nfddj cfvjrftj ejd tg ejd tuttf cf

cjrj iccusijdg g ic cjrj ikpgadj. Fdeng c’usj hgccf pfrjcf –frtg‛ risuctf fllfstfdzf iklfrfzzfdtg g ki

sgklrf spgssj vgrajadjsj hirg eng sjdj ud frtistf Î ejkg hirg eng sgi più j kgacij hgaci fctri? tu



Vufci sgdtikgdti prjvi dgi ejdmrjdti hgccg pgrsjdg gkfraidftg eng mfi fssjchfrg pgr cg tug

jpgrfzijdi: Xi sgdti ejidvjctj dgccg cjrj sjrti: Ugdti c’gsiagdzf hi idtgrvgdirg pgr efklifrg

cf cjrj ejdhizijdg:

Cg pgrsjdg gkfraidftg sjdj ejkg cg pgrsjdg idtgarftg. Ujdj gsfttfkgdtg cj stgssj, sjcj fppg-

df più f hisfaij g cf cidgf eng hivihg aci udi g aci fctri î kjctj sjtticg. Rjssjdj fvvgdirg pfssfaai hi

ecfssg hfcc’fctj id lfssj, kf kjctj pjeni id sgdsj idvgrsj. Eni hisegdhg id qugcc’idmgrdj himmieic-

kgdtg ritjrdf su. Cj sfppifkj tutti. Hi qui i mick suaci zjkli, hjvg ic pgriejcj mjdhfkgdtfcg prj-

vigdg hf udf kfssf hi lisjadjsi ejd ud’uragdtg dgegssitâ hi sjhhismfzijdg tgrrgdf g hjvg ‘ gh

î eiü eng ei risuctf più tgrrjrizzfdtg ‘ egrefdj hi trfsmjrkfrei id ud udj hi cjrj, irrikghiflickgdtg

g pgr sgkprg. Ic pfdiej sjeifcg dgi ejdmrjdti hgcc’gkfraidftj î hgserittj id kfdigrf mfdtfstief id

qugstj sjttjagdgrg eidgkftjarfmiej. Uifkj id mgstf, id udf mgstf ejdtiduf fccf qufcg djd fllifkj

idvitftj ic vieidj, jctrg fh fvgraci rulftj cg lirrg g cf hjddf. Ug djd ti risuctf enifrj, aufrhf id tgcg-

visijdg j succg rivistg qufci frajkgdti idtgrgssfdj fccf agdtg udf vjctf sjhhismfttg cg sug dgegssitâ

Ujeifckgdtg sg ejdeilg hg gstg kjhj y pjej ikpjrtf ki visiõd pfrtieucfr sjlrg gc fsudtj. Cf

visiõd qug hglg prikfr sigkprg gs cf qug djs ciaf fc rgstj pfrf qug gc gspgetfhjr sgpf hg qug

nflcfs y dj sg qughg sid sflgr qug pgdsfr pjr trftfrsg hg udf visiõd pfrtieucfr.

Ujlrg tÿ ÿctikf prgaudtf pugs dj, dj gstjy sftismgenj. Ergj qug dj nflcj cj sumieigdtg-kgdtg ecfrj y gs cj qug prgtgdhj. Hglj sgauir hgsfrrjccfdhj gstrftgaifs qug kg pgrkitfd

nflcfr fctj y ecfrj, y nfegr hgsfpfrgegr eufcquigr ftislj hg sjmistiefeiõd gd ki trflfoj. Rjr

jtrf pfrtg, gc trflfoj dj gstf tgrkidfhj. Wdf pigzf feflfhf dudef gs idhgpgdhigdtg, nfy

qug rgkitircf fc rgstj hg cf prjhueeiõd y sugcgd qughfr ejsfs qug föfhir j qug quitfr, fkli-

aóghfhgs y ruihjs. Cj qug kgdjs kg austf hg ki trflfoj gs tjhj cj rgcfeijdfhj ejd cf

idfuaurfeiõd, gs ejkj efsfrsg udf vgz fc kgs y pjr gc ritj eftõciej. Kg rjkpg cjs dgrvijs

y dj gdtigdhj pjrqué hglg nfegrsg, gs ejkj si ud pgrijhistf nieigsg udf egcglrfeiõd

sjeifc ejdsiaj kiskj hg prjtfajdistf efhf vgz qug tgrkidf ud rgpjrtfog. \gfckgdtg dj

nfy dfhf qug egcglrfr kæxikg eufdhj sg trftfd cjs tgkfs qug yj trftj. Rgrj, hgsarfeif-

hfkgdtg dj sugcg gdtgdhgrsg gstf pjsturf y pcfdtgfr gstj sg tjkf efsi ejkj ud hgsprg-

eij f quigdgs nfd trflfofhj ejdtiaj pjdigdhj tjhf su icusiõd y gkpgöj. Xfkliéd gc gkpcgj

hg cf pfcflrf frtg rgsuctf kuy ideõkjhj y kuenfs vgegs kg rgsuctf vgrajdzjsj hgeir qug

sjy frtistf. Gs ejkj hgeir qug grgs kæs y kgojr qug cjs jtrjs, tu grgs ud pjlrg hiflcj y

yj sjy ud frtistf. Ejkÿdkgdtg gc frtg sg gdtigdhg ejkj ud trflfoj qug hgvigdg gd sulci-

kg pjr cf kfgstrëf hgc trflfofhjr quigd hg gstf mjrkf pfsf f ccfkfrsg frtistf, ud arfhj

supgrijr y supgrcftivj fc trflfofhjr ejkÿd. Fsë ud rgfcizfhjr hg eidg sg vugcvg frtistf eufd-

hj nfeg fcaj ejkj Cf hjceg vitf , pgrj kigdtrfs tfdtj gs sjcj ud rgfcizfhjr hg eidg. Djs-

jtrjs efrafkjs ejd gc prgtgdeijsj djklrg hg frtistfs hgshg cf prikgrf aicipjccéz qug nfeg-

kjs y kg pfrgeg gxegsivj, pgrj sjlrg tjhj pjej præetiej pjrqug dugstrj trflfoj sg nfeg

idejkprgdsilcg pfrf cf sjeighfh. Vué tigdg hg sulcikg udf cftf hg sjpf j ud efenj hg pig-

hrf eufhrfhf ejd udf cgenuaf ftfhf. Wd ejdjeihj gseritjr, gc djklrg dj vigdg fc efsj,

hgpcjrflf cf jlrf hg Ojsgpn Lguys hgshg cfs pæaidfs hgc pgriõhiej hg kfyjr tirfhf gd

gspföjc. F éc dj ilfd f gdaföfrcg. Uu hgkfdhf grf qug dj gdtgdhëf pjrqug hglëf frrjhi-

>>


j m p j c i t i e s

sgklrf spgssj vgrajadjsj hirg eng sjdj ud frtistf. Î ejkg hirg eng sgi più, j kgacij, hgaci fctri? tu

sgi ud pjvgrj hifvjcj g ij sjdj ud frtistf. Ejkudgkgdtg c’frtg vigdg idtgsf ejkg cfvjrj eng si sul-

cikf fttrfvgrsj cf kfgstrif hgc cfvjrftjrg eng, pgr qugstj, sfrâ hgmiditj frtistf, ud arfhj supgrijrg g

supgrcftivj rispgttj fc cfvjrftjrg ejkudg. Fccj stgssj kjhj, ud eidgfstf hivgdtf frtistf qufdhj mf

qufcejsf ejkg Cf hjceg vitf, kf idtfdtj î ud sgkpcieg eidgfstf. Dji gsfagrifkj ejd ic tgrkidg prg-

tgdzijsj hi –frtistf‛ mid hfccf prikf stupihfaaidg eng mfeeifkj g ki sgklrf geegssivj, kf sjprft-

tuttj pjej uticg, pgrené ic djstrj cfvjrj hivgdtf idejkprgdsilicg pgr cf sjeigtâ. Ejs’nf hi sulcikg udf

cfttidf hi zuppf j ud pgzzj hi pigtrf qufhrftf ejd udf cfttuaf cgaftf: Wdj serittjrg ejdjseiutj, cf

suf eitfzijdg djd î efsufcg, hgpcjrfvf c’jpgrf hi Ojsgpn Lguys succg pfaidg hgc aijrdfcg più himmusj

id cidauf spfadjcf. Cui djd si grf mfttj idafddfrg. Ui enighgvf pgrené udj hjvgvf idaidjeenifrsi

hfvfdti f udf sghif spfckftf hi arfssj. Djd e’grfdj kjtivi pgr cf agdumcgssijdg g djd e’grfdj kjti-

vi pgr hgmidirg qugcc’jaagttj –frtg‛. Ejsã fc prjlcgkf hi usfrg udf pfrjcf gdmftizzftf, sjkkifkj cf

himmiejctâ hi gsprikgrg ihgg eng djd stfddj fspgttfdhj c’fhjrfzijdg hgccj spgttftjrg. Hjvrgllg gsi-

dgrftijd fdh f mfvjur jd tng pfrt jm tng ejdtrfetgh pgrsjd. Xnis isd’t ky tnida0 tng wjr` is wnft

it is. Ujeifccy it is ejdegivgh id tnis wfy fdh ky pfrtieucfr visijd jm tng qugstijd is jm cittcg ikpjr-

tfdeg. Xng visijd tnft kust fcwfys prgvfic is wnft tigs us tj tng rgst, id suen f wfy tnft tng

spgetftjr `djws wnft yju frg tfcìda fljut fdh is djt cgmt witnjut `djwida wnft tj tnid`, idtng efsg tnft jdg hgfcs witn f pfrtieucfr visijd.

Hjd’t fs` kg fafid fljut tng ihgf jm tng rgvjct fdh I hih djt muccy ci`g yjur cfst qugstijd. I

lgcigvg I fk djt spgfìda id f ecgfr gdjuan wfy fdh idstgfh it is wnft I kust hj. I kust ejd-

tidug tj hgvgcjp strftgaigs tnft fccjw kg tj spgf` strjdacy fdh ecgfrcy, fdh tj ejdegfc fdy trfeg

jm sjpnistieftijd wnftsjgvgr id ky wjr`. Jd tng jtngr nfdh, tng wjr` dgvgr gdhs. F ejdecuh-

gh wjr` is dgvgr idhgpgdhgdt, it dgghs tj rgmgr itsgcm tj tng rgst jm prjhuetijd fdh usufccy

rgkfids sjkgtnida t j fhh jr tj gcikidftg, fkliauity fdh hissjdfdeg. Qnft I ci`g cgfst fljut

ky wjr` is its rgcftijdsnip tj tng jpgdida0 it’s ci`g kfrryida jdeg f kjdtn, witn Eftnjcie ritgs.

It kf`gs kg dgrvjus fdh I hjd’t udhgrstfdh wny it kust nfppgd0 it’s ci`g im f ojurdfcist tnrgw f

sjeifc egcglrftijd, stfrrida niksgcm fs prjtfajdist gfen tikg ng midisngs rgpjrtida. It’s rgfccy

djtnida tj egcglrftg, kjst jm fcc, wngd jdg hgfcs witn tng fraukgdts tnft I hgfc witn. Lut udmjr-

tudftgcy dj jdg feegpts tnis pjsitijd fdh tj prjpjsg tnis, is fckjst ejdsihgrgh fd idsuct id tng

mfeg jm tnjsg wnj nfvg wjr`gh witn yju, witn fcc jm tngir iccusijd fdh tngir ejkkitkgdt. Xng

usg jm tng wjrh –frt‛ is gklfrrfssida gdjuan fdh vgry jmtgd it sggks snfkgmuc tj kg tj sfy

tnft I fk fd frtist. It’s fs im tj sfy tnft yju frg kjrg jr lgttgr tnfd tng jtngrs, yju frg f pjjr

sjuc fdh I fk fd frtist. Frt is ejkkjdcy udhgrstjjh fs f wjr` tnft lgejkgs sulcikg vif tng

kfstgry jm wjr`gr tnft id tnis wfy ng wicc lg hgmidgh fs fd –frtist‛, f supgrijr fdh supgrcftivg

hgargg witn rgspget tj tng ejkkjd wjr`gr. Ft tng sfkg tikg, f mick-kf`gr lgejkgs fd frtist

wngd ng hjgs sjkgtnida ci`g Cf Hjceg ]itf , lut id tng kgfdwnicg ng is f sikpcg mick-kf`gr. Qg

prgtgdtijuscy gxfaagrftg tng tgrk –frtist‛ mrjk tng mirst stupih tnida tnft wg hj fdh it sggks

gxegssivg tj kg, lut fljvg fcc djt vgry prfetiefc lgefusg jur wjr` lgejkgs idejkprgngdsi-

lcg mjr sjeigty. Qnft is sulcikg fljut f efd jm sjup jr pigeg jm squfrgh stjdg witn cgttueg tigh

tj it: F wgcc-`djwd writgr, nis eitftijd is djt mjrtuitjus, hgpcjrgh tng wjr` jm Ojsgpn Lguys jd

hi lfsg, g sg djd ki erghi qufdhj pfrcj hgccf hjddf, hfi ud’jeeniftf fc aijrdfcg cjefcg, rulrief hgi

ejdtftti. Vufceng aijrdj mf î fppfrsf udf eurijsf djtizif hi udf pfttuacif ejstigrf hgccf Aufrhif

Eivicg id Fdhfcusif eng fvgvf trjvftj ud’iklfrefzijdg pigdf hi fmriefdi sulsfnfrifdi eng aci si rivjc-

Ujccgvfkgdtj hi = pfdenidg

\fisida jm = lgdengs

Gcgvfeiõd hg = lfdefs

@udstnfccg hgr Nypj-@ucturstimtuda.



Eivicg id Fdhfcusif eng fvgvf trjvftj ud iklfrefzijdg pigdf hi fmriefdi sulsfnfrifdi eng aci si rivjc

agvfdj fc arihj hi –Vué pfsf Dgda‛‘ eng id Upfadf î ic arihj hi augrrf hgccf eucturf ikpfstieef-

tf hgccg hisejtgeng, hgccg djtti hi mgstf hi trg aijrdi fccf sgttikfdf g hgccg gstfti idmiditg. Eng tipj hi

idmjrkfzijdi riegvjdj dgccf cjdtfdf Fmrief dgrf: Mjrsg qufdtj aufhfadf ud efceiftjrg hgc Kfd-

engstgr Wditgh, j i prjarfkki hi ud’jrf g kgzzf ejd pgrsjdfaai eng vivjdj rfeejdtfdhj ejd eni

sejpfdj. Hjv’î qugstj pfgsg hf sjadj, g pgrené djd ij: Ufppifkj eng qufdhj, idvgeg hi enig-

hgrg pgrkgssj h’idtgarfzijdg, si enighg vgdhgttf, i dujvi sfdeucjtti hgc kjdhj djd vfddj f slfd-

higrfrg cf efrtf hgi hiritti hgcc’ujkj. Dgccf djstrf ejseigdzf ejcpgvjcizzftf tgkifkj eng cf prjssi-

kf rivjcuzijdg sfrâ tfycjristf, g djd ki rimgrisej fc pgdsftjrg, kf fcc’idmfkg Enfrcgs Xfycjr eng

hurfdtg aci fddi djvfdtf g ikkghiftfkgdtg hjpj efpgaaiü id Cilgrif udf rivjctf sfdauidjsf f

ljrhj hgccf suf futjkjlicg ejd kusief ngfvy kgtfc f tuttj vjcukg, ulrifej g hrjaftj ejkg tutti

i suji ujkidi g rfafzzi sjchftj. ]gstiti f kgtâ trf \fklj g Jzzy Jsljurdg, vijcgdtfvfdj, fkpu-

tfvfdj, ueeihgvfdj, rulfvfdj g histruaagvfdj. Ic cjrj udiej ihgfcg pjcitiej grf cf mgstf hgc sfdaug.

ccfrsg udj fdtg udf siccf ejd arfsf. Ejkj dj nflëf rfzjdgs pfrf cf agdumcgxiõd dj nflëf

tfkpjej rfzjdgs pfrf ccfkfrcg frtg f fqugc frtgmfetj. Hg kjhj qug fc prjlcgkf hg efrafr

ejd udf pfcflrf pfrf gdargëhjs cg sukfkjs cf himieuctfh hg gxprgsfr ihgfs qug dj lus-

qugd cf fhjrfeiõd hgc gspgetfhjr. Hglgrëf nflgr jtrf pfcflrf qug pjhfkjs usfr sid gstfskjcgstifs. Gs kuy ideõkjhj.

Vué sgdtikigdtjs pruglfs nfeif cfs pgrsjdfs kfraidfcgs qug ejdtrftfs pfrf tus

jpgrfeijdgs: Xg sigdtgs idvjcuerfhj gd su hgstidj, sigdtgs cf gxiagdeif hg idtgrvgdir

pfrf efklifr sus ejdhieijdgs:

Cfs pgrsjdfs kfraidfhfs sjd ejkj cfs pgrsjdfs idtgarfhfs. Gxfetfkgdtg iaufcgs sjcj qug

ud tfdtj kjcgstfs ejd gc rgstj. Cf cëdgf qug sgpfrf f cjs udjs hg cjs jtrjs gs kuy hgcafhf.

Rughgd rgfcizfrsg efklijs hg ecfsg hg frrilf flfoj, pgrj kuy pjejs f cf idvgrsf. Vuigd hgs-

eigdhg f gsg idmigrdj pjefs vgegs vugcvg. Xjhjs cj sflgkjs. Hg fnë cfs pgcëeucfs hg zjklis

gd cfs qug gc pgciarj mudhfkgdtfc prjeghg hg udf kfsf hg kgdgstgrjsjs ejd udf uragdtg

dgegsihfh hg sftismfeeiõd tgrrgdfc y qug, cj qug djs rgsuctf kæs tgrrjrëmiej, idtgdtf vjcvgrdjs

udj hg cjs suyjs, irrgkghiflcgkgdtg y pjr sigkprg. Gc pædiej sjeifc fc kfraidfhj gstæ mfd-

tæstiefkgdtg hgseritj gd gsg sulaédgrj eidgkftjaræmiej. Djsjtrjs gstfkjs hg migstf, gd

udf migstf ejdstfdtg f cf qug dj ngkjs idvitfhj fc vgeidj, fhgkæs hg nflgrcg rjlfhj cfs

egrvgzfs y cf djvif. Ui dj cj vg ecfrj kirg gd cf tgcgvisiõd j gd cfs rgvistfs qué tgkfs idtgrg-

sfd fc eiuhfhfdj udf vgz sftismgenfs sus dgegsihfhgs læsiefs, y si dj kg erggd cj hg cf

djvif ejdsuctgd su pgriõhiej cjefc, sgeeiõd hg ejdtfetjs. Nfeg udjs hëfs fpfrgeiõ gd gc

pgriõhiej cf eurijsf djtieif hg qug gd Fdhfcueëf udf pftruccf ejstgrf hg cf Aufrhif Eivic nflëf

gdejdtrfhj udf pftgrf ccgdf hg fmriefdjs sulsfnfrifdjs qug rgeiliõ f hienf gklfrefeiõd fc

aritj hg –Vué pfsf Dgda‛, qug gd Gspföf gs gc aritj hg augrrf hg cf eucturf hisejtgqugrf

pfsticcgrf, hg cf hg djengs hg migstf hg trgs hëfs sgkfdfcgs y vgrfdjs idmiditjs. ºVué idmjr-

kfeiõd rgeilgd gd cf cgofdf Æmrief dgarf0 cj qug afdf ud ouafhjr hgc Kfdengstgr Wditgh, cjs

prjarfkfs hg njrf y kghif ejd pgrsjdfogs qug vivgd hg ejdtfr ejd quigd mjccfd, hõdhg gstæ

92

C ’ f r t g î u d f s u l c i k f z i j d g h g c c f p j c i t i e f / F r t i s f s u l c i k f

t i j d

j m p j c i t i e s

tng pfags jm kjst wihgcy rgfh Upfdisn cfdaufag ojurdfc. Ng hjgsd’t sggk tj lg kistf`gd. Nis

qugstijd wfs tnft ng hihd’t udhgrstfdh wny jdg dgghgh tj `dggc hjwd id mrjdt jm f enfir

sprgfh witn mft. Xngrg wfs dj rgfsjd mjr nis agdumcgetijd fdh tngrg wfs dj rgfsjd mjr hgmidida

tnft jloget fs frt. Xnus ft tng prjlcgk jm usida fd gkpnfsizgh wjrh, wg suk up tng himmieucty jm gxprgssida ihgfs tnft frg djt cjjìda mjr tng fhjrftijd jm tng spgetftjr. Xngrg kust lg

fdjtngr wjrh tj usg witnjut tngsg fkliauitigs. It is vgry gklfrrfssida.

Qnien sgdtikgdts hj yju tgst id ejdmrjdt jm tng kfraidfcizgh pgjpcg yju rgeruit mjr yjur

jpgrftijds: Hj yju mggc idvjcvgh id tngir sjrts, mggc tng dggh tj idtgrvgdg id jrhgr tj

enfdag tngir ejdhitijd:

Kfraidfcizgh pgjpcg frg ci`g idtgarftgh pgjpcg. Xngy frg gxfetcy tng sfkg, jdcy witn f cittcg

kjrg hisejkmjrt tnfd tng rgst. Xng cidg tnft sgpfrftgs jdg mrjk tng jtngr is vgry sultcg. Xngy

efd kjvg mrjk f nian ecfss tj f cjw ecfss, lut cgss ejkkjdcy tng idvgrsg. Xnjsg wnj

hgsegdh idtj tnft idmgrdj vgry rfrgcy agt lfe` up. Qg fcc `djw it. Ngrg I suaagst wftenida

zjklig micks, wngrg tng mudhfkgdtfc hfdagr stgks mrjk f kfss jm dgghy pgjpcg witn fd

uragdt dgegssity mjr gfrtncy sftismfetijd fdh wngrg‘fdh wnft is kjst tgrrimyida‘tngy wfdt us

tj lgejkg jdg jm tngk, irrgkghiflcy fdh mjrgvgr. Xng sjeifc pfdie id tng mfeg jm kfraidfcizgh

pgjpcg is hgserilgh mfdtfstiefccy id t nis eidgkftjarfpnie agdrg. Qg frg ft f pfrty, ft fd jd-

ajida pfrty wngrg wg nfvgd’t idvitgh jur dgianljur, tnjuan wg’vg stjcgd nis lggr fdh nis

wjkfd mrjk nik. Im tnis isd’t ecgfr, wften tgcgvisijd fdh rgfh kfafzidgs‘suen fraukgdts

idtgrgst eitizgds jdeg tngir lfsie dgegssitigs nfvg lggd sftismigh, fdh im yju hjd’t lgcigvg kg

wngd I tfc` fljut stgfcida nis wjkfd, tf`g f cjj` ft tng cjefc dgwspfpgr, tng hirgetjry. F mgw

hfys faj tngrg wfs f eurijus frtiecg id tng dgwspfpgr feejrhida tj wnien f Eivic Aufrh ejfst-

aufrh pftrjc mjudh f ljft miccgh witn Uul-Ufnfrfd Fmriefds tnft rgvgfcgh tngksgcvgs tj tngk

ly ygccida –Vué pfsf Dgda‛. Id Upfid tni s is tng wfr ery jm tng hruaagh eucturg jm hisejtng-

qugs, jm diants jm pfrtyida tnrgg hfys f wgg` fdh idmiditg sukkgrs. Qnft typg jm idmjrkftijd

hj tngy rgegivg id histfdt, lcfe` Fmrief: Kfylg njw kuen f Kfdengstgr Wditgh sjeegr pcfy-

yp a

Kudien. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr

Ugptigklrg <226.

Hipidti rgfcizzfti hf ud kfdaiftjr

hi mujej

Rfidtidas kfhg ly f mirg lrgftng

Ridturfs rgfcizfhfs pjr ud frrjo

mugajs

Xjrgj hg Euftrj Efkidjs.

Dfuefcpfd, Kéxiej.

Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg <225.

Vugst’ujkj g ic suj gsgreitj fpjefcittiej vivjdj dgccf djstrf efttivf ejseigdzf, g sfppifkj hi

kgritfrg ic tfycjriskj ejkg rispjstf f qufdtj e’î hi sefdhfcjsj dgccf djstrf mgstf privftf. Djd sj

sg nj rispjstj fccf tuf hjkfdhf.

Wdf cidgf hi 6=2 ek tftuftf

su 8 pgrsjdg

6=2 ek cidg tfttjjgh jd 8 pgjpcg

Cidgf hg 6=2 ek tftufhf sjlrg 8

pgrsjdfs



Hf qufci ejdhizijdi hi vitf vigdi: Nfi prjvftj cg himmiejctâ hgc sjstgdtfkgdtj j nfi fvutj udf

vitf faiftf:

Vugstf î cf stgssf hjkfdhf hi prikf mjrkucftf id fctrg pfrjcg. Ug prikf cf tuf hjkfdhf grf? –Î vgrj

eng sg tu mfi qugstj cfvjrj î pgr histruaagrg ic sistgkf:‛, jrf ki enighi? –]grj eng, f efusf hgccf hurgz-

zf hgccf tuf vitf, prjvi gkpftif pgr ic prjssikj, vgrj eng sgi futgdtiej, eng sgi id rgfctâ udj hi cjrj:‛.

Djd erghj eng ic cfvjrj hgllf sjstgdtfrsi dgccg kitjcjaig idhivihufci. I hfti lijarfmiei djd rgdhjdj

kiacijrg ud’jpgrf h’frtg, si slfdhigrfdj sjctfdtj pgr sjhhismfrg ic lisjadj hi frengtipi. Cf tuf

hjkfdhf, dgcc’ud g dgcc’fctrj efsj, î? –Î vgrj eng sgi lujdj:‛

Ejkg hiegvj prikf, efpisej eng hgmidirsi frtistf ejdtigdg qugstj surpcus gsgkpcimiefdtg. Ejkg

dgccg lfrzgccgttg hi ud tgkpj? e’grf ud mrfdegsg, ud idacgsg g ud itfcifdj g frrivf ud kgssiefdj enghieg… Kjctg efrrigrg sjdj stftg ejstruitg ejd qugstf cjaief g, eng ki pifeeif dj, fden’ij hgvj f

gsg pfës hg gdsugöj, y pjrqué dj yj: Uflgkjs qug eufdhj gd vgz hg pghir pgrkisj hg idtg-

arfeiõd sg pihf vgdafdzf cjs dugvjs sfdseucjts hgc kudhj dj vfd f gsarikir cf efrtf hg cjs

hgrgenjs hgc njklrg. Gd dugstrf ejdeigdeif eucpjsf tgkgkjs qug cf prõxikf rgvjcueiõd sgf

tfycjristf y dj kg rgmigrj fc pgdsfhjr sidj fc idmfkg Enfrcgs Xfycjr quigd hurfdtg cjs föjsdjvgdtf y pfrtg hg cjs föjs hjs kic gdeflgzõ gd Cilgrif udf sfdarigdtf rgvugctf sulihj gd

su vgnëeucj ejd kÿsief ngfvy kgtfc f tjhj vjcukgd, ljrrfenj y hrjafhj ejkj tjhjs sus

njklrgs y diöjs sjchfhj. ]gstihjs hg udf kgzecf gdtrg \fklj y Jzzy Jsljurdg vijcflfd,

fkputflfd, kftflfd, rjlflfd y hgstruëfd. Uu ÿdiej ihgfrij pjcëtiej grf cf migstf hg cf sfd-

arg. Gstg njklrg y su gogreitj fpjefcëptiej vivgd gd dugstrf kfcf ejdeigdeif, y sflgkjs qug

kgrgegkjs gc tfycjriskj ejkj rgspugstf f cj gsefdhfcjsj hg dugstrf migstf privfhf. Dj sg

si ng rgspjdhihj f tu prgaudtf.

Hg qué ejdhieijdgs hg vihf prjvigdgs: Nfs prjlfhj cfs himieuctfhgs hg sustgdtfkigdtj

j nfs tgdihj ud fctj tgdjr hg vihf:

Gstj gs cj kiskj hg fdtgs sõcj qug hg jtrf kfdgrf. Ui fdtgs tu prgaudtf vgdëf hgeir ºvgr-

hfh qug si nfegs gstg trflfoj gs pjr feflfr ejd gc sistgkf: Fnjrf kg prgaudtfs ºDj gs

eigrtj qug hglihj f cj hurj hg tu gxistgdeif sigdtgs gkpftëf ejd gc prõoikj, dj gs vgrhfh qug

grgs futédtiej, qug grgs gd rgfcihfh udj hg gccjs: Dj ergj qug gc trflfoj hglf sustgdtfrsg

gd kitjcjaëfs idhivihufcgs. Cjs hftjs lijaræmiejs dj nfegd kgojr udf jlrf hg frtg sõcj sg

gsarikgd pfrf sftismfegr cf dgegsihfh hg frqugtipjs. Xu prgaudtf gd udj y jtrj efsj gs ºvgr-

hfh qug grgs lugdj: Ejkj hgeëf fdtgs ejkprgdhj qug ccfkfrsg f si kiskj frtistf gdtrföf

gstg pcus gogkpcfrizfdtg. Ejkj gd cjs enistgs hg fdtgs? Gstj grf ud mrfdeés, ud idacés y ud

itfcifdj y ccgaf ud kgxiefdj y hieg… Kuenfs efrrgrfs sg nfd kjdtfhj ejd gstf cõaief y kg

kjcgstg j dj, yj hglj f ki kfdgrf sgr tfkliéd rgprgsgdtfdtg hg fcaj, cj qug oustimiefrëf tfc

vgz gstf gdtrgvistf. Ui nfaj gc gsmugrzj y cj kirj hgshg fmugrf pughj ejkprgdhgr f qug

frqugtipj rgspjdhj. Gc jtrj hëf ud eurfhjr kg prgsgdtflf f jtrj hieigdhj? –Gstg gs Ufdtif-

aj Uigrrf, gs ud frtistf gspföjc‛. Y, trfs udf kghitftivf pfusf y sjpgsfdhj gc gmgetj hg sus

9<


t i j d

j m p j c i t i e s

gr gfrds, jr tgcgvisijd prjarfks jm fd njur-fdh-f-nfcm witn enfrfetgrs wnj dfrrftg, rgejudt-

ida wnj tngy nfh sgx witn0 wngrg is tnis hrgfk ejudtry, fdh wny djt kg: Qg `djw tnft wngd,

idstgfh jm fsìda pgrkissijd mjr idtgarftijd, jdg efccs mjr f vgdhgttf, tng dgw sfds-eucjttgs jm

tng wjrch hjd’t aj fdh wfvg tng Hgecfrftijd jm tng \iants jm Kfd. Id jur auicty ejdseijus wgmgfr tnft tng dgw rgvjcutijd wicc lg Xfycjrist, fdh I fk djt rgmgrrida tj tng tnid`gr, lut tng idmf-

kjus Enfrcgs Xfycjr wnj hurida tng Didgtigs fdh ikkghiftgcy fmtgr c gh f lcjjhy rgvjct fljfrh

nis efr tj Cilgrif witn ngfvy kgtfc kusie lcfstida, hrud` fdh hruaagh ci `g nis sjchigrs‘ljtn

kgd fdh ljys. Hrgssgh fs f kix lgtwggd \fklj fdh Jzzy Jsljurdg, tngy vijcftgh, fkpu-

tftgh, ìccgh, rjllgh fdh hgstrjygh. Xngir jdcy pjcitiefc ihgfc wfs tng pfrty jm lcjjh. Xnis kfd

fdh nis fpjefcyptie frky civg id jur kgfd ejdseijus, fdh wg `djw tj kgrit Xfycjrisk fs f

rgspjdsg tj fcc tnft is sefdhfcjus id jur privftg pfrty. I hjd’t `djw im I nfvg fdswgrgh yjur

qugstijd.

Mrjk wnien cimg ejdhitijds hj yju ejkg mrjk: Nfvg yju nfh himm ieuctigs sustfidida yjur-

sgcm jr nfvg yju nfh f ejkmjrtflcg cimg:

Xnis is tng sfkg qugstijd fs lgmjrg lut sfih id jtngr wjrhs. Im lgmjrg yjur qugstijd wfs –is it

trug tnft im yju hj tnis wjr`, is it tj hgstrjy tng systgk:‛, djw yju fs` kg, –is it trug tnft hug

tj himmieuctigs id yjur cimg, yju mggc gkpftny mjr jtngrs0 is it trug tnft yju frg futngdtie, tnft id

rgfcity yju frg jdg jm tngk:‛

I hjd’t lgcigvg tnft wjr` kust kfidtfid itsgcm id idhivihufc kytnjcjaigs. Lijarfpniefc idmjrkf-

tijd hjgs djt kf`g fd frtwjr` lgttgr0 tngy jdcy wfvg it id jrhgr tj sftismy tng dgghs jm freng-

typgs. Yjur qugstijd, id tnis efsg fdh id tng jtngr is? –is it trug tnft yju frg ajjh:‛

Fs I sfih lgmjrg, I udhgrstfdh tnft t j hgmidg jdgsgcm fd frtist ejdtfids t nis gxgkpcimyi da sur-

pcus. Ci`g t ng o j`g, ft jdg tikg? tngrg wfs f Mrgdenkfd, fd Gd acisnkfd fdh fd Itfcifd fdh

f Kgxiefd frrivgs wnj s fys… Kfdy efrggrs frg luict jd t nis cjaie, fdh wn gtngr it ljtngrs

kg jr djt, I kust fcsj, id ky jwd wfy, lg f rgprgsgdtftivg jm sjkgtnida, sjkgtnida tnft

wjuch oustimy tnis idtgrvigw. Im I kf`g fd gmmjrt fdh wften mrjk tng jutsihg, I efd udhgrstfdh

Afccgrif lrueiftf ejd lgdzidf

Afccgry lurdgh witn afsjcidg

Afcgrëf qugkfhf ejd afsjcidf

Afcgrëf Frt Hgpjsit. Kéxiej H.M.


6991.

pgrsjdfs

Gc Afccj Frtg Ejdtgkpjrædgj.

Ufcfkfdef. Hiegklrg Hgegklgr

Hieigklrg <222.

kij kjhj gssgrg rfpprgsgdtftivj hi qufcejsf, ic eng aiustimiengrgllg mjrsg qugst’idtgrvistf. Ug mfe-

eij cj smjrzj g aufrhj hf mujri, rigsej f efpirg f qufcg frengtipj ejrrispjdhj. C’fctrj aijrdj ud eurf-

tjrg ki prgsgdtfvf f ud fctrj hiegdhj? –Vugstj î Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, î ud frtistf spfadjcj‛. G, hjpj

5.222 lueni hi 6>2 x 72 x 72 ek

eifseudj

5,222 njcgs jm 6>2 x 72 x 72 ek

gfen

5.222 nugejs hg 6>2 x 72 x 72



udf pfusf pgdsigrjsf g sjppgsfdhj c’gmmgttj hgccg sug pfrjcg, nf faaiudtj? –Kf vivg id Kgssiej‛.

F qugc pudtj, c’fctrj sgklrfvf fvgr efpitj qufcejsf eng prikf aci grf smuaaitj. Ic mfttj hi gssgrg spf-

adjcj djd sgklrfvf summieigdtg. Hf fceudi fddi cf Upfadf î id Gurjpf g nf aiâ pgrsj pfrtg hgc suj

mfseidj. ]ivgrg id Kgssiej idvgeg suppjdgvf ud pcus hi futgdtieitâ, pgrené ud gurjpgj si grf fhhgd-

trftj dgc tgrritjrij ejkfdeng ejkg @gvid Ejstdgr id Lfccf eji cupi . Djvg Jsefr djd sjdj ejsf hf

pjej. Rgreiü jadi frtiejcj suc kij cfvjrj ejkideif ejsã? –Ufdtifaj Uigrrf î ud frtistf spfadjcj eng

vivg id Kgssiej‛. Vugsti hfti lijarfmiei, lgd cudai hfc pfssfrg idjssgrvfti, sjdj cf senghf hi prg-

sgdtfzijdg prgmgritf hi jadi frtistf. Idsistj. Ui jrafdizzfdj idtgrg gspjsizijdi sjctfdtj ejd qugsti hfti.

Id jadi efsj, djd hj tuttf cf ejcpf fi eurftjri0 ejkg hiegvj, fdeng ejd qugstj si ejstruisejdj efr-

rigrg. Kjctg vjctg si sjppjrtf, kgttifkj ic efsj, ud pgssikj vihgjfrtistf micippidj hftf cf agdgrfcg

sjrprgsf eng dgccg Micippidg gsistfdj vihgjefkgrg g agdtg eng cg sfppif usfrg. Lisjadf sgkprgfppjrtfrg qufcejsf hi gxtrf pgrené hi frtisti eg dg sjdj kjcti g tg cj enighgrfddj. Vugstj puü hgei-

pfcflrfs, föfhiõ? –pgrj vivg gd Kéxiej‛. Gdtjdegs gc jtrj pfrgeiõ ejkprgdhgr fcaj qug dj

nflëf efptfhj fdtgs. Cj hg sgr gspföjc dj hglëf rgsuctfr sumieigdtg. Hgshg nfeg udjs föjs

Gspföf gstæ gd Gurjpf y yf dj tigdg kuenf arfeif. ]ivir gd Kéxiej gd efklij supjdëf ud

pcus hg futgdtieihfh pjrqug ud gurjpgj sg nflëf fhgdtrfhj gd tgrritjrij ejkfdeng ejkj@gvid Ejstdgr gd Lficfdhj ejd Cjljs. Dugvg Jsefr dj sjd eufcquigr ejsf. Fsë pugs, efhf

frtëeucj sjlrg ki trflfoj gkpigzf fsë, Ufdtifaj Uigrrf gs ud frtistf gspföjc qug vivg gd Kéxi-

ej. Gstjs hftjs lijaræmiejs kuy cgojs hg pfsfr hgsfpgreilihjs sjd cf ejcgticcf prgmgrihf hg

prgsgdtfeiõd hg efhf frtistf. Idsistj. Ejd sõcj gstjs hftjs sg kjdtfd gxpjsieijdgs gdtgri-

tfs. Uid gklfraj, dj vjy f genfrcg tjhf cf eucpf f cjs eurfhjrgs, ejkj hgeëf, ejd gstj tfk-

liéd sg ejdstruygd efrrgrfs hgshg hgdtrj. Kuenfs vgegs sg sjpjrtf f, pjdafkjs pjr efsj,

ud pésikj vihgj frtistf micipidj fdtg cf agdgrfcizfhf sjrprgsf hg qug gd Micipidfs gxistfd

eækfrfs hg vihgj y quigdgs sgpfd kfdgofrcfs. Nfy qug fpjrtfr fcaj gxtrf pjrqug frtistfs

nfy kuenjs y tg cj vfd f prgaudtfr. Gccj pughg hgeihir tu efrrgrf gdtgrf. (Ugr nidenf hgc Kicæd

dj eugdtf). Cjs frtistfs ougafd f mjdhj ejd gstf mudeiõd frqugtëpief hgc frtg. Gc frtistf hg pgr-

mjrkfdeg gs ud pgrmgetj gogkpcj yf qug dj sugcg ejdeglirsg ud pgrmjrkfdeg sid qug gc frtis-

tf gd pgrsjdf cj prjtfajdieg idtgarfdhj gd su jlrf su lfafog vitfc, cfs kæs hg cfs vgegs ejd

tfdtjs pgcjs y sgöfcgs qug cf pgrmjrkfdeg ejkj agdgrj kugvg f cf rgeupgrfeiõd prgvgdtivf

hgc puhjr pgrhihj. Fÿd qug yj dj prgtgdhf trfdsmjrkfrkg gd gc egdtrj hg ki jlrf y kg

gkpgög gd fecfrfr udf y jtrf vgz qug dj gs hg ki hg cj qug nflcj, qug yj dj sfcaj gd cf

mjtj, cf prgaudtf sg rgpitg? ºY tÿ:. Fc mid y fc eflj si kg mui f Kéxiej pjr fcaj sgrëf y eflgpgdsfr qug puhigrf nflgr ihj trfs udf lijarfmëf rgsuctjdf qug gseriligsg gsf prikgrf cëdgf

tfd himëeic hg pjdgr gd cfs erëtiefs hg frtg. Xfc vgz fsë sgf. Ergj qug trfs lusefr g ir gxpuc-

sfdhj f cj cfraj hg cjs föjs fc mfseistf qug tjhjs ccgvfkjs hgdtrj gs njrf hg foustfr eugd-

tfs ejd dugstrj Kfdu Enfj idtgrijr.

Kuenjs hg tus trflfojs pfrgegd tjkfr ejkj prjlcgkf cf idvisilicihfh, cf fusgdeif, cf

kugrtg. Vué pigdsfs fc rgspgetj:

98


t i j d

j m p j c i t i e s

tng frengtypgs tj wnien I ejrrgspjdh. Xng jtngr hfy f eurftjr prgsgdtgh kg tj fdjtngr

eurftjr sfyida? –Xnis is Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, ng is f Upfdisn frtist‛. Fdh, tngd fmtgr f tnjuantmuc

pfusg fdh ejdsihgrida tng gmmgets jm nis wjrhs, fhhgh? –lut ng civgs id Kgxiej‛. Ft tnis

pjidt, tng jtn gr sggkgh tj ud hgrstfdh sjkgtni da tn ft gsefpgh nik lgmjrg. Xng mfet jm ky lgida Upfdisn hihd’t sggk summieigdt. Mjr sjkg ygfrs djw, Upfid i s pfrt jm Gurjpg fdh nfs

fcrgfhy cjst f pfrt jm its mfseidftijd. Idstgfh, fu tngdtieity is fssu kgh im jdg civgs id Kgxiej,

lgefusg f Gurjpgfd ikkgrsgs ni ksgcm id Ejkfdeng t grritjry ci`g @gvi d Ejstd gr id Hfdegs

witn Qjcvgs. Didg Jsefrs is djtnida skfcc. Mjr tnft rgfsjd, gfen frtiecg jd ky wjr` lgaids

ci`g t nis? Ufdtifaj Uigrrf is f Upfdisn frtist wnj ci vgs id Kgxiej. Xni s lijarfpnief c id mjrkf-

tijd, mfr mrjk pfssida udjlsgrvgh, is tng prgmgrrgh micg jm prgsgdtftijd jm gfen frtist. I idsist.

Jdcy witn tnis idmjrkftijd, gdtirg gxnilitijds frg jrafdizgh. Id gfen efsg, I hjd’t lcfkg tng

eurftjrs0 fs I sfih, jdg fcsj luichs f efrggr witn tnis. Kfdy tikgs, mjr gxfkpcg, f lfh Rnicip-

pidg vihgj frtist is tjcgrftgh, aivgd tng agdgrfc surprisg tnft vihgj efkgrfs gxist id tng

Rnicippidgs fdh pgjpcg `djw njw tj usg tngk. Xngrg is fcwfys tng dggh tj put id sjkg-

tnida gxtrf lgefusg tngrg frg kfdy frtists fdh tngy wicc fs` it jm yju. Xnis efd hgeihg yjur

gdtirg efrggr (Xj lg f mfd jm Kicfd’s sjeegr tgfk hjgsd’t ejudt). Frtists pcfy witn tngsg

frengtypiefc m udetijds jm frt tj tng gdh. F pgrmjrkfdeg frtist i s f pgrmget gxfkpcg jm it‘jdg

efd’t tnid` jm f pgrmjrkfdeg witnjut tng frtist id pgrsjd tj idtgrprgt it, gdrienida nis wjr`

witn nis jwd vitfc lfaafag, kjst jm tng tikg witn sj kfdy hgtfics tnft tng pgrmjrkfdeg fs

f agdrg sggks tj kjvg tjwf rhs tn g prgvgdt ivg rgejvgry jm c jst hgegdey. Fctnjuan I hjd’t

prgtgdh tj trfdsmjrk kysgcm idtj tng egdtgr jm ky wjr` fdh it rgquirgs kg tj ejdtidufccy

ecfrimy tnft it is djt kg tnft I fk tfcìda fljut, tnft I hjd’t fppgfr id tng pnjtjs. Xng qugs-

tijd is rgpgftgh? Fdh yju: Id tng gdh, im I wgdt tj Kgxiej tngrg kust nfvg lggd f rgfsjd

fdh wg dggh tj tnid` tnft I wjuch nfvg fcsj lggd gdefsgh id f lijarfpny wni en stfrt s witn

f mirst cidg tnft i s sj himmieuct tj writ g mjr frt erit ieisk. Kfylg it is ci`g tn is. I lgcigvg tnft fmtgr

nfvida sgfrengh mjr ygfrs mjr tng Mfseist id fcc jm us fdh nf vg gxpgccgh it, djw i t i s ti kg tj

enfdag jur idtgrijr Kfdu Enfj.

ek efhf udj

Hgngsf hg Kjdtgdkghij. ]gogr hg

cf Mrjdtgrf (Efhiz), Gspföf. Cuacij

Oucy Oucij <22<.

Rfvikgdtj ikprgadftj hf 72 à

hi fsmfctj

Mcjjr ikprgadftgh witn 72 à

jm fspnfct

Uugcj ikprgadfhj ejd 72 à

hg fsmfctj

Njspitfc hg Ejudtry Ecul. Kéxie

H.M, Aiuadj Oudg Oudij 699=.

Kjcti hgi tuji cfvjri sgklrfdj idegdtrfti sui prjlcgki hgcc’idvisilicitâ, hgcc’fssgdzf g hgccf

kjrtg. Ejsf pgdsi hi qugsti tgki:

Dgc kij cfvjrj djd ei sjdj mjrkg vgrtiefci, sjdj tuttg pgsfdti, seurg g jrizzjdtfci, pfrfccgcg fc pfvi-

kgdtj j sefvftg sjttj tgrrf. Xutti i kftgrifci hi rgpgrtjrij, sifdj gssi futjkjlici, pfdeng j pif-

hgrg cf tuf efrrigrf. Gssgrg timjsj hgc Kicfd djd ejdtf. Aci frtisti aijefdj midj id mjdhj ejd qugstf

mudzijdg frengtipief hgcc’frtg. C’frtistf hi pgrmjrkfdeg dg î ud pgrmgttj gsgkpij, hftj eng djd si

puü pgdsfrg f udf pgrmjrkfdeg sgdzf eng c’frtistf id pgrsjdf cf idtgrprgti, frrieengdhj cf suf jpgrf



strgccg, sjdj sgkprg uticizzfti dgccf cjrj mudzijdg hi ejdtgditjri hgc ejrpj ukfdj j hgccg kgrei eng

qugst’uctikj prjhueg. Flljdhfdj i rimgrikgdti fc ejrpj jaagttivizzftj, fc ejrpj eng fppfrtigdg

sjctfdtj f ud fctrj, f ejcui eng dg jttigdg lgdgmieij. Djd e’î vjcjdtâ dé vfcjrg hgc prjprij kgritj

dé tgkpj sprgeftj dgi kigi cfvjri. Ic dgrj, id qufdtj ejcjrg mjrtgkgdtg gdgragtiej, efpfeg hi

fssjrlirg tutti aci fctri ejcjri, ejcjrg hgc cuttj dgccf eucturf efttjcief, î c’udiej ejcjrg usftj idsigkg

f ud lifdej fsgttiej g midg f sg stgssj. C’gdgraif g cj smjrzj misiej fppfijdj sgkprg fssjeifti fccf

dgafzijdg hgccf vitf g fccf suf trfsmjrkfzijdg id cfvjrj. Xfdtj vivi g tfdtj aufhfadi ejd ic tuj cfvj-

rj. C’gdgraif fppfrg fssjeiftf fccf histruzijdg id Afccgrif lrueiftf ejd lgdzidf. Aci jrafdi vitfci

fppfijdj kfcfti, ejkg id Hipidti rgfcizzfti hf ud kfdaiftjrg hi mujej , lcjeefti. Ic cfvjrftjrg sefvf

Dj nfy mjrkfs vgrtiefcgs gd ki trflfoj, tjhfs sjd pgsfhfs jseurfs y njrizjdtfcgs, pfrfcgcfs

fc sugcj j gsefvfhfs lfoj tigrrf. Xjhjs cjs rgpgrtjrijs kftgrifcgs, sgfd ejengs, lfdefs, j

cjsfs vigdgd sigkprg gkpcgfhjs gd su efcihfh hg ejdtgdghjrgs hgc eugrpj nukfdj j hg cfs

kgrefdeëfs qug éstg prjhueg. Fludhfd cfs rgmgrgdeifs fc eugrpj jlogtufcizfhj, fc eugrpj

qug sjcj pgrtgdgeg f jtrj, fc qug jltigdg lgdgmieij hgc kiskj. Dj nfy vjcudtfh, vfcjr hgc

kéritj prjpij, di tigkpj hgsfprjvgenfhj gd kis trflfojs. Gc dgarj, ejkj ejcjr mugrtgkgdtg

gdgraétiej qug flsjrlg tjhjs cjs hgkæs ejcjrgs, gc ejcjr hgc cutj gd cf eucturf eftõcief, gs gc

ÿdiej ejcjr gkpcgfhj oudtj f ud lcfdej fséptiej y gdsikiskfhj. Cf gdgraëf y gc gsmugrzj mësi-

ej fpfrgegd sigkprg fsjeifhjs f cf dgafeiõd hg cf vihf y su trfdsmjrkfeiõd gd trflfoj.

Eufdtj vivgs y eufdtj prjvgenj nfegs jltgdgr ejd gccj. Cf gdgraëf fpfrgeg fsjeifhf f cf

hgstrueeiõd gd Afcgrëf qugkfhf ejd afsjcidf. Cjs õrafdjs vitfcgs sg kugstrfs gdmgrkizjs

ejkj gd Ridturfs rgfcizfhfs pjr ud frrjof mugajs, lcjqugfhjs. Gc trflfofhjr gxefvf ud nugej

lfoj tigrrf qug ligd pjhrëf ejdtgdgrcg ejkj gd 5222 nugejs hg 6>2 x 72 x 72 ek efhf udj,

j hirgetfkgdtg pgrkfdgeg gd gccjs ejkj gd Rgrsjdf gd ud nugej lfoj tigrrf hg 522 x 722 x

522 ek. Cfs sgöfs hg idhivihufeiõd dudef fpfrgegd y si cj nfegd gs mjrkfdhj pfrtg hg udf

cgtfdëf idtgrkidflcg, ejkj gd 6<2 Njrfs hg cgeturf ejdtiduf hg udf auëf hg tgcémjdjs. Gc trf-

lfofhjr fpfrgeg jeuctj y gkpfqugtfhj, sgöfcfhf su fusgdeif tfdtj ejkj sus sjlrghgtgr-

kidiskjs, sid rfstrj hg vjcudtfh, mugrf hg mjej j purafdhj udf ejdhgdf. Fsë qug hëafkg

ustgh hg qué cg pfrgeg qug nflcj.

6 Kigklrj hg RFD (Rfrtihj h’Feeiõd Dfeijdfc), pfrtihj pjcëtiej kgxiefdj.

9=


t i j d

j m p j c i t i e s

ejc suj lfafacij vitfcg, ic più hgccg vjctg ejd tfdti pfrtiejcfri eng cf pgrmjrkfdeg ejkg agdgrg vf

vgrsj ic rgeupgrj prgvgdtivj hgc puhjrg pgrhutj. Ugllgdg ij djd prgtgdhf hi trfsmjrkfrki dgc egd-

trj hgccf kif jpgrf g k’ikpgadi f enifrirg ejdtidufkgdtg eng djd î hi kg eng stj pfrcfdhj, eng

djd sjdj ij fh fppfrirg dgccg mjtjarfmig, cf hjkfdhf si ripgtg? –g tu:‛. Id mjdhj sg kg dg sjdj fdhf-

tj id Kgssiej ei sfrâ pur stftj ud kjtivj g lisjadf pgdsfrg eng fvrgi pjtutj fdeng gssgrg idef-

sgccftj id udf lijarfmif fh gmmgttj eng idizifssg ejd qugccf prikf riaf ejsã himmieicg hf serivgrg pgr cf

eritief h’frtg. Mjrsg î ejsã. Erghj eng hjpj fvgr egreftj pgr fddi ic mfseistf eng î id jadudj hi dji

g fvgrcj gspucsj, sif jrkfi aiudtf c’jrf hi mfrg i ejdti ejd ic djstrj Kfdu Enfj idtgrijrg.

Kfdy jm yjur wjr`s sggks tj lg fljut tng idvisilicity, tng flsgdeg, tng hgftn. Qnft hj

yju tnid` fljut it:

Id ky wjr`, tngrg frgd’t vgrtiefc mjrks0 tngy frg fcc ngfvy, hfr` fdh njrizjdtfc, pfrfccgc tj tng mcjjr

jr hua udhgrarjudh. Fcc tng rgpgrtjry kftgrifcs, wjuch-lg efrs, lgdengs, pcftgs frg fcwfys usgh id tngir mudetijd jm ejdtfidgrs jm tng nukfd ljhy jr tng ajjhs tnft tng cfttgr jdg prjhuegs.

Xngrg frg fludhfdt rgmgrgdegs tj tng jlogetimigh ljhy, tj tng ljhy tnft lgcjdas jdcy tj sjkg-

jdg gcsg, tj tnjsg wnj lgdgmit mrjk it. Xngrg is dgitngr wicc djr vfcug jm nis jwd kgrit, jr tikg

wfstgh id ky wjr`s. Id fs kuen fs lcfe` is f strjda, gdgragtie ejcjr tnft flsjrls fcc jtngr ejc-

jrs, it tng ejcjr jm kjurdida id tng Eftnjcie eucturg, it is tng jdcy ejcjr usgh tjagtngr witn fsgp-

tie wnitg fdh tnft gdhs ft itsgcm. Gdgray fdh pnysiefc mjreg fcwfys fppgfr tj lg fssjeiftgh witn

tng dgaftijd jm cimg fdh its trfdsmjrkftijd idtj wjr`. Yju prjhueg f cjt jm cimg fdh f cjt jm kjdgy

witn yjur wjr`. Xng gdgray fppgfrs fssjeiftgh witn tng hgstruetijd id Afccgry lurdgh witn

afsjcidg. Xng vitfc jrafds fppgfr sie`, fs id Rfidtida kfhg ly f mirg lrgftngr , lcje`gh. Xng wjr -

gr hias njcgs id wnien ng ejuch lg ejdtfidgh, fs id 5222 njcgs jm 6>2 x 72 x 72 ek gfen , jr

hirgetcy rgkfid idsihg, fs id Rgrsjd id f hiten kgfsurida 522 x 722 x 522 ek . Xng siads jm idhi-

vihufcizftijd hjd’t fppgfr, fdh im tngy hj, it’s id tng ejdtgxt jm fd gdhcgss citfdy, fs id 6<2 njurs

jm ejdtidujus rgfhida jm f tgcgpnjdg ljj`. Xng wjr`gr is nihhgd fdh gdefsgh, nis flsgdeg fdh

nis fets jm hgtgrkidftijd frg siadfccgh, ng is hgprivgh jm fdy trfeg jm wicc, lcurrgh jr fs im sgrv-

ida f sgdtgdeg. Mjr tnis rgfsjd, tgcc kg wnft yju, sir, tnid` I fk tfcìda fljut.

6 F kgklgr jm RFD (Dftijdfc Fetijd Rfrty), f Kgxiefd pjcitiefc pfrty.



Jpgrg / Qjr`s / Jlrf

EJDXFIDG\ EWLIEJ / EWLIE EJDXFIDG\ / EJDXGDGHJ\ EßLIEJQjr`snjp. Nfklura. 6992



Dgccf pfaidf hi mrjdtg / Mrjdt pfag / Ræaidf hg gdmrgdtg

EJDXFIDG\ EWLIEJ HGCCF KIUW\F HI <22 Ñ <22 Ñ <22 EK / EWLIEEJDXFIDG\ GFEN UIHG KGFUW\IDA <22 Ñ <22 Ñ <22 EK / EJDXGDGHJ\EßLIEJ HG <22 EK HG CFHJ



8 EJDXFIDG\ EWLIEI HGCCF KIUW\F HI <72 Ñ <72 Ñ <72 EK / 8 EWLIE EJDXFIDG\UKGFUW\IDA <72 Ñ <72 Ñ <72 EK / 8 EJDXGDGHJ\GU EßLIEJU HG <72 EK HG CFHJUt. Rgtri-@ireng. Cólge`. Mgllrfij Mglrufry Mglrgrj 6996

EJDXFIDG\ DGCCJ URF_IJ / EJDXFIDG\ ID URFEG / EJDXGDGHJ\ GD GC GURFEIJ@fimu Cjhag udh Rrjmgssjr L.O. Lcukg’s Qjr`snjp. Nfklura. 6996

GUG\EI_IJ HI RJUI_IJDFKGDXJ HI 8 EJDXFIDG\ EWLIEI / RJUIXIJDIDA G^G\EIUG JM 8 EWLIEEJDXFIDG\U / GOG\EIEIJ HG EJCJEFEIÕD RF\F 8 EJDXGDGHJ\GU EßLIEJU@fimu Cjhag. Nfklura. Kfrzj Kfren 6996



< EJDXFIDG\ IDHWUX\IFCI HGCCF KIUW\F HI 6.<22 Ñ <22 Ñ <22 EK EIFUEWDJ / < IDHWUX\IFCEJDXFIDG\U KGFUW\IDA 6,<22 Ñ <22 Ñ <22 EK GFEN / < EJDXGDGHJ\GU IDHWUX\IFCGU HG6.<22 ^ <22 ^ <22 EK EFHF WDJ@fkpdfagc’s @5 Nfcc. Nfklura. Hiegklrg Hgegklgr Hieigklrg 6996

EJDXFIDG\ IDHWUX\IFCG / IDHWUX\IFC EJDXFIDG\ / EJDXGDGHJ\ IDHWUX\IFCHivgrsi spfzi Himmgrgdt spfegs Himgrgdtgs gspfeijs. Kfhrih. 6996



62= Ic cfvjrj î stftj gspjstj hurfdtg dukgrjsi wjr`s-njp hi frtisti g id più egdtri hi frtg ejdtgkpjrfdgf,sgdzf tgdgrg ejdtj hgc mfttj eng mjssgrj, j kgdj,visitfti hfc pullciej.

Xng wjr` wfs gxnilitgh id himmgrgdt frtist’s wjr`- snjps fdh ejdtgkpjrfry frt egdtgrs, rgafrhcgssjm wngtngr tngy wgrg visitgh ly tng pulcie jr

djt.

Gstg trflfoj mug kjdtfhj gd hivgrsjs tfccgrgshg frtistfs y gspfeijs hg frtg ejdtgkpjrædgj,idhgpgdhigdtgkgdtg hg qug mugrfd j dj visitf-hjs pjr gc pÿlciej.

Hug ejdtfidgr riejpgrti ejd ud tgcj hi pcfstief gpjsizijdfti ejd cg mfeeg pfrfccgcg g pgrpgdhiejcfrifi kuri hgccf afccgrif.

Xwj efraj ejdtfidgrs wgrg ejvgrgh witn f pcfs-tie efdvfs fdh pcfegh witn tngir pfrfccgc fdh pgr-

pgdhieucfr sihgs mfeida tng afccgry wfccs.

Hjs ejdtgdghjrgs hg efraf pcæstiejs, hg cjgkpcgfhjs ejkj ejlgrtjrgs hg efraf efkiõd, mugrjd situfhjs ejd sus efrfs pgrpghieucfrgs y pfrfcgcfs f cfs pfrghgs hg cf sfcf

<2 RG__I HI UX\FHF HGCCF KIUW\F 622 Ñ 622 EK UJCCG]FXI HFC UWJCJ / <2 RIGEGU JM \JFHKGFUW\IDA 622 Ñ 622 EK RWCCGH WR M\JK XNG A\JWDH / <2 X\J_JU HG EFCCG F\\FDEFHF,HG 622 EK HG CFHJ GD UW EF\F UWRG\IJ\



Wdf ejkpfadif hi ejstruzijdi, spgeifcizzftf id jpg-rg strfhfci, î stftf ejdtfttftf pgr sjccgvfrg ic kfdtjstrfhfcg id lcjeeni rgttfdajcfri hgccf kisurf hi 622 x622 ek. Î stftj iddfdzituttj dgegssfrij dgajzifrg icprjagttj, djd sjcj ejd cf ejkpfadif hi ejstruzijdi,kf ejd aci stgssi cfvjrftjri eng fvrgllgrj hjvutjgstrfrrg i pgzzi dgccf cjrj idtgrgzzf. Djd tutti i cfvjrf-tjri grfdj, idmftti, hispjdilici f pjrtfrg f ejkpikgdtjic cfvjrj g pgr qugstj sjdj stfti idafaaifti hivgrsiaruppi hi cfvjrftjri dgccf rgfcizzfzijdg hgcc’jpgrf.Wdf vjctf sjccgvfti, i pgzzi hi strfhf sjdj stfti pjsi-zijdfti dgccf afccgrif g hispjsti su udf strutturf rgti-ejcfrg. I pgzzi hi strfhf eng geeghgvfdj cg kisurgmissftg id 622 x 622 ek sjdj stfti ritfacifti g cg pfrtigeeghgdti sjdj stftg cfseiftg suc pfvikgdtj.

F ejdstruetijd ejkpfdy spgeifcizida id rjfh wjr`s wfs fs`gh tj pucc tng rjfh up id rgetfdaucfr lcje`s kgfsurida 622 x 622 ek gfen. Ft mirst it wfs dgegssfry tj dgajtiftg tnis prjoget, djt jdcy witn tng ejdstruetijd ejkpfdy, lut witn tng wjr`grs tngksgcvgs, nfvida tngk pucc tngsg pigegs jut id tngir gdtirgty. Djt fcc jm tngkwgrg wiccida tj efrry jut tnis ojl, tngrgmjrg him-mgrgdt arjups jm tngk wgrg gdafagh id tng prj-huetijd jm tnis pigeg. Jdeg tng cfrag pigegs jm rjfh wgrg puccgh jut, tngy wgrg pcfegh id tng afccgry fdh frrfdagh feejrhida tj f rgtieucfr strueturg. Xng lits jm rjfh tnft gxegghgh tngmixgh kgfsurgkgdt jm 622 x 622 ek wgrg eut, cgfvida tng rgkfidida pfrts jd tng mcjjr.

Ug gstflcgeiõ ejdtfetj ejd udf gkprgsfhghiefhf fc rgkjzfhj hg vëfs pÿlciefs y sgcgs pihiõ qug frrfdefsgd cjs trjzjs hg efccghg ud kjhj histidtj f ejkj cj nfegd djr-kfckgdtg, gstj gs, sfefdhj arfdhgs pghf-zjs gdtgrjs hg fcaj kæs hg 622 ek hg cfhj.Ug trflfoõ ejd hivgrsfs eufhriccfs hg jlrg-rjs, pugs dj tjhjs gstflfd hispugstjs f rgf-cizfr gc trflfoj. Wdf vgz frrfdefhfs cfs pig-zfs, sg idtrjhuogrjd gd cf afcgrëf. Fccë sg his-pusj udf gstrueturf rgtieucfr hjdhg mugrjdjrhgdfhfs. Ejd udf rfhifc sg ejrtfrjd cjstrjzjs hg efccg qug sjlrgsfcëfd hg cf kghihfprgmiofhf gd 622 ek hg cfhj, hgofdhj cjs rgs-tjs gd gc pisj.

62>

KW\J HI EGKGDXJ HGCCF KIUW\F HI 522 Ñ 522 EK \I]JCXJ ]G\UJ C’FCXJ / EGKGDX QFCCKGFUW\IDA 522 Ñ 522 EK FDH MFEIDA WRQF\HU / KW\J HG EGKGDXJ EJ\XFHJ F 522 EK HGCFHJ GD UW EF\F UWRG\IJ\

Ftgcigr hgc Uur. Gc Eflritj, Cf Ajkgrf, Gspföf. Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg 699<

C’Ftgcigr hgc Uur î ud egdtrj pgr c’frtg situftj fccg Ftgcigr hgc Uur is fd frt egdtgr cjeftgh id tng Ftgcigr hgc Uur gs udf sfcf hg frtg situfhf gd cfs Wd vgeenij hgpjsitj id prjeidtj hi gssgrg fllfttutj Fd jch wfrgnjusg fljut tj lg hgkjcisngh wfs Wd fdtiauj fckfeéd, qug hglëf sgr hgrruihj

\GXXFDAJCJ HGCCF KIUW\F HI 6.222 Ñ 822 EK IDXFACIFXJ DGC RF]IKGDXJ / \GEXFDACG JM 6,222 Ñ 822 EK EWX JD XNG MCJJ\ / \GEXÆDAWCJ HG 6.222Ñ 822 EK EJ\XFHJ UJL\G GC UWGCEfccg hg Uædengz Rfengej. Kfhrih. Kfaaij Kfy Kfyj 6995



662

C Ftgcigr hgc Uur î ud egdtrj pgr c frtg situftj fccgIsjcgEfdfrig,ic euifeegssj fvvigdgudiefkgdtgpgrvifkfrgghî ejdsgdtitjsjcjfccgpgrsjdgengstfd-dj dgccf zjdf turistief fhifegdtg. Rgr qugst’jpgrfsjdj stfti uticizzfti i hgtriti mjrkftisi id sgauitj fccfrikjzijdg g fc tfacij hi ud kurj hgkjcitj.

Ftgcigr hgc Uur is fd frt egdtgr cjeftgh id tngEfdfry Iscfdhs, feegss tj wnien ly sgf is jdcy

pgrkittgh tj tnjsg pgjpcg stfyida id tng surrjudhida njcihfy frgf. Xnis pigeg kfhg usg jm tng rullcg tngrg, rgkjvida fdh euttida f hgkjc-

isngh wfcc.

Ftgcigr hgc Uur gs udf sfcf hg frtg situfhf gd cfsiscfs Efdfrifs, euyj feegsj pjr vëf kfrëtikfsjcj gstæ pgrkitihj f cfs pgrsjdfs qug sg fcj-

ofd gd cfs idstfcfeijdgs hg rgergj eireudhfdtgs.Ug trflfoõ ejd cjs gsejklrjs fccë agdgrfhjs,trfscfhfdhj y ejrtfdhj ud kurj hgrrilfhj.

Wd vgeenij hgpjsitj id prjeidtj hi gssgrg fllfttutjî stftj kgssj f hispjsizijdg hi ud aruppj hi stu-hgdti h’frtg hgcc’Wdivgrsitâ gh î stftj uticizzftj pgrjspitfrgic cfvjrj,eng îstftj rgfcizzftjideihgdhj hgirgttfdajci dgc pfvikgdtj g hissgkidfdhj sueegssi-vfkgdtg ic kftgrifcg hi sefrtj succf suf supgrmieig. Idqugstj kjhj ic rgttfdajcj egdtrfcg î rikfstj pucitj gsajklgrj hfi hgtriti eng si sjdj idvgeg feeukucftitutt’idtjrdj. Ic pullciej nf prgmgritj efkkidfrg suqugsti mrfkkgdti spfrsi tutt’idtjrdj fc rgttfdajcj.

Fd jch wfrgnjusg fljut tj lg hgkjcisngh wfs cgdt tj f arjup jm frt stuhgdts mrjk tng Wdivgr- sity, fdh fcsj sgrvgh fs tng cjeftijd mjr tnis pigeg. It ejdsistgh jm kfìda f rgetfdaucfr eut id tng mcjjr fdh tngd sefttgrida tng cgmtjvgr kftgrifc jd tng rgst jm tng arjudh. Xnus, tngegdtrfc rgetfdacg wfs cgmt ecgfr fdh pigegs jm

lrj`gd mcjjr feeukucftgh frjudh it. Xng pulcie prgmgrrgh tj wfc` jvgr tngsg cjjsg lits fdh pigegs tnft surrjudhgh tng rgetfdacg.

Wd fdtiauj fckfeéd, qug hglëf sgr hgrruihjqug, f cf gspgrf hg cf hgkjcieiõd, sg eghiõ f uarupj hg gstuhifdtgs hg Lgccfs Frtgs mug gc cuahjdhg sg nizj gstf pigzf. Ejdsistiõ gd rgfcizfprikgrj, ud ejrtg y, cugaj, ud vfeifhj hgc kftrifc sjlrfdtg sjlrg gc sugcj hgc gspfeij. Hg gsmjrkf gc rgetædaucj egdtrfc qughflf cikpijfcrghghjr sg feukucflfd cjs trjzjs rjtjs hsugcj. Gc pÿlciej prgmgrëf efkidfr sjlrg cjs trzjs sugctjs qug eireudhflfd gc rgetædaucj.

< EICIDH\I HGCCF KIUW\F HI <72 Ñ <72 EK JADWDJ, \GFCI__FXI EJD L\FDHGCCI HI KFDIMGUXI UX\FRRFXI / < EYCIDHG\U KGFUW\IDA <72 Ñ <72 EK GFEN, EJKRJUGH JM RJUXG\U XNFX NF]G LGGD XJ\D HJQD / < EICIDH\JU HG <72 Ñ <72 EK EFHF WDJ, EJKRWGUXJU HG EF\XGCGU F\\FDEFHJUGspfeij –R‛. Kfhrih. Mgllrfij Mglrufry Mglrgrj 6998

>= RFDDGCCI KGXFCCIEI RG\ FMMIUUIJDI HGCCF KIUW\F HI 522 Ñ >2 EK JADWDJ / >= KGXFCCIELICCLJF\H UWRRJ\XU KGFUW\IDA 522 Ñ >2 EK GFEN / >= KÕHWCJU HG UJRJ\XG RWLCIEIXF\IJKGXÆCIEJ HG 522 ^ >2 EK EFHF WDJAfcgrëf Ædagc \jkgrj. Kfhrih. Kfrzj Kfren 6998

Rgr udf sgttikfdf nj stfeeftj kfdimgsti hfccg Mjr f wgg` I tjrg hjwd pjstgrs mrjk ecjsgh- Hurfdtg udf sgkfdf, sg mugrjd frrfdefdhj efr- I pfddgcci pgr fmmissijdi sjdj stfti jrhidfti duj



66<

g u f sgtt f f j stfeeftj f gst hf gvgtridg hgi dgajzi eng fvgvfdj eniusj j hfi kurihi eidtf hgaci ghimiei id ejstruzijdg. Ejd qugstikftgrifci nj rgfcizzftj hug eicidhri eng ikpghivfdjfccg pgrsjdg hi kujvgrsi cilgrfkgdtg dgccf afccgrif.

hjwd stjrg mrjdts jr mrjk luichida-sitg lfrrigrs.Qitn tnis kftgrifc, twj eycidhgrs wgrg mjrkgh wnien prgvgdtgh pgjpcg mrjk kjvida mrggcy

frjudh tng afccgry.

tgcgs hg cjs qug gstæd pgafhjs gd ejkgreijsecfusurfhjs j gd vfccfs hg jlrf. Ejd gstg kftg-rifc sg mjrkfrjd hjs eicidhrjs qug ikpghëfd cfcilrg eireucfeiõd gd gc gspfeij hg gxpjsieiõd.

pf g pg f ss j sj j stft j h ft ujhirgttfkgdtg fccf mfllrief g pji uticizzfti pgr rieprirg tutti i kuri hgccf afccgrif.

Xngsg liccljfrh suppjrts wgrg jrhgrgh dgmrjk tng mfetjry fdh usgh tj ejvgr fcc tng afccgwfccs.

Ug pihigrjd >= kõhucjs hg sjpjrtg pulcieitfrkgtæciej, dugvjs hg mælrief, y ejd gccjs qughrjd mjrrfhfs tjhfs cfs pfrghgs hg cf afcgrëf.



RIXXW\F DG\F UW WD KW\J / LCFE@ RFIDX JD F QFCC / RIDXW\F DGA\F UJL\G WD KW\JRugdtg hg ]gdtfs. Kfhrih. Hiegklrg Hgegklgr Hiegklrg 6998

= IDUXFCCF_IJDI \GFCI__FXG F UGUGÖF, XJCGHJ DGCCF _JDF IDHWUX\IFCG HI CJU RJDXJDGU G WDF IDUXFCCF_IJD FCC’GURFI 65 R\GUUJ CF MJDHF_IJDG OJFD KI\Õ, LF\EGCCJDF / = IDUXFCCFXIJDU HJDG ID UGUGÖF, XJCGHJ, IDCJU RJDXJDGU IDHWUX\IFC EJKRJWDH FDH FD IDUXFCCFXIJD ID GURFI 65 FX XNG OJFD KI\Õ MJWDHFXIJD,LF\EGCJDF / = IDUXFCFEIJDGUNGENFU GD UGUGÖF, XJCGHJ, GDGC RJCËAJDJ IDHWUX\IFCCJU RJDXJDGU, WDF IDUXFCFEIÕD GD GC GURFI 65 HG CF MWDHFEIÕDOJFD KI\Õ, HG LF\EGCJDF



66=

Fssgklcfaaij id gstgrdj? djvgklrg 6998. Fssgklcfaaij fccf Mjdhfzijdg? agddfij 6997. Vugstg idstfccfzijdi sjdj stftg rgfcizzftg id ejccfljrfzijdg ejd Kfdugc CuhGxtgrijr fssgklcfag? Djvgklgr 6998. Fssgklcfag ft tng Mjudhftijd? Ofdufry 6997. Xngsg idstfccftijds wgrg kfhg id ejccfljrftijd witn Kfdugc CuhgöfKjdtfogs gxtgrijrgs? Djvigklrg hg 6998. Kjdtfog gd cf Mudhfeiõd? Gdgrj hg 6997. Cf rgfcizfeiõd hg gstfs idstfcfeijdgs sg nizj ejd Kfdugc Cuhgöf.

Ujttj fc pjdtg djtj ejkg Rugdtg hg ]gdtfs, pud-tj hi idtgrsgzijdg trf cf eirejdvfccfzijdg K52 g cfstrfhf Fcefcâ, ei sjdj hgccg frgg hi tgrrgdj fllfd-hjdftj. Vugst’fzijdg î ejdsistitf dgc riejprirg hisprfy udf pfrtg hgc kurj sjttj fc pjdtg, kgttgd-hj ejsã id cueg cf lruttgzzf hgc pjstj g cf sufdfturf idjspitfcg.

Wdhgr tng lrihag `djwd fs tng Rugdtg hg]gdtfs, wngrg tng K52 lgctwfy fdh FcefcæUtrggt idtgrsget, tngrg frg sjkg frgfs jm wfstg

arjudh. Xnis pigeg idvjcvgh sprfy-pfidtida f pfrt jm tng wfcc udhgr tng lrihag, lridaida jut tng uacidgss jm tng sitg fdh its idnjspitflcg

dfturg.

Lfoj gc pugdtg hg ]gdtfs, duhj hjdhg ejdmcuygdcf vëf pgrimérief K52 y udf efccg frtgrifc hgKfhrih, cf hg Fcefcæ, gxistgd udjs gspfeijs siddidaudf midfcihfh gspgeëmief. Gstf pigzf, ejdsis-tgdtg gd pidtfr ejd fgrjsjcgs udf pfrtg hgc kurjqug sg gdeugdtrf lfoj gc pugdtg, gxtrgkflf cfmgfchfh hgc cuafr y su efræetgr idnjspitfcfrij.

Hfc kjkgdtj eng id hivgrsg jeefsijdi, midj fc 6997,fvgvj ejdhivisj fceudi spfzi gspjsitivi ejd K. Cuhg-öf, cf Mjdhfzijdg Ojfd Kirõ hi Lfregccjdf ei prjpj-sg hi idtrfprgdhgrg ud prjagttj ejkudg. Vugstfsgrig vgddg hivisf id ud aruppj hi cfvjri rgfcizzfti dgcejkpfrtj idhustrifcg hi Cjs Rjdtjdgs, g id ud fctrjdgccf afccgrif hgccf Mjdhfzijdg. Ic prikj aruppj djdnf fvutj fctri visitftjri fc hi mujri hgi cfvjrftjri engnfddj rgfcizzftj cg idstfccfzijdi. Id tutti g hug i efsi, ipgzzi grfdj stfti rgfcizzfti ejd cfkigrg hf ejstruzij-dg. Dgccf afccgrif hgccf Mjdhfzijdg sjdj stftg cfseif-tg trfeeg hgc prjegssj hi cfvjrfzijdg ejkg cikfturf,mfdaj, gee.

Hug tj tng mfet tnft I nfh snfrgh gxnilitijd spfegs witn K. Cuhgöf jd kfdy jeefsijds udtic 6997, tng Ojfd Kirõ Mjudhftijd id Lfregcjdf

suaagstgh tnft wg udhgrtf`g f ojidt prjoget. Xnis sgrigs wfs hivihgh idtj f arjup jm wjr`s efrrigh jut id tng idhustrifc ejkpjudh jm Cjs Rjdtjdgs,

fdh jdg kjrg id tng Mjudhftijd’s afccgry. Xngmirst lcje` hih djt rgegivg fdy visitjrs jtngr tnfdtng wjr`grs wnj wgrg kfìda tngsg idstfccf-tijds. Id gfen efsg, tng pigegs wgrg kfhg witnejdstruetijd pcftgs. Id tng afccgry ft tng Mjudhf-tijd, trfegs jm cfljr wgrg cgmt lgnidh, suen fs

rust, kuh, gte.

Hglihj f cfs kuenfs jefsijdgs gd qug ejkptë sfcf hg gxpjsieijdgs ejd K. Cuhgöf nf6997, cf Mudhfeiõd Ojfd Kirõ, hg Lfregcjdf, prjpusj hgsfrrjccfr ud prjygetj ejdoudtj. Gsgrig sg hivihiõ gd ud arupj hg pigzfs rgfcizfgd gc pjcëajdj idhustrifc Cjs Rjdtjdgs y udf kgd cf sfcf hg cf Mudhfeiõd. Gc prikgr lcjqugtuvj jtrjs visitfdtgs qug cjs prjpijs jlrgrjs ccgvfrjd f eflj cfs idstfcfeijdgs. Gd efhf efcfs pigzfs sg rgfcizfrjd ejd pcfdenfs hg gdmrfhj. Gd gc gspfeij hg cf Mudhfeiõd sg hgofcjs rfstrjs hg trflfoj, ejkj ngrruklrgs, lfgteétgrf.

52 MJ\KG HI RFDG FCCIDGFXG / 52 CJF]GU JM L\GFH CIDGH WR / 52 LCJVWGU HG RFD FCIDGFHJU \FEEJCXF HI ]G\HW\F KF\EIF FRRGUF FCC’GDX\FXF HGCCF KGX\JRJCIXFDF / EJCCGEXIJD JM \JXXGD ]GAGXFLCGU XJ LG UWURGDHGH FX XNG GDX\FDEG XJ XNG UWLQFY / \GEJCGEEIÕD HG]G\HW\FU HGUGENFHFU, RF\F UW UWURGDUIÕD F CF GDX\FHF HGC KGX\JKgrefhj Egdtrfc hg Flfstjs y Acjrigtf hg Idsuragdtgs. Kéxiej H.M. Kfaaij Kfy Kfyj 699=

Xrgdtf mjrkg hi pfdg sjdj stftg ejttg id

stfkpi rgttfdajcfri f mjrkf hi kfttjdi fmmid

Xnirty cjfvgs jm lrgfh wgrg lf`gh usida rgetfd-aucfr kjchs tnft wjuch rgprjhuegh lrie`-ci`g

Ug mflriefrjd trgidtf pfdgs gkpcgfdhj kjchgsrgetfdaucfrgs qug rgprjhuogsgd mjrkfs prõxi-

Dgi efssjdgtti hi qugstj kgreftj fmmjccftj, g pfr-tiejcfrkgdtg dgcc’frgf jrtfaai efpitf spgssj hi

Id tng afrlfag ejdtfidgrs jm tnis lusy kfr-

`gt s pgeimiefccy id tn g vgagtfl cg sgetij d it is

Gd cjs ejdtgdghjrgs hg lfsurf hg cf egdtrfc Flfstjs hg Kéxiej gd gc ærgf hg vgrhurf



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stfkpi rgttfdajcfri f mjrkf hi kfttjdi, fmmid-

enî mjssgrj sgkpciei hf sistgkfrg. Ujdj stf-

tg fccidgftg cudaj cf tfdagdtg hgc sgkiegrenij

ergftj hfc kfreifpighg. I vgiejci nfddj

histruttj ic cfvjrj, eng î stftj, fccf midg, rikjs-

sj hfaci spfzzidi.

aucfr kjchs tnft wjuch rgprjhuegh lrie` ci`g snfpgs, fs tngsg frg tng gfsigst tj frrfdag.Xngy wgrg cidgh up tj hispcfeg tng tfdagdt jm tng sgkieirecg ergftgh ly tng sihgwfc`. ]gniecgshgstrjygh tng pigeg, wnien wfs midfccy rgkjvgh

ly strggt swggpgrs.

rgetfdaucfrgs qug rgprjhuogsgd mjrkfs prõxikfs fc cfhriccj, fc sgr cfs kæs sgdeiccfs hg jrhg-dfr. Ug fcidgfrjd hgspcfzfdhj cf tfdagdtg f cfsgkieireudmgrgdeif mjrkfhf pjr cf fegrf. Cjsejengs hgstrjzfrjd cf pigzf qug, midfckgdtg,mug rgtirfhf pjr cjs lfrrgdhgrjs.

tiejcfrkgdtg dgcc frgf jrtfaai, efpitf spgssj hivghgrg aruppi hi pgrsjdg eng rfeejcajdj vgrhurgfdejrf lujdg pgr gssgrg ejdsukftg. Nj svjctj cfstgssf fzijdg, rigkpigdhj eidqug sfeengtti engnj sueegssivfkgdtg fppgsj fcc’idargssj hgccfkgtrjpjcitfdf.

`gt, s pgeimiefccy id tn g vgagtfl cg sgetij d, it is

ejkkjd tj sgg arjups jm pgjpcg ejccgetida

vgagtflcgs tnft frg sticc suitflcg mjr ejd-

sukptijd. I ef rrigh jut tng sfkg tfs`, miccida

up mivg lfas tnft I cftgr nuda ft tng gdtrfdeg

tj tng sulwfy.

Flfstjs hg Kéxiej, gd gc ærgf hg vgrhurfsugcg nflgr arupjs hg pgrsjdfs sgcgeeijdfdgc kftgrifc hgsgenfhj pgrj fÿd ÿtic pfrf gc ejsukj. \gfcieé cf kiskf jpgrfeiõd ccgdfdhj eiej ljcsfs qug cugaj ejcaué f cf gdtrfhf hkgtrj.

RFUUFAAIJ RGHJDFCG JUX\WIXJ EJD DFUX\J HF IKLFCCFAAIJ / MJJXL\IHAG JLUX\WEXGH QIXN Q\FRRIDA XFRG / RWGDXGRGFXJDFC JLUX\WIHJ EJD EIDXF HG GKLFCFOGEfczfhf hg Xcfcpfd ejd \ëj Enurulusej. Kéxiej H.M. Kfaaij Kfy Kfyj 699=

RF]IKGDXJ IKR\GADFXJ HF 72 @A HI FUMFCXJ / MCJJ\ IKR\GADFXGH QIXN 72 @A JM FURNFCX / UWGCJ IKR\GADFHJ EJD 72 @A HG FUMFCXJNjspitfc hg Ejudtry Ecul. Kéxiej H.M. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij 699=

Vufdhj qugst’fzijdg î stftf rgfcizzftf, i cfvjri hiejstruzijdg fc Ejudtry Ecul Njspitfc grfdj fdej-

Qngd tnis pigeg wfs kfhg, ejdstruetijd wjr` wfs lgida efrrigh jut ft tng Ejudtry Ecul Njs-

Eufdhj sg rgfcizõ gstf pigzf, gc Njspitfc Ejudtry Ecul gstflf gd jlrfs y nflëf ud vi



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Fccf cueg hgc aijrdj, sgdzf eng dgssudj si sgdtis-sg f hisfaij j id qufceng kjhj idmfstihitj pgrqugccj eng stfvj mfegdhj, nj lcjeeftj c’feegssj fc

pjdtg ejd hgc dfstrj isjcfdtg, ikpghgdhj fi pghj-di hi jctrgpfssfrg cf trfmmieftf vif hi Xcfcpfd. Gssinfddj sgkpciegkgdtg prjsgauitj cudaj cf strfhf,egrefdhj ud fctrj pjstj hjvg fttrfvgrsfrg.

Id lrjfh hfyciant, fdh witnjut fdyjdg mggcidaudejkmjrtflcg jr id fdy wfy fmmgetgh ly wnft Iwfs hjida, I jlstruetgh tng gdtrfdeg tj tng

lrihag witn wrfppida tfpg, prgvgdtida tng pghgstrifds mrjk erjssida tng lusy rjfh jm Xcfc- pfd. Xngy sikpcy kjvgh hjwd tng strggt cjj`- ida mjr fdjtngr erjssrjfh.

F pcg df c uz hgc hëf y sid qug df hig s g si dtig-sg ideõkjhj j hg fcaÿd kjhj fmgetfhj pjrcj qug nfeëf, ejrté ejd eidtf hg gklfcfog gc

feegsj qug pgrkitëf f cjs pgftjdgs eruzfr cffutjvëf hg Xcfcpfd. Éstjs, sikpcgkgdtg, sgtrfscfhflfd efccg flfoj pfrf lusefr jtrjerueg.

ejstruzijdg fc Ejudtry Ecul Njspitfc grfdj fdejrf id ejrsj g udf aufrhif î rikfstf f hispjsizijdgpgr tuttj ic tgkpj. C’ihgf grf qugccf hi ejrrjkpgr-cj pgr jttgdgrg ic pgrkgssj hi ikprgadfrg udfstfdzf ejd c’fsmfctj. Vufdhj enigsi fccf aufrhif icpgrkgssj hi svjcagrg qugstj cfvjrj ic eustjhgfeejdsgdtã, rimiutfdhj qufcsifsi tipj hi rgkudgrf-zijdg, hfc kjkgdtj eng cf kif prjpjstf f sujpfrgrg ejstituivf udf mjrkf hi vgdhgttf pgr ic sujikkidgdtg ciegdzifkgdtj.

a y pitfc fdh f aufrh rgkfidgh jd huty fcc tng tikg.Xng ihgf wfs tj lrilg nik id jrhgr tj afid nis

pgrkissijd tj ikprgadftg f rjjk witn fspnfct.Qngd I fs`gh tng aufrh wngtngr wg ejuch efr-

ry jut tnis wjr`, ng farggh, lut rgmusgh tj feegpt fdy rgkudgrftijd wnftsjgvgr, lgefusgtj nik, ky jmmgr wfs f mjrk jm rgvgdag mjr nismjrtnejkida hiskissfc, wnien wfs sjjd tj tf`g

pcfeg.

y ycfdtg qug sg kfdtgdëf pgrkfdgdtgkgdtg gdcuafr. Cf ihgf grf sjljrdfr fc viaicfdtg y fejdsgauir su pgrkisj pfrf ikprgadfr udf sfejd fsmfctj. Rrjpugstf cf jlrf fc viaicfdéstg djs hgoõ ccgvfrcf f eflj pgrj dj fegprgtrilueiõd fcaudf, pugs ki jmgrtf supjdpfrf éc udf mjrkf hg vgdafdzf mrgdtg f sprõxikj hgspihj qug tgdhrëf cuafr gd gsmgenfs.

Rgr rgfcizzfrg qugst’jpgrf nj hjvutj pgrsufhgrgcg futjritâ histrgttufci sgdzf spgeimiefrg c’idtgrf

Id jrhgr tj ergftg tnis pigeg, I dgghgh tj pgrsufhgtng histriet futnjritigs, witnjut spgeimyida tng mucc

Rfrfrgfcizfrgstfpigzf sgtuvj qugejdvgdegrffutjrihfhgs hgc histritj, pgrj sid rgvgcfrcgs cf tjtf

67 GUFGH\I HI <72 Ñ <72 Ñ <72 EK JADWDJ / 67 NG^FNGH\JDU JM <72 Ñ <72 Ñ <72 EK GFEN / 67 NG^FGH\JU HG <72 EK HG CFHJ EFHF WDJEfccg Afdtg. Kéxiej H.M. Djvgklrg Djvgklgr Djvigklrg 699=

RJCIW\GXFDJ UR\W__FXJ UJR\F WD KWEENIJ HI J\XFAAI KF\EI, RG\ CF EJDEGDX\F_IJDG HGC CJ\JR\JEGUUJ HI EJKLWUXIJDG ID 8 EJDXFIDG\ / RJCYW\GXNFDG UR\FYGH J]G\ QFUXG ]GAGXFLCGU MJ\XNG EJDEGDX\FXIJD JM XNGI\ EJKLWUXIJD R\JEGUU ID 8 EJDXFIDG\U / RJCIW\GXFDJ GUR\GFHJ UJL\G]G\HW\FU HGUGENFHFU,RF\F CF EJDEGDX\FEIÕD HG UW R\JEGUJ HG EJKLWUXIÕDGD 8 EJDXGDGHJ\GUQjrch Xrfhg Egdtgr. ] Ghieiõd hg Gxpjfrtg Aufhfcfofrf, Ofcisej, Kéxiej. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg 699=



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Ic Qjrch Xrfhg Egdtgr hi Aufhfcfofrf î situftj f622 kgtri hfc Kgreftj Egdtrfcg hi Flfstjs, ic kgr-eftj prideipfcg hgccf eittâ. Vui, ejd c’fiutj hi ejccf-ljrftjri efsufci hgccf zjdf, sjdj stfti ejccjeftiqufttrj ejdtgditjri pigdi hi jrtfaai kfrei. Vugstisjdj stfti hispjsti hifajdfckgdtg dgc pfrengaaijhgcc’fclgraj g sjdj stfti svujtfti hgc cjrj ejdtg-

dutj. Uueegssivfkgdtg aci jrtfaai sjdj stfti riej-pgrti ejd ic pjciurgtfdj. Ic afs kgtfdj prjhjttjhurfdtg ic prjegssj hi putrgmfzijdg djd nf pjtutjuseirg cilgrfkgdtg kf nf svicuppftj hgc efcjrgeng mujriuseivf hfi ejdtfidgr. Ejcjddg hi afslifdej sjdj useitg hfc pjciurgtfdj, agdgrfdhj udmjrtg jhjrg eng nf ikpghitj fccf agdtg hi sjstfrgf cudaj vieidj fcc’jpgrf.

Aufhfcfofrf’s Qjrch Xrfhg Egdtgr is cjeftgh 622 kgtgrs mrjk tng Kgrefhj Egdtrfc hg Flfstjs,tng eity’s kfid kfr`gt. Xngrg, witn tng ngcp jm efsufc wjr`grs mrjk tng frgf, mjur ejdtfidgrsmucc jm wfstg vgagtflcgs wgrg ejccgetgh. Xngsgwgrg pcfegh hifajdfccy ferjss f njtgc pfrìda

cjt, fdh wgrg tngd gkptigh fcjda witn tngir ejd-

tgdts. Cftgr jd, tng vgagtflcgs wgrg ejvgrgh witn pjcyurgtnfdg. Xng kgtnfdg afs prjhuegh hurida tng rjttida prjegss ejuch djt gsefpgmrggcy, efusida ngft tj lg rgcgfsgh mrjk tng ejd-tfidgrs. Ejcukds jm wnitg afs kfdfagh tjgsefpg mrjk tng pjcyurgtnfdg, agdgrftida fvgry strjda jhjr tnft prgvgdtgh pgjpcg mrjk

stfyida dgxt tj tng pigeg mjr tjj cjda.

F gsefsjs 622 kgtrjs hgc Qjrch Xrfhg Egdtgr hgAufhfcfofrf sg gdeugdtrf gc Kgrefhj Egdtrfc hg

Flfstjs hg hienf eiuhfh. Gd gsg cuafr, y ejdtfdhjejd trflfofhjrgs idmjrkfcgs hg cf zjdf, sg rgejcge-tfrjd euftrj ejdtgdghjrgs hg vgrhurfs hgsgenfhfs,sg situfrjd gd cf hifajdfc hgc gstfeijdfkigdtj hgcnjtgc y sg vjcefrjd ejd su ejdtgdihj. Rjstgrijrkgd-

tg, sg eulrigrjd cfs vgrhurfs ejd pjciurgtfdj, hgkfdgrfquggc afskgtfdjprjhueihjhurfdtggcprj-egsj hg putrgmfeeiõd, dj puhigdhj gsefpfr cilrg-kgdtg, sg kfdimgstfrf gd mjrkf hg efcjr irrfhifhjhgshg cjs ejdtgdghjrgs. Fcaudfs ejcukdfs hg afslcfdej qug ejdsgauëfd mictrfrsg gdtrg gc pjciurgtfdjmugrjdcfefusf hgud pgdgtrfdtgjcjr qugikpghëfcfpgrkfdgdeif prjcjdafhf oudtj f cf jlrf.

ppjrtftf hi eiü eng fvgvj idtgdzijdg hi rgfcizzfrg. Fc midg hi rgdhgrki più erghilicg fi cjrj jeeni, njcfvjrftj id ejccfljrfzijdg ejd ud kusgj hgccf eit-tâ. Vufdhj ic prjagttj î stftj feegttftj, ic pjsi-zijdfkgdtj g cg hftg hgccf rgfcizzfzijdg sjdjefkliftg iddukgrgvjci vjctg. Ic prjlcgkf prideipf-cg grf hftj hfc mfttj eng aci spfzi pullciei sjdjejdtrjccfti hf pjtgdti jrafdizzfzijdi hi vgdhitjri histrfhf, ejd eui cg futjritâ gvitfdj hi fvgrg prjlcg-ki. Cf cgfhgr hgcc’jrafdizzfzijdg più ikpjrtfdtggrf ikpjssilicitftf f hiseutgrg qugstj prjagttjhirgttfkgdtg ejd kg, g sjcfkgdtg hjpj ud pfijhi kgsi riuseii f jrafdizzfrg ud idejdtrj ejd cgi.Djd mu tuttfvif rfaaiudtj fceud feejrhj f efusfhgaci fcti pfafkgdti rienigsti. Ki mu idmidg ejdegs-sf cf pjssilicitâ hi cfvjrfrg id vif Afdtg, ud’frgfpghjdfcg situftf id egdtrj eng jspitf dgajzi hivgstiti g diantecul. Wdf vjctf eng ic pgzzj mu idstfc-cftj, ejkg grf prgvghilicg, i sgdzftgttj hgccf zjdfnfddj jeeupftj i euli g ci nfddj usfti ejkg prj-tgzijdg. Kgdj prgvghilicg î stftj c’uticizzj hgi eulihf pfrtg hi ejppig hi ritjrdj hfi cjefci. C’jpgrf îrikfstf cã pgr eidqug aijrdi, ejdtrfrifkgdtg fccghurg jppjsizijdi hgi vgdhitjri hgc pjstj. Ic ejckjsi î rfaaiudtj ejd c’frrivj hgc wgg` gdh qufdhj ilfr vieidi nfddj uticizzftj cf strfhf pghjdfcgejkg pfrengaaij. Cg futjritâ nfddj rikjssj ieuli g ejdmiseftj ic kftgrifcg.

gxtgdt jm wnft I idtgdhgh tj hj. Id jrhgr tj rgdhgr kysgcm kjrg erghilcg id tngir gygs, I wjr`gh id fssj-eiftijd witn jdg jm tng eity’s kusguks. Qngd tng

prjoget wfs feegptgh, tng pcfegkgdt fdh hftgs mjr its rgfcizftijd enfdagh jd ejudtcgss jeefsijds. Xng kfid prjlcgk wfs tng mfet tnft pulcie spfegs frgejdtrjccgh ly pjwgrmuc jrafdizftijds jm strggt vgd-hjrs, wnjk tng futnjritigs fvjih nfvida trjulcgwitn. Wdflcg tj hiseuss tnis issug witn kg hirgetcy, it wfs jdcy fmtgr f ejupcg jm kjdtns tnft I wfs flcg tj

frrfdag fd idtgrvigw witn tng cgfhgr jm tng kjst ikpjrtfdt jrafdizftijd. Njwgvgr, dj farggkgdt wfs rgfengh hug tj tng nian pfykgdt hgkfdhgh.

Djdgtngcgss, fdh I hjd’t `djw ly wnien kgfds, Iwfs midfccy tjch fljut tng pjssilicity jm wjrìda idAfdtg Utrggt, f pghgstrifd frgf cjeftgh hjwdtjwd

fdh tng sitg jm ecjtnida stjrgs fdh dianteculs. Jdegtng pigeg wfs idstfccgh, fdh fs wfs tj lg gxpgetgh,tng pgjpcg wnj scggp juthjjrs id tnis frgf jeeu-

pigh tng eulgs fdh usgh tngk fs sngctgr. Cgss mjrgsggflcg wfs tng usg jm tng eulgs ly ejupcgs jdtngir wfy njkg mrjk tng cjefc lfrs. Xng pigeg

rgkfidgh tngrg mjr mivg hfys, id spitg jm strjda jppjsitijd mrjk gstflcisngh vgdhjrs. Xng midfc strfwefkg witn tng frrivfc jm tng wgg`gdh, wngd dgian-

ljurnjjh lfrs usg tng pghgstrifd strggt fs f pfr`- ida cjt. Xng futnjritigs tjj` fwfy tng eulgs fdh ejdmiseftgh tng kftgrifc.

hfh hg kis idtgdeijdgs. Ug gstflcgeiõ udf ejcflrfeiõd ejd ud kusgj hg cf eiuhfh, pfrf ejdmgrirkudf kfyjr erghilicihfh. Fegptfhj gc prjygetj, efkliõ su gkpcfzfkigdtj y mgenfs hg rgfcizfeigd iddukgrflcgs jefsijdgs. Gc prjlcgkf mudhkgdtfc cj ejdstituëf gc ngenj hg qug gc ejdtrjc cjs gspfeijs pÿlciejs gstæ eghihj f pjhgrjsfsjeifeijdgs hg vgdhghjrgs fklucfdtgs ejd cqug cfs futjrihfhgs dj qugrëfd gdtrfr gd ejdmcieDj puhigdhj hgeirkg gstj hirgetfkgdtg, sõcj hgpués hg kgsgs fegptfrjd fejrhfr udf gdtrgvisejd cf cëhgr hg cf fsjeifeiõd kæs ikpjrtfdtg. Ugklfraj,djpuhjccgafrsgf udfeugrhjpjrcjg

vfhj hg sus gxiagdeifs gejdõkiefs. Dj jlstfmidfckgdtgsg kgejkudieõcf pjsilicihfhhg trfl

ofr gd cf efccg Afdtg, udf vëf pgftjdfc hgc egdtjeupfhfpjrejkgreijshgrjpf ylfrgs djeturdjWdf vgz idstfcfhf cf pigzf, y ejkj grf prgvgr, cpgrsjdfs qug hugrkgd f cf idtgrpgrig jeeupfrcjseuljsejkj rgmuaij.Kgdjs prgvisilcgmug cfucizfeiõd hg cjs euljs pjr pfrtg hg pfrgofs hg pfsprjeghgdtgs hg cjs lfrgs egrefdjs. Cf jlrf rgstiõ eidej hëfs f pgsfr hg cf mugrtg jpjsieiõd hg vgdhghjrgs gstflcgeihjs. Cj qug rgsuctõ hgmiditmug cf ccgafhf hg mid hg sgkfdf, kjkgdtj gd qcjs lfrgs hg cf zjdf uticizfd cf efccg pgftjdfc ejkcuafr hg gstfeijdfkgdtj. Cfs futjrihfhgs kfdhrjd rgtirfr cjs euljs y rgquisisfrjd gc kftgrifc.



Rgr qugstj cfvjrj nj uticizzftj cf kif rgsihgdsituftf dgc egdtrj hi Eittâ hgc Kgssiej. Rgr jvvrfaijdi î himmieicg trjvfrg vgiejci pfrengaaifti id strfhjpj udf egrtf jrf g qufcjrf eg dg sifdj, si trfttfkgzzi vgeeni j kjhgcci iduticizzflici. Wdf kfeenidfstftf djcgaaiftf g pjstgaaiftf hi mrjdtg fccf midgshgc kij fppfrtfkgdtj. F qugc pudtj cf kfeenidstftf cgaftf ejd mudi hi pcfstief missftg f udf ejcjdf situftf dgc ejrticg idtgrdj hgc cjefcg g mfttg p

tt c i t V t n

FWXJKJLICG FC_FXF HI =2 EK / EF\ \FIUGH =2 EK / EJENGGCG]FHJ GD =2 EK76 Efccg \gaidf. Kéxiej H.M. Kfrzj Kfren699>



6<=

pfssfrg fttrfvgrsj cf kif stfdzf. Vugstj nf ejkpjrtftj cf dgegssitâ hi cfseifrg fpgrtf cf pjrtf, tsmjrkfdhj ic kij spfzij privftj id udf pfrtg hgkjstrf. Cg mudi, eng pjssjdj gssgrg trjvftg fh jkgreftj hi strfhf g id tuttg cg situfzijdi hi frenitgtrf idmjrkfcg hgccf eittâ, sjdj stftg missftg id kjeng cf kfeenidf vgdissg gcgvftf sgssfdtf egdtiktri hi cftj, id kjhj eng hug hgccg sug rujtg mjssgrjpjrtftf hi kfdj. Cg rujtg sjdj stftg quidhi rikjsg. Hurfdtg ic aijrdj ic trfmmiej djd î stftj idtrfceihfccg mudi g c’udiej prjlcgkf grf ic ejdtiduj idtgrgshgccf pjcizif, eng, djd ricgvfdhj fceudf idmrfzijddjd nf pjtutj mfrg fctrj eng mfrg hjkfdhg. Ic pgzî rikfstj gspjstj pgr hug aijrdi.

Mjr tnis pigeg I usgh ky pcfeg jm rgsihgdegKgxiej Eity. Uituftgh hjwdtjwd, it is himmieuct, mjlvijus rgfsjds, tj midh vgniecgs pfr`gh jd tn

strggt fmtgr f egrtfid njur fdh im tngrg frg fdy, tn frg jch, udusflcg kjhgcs. F efr wfs ljrrjw fdh pfr`gh id mrjdt jm ky fpfrtkgdt widhjw. Xefr wfs tngd ljudh witn pcfstie rjpgs tnft efktnrjuan ky rjjk, fdh wgrg tigh tj f ejcuk

cjeftgh id tng luichida’s iddgr ejurtyfrh. Xmjregh tng hjjr tj jpgd, trfdsmjrkida ky privf

spfeg idtj pfrt jm tng gxnilitijd. Xng rjpgs, wniefd lg mjudh ft gvgry strggt kfr`gt fdh id f

spngrgs jm idmjrkfc frenitgeturg id tng eity, wgtiantgdgh id suen f wfy tnft tng efr wfs gcgvft=2 ek sihgwfys, sj tnft twj jm its wnggcs wgwitnid rgfen fdh nfh tj lg rgkjvgh. Hurida thfy, tng trfmmie wfs djt fmmgetgh ly tng rjpgs, fdtng jdcy prjlcgk wfs tng ejdtiduida idtgrgst tngpjcieg,wnj,midhidadj jmmgdsgnfhlggd ej

kittgh, wgdt dj murtngr tnfd fsìda qugstijwitnjut jltfidida sftismfetjry fdswgrs. Xng pig

wfs gxnilitgh mjr oust twj hfys.

Rfrf gstf pigzf sg gkpcgõ ki cuafr hg rgsihgdegd cf eiuhfh hg Kéxiej. Uitufhj gd gc egdtrj ntõriej hg cf eiuhfh, gs himëeic, pjr kjtivjs jlvijgdejdtrfr vgnëeucjs gstfeijdfhjs f pfrtir hg eigtf njrf, j ejdsgauir kjhgcjs fdtiaujs g idsgrlcgs. Ug pihiõ prgstfhj ud ejeng y sg gstfeijmrgdtgf cfvgdtfdfhgkihgpfrtfkgdtj.Rjstgrikgdtg,sg rjhgõgc futjkõvicejdeugrhfshgpcætiej qug ftrfvgsflfd ki nflitfeiõd y qug sg ftrjd f udf ejcukdf situfhf gd gc pftij idtgrijr hghimieij. Gccj jlciaflf f kfdtgdgr cf pugrtf ejdtfdtgkgdtg fligrtf, cj qug trfdsmjrkflf ki gspeijgdpfrtghg cfgxnilieiõd.Cfs eugrhfs,prgsgtgsgd gstfeiuhfhgd tifdauisytjhf udfafkffrquitgeturfs idmjrkfcgs, sg tgdsfrjd hg kjqug gc ejeng sg gcgvfsg gd cf kghihf idhiefhf gc tëtucj pjr udj hg sus ejstfhjs. Fsë, cfs hjs ruhfs suspgdhihfs qughflfd fc fcefdeg hg eufquigrf y nulj qug rgtirfrcfs. Hurfdtg gc hëf gc træej dj sg rgsidtiõ pjr cf prgsgdeif hg cfs eugrhfgc ÿdiej prjlcgkf mug cf ejdstfdtg eurijsihfh

cf pjcieëf, cf eufc, dj gdejdtrfdhj idmrfeeiõd fcadf, dudef mug kæs fccæ hg nfegr prgaudtfs sjltgdgr rgspugstfs sftismfetjrifs. Cf pigzf sõpgrkfdgeiõ hjs hëfs gd gxnilieiõd.

CIDGF HI 52 EK XFXWFXF UW WDF RG\UJDF RFAFXF / CIDG JM 52 EK XFXXJJGHJD F \GKWDG\FXGH RG\UJD

/ CËDGF HG 52 EK XFXWFHF UJL\G WDF RG\UJDF \GKWDG\FHF 76 Efccg \gaidf. Kéxiej H.M.



6<>

aKfaaij Kfy Kfyj 699>

Nj egreftj udf pgrsjdf eng djd fvgssg tftufaaij c’idtgdzijdg hi fvgrdg udj, kf eng, ejstrgttj fmfrcj pgr dgegssitâ hi hgdfrj, feegttfssg hi fvgrgud kfrenij succf pgccg pgr tuttf cf vitf. Vugstf pgr-sjdf nf riegvutj 72 hjccfri hi pfafkgdtj.

I cjj`gh mjr f pgrsjd wnj hih djt nfvg fdy tft-tjjs jr idtgdtijds jm nfvida jdg, lut hug tj f

dggh mjr kjdgy wjuch fargg tj nfvg f kfr` jd nis sìd mjr cimg. Xnis pgrsjd rgegivgh $72 fs pfykgdt.

Rfrf gstf jlrf sg luseõ udf pgrsjdf sidtftufr y qug dj tuvigsg idtgdeiõd hg sgr tftuf-hf pgrj qug, nfeiédhjcg mfctf gc hidgrj, ejd-sidtigsg gd ccgvfr udf kfref hg pjr vihf. Ug cgpfafrjd 72 $.



FWXJKJLICG FLLFUUFXF HI 62 EK (6 G <) / EF\ CJQG\GH 62 EK (6 FDH <) / EJENG HGUEGDHIHJ 62 EK (6 Y <)Gspfeij hg cfs afcgrëfs LM 67 y \gaidf 76, Gxpjfrtg Aufhfcfofrf, Ofcisej, Kéxiej. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg 699>

Id jadi stfdh hgccf afccgrif î stftf idtrjhjttf ud’fu-tjkjlicg. Ejd c’fiutj hi ud’jmmieidf kgeefdief hgc-cf zjdf, aci sjdj stftg rikjssg cg rujtg, rikpifzzf-tg ejd hgi lcjeeni hi cgadj, rihuegdhj ejsã cf

F efr wfs pcfegh jd gfen jm tngsg afccgry’s stfdhs. Qitn tng ngcp jm f dgfrly kgenfdie’swjr`snjp,tngwnggcswgrg rgkjvghfdh rgpcfegh witn wjjhgd lcje`s, rghueida tng histfdeg

Gd efhf stfdh hg gstfs afcgrëfs sg idtrjhuud vgnëeucj, ejd cf fyuhf hg ud tfccgr kgeæej prõxikj, y gkpcgfdhj tjpgs hg kfhgrf, rghuoj cf histfdeif hg cf efrrjegrëf fc pisj

FWXJKJLICG FC_FXF HI 622EK / EF\ \FIUGH 622 EK / EJENG GCG]FHJ GD 622 EKKusgj Wdivgrsitfrij hgc Enjpj. Kéxiej H.M.

Fajstj Fuaust 699>



\IKJ_IJDG G KJDXFAAIJ HIWD CF]FDHIDJ / \GKJ]IDA FDH MIXXIDA F UID@ / HGUKJDXFOG Y KJDXFOG HGWD CF]FKFDJU76 Efccg \gaidf. Kéxiej H.M. DjvgklrgDjvgklgr Djvigklrg 699>

Nj tjctj ic cfvfdhidj hgc lfadj hgc kij fppfrtf-kgdtj g nj enifkftj ud ihrfuciej pgr faaiustfrcj.

I puccgh jut tng lftnrjjk sid` id ky fpfrtkgdt fdh nirgh f pcuklgr tj mix it.

Frrfdqué gc cfvfkfdjs hgc eufrtj hg lföj hgki hgpfrtfkgdtj y ccfké f ud mjdtfdgrj pfrfqug cj vjcvigsg f idstfcfr.

65< Ic murajdg eng trfspjrtf cg jpgrg h’frtg hgc kusgjî stftj prgsj id prgstitj g fczftj hi ud kgtrj rispgt-tj fc sujcj. Hftj eng ic vgiejcj hjvgvf gssgrg pfr-engaaiftj hi djttg hfvfdti fcc’gdtrftf hgc kusgj, cgrujtg sjdj stftg skjdtftg pgr prgvgdirg gvgdtufcimurti. C’jpgrf î hurftf sjcfkgdtg ud aijrdj pjienîic kusgj fvgvf lisjadj hgc murajdg.

Xng vfd tnft trfdspjrts tng kusguk’s frtwjr`swfs ljrrjwgh fdh rfisgh f kgtgr mrjk tng

arjudh. Lgefusg tng vgniecg nfh tj lg pfr`gh ft diant id mrjdt jm tng kusguk gdtrfdeg, tngwnggcs wgrg rgkjvgh tj prgvgdt tngk mrjk

lgida stjcgd. Xnis pigeg jdcy cfstgh f hfy sidegtng kusguk dgghgh tng vfd.

Ug pihiõ prgstfhj gc muraõd pfrf gc trfdspjrtghg jlrfs hgc kusgj y sg gcgvõ cf efof hgcefkiõd f ud kgtrj hgc sugcj. Ejkj gc vgnëeucjhglëf pfsfr cf djeng gstfeijdfhj f cf pugrtfhgc kusgj, sg rgtirfrjd cfs rughfs pfrf gvitfr surjlj. Gstf pigzf sõcj hurõ ud hëf hglihj f quggc kusgj dgegsitflf gc efkiõd.

tg ejd hgi lcjeeni hi cgadj, rihuegdhj ejsã cfhistfdzf trf ic tgcfij g ic tgrrgdj hi higei egdtikgtri.

a lgtwggd tng enfssis fdh tng arjudh ly 62 ek.

o p62 ek.



JUX\W_IJDG HI WDF UWRG\UX\FHF EJD IC \IKJ\ENIJ HI WD EFKIJD / JLUX\WEXIJD JM F M\GGQFY QIXN F X\WE@’U X\FICG\ / JLUX\WEEIÕDHG WDF ]ËF EJD WD EJDXGDGHJ\ HG EF\AF

Fdiccj Rgrimériej Uur. Kéxiej H.M. Djvgklrg Djvgklgr Djvigklrg 699>

Fllifkj enigstj id prgstitj ud efkijd hi ud’f-zigdhf, sgdzf spigafrdg ic kjtivj hgcc’uticizzj.C’futistf djd nf fvutj prjlcgki qufdhj aci î stf-tj rienigstj hi lcjeefrg pgr eidqug kiduti cg ejrsigcftgrfci hi udf hgccg strfhg più trfmmieftg hgccf eittâ.Vugstf fzijdg î ejdsistitf dgc pjsizijdfrg ud pri-skf lifdej pgrpgdhiejcfrkgdtg fccf strfhf,

agdgrfdhj ud idajraj.

Qg fs`gh pgrkissijd tj ljrrjw f ejkpfdy’strue` witnjut ejdegfcida tng purpjsg mjr itsusg. Xng hrivgr hihd’t kidh wngd ng wfs

fs`gh tj lcje` tng sihg cfdgs jm jdg jm tngeity’s lusigst rjfhs mjr mivg kidutgs. Xnis

pigeg ejdsistgh jm pjsitijdida f wnitg p risk

pgrpgdhieucfr tj tng rjfh, agdgrftida f trfm ofk.

Ug ejdsiauiõ pgrkisj hg udf gkprgsf pfrf quprgstfrf ud trficgr, sid jeuctfrcg cjs midgs pfrf cqug sgrëf gkpcgfhj. Gc ejdhuetjr tfkpjtuvj idejdvgdigdtg eufdhj sg cg prjpusj ejrtcjs efrricgs cftgrfcgs hgc Rgrimériej pjr eid

Ic kjhj id eui si pucisejdj i pfvikgdti id Kgssiej,rimcgttg i ejdtrfsti sjeifci gsistgdti. C’fssgdzf hi udfmjrtg ecfssg kghif, aci flitufci ejdsukftjri hi sgk-pciei utgdsici pgr c’iaigdg hjkgstief g ic mfeicg feegs

Id Kgxiej, tng wfy tng mcjjrs frg ecgfdgh rgmcgets gxistida sjeifc ejdtrfsts. Xng cfe` jm f strjda kihhcg ecfss, tng usufc ejdsukgrs jm sikpcg njusg`ggpida utgdsics fdh gfsy feegss

Cf mjrkf hg mrgafr sugcjs gd Kéxiej rgsuctfgsecfrgeghjrf hg cjs ejdtrfstgs sjeifcgsgxistgdtgs. Cf fusgdeif hg udf ecfsg kghifmugrtg nflitufc hgstidftfrif hg ÿticgs hg cik-

RWCI_IG HI WD RF]IKGDXJ RG\ JXXGDG\G HI]G\UG HIUX\ILW_IJDI HI FEVWF / ECGFDIDA JM F MCJJ\ XJ JLXFID HIMMG\GDX HIUX\ILWXIJDU JM QFXG\ / CIKRIG_F HG WD RIUJ RF\F CF JLXGDEIÕD HG HI]G\UFU J\HGDFEIJDGU HG FAWF HG M\GAF\76 Efccg \gaidf. Kéxiej H.M. Hiegklrg Hgegklgr Hieigklrg 699>

GCIKIDF_IJDG HGCCF RIFXXFMJ\KF HI CGADJ HGC HJRRIJ RF]IKGDXJ HGCCF DF]FXF EGDX\FCG DGCC’FDXIEFENIGUF EJD]GDXWFCG HI UFDXF XG\GUF / GCIKIDFXIJD JM XNG QJJHGD RCFXMJ\K JM XNG HJWLCG MCJJ\ JM XNG EGDX\FC DF]G ID XNG JCH EJD]GDX ENW\EN JM UFDXF XG\GUF / UWR\GUIÕD HG CF XF\IKF HGC HJLCG UWGCJ HG CF DF]G EGDX\FC HG CF FDXIAWF IACGUIF EJD]GDXWFC HG UFDXF XG\GUFGx Xgrgsf Frtg Fetufc. Kéxiej H.M. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij 6999

Fcc’idizij hgaci fddi djvfdtf cf enigsf Ufdtf Xgrgsfcf Fdtiauf hgc ]II sgejcj, î stftf rifhfttftf f egd-trj h’frtg ejdtgkpjrfdgf. Ejkg pfrtg hgc prj-egssj hi kjhgrdizzfzijdg î stftf ejstruitf udf

Xng 61tn-egdtury ejdvgdt enuren, UfdtfXgrgsf cf Fdtiauf, wfs fhfptgh fs f ejdtgk-

pjrfry frt egdtgr ft tng lgaiddida jm tng didg-tigs Fs pfrt jm tng kjhgrdizftijd prjegss f

Cf iacgsif ejdvgdtufc hgc siacj ^]II, Ufdtf Xgrsf cf Fdtiauf, mug fhfptfhf ejkj egdtrj hg frejdtgkpjrædgj f prideipijs hg cf héefhf cjs djvgdtf Ejkj pfrtg hg su prjegsj h



pciei utgdsici pgr c iaigdg hjkgstief, g ic mfeicg feegs-sjf cfvjripjejrgtriluiti,sjdjcg rfaijdipgrcg qufcidjd sjdj fdejrf stfti idtrjhjtti kgtjhi più ejkj-hi. Id fctri pfgsi, i cfvjri pgr cf pucizif hgccf efsf djdrienighjdj udf mjrtg prgstfdzf misief. Fh gsgkpij,udf pgrsjdf djd hgvg rikfdgrg pigaftf pgr striz-zfrg f kfdj ud pfddj. Vugstf fzijdg î ejdsistitfdgccf pucizif hgc pfvikgdtj hgc kij fppfrtfkgdtjsgejdhj cf kfdigrf id eui î gsgauitf hfaci flitfdticjefci, fpprjmittfdhj hi qugst’fttivitâ pgr trfeeifrghisgadi sgkpciei ejkg idtrfttgdikgdtj.

sikpcg njusg`ggpida utgdsics, fdh gfsy feegsstj engfp cfljur, frg tng rgfsjds wny kjrgejdvgdigdt kgtnjhs nfvg djt ygt lggd idtrj-huegh. Id jtngr ejudtrigs, njusg-ecgfdidahutigs hj djt rgquirg strjda pnysiefc gmmjrt.

Oust tj dfkg fd gxfkpcg, jdg hjgs djt nfvg tj `ggp lgdhida hjwd tj wrida jut f ecjtn ly nfdh. Xnis pigeg gdtficgh ecgfdida tng mcjjr jm ky fpfrtkgdt tng wfy tng cjefcs hj, tfìda fhvfdtfag jm tnis fetivity tj trfeg sikpcg hrfw- idas fs gdtgrtfidkgdt.

mugrtg, nflitufc hgstidftfrif hg ÿticgs hg cikpigzf hjkéstief sgdeiccjs, y cf mfeicihfh hggkpcgj hg kfdj hg jlrf lfrftf nfegd qugdj sg nfyfd idtrjhueihj kétjhjs kæs eõkj-hjs qug së sg gdeugdtrfd gd jtrjs pfësgs,hjdhg, pjr gogkpcj, dj nfy qug fafenfrsgpfrf gseurrir udf ograf f kfdj. Gstf pigzfejdsistiõ gd cf cikpigzf hgc sugcj hg ki efsff cf kfdgrf cjefc, fprjvgenfdhj gstf fetivi-hfh pfrf trfzfr hiluojs sikpcgs ejkj gdtrg-tgdikigdtj.

65=

egssj hi kjhgrdizzfzijdg î stftf ejstruitf udfpifttfmjrkf hi cgadj pgr cf dfvftf egdtrfcg, ejd udarfdhg pjtgdzifcg visivj eng sejdsiacifvf c’idtrj-huzijdg hi jaagtti pgsfdti. Nj prjpjstj fccg futj-ritâ cf suf hgmiditivf rikjzijdg gh gssi nfddjfeegttftj.

tigs. Fs pfrt jm tng kjhgrdizftijd prjegss, fwjjhgd pcftmjrk wfs luict mjr tng egdtrfc

dfvg witn f argft visufc pjtgdtifc tnft prgvgd-tgh tng idtrjhuetijd jm ngfvy jlogets. I prj-

pjsgh its h gmiditivg rgkjvfc tj futnjritigs fdh tngy feegptgh.

cjs djvgdtf. Ejkj pfrtg hg su prjegsj hkjhgrdizfeiõd sg ejdstruyõ udf tfrikf gd dfvg egdtrfc, ejd udf arfd pjtgdeif visufc, qikpghëf cf idtrjhueeiõd hg gcgkgdtjs pgsfhjRrjpusg, y ejdsgauë pjr pfrtg hg cf hirgeeihgc egdtrj, su rgtirfhf hgmiditivf.

EJDA\GAF_IJDG HI CF]J\FXJ\I ICCGAFCI / EJDA\GAFXIJD JM ICCGAFC QJ\@G\U / EJDEGDX\FEIÕD HG X\FLFOFHJ\GU IDHJEWKGDXFHJUUtfdh Afcgrëf LM 67. Idtgrdftijdfc Mfir jm Ejdtgkpjrfry Frt, Rfris. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg 6999

Vugst’jpgrf î stftf prjhjttf id ejccfljrfzijdg ejd c’fssjeifzijdg cfvjrftjri Ufds Rfpigrs. / Xnis wjr` wfs prjhuegh id ejccfljrftijd witn tng wjr`grs’ fssjeiftijd Ufds Rfpigrs. / Cf rgfcizfeiõd hg gstf jlrf sg nizj ejd cf fsjeifeiõd hg trflfofhjrgs Ufds Rfpigrs.

8=7 RG\UJDG RFAFXG / 8=7 RFIH RGJRCG / 8=7 RG\UJDFU \GKWDG\FHFUKusgj \umidj Xfkfyj, Ufcf 1. Kéxiej H.M. Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg 6999

Rgr cf rgfcizzfzijdg hi qugstj prjagttj sjdjstfti djcgaaifti i sgrvizi hi udf ejkpfadif spg-eifcizzftf dgc mjrdirg stgwfrh pgr ejdargssi,kjhgcci pullcieitfri gee Murjdj rienigsti 8=7

Mjr tng rgfcizftijd jm tnis prjoget, tng sgrviegswgrg nirgh jm f ejkpfdy tnft spgeifcizgs id prj-vihida stgwfrhgssgs jr fihg-hg-efkps, fhvgr-tisida kjhgcs, gte. 8=7 Kgxiefd eivicifds wgrg

Rfrf cf rgfcizfeiõd hg gstg prjygetj sg ejdtrftfrjcjs sgrvieijs hg udf gkprgsf gspgeifcizfhf gdlÿsqughf y kfdgoj hg tipjs nukfdjs, mudhfkgtfckgdtg fzfmftfs j ghgefdgs pfrf ejdargsj



Fttrfvgrsj c’fttivistf sgd gafcgsg g flitfdtg ecfd-hgstidj f Rfriai, Kfhoidaugdg Eissg, si î prgsjejdtfttj ejd i Ufds Rfpigr, cf eui efusf î cjttf-rg pgr cf cgafcizzfzijdg hgccg cjrj ejdhizijdi hirgsihgdti g cfvjrftjri id Mrfdeif. Cf prjpjstf îstftf mfttf fc aruppj uticizzfdhj ic kij idvitj hfpfrtg hgccf afccgrif LM 67 id jeefsijdg hgccf

M.I.F.E.? kgttgrg idsigkg fceudi hgi cjrj kgklrig trfrrg vfdtfaaij hgccf pfrtgeipfzijdg hi pgrsj-dfcitâ pjcitieng g eucturfci hgc pfgsg f qugstj tipjhi gvgdti ummieifci. Djdhikgdj, cf ejdhizijdg cgaf-cg hgc aruppj rgdhgvf c’fzijdg pgriejcjsf f efu-sf hgccf fppciefzijdg hi udf sgvgrf pjcitief higspucsijdg. Hjpj dukgrjsi idejdtri ejd c’jraf-dizzfzijdg, sifkj frrivfti fh ud feejrhj pgr icqufcg, hurfdtg ic aijrdj hgcc’idfuaurfzijdg risgr-vftf, fvrgllgrj rigkpitj cj spfzij hispjdilicgejd 622 kgklri hgc aruppj, jmmrgdhj f eifseu-dj ud idargssj fccf kjstrf, hgeihgdhj fctrgsã higcikidfrg c’uticizzj hi stgkki. Ufrgllg stftfud’jpgrfzijdg sicgdzijsf pgr gvitfrg c’uticizzj hgc-cf mjrzf hf pfrtg hgccf pjcizif. Faci idejdtri fceudiUfds Rfpigrs si sjdj hienifrfti id hisfeejrhjejd c’jpgrfzijdg, smihueifti hfc kjdhj hgcc’frtg.Idjctrg grf prgvistf udf mjrtg prgsgdzf hi pjcizif,eng ci fvrgllg jllciafti f prjeghgrg sgdzf efr-tgcci j sgadi g id kjhj sicgdzijsj, trfsmjrkfdhjc’fzijdg id udf situfzijdg hi fctj risenij g hi hul-lif gmmiefeif. Fccf midg, djdjstfdtg i prideipfci ftti-visti fvgssgrj mihueif dgc prjagttj, ic aruppj prg-eghgdtg si tirü idhigtrj, g ejsã ic aijrdj hgcc’idfu-aurfzijdg, sjcfkgdtg hjhiei cfvjrftjri iccgafci simgegrj vghgrg, pgr cj più cgfhgr. C’fzijdg ci nfpjrtfti f mjrkfrg udf eftgdf ukfdf eng nf eir-ejdhftj cf afccgrif.

Xnrjuan tng Ugdgafcgsg fetivist fdh iccgafc rgsi-hgdt jm Rfris, Kfhoidaugdg Eissg, ejdtfet wfs

kfhg witn tng jrafdizftijd Ufds Rfpigrs, wnjsgefusg is tj miant mjr tng cgafcizftijd jm tngir ejd-hitijd fs rgsihgdts fdh wjr`grs id Mrfdeg. Xng

prjpjsfc wfs kfhg tj tnis arjup idvjcvgh usida ky idvitftijd mrjk tng LM 67 afccgry tj pfrtiei- pftg id tng M.I.F.E., tj lrida tjagtngr sjkg jm tngir kgklgrs fdh tf`g fhvfdtfag jm tng prgs-gdeg jm pjcitiefc fdh eucturfc pgrsjdfcitigs mrjktng ejudtry ft tnis ìdh jm jmmieifc gvgdt. Dgvgr-tngcgss, tng arjup’s cgafc ejdhitijd kfhg tng

fetijd hfdagrjus hug tj tng fppcieftijd jm f sgvgrg pjciey jm gxpucsijd. Fmtgr sgvgrfc kggtidas witn tng jrafdizftijd wg efkg tj fd farggkgdt wngrgly wg wjuch micc tng fvficflcg spfegwitn 622 kgklgrs jm tng arjup hurida tng hfy jm tng privftg vigwida, jmmgrida gfen jdg fhkissijdtj tng mfir, fdh fcsj hgeihida tj efdegc tng usg jm

siads. It wjuch lg f sicgdt jpgrftijd id jrhgr tj prgvgdt tng Mrgden pjcieg mrjk usida mjreg. Ft tng kggtidas, sjkg jm tng Ufds Rfpigrsgxprgssgh tngir hisfarggkgdt witn tng prjoget,mggcida histrustmuc jm tng frt wjrch. Fhhitijdfccy, f

strjda pjcieg prgsgdeg wfs gxpgetgh, wnienjlciagh us tj prjeggh witnjut fdy pjstgrs jr

siads fdh id suen f sicgdt kfddgr, trfdsmjrkidatng fet idtj f situftijd jm nian ris` witn hulijusgmmieigdey. Midfccy, fdh gvgd tnjuan kjst prjki-

dgdt fetivists trustgh tng prjoget, tng mjrkgr arjup sueegghgh, fdh jd tng hfy jm tng privftg

vigwida, jdcy twgcvg iccgafc wjr`grs snjwgh up, kjst jm tngk cgfhgrs. Xng fetijd wnien tjj` pcfeg idvjcvgh tngk mjrkida f nukfd enfid tnft gdecjsgh tng afccgry.

F trfvés hg cf fetivistf sgdgafcgsf y rgsihgdtgidhjeukgdtfhf gd Rfrës, Kfhoidaugdg Eissg,sg gstflcgeiõ ejdtfetj ejd cf jrafdizfeiõdUfds Rfpigrs, euyjs ejkpjdgdtgs cuenfd pjrcf cgafcizfeiõd hg su ejdhieiõd hg rgsihgdtgs ytrflfofhjrgs gd Mrfdeif. Ug prjpusj f gstg aru-pj uticizfr cf idvitfeiõd qug kg gxtgdhigrf cfafcgrëf LM 67 pfrf gxpjdgr gd cf M.I.F.E. y rgf-cizfr udf ejdegdtrfeiõd hg fcaudjs hg cjskigklrjs hgc ejcgetivj fprjvgenfdhj cf prg-sgdeif hg idtgarfdtgs hg cf pjcëtief y eucturf hggstg pfës, nflitufc hurfdtg gstg tipj hg fetjs.Dj jlstfdtg, cf situfeiõd hg icgafcihfh hgcejcgetivj nfeëf pgciarjsf cf feeiõd hglihj f qugsg cgs fpcief udf sgvgrf pjcëtief hg gxpucsiõd.Xrfs rgfcizfr vfrifs rgudijdgs ejd cf jrafdizf-eiõd sg fejrhõ flfrrjtfr gc gspfeij hispjdilcgejd 622 kigklrjs hgc ejcgetivj hurfdtg gc hëfhg cf idfuaurfeiõd, jmrgeigdhj f efhf udj udfgdtrfhf f cf mgrif, y hgsefrtfdhj gc gkpcgj hgpfdefrtfs. Ugrëf udf idtgrvgdeiõd sicgdeijsf,sid hfr kjtivj f cf fetufeiõd hg cfs mugrzfs hgsgaurihfh mrfdegsfs. Gd cfs rgudijdgs fcaudjs–sfds pfpigrs‛ sg kjstrfrjd gd hgsfeugrhj pjrhgsejdmifdzf nfeif gc kghij frtëstiej y pjr cfmugrtg prgsgdeif pjcieifc prgvistf, qug djs jlci-aflf f fetufr sid pfdefrtfs y gd sicgdeij, y qugtrfdsmjrkflf gc fetj gd udf situfeiõd hg fctjrigsaj y huhjsf gmgetivihfh. Midfckgdtg y fpgsfr hg cf ejdmifdzf hg cjs kæs hgstfefhjsfetivistfs, vgdeiõ gstg ÿctikj arupj y gc hëf hg

cf idfuaurfeiõd sõcj sg prgsgdtfrjd hjeg idhj-eukgdtfhjs, efsi tjhjs hiriagdtgs. Cf feeiõdsg nizj ejd gccjs, mjrkfdhj udf cëdgf nukfdfqug egrrõ gc gspfeij hg cf afcgrëf.

65>

kjhgcci pullcieitfri gee. Murjdj rienigsti 8=7kgssiefdi eivici, ujkidi trf i trgdtf g i qufrfdtffddi, trf ud kgtrj g sgssfdtf g ud kgtrj g sgt-tfdtf hi fctgzzf, hi rfzzf kistf efuefsief gidhjfkgriefdf. Ic dukgrj 8=7 î risuctftj hfcc’id-tgdzijdg hi rigkpirg cj spfzij ejd eidqug idhivi-hui pgr kgtrj qufhrftj. Vugsti ujkidi sfrgllg-rj hjvuti rikfdgrg ejd cg spfccg rivjctg fcc’id-argssj pgr trg jrg hurfdtg ic aijrdj hgcc’idfuau-rfzijdg. Fccf midg cf ejkpfadif hi sgrvizi ejkki-sg kjcti grrjri, g ic prjagttj si trfsmjrkü id udarfdhg fkkfssj hi agdtg fttrfttf hfccf hivgrsi-

tâ hgccg histrfzijdi. Cf ejsf più iderghilicg mueng c’fagdzif pjrtü ud’idtgrf seujcf id jeefsij-dg hgccc’gvgdtj. Idafaaiü egdtjeidqufdtf trfprjmgssjri g stuhgdti, hiegdhj cjrj eng sfrgllg-rj fdhfti f tgftrj, ic eng rgsg dgegssfrij mfrciuseirg qufceng kjkgdtj prikf hgcc’fpgrturf hgckusgj fc pullciej. Ic rgstj hgccg pgrsjdg pgrejsã hirg pfaftg grfdj kgklri hgccf aufrhifdfzijdfcg kgssiefdf, ud lfttfacijdg idtgrj hisjchfti g udf mjccf kistf mfttf hi fkiei hgccf ejk-pfadif. Uuppjdifkj eng cf ejkpfadif hi sgrvi-zi fllif egreftj udf mjccf hi idhivihui hf kfdhf-rg arftis pgr trfttgdgrg i cjrj sfcfri, kf djd sif-kj id arfhj hi ejdmgrkfrg c’ipjtgsi.

a , rgqugstgh, kfcgs lgtwggd tng fags jm 52 fdh 82, kgfsurida lgtwggd 6=2 fdh 612 ek id ngiant fdh jm kixgh Dftivg Fkgriefd fdh Efu-efsifd rfeg. Xng duklgr 8=7 wfs hgtgrkidgh

ly tng idtgdtijd tj micc up tng spfeg witn mivg idhivihufcs pgr eulie kgtgr. Xngsg kgd wjuch nfvg tj rgkfid stfdhida witn tngir lfe`s tj tng rjjk’s gdtrfdeg mjr tnrgg njurs jd tng hfy jm tng jpgdida. Midfccy tng ejkpfdy idtrjhuegh sj

kfdy irrgaucfritigs idtj tng pigeg tnft it trfds-mjrkgh itsgcm idtj f nuag ouklcg jm pgjpcg

fttrfetgh ly f hivgrsity jm histrfetijds. Xng kjst fstjdisnida mfet wfs tnft tng ejkpfdy lrjuant fd gdtirg nian senjjc tj tng gvgdt. 672 stuhgdts fdh tngir tgfengrs wgrg tjch tngy wgrg ajida tj tng tngftgr, wnien kfhg it dgegssfry tj goget tngk oust kjkgdts lgmjrg tng kusgukjpgdgh its hjjrs tj tng pulcie. Xng rgst jm tng

sj-efccgh pfih pgjpcg wgrg kgklgrs jm tngKgxiefd Dftijdfc Aufrh, f mucc lfttfcijd jm sjc-higrs, fdh f kixgh erjwh kfhg up jm mrigdhs jm tng ejkpfdy. Qg spgeucftg, djt witnjut rgf-

sjd, tnft tng nirg ejkpfdy sjuant tj usg ferjwh jm idhivihufcs mjr mrgg fdh `ggp tngir

sfcfrigs, lut wg wgrg udflcg tj ejdmirk tnis.

p akjhgcjs pulcieitfrijs, gteétgrf. Ug cg pihigrjd 8eiuhfhfdjs kgxiefdjs, vfrjdgs, hg 52 f 82 föjhg 6=2 f 612 ek hg gstfturf y hg rfzf kgstizf fkgridhij y efueæsiej. Cf eimrf hg 8=7 vgdëf ejhieijdfhf pjr cf idtgdeiõd hg eulrir gc gspfeij eeidejidhivihujs pjrkgtrjeufhrfhj.Éstjs hglpgrkfdgegr trgs njrfs gd pig y hg gspfchfs f cfeegsjsf cfsfcf, hurfdtggchëf hgcf idfuaurfeiõMidfckgdtg cf gkprgsf ejdtrftfhf idtrjhuoj tfdtirrgaucfrihfhgs gd cf pigzf qug éstf sg trfdsmjrkgd udf ejdmusiõd hg agdtgs ftrfëhfs ejd cjs k

hivgrsjs sgöugcjs. Cj kæs sjlrgsfcigdtg mug qhienf gkprgsf trfoj udf gseugcf prgpfrftjrifejkpcgtj? 672 fcukdjs, ejd sus kfgstrjs, f cqug sg cgs hioj qug fsistirëfd f udf jlrf hg tgftcj qug jlciaõ f prgseidhir hg gstfs pgrsjdkjkgdtjs fdtgs hg flrir cf sfcf fc pÿlciej. Gc rgtj hg cfs supugstfs pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs gstuvidtgarfhj pjr cf aufrhif prgsihgdeifc kgxiefdf, lftfccõd hg sjchfhjs fc ejkpcgtj, fhgkæs hg arupj ngtgrjaédgj hg fkiajs hg cf gkprgUupjdgkjs, dj sid rfzjdgs, qug dugstrf gkprghg ejdtrftfeiõd prgtgdhiõ uticizfr udf kfsf arfttf hg idhivihujs pfrf qughfrsg ejd sus sfcfrijs,qug dj puhikjs ejkprjlfr fc eigd pjr eigd.

> RG\UJDG RFAFXG RG\ \IKFDG\G FCC’IDXG\DJ HI UEFXJCG HI EF\XJDG / > RGJRCG RFIH XJ\GKFID IDUIHG EF\HLJF\H LJ^GU / > RG\UJDFU \GKWDG\FHFU RF\F RG\KFDGEG\ GD GCIDXG\IJ\ HG EFOFU HG EF\XÕDGhimieij A & X. Eiuhfh hg Auftgkfcf. Fajstj Fuaust 6999

<8 LCJEENI HI EGKGDXJ KJUUI EJUXFDXGKGDXG HF CF]J\FXJ\I RFAFXI HW\FDXG WDF AIJ\DFXFHI CF]J\J / <8 LCJE@U JM EJDE\GXG EJDUXFDXCY KJ]GH HW\IDA F HFY’U QJ\@ LY RFIHQJ\@G\U / <8 LCJVWGU HG EJDE\GXJ KJ]IHJU EJDUXFDXGKGDXG HW\FDXG WDF OJ\DFHF RJ\ JL\G\JU \GKWDG\FHJU

FEG Afccgry Cjs Fdagcgs. Cuacij Oucy Oucij 6999



682 Fc pifdj supgrijrg hi ud ghimieij sgki jeeupftj hfummiei, situftj dgccf zjdf idhustrifcg hi Eittâ hgc Auf-tgkfcf, sjdj stfti ejstruiti jttj seftjcjdi hi efrtjdgrieiecftj g, sueegssivfkgdtg, idstfccfti g sgpfrfti c’u-dj hfcc’fctrj f histfdzf uaufcg. F cftj hgaci seftjcj-di sjdj stftg sistgkftg jttj sghig. F qugc pudtj îstftf mfttf ud’jmmgrtf pullcief hi cfvjrj, enighgdhjfccf agdtg sg fvgssg vjacif hi rikfdgrg pgr qufttrjjrg fcc’idtgrdj hgaci seftjcjdi, higtrj ud ejkpgdsjhi622qugtzfc, eiref9 hjccfri.Hjpjfvgrriegvutjuddukgrj djtgvjcg hi rispjstg hf pfrtg hgi cfvjrftjri,qugsti sjdj stfti sistgkfti fcc’idtgrdj hgaci seftjcjdif kgzzjaijrdj g dg sjdj useiti fccg trg, ud’jrf pri-kfhi qufdtjprjarfkkftj,f efusfhgc efchjidsj-stgdilicg. Ic pullciej djd grf id arfhj hi vghgrg icfvjrftjri kgdtrg grfdj dgaci seftjcjdi.

Jd tng tjp mcjjr jm f sgki-jeeupigh jmmieg luichida situftgh id tng idhustrifc zjdg jm Auftgkfcf Eity, giant ljxgs jm rgsihufc efrh-

ljfrh wgrg kfhg fdh idstfccgh, sgpfrftgh mrjk gfen jtngr ft gqufc histfdegs. Giant enfirs wgrg pcfegh dgxt tj tngsg ljxgs. F

pulcie jmmgr mjr wjr` wfs tngd kfhg, fsìdamjr pgjpcg wiccida tj rgkfid sgftgh idsihg tng

ljxgs mjr mjur njurs, rgegivida 62 2 qu gtzfcs, fljut $9. Fmtgr rgegivid a f ejdsihgrfl cg rgspjdsg mrjk tng wjr`grs, tngy wgrg pcfegh id tng l jxgs f t d jjd fd h efkg jut ft tnrggj’ecje`, fd njur gfrcigr tnfd pcfddgh hug tjtng gxerueiftida ngft. Xng pulcie wgrg udflcgtj sgg tng wjr`grs wngd tngy wgrg pcfegh idtng ljxgs.

Gd cf ÿctikf pcfdtf hg ud ghimieij hg jmieidfssgkijeupfhj,gd cfzjdf idhustrifchg cfEiuhfhhgAuftgkfcf, sg gcfljrfrjd g idstfcfrjd jenj efofshgefrtõd rgsihufc, sgpfrfhfsy gquihistfdtgsgdtrgsë. Oudtj f gstfs efofs sg hispusigrjd jenj siccfs ysg rgfcizõ udf jmgrtf pÿlcief hg gkpcgj gd cf qugsg sjcieitfrjd pgrsjdfs hispugstfs f pgrkfdgegrsgdtfhfs gd gc idtgrijr hg cfs efofs euftrj njrfs,pfaædhjsg pjr gc trflfoj 622 qugtzfcgs, udjs 9 $.Nfliédhjsg jltgdihj udf ejdsihgrflcg rgspugstfpjr pfrtg hg cjs trflfofhjrgs, sg cgs idtrjhuoj gdcfsefofsf cfshjeghgckghijhëfysfcigrjdhggccfsfcfstrgshg cftfrhg,fejrtædhjsgudfnjrfgc tigk-pj prgvistj hglihj fc mugrtg efcjr. Gc pÿlciej djpuhj vgr gc kjkgdtj gd qug cjs trflfofhjrgs mug-rjd idtrjhueihjs gd cfs efofs.

Wticizzfdhj kgtjhi kgeefdiei, <8 lcjeeni hiegkgdtj sjdj stfti pjsizijdfti id qufttrj stfdzg gdgc ejrrihjij hgccf afccgrif. Ui trfttfvf hi uditâkjhucfri djrkfckgdtg uticizzftg ejkg mrfdaimcutti,hgc pgsj hi hug tjddgccftg, hgccf kisurf fpprjssi-kftivf hi <72 x 672 x 622 ek. Hjpj fvgr pjrtftjhgdtrj i lcjeeni, sjdj stfti fssudti higei cfvjrftjrikgssiefdi j egdtrjfkgriefdi eng djrkfckgdtg sijmmrivfdj hi cfvjrfrg id spfzi pullciei f Cjs Fdagcgs.Î stftj enigstj cjrj hi ejdtidufrg f kujvgrg i <8lcjeeni dgaci spfzi hgccf afccgrif hurfdtg tuttf cfaijrdftf cfvjrftivf, sgdzf prgjeeupfrsi pgr qufc-sifsi hfddj prjhjttj g uticizzfdhj udiefkgdtg lfr-rg hi kgtfccj pgr kfdgaaifrci. Ic risuctftj gspjstjejdsistivf dgccg trfeeg cfseiftg dgccj svjcaikgdtjhgc cjrj cfvjrj ejkg hfddi fc pfvikgdtj g fi kurihgccf afccgrif, idsigkg faci jaagtti uticizzfti g fikftgrifci ikpigafti hfi cfvjrftjri, i rgsti hgc eilj, cglgvfdhg g i lcjeeni hi egkgdtj.

Wsida kgenfdiefc kgtnjhs, <8 egkgdt lcje`swgrg pcfegh id mjur rjjks fdh f nfccwfy jm tnis

afccgry. Xngy wgrg kjhucfr udits ejkkjdcy gkpcjygh id lrgf`wftgrs, wgianida twj tjdsgfen fdh kgfsurida fpprjxikftgcy <72 x 672 x 622 ek. Jdeg tng lcje`s wgrg lrjuant id, tgdwjr`grs jm Kgxiefd jr Egdtrfc Fkgriefd jriaidwgrg nirgh, tng typg tnft usufccy jmmgrs tj wjr`

id pulcie pcfegs id Cjs Fdagcgs. Xngy wgrg fs`gh tj prjeggh, huri da tng hfy’s wjr`, tjejdtidufccy kjvg tng <8 pigegs fcjda tng

spfegs jm tng afccgry, hisr gafrhida fdy rgsuct- ida hfkfag fdh usida jdcy kgtfc lfrs fs nfd-hcgs. Xng gxpjsgh rgsuct ejdsistgh jm kfr`s

cgmt lgnidh ly tngir wjr` id tng mjrk jm hfkfagtj tng mcjjr fdh wfccs jm tng afccgry, tjagtngr witn tng tjjcs fdh kftgrifcs gkpcjygh ly tngwjr`grs, tng rgkfids jm mjjh fdh hrid`, fdh tngejdergtg lcje`s.

Gd euftrj sfcfs y ud ejrrghjr hg hienf afcgrëf mugridtrjhueihfs, pjr kghijs kgeædiejs, <8 mjrkfs egkgdtj. Cfs kiskfs grfd udihfhgs kjhucfrgs, cfsejkÿdkgdtggkpcgfhfsgd hiqugshg ejdtgdeiejd ud pgsj hg hjs tjdgcfhfs pjr pigzf y udf kghhf fprjxikfhf hg <72 x 672 x 622 ek. Wdf vgz idtrjhueihjs cjs lcjqugs, sg ejdtrftõ f higz ojrdfcgrjs hjriagdkgxiefdjjegdtrjfkgriefdj, hgcjs qugfejtuklrfdf jmrgegr su mugrzfcfljrfc gd pcfzfspÿlciehg Cjs Ædagcgs. F gstjs ÿctikjs sg cgs pihiõ qug preghigrfd,hurfdtg gsfojrdfhf, fckjvikigdtj ejdstftg hg cfs <8 pigzfs f cj cfraj hg cjs gspfeijs, sid rgpgtfr cf idtgarihfh mësief hgc kiskj y gkpcgfdhj sõlfrrfs hg kgtfc ejkj pfcfdef. Gc rgsuctfhj gxpugsejdsistiõ gd cfs kfrefs hgofhfs pjr gc trflfoj, gd mjkf hg hföjs sjlrg gc pisj y cjs kurjs hg cf afcgr

oudtjejdcfsngrrfkigdtfsykftgrifcgsgkpcgfhjspcjsjlrgrjs,rgstjshgfcikgdtjsy lglihfsidagrihjscjs prjpijs lcjqugs hg ejdergtj.

CIDGF HI <72 EK XFXWFXF UW = RG\UJDG RFAFXG / <72 EK CIDG XFXXJJGH JD = RFIH RGJRCG / CËDGF HG <72 EK XFXWFHF UJL\G = RG\UJDFU \GKWDG\FHFUGspfeij Facutidfhjr. Cf Nfvfdf, Eulf. Hiegklrg Hgegklgr Hieigklrg 6999



68< Ugi cfvjrftjri hisjeeupfti hgc qufrtigrg hi C’Fvfdf ]geenif sjdj stfti fssudti pgr 52 hjccfri id efklijhgccf cjrj hispjdilicitâ f gssgrg tftufti.

Uix udgkpcjygh yjuda kgd mrjk Jch Nfvfdfwgrg nirgh mjr $52 id gxenfdag mjr lgida tft-tjjgh.

Ugis oõvgdgs hgsjeupfhjs hg Cf Nflfdf ]igofmugrjd ejdtrftfhjs, pjr 52 $, pfrf qug ejdsid-tigsgd gd sgr tftufhjs.

RWLLCIEJ X\FURJ\XFXJ X\F < RJUXI HI EIXXÂ HGCAWFXGKFCF / RWLCIEX\FDURJ\XGH LGXQGGD < CJEFXIJDU JM AWFXGKFCFEIXY / RßLCIEJX\FDURJ\XFHJ GDX\G< RWDXJU HG CF EIWHFHHG AWFXGKFCF



Ujdj stftg fppjrtftg hgccg kjhimieng f udj seuj-cflus ejsã hf ikpghirdg cf visilicitâ hfcc’idtgrdj.

Xutti i midgstridi sjdj stfti ejpgrti ejd pcfstief fhg-sivf g ic sghicg hgc auihftjrg î stftj sgpfrftj hfc

rgstj hgc vgiejcj ejd ud pfddgccj hi efrtjdg. Icpullciej hgccf afccgrif djd grf stftj idmjrkftj hiejsf sfrgllg sueegssj, gh î stftj udiefkgdtgprgaftj hi gdtrfrg dgc vgiejcj. Wdf vjctf hgdtrj, gsgdzf pjtgr ejdjsegrg cf strfhf, î stftj trfspjr-tftj id ud’frgf fccf pgrimgrif hgccf eittâ. Ic vifaaij îhurftj eiref 87 sejkjhi kiduti, f efusf hgccg fctgtgkpgrfturg.

Fctgrftijds wgrg kfhg tj f senjjc lus ly lcjeìda jmm its idtgrijr visilicity. Fcc tng widhjwswgrg ejvgrgh witn fhngsivg pcfstie fdh tng hri-vgr’s sgft sgpfrftgh ly f efrhljfrh serggd.Xng afccgry’s pulcie wfs djt tjch wnft wfs

ajida tj nfppgd, tngy wgrg oust fs`gh tj agt idtj tng vgniecg. Jdeg idsihg, fdh witnjut fdy pjssilicity jm tngk `djwida tng rjutg, tngy wgrghrivgd tj fd frgf jd tng jutsìrts jm tng eity. Xngtrip cfstgh 87 udejkmjrtflcg kidutgs hug tj

nian tgkpgrfturgs.

Wd trfdspjrtg hg efraf gsejcfr mug nflicitfhjpfrf ecfusurfr cf visilicihfh hgshg gc idtgrijr. Ugjpfefrjd cf tjtfcihfh hg cfs vgdtfdfs ejd pcæs-

tiej fhngsivj y sg sgpfrõ fc pfsfog hgc ejdhue-tjr kghifdtg udf kfkpfrf hg efrtõd. Gc pÿlci-ej hg cf afcgrëf dj mug fhvgrtihj hg cj qug fccë sueghgrëf, sõcj sg cg rjaõ qug suligrf fc trfds-pjrtg. Wdf vgz fccë y sid qug puhigrfd pgreftfr-sg hg cf rutf, sg cgs ccgvõ f ud ærgf kfraidfc hgcf eiuhfh. Gc vifog hurõ 87 kidutjs hg sukfidejkjhihfh hglihj f cfs fctfs tgkpgrfturfs.

688

Lgcif hg ]iej Frtg Ejdtgkpjrædgj/XigrrfDugvf. Eiuhfh hg Auftgkfcf.

JUX\W_IJDG HI WDF UX\FHF EJD JAAGXXI HI]G\UI / JLUX\WEXIJD JM F \JFH QIXN HIMMG\GDX JLOGEXU / JLUX\WEEIÕD HG WDF ]ËF EJD HI]G\UJU JLOGXJUAcgdtwjrtn Utrggt. Cikgrie`, Irgcfdh. Kfrzj Kfren <222



68= Rgr qugst’idstfccfzijdg, situftf hi mrjdtg fc hipfrti-kgdtj hi pjcizif hi Cikgrie`, î stftj rienigstj fccgpullcieng futjritâ ic pgrkgssj hi lcjeefrg cf strf-hf vgdgrhã pjkgriaaij. Ic pgrkgssj mu feejrhftjg si î idejkideiftj f rgfcizzfrg ic cfvjrj ejkg hfprjarfkkf. Fh jadi lujd ejdtj cf pjcizif eittfhi-df nf ikkghiftfkgdtg mgrkftj c’idiziftivf f efusfhgcc’ikpfttj eng fvrgllg pjtutj fvgrg succf sieu-rgzzf hgc trfmmiej. Hjpj fceudg dgajzifzijdi, î stf-tj ejdegssj hi prjpjrrg ic cfvjrj hi sflftj, f pfr-tirg hfccg sgi hi kfttidf, ejdvidti eng sfrgllg stf-tj ic kjkgdtj ejd kidjri ripgreussijdi. Ic cfvjrjejdsistgvf sjstfdzifckgdtg dgc lrueifrg hjhieiejpgrtjdi hi futjkjlici, pjsizijdftg pgrpgdhiej-cfrkgdtg fc trfmmiej, i rgsti hi trg kfeenidg rulftg,trjvftg id udf hisefrief g dgc pjsizijdfkgdtj hiqufttrj kfssi succf strfhf, hgc tipj uticizzftj id eit-tâ pgr ikpghirg ic pfrengaaij hgi vgiejci.

Mjr tnis pigeg, situftgh id mrjdt jm Cikgrie`’s pjcieg hgpfrtkgdt pgrkissijd wfs rgquirgh mrjk tng cjefc futnjritigs witn tng idtgdtijd jm

lcjeìda tng strggt jd f Mrihfy fmtgrdjjd. Rgr- kissijd wfs arfdtgh fdh tng pigeg lgafd tj lg sgt up fs pcfddgh. Njwgvgr, tng eity’s pjcieg suhhgdcy ecjsgh it hjwd hug tj tng ikpfet it ejuch nfvg jd tng eity’s sgeurity fdh trfmmie.

Fmtgr sjkg dgajtiftijds, it wfs fccjwgh tj tf`g pcfeg jd f Uudhfy, stfrtida ft six j’ecje` id tng kjrdida, jd tng fssukptijd tnft tnis wjuch nfvg tng cgfst rgpgreussijds. Xnis wjr` lfsi-efccy ejdsistgh jm lurdida twgcvg efr tirgs,

pcfegh pgrpgdhieucf rcy tj tng trfmmie, tng rgkfids jm tnrgg stjcgd efrs mjudh id f oud`- yfrh, fdh tng histrilutijd jm mjur rje`s jd tng rjfh, tng typg u sgh id tng eity tj prgvgdt vgni-ecgs mrjk pfrìda.

Rfrfgstfjlrf,uliefhfmrgdtgfceufrtgchgpjcieëfhg Cikgrie`, sg rgquiriõ hgc pgrkisj hg cfs futjri-hfhgs cjefcgs ejd jlogtj hg lcjqugfr cf efccg udvigrdgs pjr cf tfrhg. Gc pgrkisj mug ejdeghihj y cfpigzf sg ejkgdzõ f kjdtfr sgaÿd cj prgvistj. Djjlstfdtg cf pjcieëf hg cf eiuhfh cf ecfusurõ sjr-prgsivfkgdtg hglihjfc ikpfetjqug pjhëfefusfrgd cf sgaurihfh y gc træmiej hg cf eiuhfh. Xrfs fcau-

dfs dgajeifeijdgs sg pgrkitiõ rgfcizfrcf udhjkidaj f pfrtir hg cfs sgis hg cf kföfdf, supj-digdhj qug éstg sgrëf gc kjkgdtj hg kgdjrgsrgpgreusijdgs. Læsiefkgdtg gstf pigzf ejdsistiõgd cf qugkf hg hjeg rughfs hg futj hispugstfsgd pgrpgdhieucfr fc trædsitj, gd cf vjcefhurf hgtrgs ejengs rjlfhjs, ejdsgauihjs gd ud fckfeédhg hgejkisjs, y gd cf histrilueiõd pjr cf vëf hgeuftrj pighrfs hg cfs qug sg gkpcgfd gd gstf eiu-hfh pfrf gvitfr gc gstfeijdfkigdtj hg vgnëeucjs.

RG\UJDF RFAFXF RG\ \IKFDG\G DGC LFAFACIFIJ HI WD’FWXJKJLICG / RG\UJD RFIHXJ \GKFID IDUIHG XNG X\WD@ JM F EF\ / RG\UJDF \GKWDG\FHF RF\F RG\KFDGEG\GD GC KFCGXG\J HG WD EJENG

RG\UJDF RFAFXF RG\ RWCI\G CG UEF\RG HGI ]IUIXFXJ\I UGD_F IC CJ\J EJDUGDUJ, HW\FDXGWD’IDFWAW\F_IJDG / F RG\UJD RFIH XJ ECGFD ]IUIXJ\U’ UNJGU QIXNJWX XNGI\ EJDUGDX HW\IDA FD JRGDIDA / RG\UJDF \GKWDG\FHF RF\F CIKRIF\ GC EFC_FHJ HG CJU FUIUXGDXGU

F WDF IDFWAW\FEIÕD UID GC EJDUGDXIKIGDXJ HG ÉUXJU FEG Afccgry Kg xiej H.M. Kfrzj Kfren <222



68> C’fzijdg si î svjctf hurfdtg c’fpgrturf hgccf qufrtfLigddfcg G]F, fcc’idargssj hgccf suf sghg prideipf-cg. Wd vgiejcj î stftj pfrengaaiftj fcc’idargssjhgccf afccgrif g udf pgrsjdf î stftf kgssf dgclfafacifij. Cf pgrsjdf î stftf pfaftf 52 stgrcidgircfdhgsi, eiref 82 hjccfri. Dgssudj nf djtftj cf sufprgsgdzf, hfc kjkgdtj eng c’ujkj grf stftj idmi-cftj dgc lfafacifij prikf hgcc’frrivj hgc pullciej.

Xnis pigeg wfs prjhuegh hurida tng jpgdida jm tng mjurtn G]F Ligddifc, ft tng gdtrfdeg jm its

kfid sitg. F vgniecg wfs pfr`gh ft tng afccgry gdtrfdeg fdh f pgrsjd wfs put idtj tng trud`.Xng pgrsjd wfs pfih 52 Irisn pjudhs, rjuancy

$82. Djljhy djtiegh nis prgsgdeg sideg ng wfs put idtj tng trud` lgmjrg tng pulcie frrivgh ft tngjpgdida.

Gstf pigzf sg prjhuoj hurfdtg cf idfuaurfeiõd hgcf I] Ligdfc G]F, f cfs pugrtfs hg su sghg pridei-pfc. Ug gstfeijdõ ud vgnëeucj f cf gdtrfhf hg cfafcgrëf y sg idtrjhuoj gd su kfcgtgrj udf pgrsj-df f cf qug sg pfafrjd 52 cilrfs ircfdhgsfs, udjs82 $. Dfhig sg pgreftõ hg su prgsgdeif pugs cfpgrsjdf mug idtrjhueihf kjkgdtjs fdtgs hg cfccgafhf hgc pÿlciej fc gvgdtj idfuaurfc.

Dgccf kgtrjpjcitfdf hi Eittâ hgc Kgssiej feefhgspgssj hi trjvfrg aijvfdi rfafzzi eng si feeue-eifdj suc pfvikgdtj pgr pucirg cg sefrpg hgccgpgrsjdg, sgdzf enighgrg ic cjrj ejdsgdsj, pgraufhfadfrg udf pieejcf kfdeif. Egrefdj dgccfpjtgdzifcg ejkpfssijdg hgc ecigdtg ud riaufrhj judf efritâ piuttjstj eng ud gmmgttivj lisjadj hipucirg cg sefrpg. Rgr qugst’jeefsijdg ud rfafzzjhi eiref udhiei fddi î stftj pjrtftj fcc’idfuaurf-zijdg hi udf kjstrf mjtjarfmief hjvg nf svjctj ic

suj sjcitj cfvjrj.

Id Kgxiej Eity’s sulwfy systgk it is ejkkjdtj midh yjuda ljys fdh aircs hrfaaida tngk-

sgcvgs fcjda tng mcjjr tj ecgfd jtngr pgjpcg’smjjtwgfr, witnjut tngir ejdsgdt, id jrhgr tjgfrd f tip. Xngy cjj` mjr f rgwfrh jr ejkpgd-

sftijd mrjk tng pjtgdtifc ecigdt’s ejkpfssijd rftngr tnfd tng gmmgetivgdgss fdh dggh tj p jc- isn snjgs. Mjr tnis jeefsijd, f ljy jm fljut gcgvgd ygfrs jm fag wfs tf`gd tj tng jpgdida

jm f pnjtjarfpny gxnilitijd wngrg ng efrrigjut nis usufc ojl.

Gd cjs sultgrrædgjs hg cf eiuhfh hg Kéxiej mrgeugdtg gdejdtrfr kuenfenjs hg fklsgxjs qug, frrfstrædhjsg pjr gc sugcj, cikpigc efczfhj hg cf agdtg sid gspgrfr su fprjleiõd, pfrf afdfr ejd gccj udf prjpidf. Ug luef cf rgkudgrfeiõd gd cf ejkpfsiõd hgc ecigdgvgdtufc fdtgs qug gd cf gmgetivihfh y dgeghfh hg cf cikpigzf hgc efczfhj. Rfrf gstf je

6< CF]J\FXJ\I RFAFXI RG\ \IKFDG\G FCC’IDXG\DJ HI UEFXJCG HI EF\XJDG / 6< QJ\@G\U RFIH XJ \GKFID IDUIHG EF\HLJF\H LJ^GU / 6< X\FLFOFHJ\GU\GKWDG\FHJU RF\F RG\KFDGEG\ GD GC IDXG\IJ\ HG EFOFU HG EF\XÕD

FEG Afccgry Dg w Yjr`. Dgw Yjr`. Kfrzj Kfren <222



672

Wd kurj hi efrtjdagssj idstfccftj dgccf afccgrif îstftj rikjssj hfccf suf ejccjefzijdg pgr qufttrjjrg fc aijrdj. Rgr eidqug aijrdi eidqug cfvjrftjrinfddj mfttj hf ejdtrfmmjrti pgr tgdgrcj f =2 arfhirispgttj fc sujcj. Vufttrj hi cjrj sjstgdgvfdj ickurj kgdtrg ud quidtj ejdtrjccfvf eng c’idecidf-zijdg mjssg ejrrgttf. Rgr i eidqug aijrdi cfvjrftivijadi cfvjrftjrg nf aufhfadftj 122 pgsjs, eiref=7 hjccfri.

F snggt rje` w fcc ids tfccgh i d tng afccgry wfs puccgh j ut mrjk its pcfeg , fdh m jr mjur njurs f hfy, jvgr f pgr ijh jm mivg hfys, mivg wjr- `grs fetgh fs f l uttrgss tj `ggp it ft f =2hgargg fdacg mrjk tng arjudh. Mjur jm tngk ngch tng w fcc wnicg f mi mtn enge`gh tnft t ng idecidftijd wfs ejr rget. Mjr tng mivg wjrìdahfys, gfen wjr`gr gfrdgh 122 pgsjs, fljut $=7.

Wd kurj hg tflcfrrjef idstfcfhj gd cf afcgrëf mfrrfdefhj hg su gkpcfzfkigdtj y, hurfdtg eutrj njrfs hifrifs, pjr eidej hëfs, eidej trflfohjrgs fetufrjd hg ejdtrfmugrtg pfrf kfdtgdgrf =2 arfhjs hg idecidfeiõd hgc pisj. Euftrj hgccjs cj sjstgdëfd y ud quidtj, rjtftivj, fsgaurlf cj ejrrgetj hg cf idecidfeiõd ejd ud efrtflõRjr cjs eidej hëfs hg trflfoj efhf udj hg cjlrgrjs ejlrõ 122 pgsjs, udjs =7 $.

KW\J HGCCF AFCCG\IF \IKJUUJ, IDECIDFXJ HI =2 A\FHI\IURGXXJ FC RF]IKGDXJ G UJ\\GXXJHF 7 RG\UJDG / XNG QFCC JM F AFCCG\Y RWCCGH JWX,IDECIDGH =2 HGA\GGU M\JK XNG A\JWDH FDH UWUXFIDGH LY 7 RGJRCG / KW\J HG WDF AFCG\ËF F\\FDEFHJ, IDECIDFHJ F =2 A\FHJU HGC UWGCJ Y UJUXGDIHJ RJ\ 7 RG\UJDFU

Feegsj F. Kéxiej H.M. Fpricg Fpric Flric <222

Ui trfttf hi udf vgrsijdg hgc cfvjrj rgfcizzftj id Auf-tgkfcf dgcc’fajstj 6999. I cfvjrftjri sjdj rikfstifcc’idtgrdj hgccg seftjcg qufttrj jrg fc aijrdj pgr udpgrijhj hi 72 aijrdi. Cf kfaaijr pfrtg hi cjrj grfdjhjddg dgrg hi jriaidi kgssiefdg. Ujdj stftg fssud-tg fttrfvgrsj ud’fagdzif hgc cfvjrj hgc ajvgrdj gnfddj riegvutj cf pfaf fcc’jrf kidikf prgvistf gspgeimieftf hf cgaai stftfci? 62 hjccfri. Rgr gvitfrgcfkgdtgcg mjrkfci id kgritj fccg ejdhizijdi hgi cfvjrf-tjri, eng id qugstj efsj hjvgvfdj rikfdgrg rideniu-si pgr qufttrj jrg ejdsgeutivg, suc ejdtrfttj sjdjmiaurfti ejkg pfrtgeipfdti gxtrf hi udj spgttfejcj,pjienî id qugstj efsj cf cgaag î più pgrkissivf. Icfvjrftjri sjdj stfti sjstituiti dgcc’frej hgi 72 aijrdi,kjcti nfddj fllfdhjdftj, fctri ci nfddj sjstituitikgdtrg fceudi djd nfddj prgsj pfrtg fc cfvjrj,cfseifdhj vujti cg cjrj sghig g i cjrj seftjcjdi.

Xnis pigeg wfs f vgrsijd jm tng jdg ergftgh idAuftgkfcf id Fuaust 6999. Qjr`grs stfygh mjr mjur njurs f hfy jvgr f pgrijh jm 72 hfys. Xng

kfojrity jm tngk wgrg lcfe` wjkgd jr jm Kgxiefdjriaid. Xngy wgrg nirgh tnrjuan f ajvgrdkgdtfc

gkpcjykgdt fagdey fdh rgegivgh tng kidikuk njurcy wfag idhieftgh ly stftg cfw? $62. Xj fvjih mjrkfc ejkpcfidts lgida kfhg fljut tng wjr idaejdhitijds, tnft is, rgkfidida cje`gh up mjr mjur ejdsgeutivg njurs, tngy fppgfrgh jd tng ejdtrfet

fs gxtrfs id f snjw, hug tj tng mfet tnft cgaiscftijd is pgrkissilcg id tnis efsg. Xng wjr grs enfdagh jvgr tng ejursg jm tng 72 hfys, kfdy quit, jtngrstjj tngir pcfeg jr sjkg hih djt snjw up tj wjr`,

cgfvida tngir enfirs fdh ljxgs gkpty.

Gstf jlrf mug udf vgrsiõd hg cf rgfcizfhf gd Auf-tgkfcf gd fajstj hg 6999. Cjs trflfofhjrgs pgr-kfdgeigrjd euftrj njrfs hifrifs hurfdtg 72 hëfs.Cf kfyjrëf hg gccjs grfd kuogrgs hg rfzf dgarf jhg jriagd kgxiefdj. Mugrjd ejdtrftfhjs kghifd-tg udf fagdeif hg gkpcgj gstftfc y rgeiligrjd gckëdikj gstipucfhj pjr njrf gd hienj gstfhj, 62$. Rfrf gvitfr hgdudeifs pjr cfs ejdhieijdgs hgtrflfoj, pgrkfdgegr gdegrrfhjs euftrj njrfssgauihfs, gc ejdtrftj sg nizj ejkj gxtrfs pfrf udgspgetæeucj, hglihj f qug cf cgaiscfeiõd, gd gsgefsj, gs pgrkisivf. Cjs trflfofhjrgs dj mugrjd

cjs kiskjs hurfdtg cjs 72 hëfs0 kuenjs rgdud-eifrjd, gdtrfdhj jtrjs gd su cuafr, j mfctflfd fctrflfoj, qughfdhj su siccf y efof vfeëfs.

> EJKLIDF_IJDIRG\ WDF RJ\XF HJRRIF / > EJKLIDFXIJDUMJ\ F HJWLCG HJJ\ / > EJKLIDFEIJDGU RF\F WDF RWG\XF HG < NJOFURrjygetj _fpjpfd. Ofcisej, Kîxiej. AiuadjOudg Oudij <222



67< Cf pjrtf h’feegssj hgccf afccgrif, mfttf hi kgtfccj,î ejkpjstf hf hug sgzijdi fttfeeftg fc kurj hfhug viti hi mgrrj pgr cftj, idsgritg dgc kurj g missftgejd ic egkgdtj. Cf pjrtf î stftf skfdtgccftf grifssgklcftf id jttj hivgrsi kjhi, sgdzf rikujvg-rg cg viti hfc kurj. Id qufttrj hi qugstg pjsizijdi cfpjrtf djd pjtgvf gssgrg eniusf.

Xng hjjr tj tnis afccgry is kfhg jm kgtfc fdh nfstwj sgetijds fttfengh tj tng wfcc ly twj irjd

sergws jd gfen sihg tnft nfvg lggd gklghhgh id tng wfcc fdh mixgh witn egkgdt. Xng hjjr wfshiskfdtcgh fdh rgfssgklcgh id giant himmgrgdt wfys, witnjut rgkjvida tngsg irjd sergws mrjktng wfcc. Id mjur jm tngsg pjsitijds tng hjjr ejuch djt lg ecjsgh.

Cf pugrtf hg gstf afcgrëf gs kgtæcief y tigdg hjsnjofs fhngrihfs f cjs kurjs kghifdtg hjs nig-rrjs pjr cfhj, idtrjhueihjs gd cf pfrgh y miofhjsejd egkgdtj. Cf pugrtf mug hgskjdtfhf ykjdtfhf hg jenj mjrkfs histidtfs, cfs ÿdiefspjsilcgs ejdsgrvfdhj gstjs nigrrjs hgdtrj hg cf

pfrgh. Gd euftrj hg cfs pjsieijdgs cf pugrtf djsg pjhëf egrrfr.

CF]J\FXJ\I ENG DJD RJUUJDJ GUUG\G \GX\ILWIXI, RFAFXI RG\ \IKFDG\G FCC’IDXG\DJ HIUEFXJCG HI EF\XJDG / QJ\@G\U QNJ EFDDJX LG RFIH, \GKWDG\FXGH XJ \GKFID IDUIHG EF\HLJF\H LJ^GU / X\FLFOFHJ\GU VWG DJ RWGHGD UG\ RFAFHJU, \GKWDG\FHJU RF\F RG\KFDGEG\ GD GC IDXG\IJ\ HG EFOFU HG EF\XÕD@udst Qgr`g. Lgrcid. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg <222

WDF RG\UJDF RFAFXF RG\ 5=2 J\G HI CF]J\J EJDXIDWFXJ / F RG\UJD RFIHMJ\ 5=2 EJDXIDWJWU QJ\@IDA NJW\U / RG\UJDF \GKWDG\FHF HW\FDXGWDF OJ\DFHF HG 5=2 NJ\FU EJDXIDWFUR.U.6 Ejdtgkpjrfry Frt Egdtgr. Dgw Yjr`. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg <222



678 Wd ejrrihjij djtj ejkg cf @udstnfccg fc R.U.6 îstftj hivisj hf ud kurj hi kfttjdi, cfseifdhj udfpgrsjdf rideniusf dgcc’fctrf kgtâ. F qugstf pgrsj-df î stftj hftj hgc eilj fttrfvgrsj ud luej dgckurj f civgccj hgc pfvikgdtj. Î rikfstf cã pgr 5=2jrg ejdsgeutivg, vfcg f hirg hug sgttikfdg, auf-hfadfdhj 62 hjccfri fcc’jrf.

F nfcc `djwd fs @udstnfccg id R.U.6 wfs hivihgh witn f lrie` wfcc, cgfvida f pgrsjd sgecuhgh jdtng jtngr sihg. Xnis pgrsjd wfs aivgd mjjh tnrjuan f njcg id tng kihhcg jm tng wfcc ft

arjudh cgvgc. Ng rgkfidgh tngrg mjr 5=2 ejdtid-ujus njurs, i.g. twj wgg`s, mjr wnien ng gfrdgh

$62 pgr njur.

Wdf sfcf ejdjeihf ejkj @udstnfccg gd R.U.6 mugsulhivihihf ejd ud kurj hg cfhriccj vistj hgofdhjf ud cfhj hgc kurj udf pgrsjdf gdegrrfhf. Gstfpgrsjdf grf fcikgdtfhf pjr ud nugej fligrtj gdkitfh hgc kurj, f cf fcturf hgc sugcj. Rgrkfdgeiõfnë hurfdtg 5=2 njrfs ejdtidufs, gs hgeir, hurfd-tg hjs sgkfdfs, pjr cfs qug ejlrõ 62 $ cf njrf.

Vugstj cfvjrj î ud fhfttfkgdtj hi qugcci rgfcizzf-ti id Auftgkfcf g f Dgw Yjr`, dgi qufci hgi cfvjrf-tjri, id eirejstfdzg himmgrgdti, sjdj stfti idsgriti idseftjcjdi hi efrtjdg. Id qugstj efsj, sgi cfvjrftj-ri sjdj rikfsti fcc’idtgrdj hgaci seftjcjdi pgr quft-trj jrg fc aijrdj pgr sgi sgttikfdg, rfeejacigdhj iccjrj sfcfrij hi dfsejstj f efusf hgc cjrj stftus higsicifti pjcitiei. Cf cgaiscfzijdg tghgsef hâ >2 kfr-eni fccg pgrsjdg gsiciftg, eiref 82 hjccfri fc kgsg, gprjiliseg cjrj hi cfvjrfrg sjttj cf kidfeeif higssgrg rispghiti dgc cjrj pfgsg hi jriaidg. Rgr qug-stj, i hgttfaci hi qugst’jpgrfzijdg djd sjdj pjtu-ti gssgrg rgsi djti fc kjkgdtj. I rimuaifti grfdj prj-vgdigdti hfccf Egegdif.

Xnis wjr` is fd fhfptftijd jm tnjsg ergftgh idAuftgkfcf fdh Dgw Yjr`, wngrg wjr`grs wgrg

pcfegh idsihg efrhljfrh ljxgs udhgr himmgrgdt eireukstfdegs. Id tnis efsg, six wjr grs

rgkfidgh idsihg tng ljxgs mjr mjur njurs f hfy mjr six wgg`s, nfvida tj ejccget tngir sfcfrigs id

sgergt lgefusg jm tngir stftus fs pjcitiefc gxicgs. Agrkfd cgaiscftijd arfdts gxicgh pgjpcg>2 kfr`s, fljut $82 f kjdtn, fdh prjnilitstngk mrjk wjrìda udhgr tng tnrgft jm rgturd-

ida tngk tj tngir ejudtry jm jriaid. Xngrgmjrg,tng hgtfics jm tnis pigeg ejuch djt lg kfhg

pulcie ft tng tikg. Xng rgmuaggs efkg mrjkEngendyf.

Gstf jlrf gs udf fhfptfeiõd hg cfs rgfcizfhgd Auftgkfcf y Dugvf Yjr`, gd cfs qug sg idtrhueëf f trflfofhjrgs gd efofs hg efrtõd lfhivgrsfs eireudstfdeifs. Gd gstg efsj sgis trlfofhjrgs pgrkfdgeigrjd euftrj njrfs hifrifpjr sgis sgkfdfs, gd gstfs efofs, hgligdejlrfr su sugchj hg kfdgrf sgergtf pjr su ejhieiõd hg gxicifhjs pjcëtiejs. Cf cgaiscfeiõd fkfdf jtjraf fc gxicifhj >2 kfrejs pjr kgudjs 82 $, y prjnëlg qug trflfog lfoj fkgdfhg hgvjcueiõd hgc pgrsgauihj pjcëtiej f su pfhg jriagd. Cjs hgtfccgs hg gstf jlrf dj puhrjd, pjr tfdtj, nfegrsg pÿlciejs gd su hëf. Cgxicifhjs prjeghëfd hg Engengdif.

=> RG\UJDG RFAFXG RG\ LCJEEF\G C’GDX\FXF HI WD KWUGJ / => RGJRCG RFIH XJ LCJE@ FKWUGWK GDX\FDEG / => RG\UJDFU \GKWDG\FHFU RF\F RG\KFDGEG\ LCJVWGFDHJ GC

FEEGUJ F WD KWUGJKusguk jm Ejdtgkpjrfry Frt. Rusfd, @jrgf. Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg <222



67= Hurfdtg cf egcglrfzijdg idfuaurfcg hgc MgstivfcIdtgrdfzijdfcg hi Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf hiLusfd, RIEFM, sgssfdtjttj pgrsjdg sjdj stftgfssudtg pgr sghgrsi id fliti djrkfci hfvfdtifcc’idargssj prideipfcg hgcc’gvgdtj. Ujdj rikf-stg cã sghutg pgr trg jrg ejdsgeutivg dgccf stgs-sf pjsizijdg, qufsi sgdzf kujvgrsi. Jadudj îstftj pfaftj 5.222 wjd fcc’jrf, c’gquivfcgdtg hi52 hjccfri, jvvgrj ic hjppij hgccf pfaf kidikfejrgfdf hi 6.722 wjd. Vugstf pfaf spgssjdjd vigdg rispgttftf? i cfvjrftjri hgc kusgj ideui si svjcag c’fzijdg cfvjrfdj fdeng più hi hig-ei jrg aijrdfcigrg. Eidqug trf i cfvjrftjri ikpig-afti rgaagvfdj hgi efrtgcci seritti id idacgsg gejrgfdj eng rgeitfvfdj –Rgr svjcagrg qugstjcfvjrj vgdaj pfaftj 5.222 wjd‛. Ic tgstj grfcgaailicg hfc pullciej g hfccg futjritâ prgsgdtifcc’gvgdtj idfuaurfcg.

Hurida tng idfuaurfc egcglrftijd jm tng RusfdIdtgrdftijdfc Ejdtgkpjrfry Frt Mgstivfc, RIEFM,=> pgjpcg wgrg nirgh tj sit id fd jrhgrcy mfsnijd

id mrjdt jm tng kfid gdtrfdeg tj tng gvgdt. Xngy rgkfidgh tngrg mjr tnrgg ejdsgeutivg njurs idtng sfkg pjsitijd, lfrgcy kjvida. Fcc jm tngkwgrg pfih 5,222 wjds pgr njur, tng gquivfcgdt tj $5, wnien is twieg tng fkjudt jm @jrgf’s kid-

ikuk wfag jm 6722 wjds. Xnis wfag is jmtgdhisrgafrhgh aivgd tng eireukstfdeg tnft tngwjr`grs ft tnis kusguk wngrg tng fetijd tjj`

pcfeg, gfrdgh $6< pgr hfy mjr f wjr` hfy wnienmrgqugdtcy gxegghgh tgd njurs. Mivg jm tng nirgh wjr`grs ngch siads id Gdacisn fdh @jrgfd wnien

rgfh? –I fk lgida pfih 5,222 wjds pgr njur tjudhgrtf`g tnis ojl‛. Xnis tgxt wfs visilcg tj tng

pulcie fdh tng futnjritigs prgsgdt ft tng idfuaurfc gvgdt.

Hurfdtgcf idfuaurfeiõdhgcMgstivfcIdtgrdfeijdfchg Frtg Ejdtgkpjrædgj hg Rusfd, RIEFM pjr sussiacfs gd idacés, => pgrsjdfs ejdtrftfhfs sg sgdtf-rjd jrhgdfhfkgdtg mrgdtg f cf pugrtf hg feegsjprideipfc hgc gvgdtj. Gstfs pgrsjdfs pgrkfdgeigrjdtrgs njrfs ejdtidufs gd sus pjsieijdgs, sid fpgdfskjvikigdtj. F tjhfs gccfs sg cgs pfaõ 5.222 wjdspjr njrf, gc gquivfcgdtg f 5 $, cj qug rgprgsgdtf gchjlcg hgc sfcfrij këdikj ejrgfdj, situfhj gd 6.722wjds.Gstgkëdikjsugcgsgrideukpcihj,hædhjsgcfeireudstfdeif hg qug cjs trflfofhjrgs hgc kusgjhjdhg sg rgfcizflf cf feeiõd ejlrflfd 6< $ fc hëfpjr ojrdfhfs kuenfs vgegs supgrijrgs f cfs higznjrfs. Eidej hg cjs trflfofhjrgs ejdtrftfhjs pjrtf-lfdefrtgcgsgdidacésy ejrgfdjejd cfcgygdhf?–Kgpfafd5.222wjds fcf njrfpfrfrgfcizfr gstgtrflf-

oj‛. Gstg tgxtj rgsuctflf ecfrfkgdtg visilcg pfrf gcpÿlciejy futjrihfhgsfsistgdtgsfc gvgdtjidfuaurfc.



F Ufd Oufd hg Rugrtj \iej ei sjdj kjctissiki grdjkfdi id airj f gcgkjsidfrg pgr cg strfhg hgcc’fturistief hi Ufd Oufd ]geenif. Wdf striseif hi 62 eî stftf rfsftf succg tgstg hi hug hi cjrj. Ejkg pfakgdtj nfddj riegvutj udf hjsg hi grjidf.

Ufd Oufd hg Rugrtj \iej is njkg tj f arg duklgr jm ngrjid fhhiets wnj efd lg sggd lg aida mjr kjdgy id tng strggts jm tng tjurist fr

jm Jch Ufd Oufd. Xwj jm tngk wgrg snfvgh w f 62-iden cidg jd tngir ngfhs. Gfen wfs aivgd snjt jm ngrjid fs pfykgdt.

Ufd Oufd hg Rugrtj \iej pjsgg udf arfd efdhfh hg fhietjs f cf ngrjëdf, visilcgs kgdhiafhj gd cfs zjdfs turëstiefs hgc ]igoj Ufd OufHjs hg gccjs mugrjd rfsurfhjs ejd udf cëdgf h62 pucafhfs qug ejkprgdhëf sus hjs eflgzfGc pfaj sg rgfcizõ ejd udf hjsis.

\FUFXW\F HI 62 EK UWCCF XGUXF HI HWG XJUUIEJHIRGDHGDXIRFAFXI EJD WDF HJUG HI G\JIDF / 62-IDEN CIDG UNF]GHJD XNG NGFHU JM XQJ OWD@IGU QNJ \GEGI]GH F UNJX JM NG\JID FU RFYKGDX / CËDGF HG 62 RWCAFHFU \FUW\FHF UJL\G CFU EFLG_FU HG < NG\JIDÕKFDJU \GKWDG\FHJUEJD WDF HJUIU EFHF WDJ52< Efccg Mjrtfcgzf. Ufd Oufd hg Rugrtj \iej. Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg <222



62 RG\UJDG RFAFXG RG\KFUXW\LF\UI / 62 RGJRCG RFIH XJ KFUXW\LFXG / 62 RG\UJDFU \GKWDG\FHFURF\F KFUXW\LF\UGEfccg Xgofhiccj. Nfvfdf, Eulf. DjvgklrgDjvgklgr Djvigklrg <222

Higei pgrsjdg sjdj stftg pfaftg <2 hjccfri pkfsturlfrsi sgpfrftfkgdtg, dgccf efsf hi udj

cjrj, hfvfdti f udf vihgjefkgrf.

Xgd pgjpcg wgrg pfih $ <2 hjccfrs tj kfsturlf sgpfrftgcy id mrjdt jm f vihgj efkgrf, id jdgtngir njusgs.

Higz pgrsjdfs mugrjd rgkudgrfhfs ejd <pfrf kfsturlfrsg, sgpfrfhfkgdtg gd efsf hudf hg gccfs y mrgdtg f udf eækfrf hg vihgj.

5 RG\UJDG RFAFXG RG\ AIFEG\G MG\KG FCC’IDXG\DJ HI 5 UEFXJCG HW\FDXG WDF MGUXF / 5 RGJRCG RFIH XJ CFY UXICC IDUIHG 5 LJ^GU HW\IDA F RF\XY / 5 RG\UJDFU \GKWDG\FHFURF\F RG\KFDGEG\ XWKLFHFU GD GC IDXG\IJ\ HG 5 EFOFU HW\FDXG WDF MIGUXF ]ghfhj. Cf Nfvfdf, Eulf. Djvgklrg Djvgklgr Djvigklrg <222



Xrg aijvfdi hjddg sjdj stftg fssudtg g pfaftg 52hjccfri eifseudf pgr rikfdgrg fcc’idtgrdj hi udfefssf hi cgadj hurfdtg udf mgstf. Cf mgstf î stftfjrafdizzftf sgdzf eng mjssg rgsj djtj ic ejdtgdu-tj hgccg efssg faci idvitfti, eng cg nfddj usftgejkg sghici. Cf mgstf si î svjctf hurfdtg cg egcg-lrfzijdi hgccf Ligddfcg hgcc’Fvfdf.

Xnrgg yjuda wjkgd wgrg nirgh fdh pfih $52gfen tj rgkfid idsihg f wjjhgd ljx hurida f

pfrty. Xng pfrty wfs jrafdizgh witnjut gxpcfid- ida tng ejdtgdts jm tng ljxgs tj tng augsts,wnj usgh tngk fs sgfts. Xng pfrty tjj` pcfeghurida tng egcglrftijd jm tnft ygfr’s NfvfdfLigddifc.

Xrgskuogrgsoõvgdgsmugrjd ejdtrftfhfs,pjr52 $,pfrf pgrkfdgegr gd gc idtgrijr hg trgs efofs hgkfhgrf hurfdtg udf migstf. Gstf migstf mug ejdvj-efhf sid gxpciefr f cjs fsistgdtgs cj qug nflëf gdcfs efofs, hg mjrkf qug éstfs sg gkpcgfrjd ejkjfsigdtj. Cf migstf sg ccgvõ f eflj hurfdtg cf egcg-lrfeiõd hg cf Ligdfc hg Cf Nflfdf hg gsg föj.

6=<

66 RG\UJDG RFAFXG RG\ IKRF\F\G WDF M\FUG / 66 RGJRCG RFIH XJ CGF\D F RN\FUG / 66RG\UJDFU \GKWDG\FHFU RF\F FR\GDHG\ WDF M\FUGEfsf hg cf Eucturf hg _idfefdtæd. _idfefdtæd, Kîxiej. Kfrzj Kfren <226

CIDGF HI 6=2 EK XFXWFXF UW 8 RG\UJDG / 6=2 EK CIDG XFXXJJGH JD 8 RGJRCG / CËDGF HG 6=2 EKXFXWFHF UJL\G 8 RG\UJDFU



6=8 Rgr fvgrg ic cjrj ejdsgdsj f gssgrg tftuftg, quft-trj prjstitutg grjidjkfdi sjdj stftg fssudtg fcprgzzj hi udf hjsg hi grjidf. Djrkfckgdtg, cf cjrjtfrimmf pgr udf mgccftij î trf cg <.222 g cg 5.222pgsgtfs, trf i 67 g i 61 hjccfri, kgdtrg ic ejstj hiudf hjsg hi grjidf hi faairf succg 6<.222 pgsgtfs,eiref =1 hjccfri.

Mjur prjstitutgs fhhietgh tj ngrjid wgrg nirgh mjr tng prieg jm f snjt jm ngrjid tj aivgtngir ejdsgdt tj lg tfttjjgh. Djrkfccy tngy enfrag <,222 jr 5,222 pgsgtfs, lgtwggd 67

fdh 61 hjc cfrs, mjr mgc cftij, wnicg tng prieg jm f snjt jm ngrjid is frjudh 6<,222 pgsgtfs, fljut $= 1.

Euftrj prjstitutfs fhietfs f cf ngrjëdf mugrjdejdtrftfhfs, pjr gc prgeij hg udf hjsis, pfrfqug ejdsidtigrfd gd sgr tftufhfs. Djrkfc-kgdtg ejlrfd <.222 j 5.222 pgsgtfs, gdtrg67 y 61 $, pjr udf mgcftij, kigdtrfs qug gcprgeij hg cf hjsis rjdhf cfs 6<.222 pgsgtfs,udjs =1 $.

Wdhiei hjddg idhifdg Xzjtzic sjdj stftg rfhudftgid ud fuhitjriuk pgr ikpfrfrg udf mrfsg id spf-adjcj, udf cidauf eng djd pfrcfdj. Vugstf mrfsggrf? –Ujdj pfaftf pgr hirg qufcejsf hi eui djdejdjsej ic siadimieftj‛. Nfddj riegvutj < hjccfrieifseudf.

Gcgvgd Xzjtzic Idhifd wjkgd wgrg lrjuant tjagtngr id fd fuhitjriuk tj lg tfuant f pnrfsg

id Upfdisn, f cfdaufag tngy hj djt spgf`. Xng pnrfsg wfs tng mjccjwida? –I fk lgida pfih tj sfy sjkgtnida, tng kgfdida jm wnien I hjd’t `djw‛. Xngy rgegivgh $< gfen.

Jdeg kuogrgs idhifs tzjtzicgs, sid ejdjeikigdfcaudj hg cf cgdauf gspföjcf, mugrjd rgudihgd udf sfcf pfrf gdsgöfrcgs f hgeir udf mrfsg ggspföjc. Cf mrfsg grf? «Gstjy sigdhj rgkudgrhj pfrf hgeir fcaj euyj siadimiefhj iadjrEjlrfrjd < $ pjr pgrsjdf.

JAAGXXJ HI =22 Ñ 71 Ñ 7< EK EJUX\WIXJ RG\ GUUG\G XGDWXJ UJURGUJ RG\RGDHIEJCF\KGDXG FCKW\J / JLOGEX KGFUW\IDA =22 Ñ 71 Ñ 7< EK EJDUX\WEXGH XJ LG NGCH NJ\I_JDXFCCY XJ F QFCC

/ MJ\KF HG =22 Ñ 71 Ñ 7< EK EJDUX\WIHF RF\F UG\ KFDXGDIHF GD RG\RGDHIEWCF\ F WDF RF\GHAfcgrig Rgtgr @icenkfdd. _órien. Fpricg Fpric Flric <226



Wdf seucturf mfttf hi cgadj g fsmfctj g fctri kftg-rifci î stftf fczftf jrizzjdtfckgdtg. Wdf gstrgki-tâ stfvf fppjaaiftf su udj zjeejcj hi cgadjfppgsj fc kurj hgccf afccgrif kgdtrg c’fctrf grfsjrrgttf hf qufttrj cfvjrftjri ― hug pgr vjctf.Ujdj stfti pfafti <2 mrfdeni svizzgri fcc’jrf, eiref6< hjccfri hurfdtg c’idfuaurfzijdg hgccf kjstrf.Rgr qugstj cfvjrj sjdj stfti ikpigafti gsiciftipjcitiei prjvgdigdti hf hivgrsi pfgsi, ejdtfttftihirgttfkgdtg ejd c’fiutj hgccg futjritâ cjefci. Cgcgaai id qugstj Rfgsg djd ejdsgdtjdj faci gsi-cifti hi cfvjrfrg, kf cg futjritâ sjdj rfaijdgvjc-kgdtg pgrkissivg su qugstj pudtj. Cg futjritâejdeghjdj faci gsicifti pjcitiei ic pgrkgssj hisvjcagrg cfvjri.

F seuc pturg kf hg jm kftgrifcs suen fs wjjh fdh fspnfct wfs cimtgh njrizjdtfccy. Jdg gdh rgstgh jd f wjjhgd sje`gt jd tn g wfcc jm tng afccgry fdh tng jtngr gdh wfs s uppjrtgh ly mjur wjr`grs‘twj wjr`grs ft f tikg. Xngy wgrg pfih <2 Uwiss mrfdes pgr njur, fljut

$6<, huri da tng jpgdi da jm tng snjw. Rjcitiefc g x ic g s m r jk hi mm g rg dt e j udt ri g s w g rggkpcjygh mjr tnis wjr`, nfvida lggd ejdtfet-gh hirgetcy tnrjuan tng cjefc futnjritigs. Xng

cfws id tnis ejudtry hj djt fccjw gxicgs tjwjr` lut tng futnjritigs frg mfircy pgrkissivg

id tnis kfttgr. Xng futnjritigs frg aivgd pgrkissijd tj pie` pjssilcg ojls mjr pjcitiefc gxicgs.

Wdf gseucturf ejdstruihf ejd hivgrsjs gcgkgtjs, ejkj kfhgrf y fsmfctj, mug cgvfdtfhf njzjdtfckgdtg y sjstgdihf sid miofeiõd pjr ud gxtrkj f ud sjpjrtg hg kfhgrf sjlrg gc kurj hgsfcf y, pjr gc jtrj, gkpcgfdhj ud arupj hg eufttrflfofhjrgs.Éstjs rgfcizfrjdsu tfrgfpjr turdjhg hjs gd hjs, hurfdtg ud sjcj hëf, ejlrfdhj mrfdejs suizjs cf njrf, udjs 6< $. Ug gkpcgfrjgxicifhjs pjcëtiejs hg hivgrsfs prjeghgdeifs ejtfetfhjs hirgetfkgdtg pjr kghij hg cf jmieidf fsicj. F pgsfr hg qug cf cgy hg gstg pfës dj pgkitg trflfofr f cjs gxicifhjs, sg sugcg sgr pgrkivj fc rgspgetj, sigdhj cfs kiskfs idstitueijdhg rgegpeiõd cfs gdefrafhfs hg cf sgcgeeiõd hgkpcgjs pfrf gstg ejcgetivj.



Hurfdtg c’fpgrturf hi –Frt Wdcikitgh‛ fh Frt Lfstrg pgrsjdg hi jriaidi tureng sjdj stftg fssudpgr tgdgrg ud’idsgadf fcc’gstgrdj hgcc’gdtrftf fcc’vgdtj. C’idsgadf rgeitfvf –Idcèdhgr \fus‛, eng trhjttj siadimief –Mujri i dftivi‛. Lgdené ic prjagprgvghgssg hi gssgrg ripgtutj pgr i sueegssivi huaijrdi, cg pgrsjdg fssudtg nfddj cfseiftj ic cfvjsjstgdgdhj eng rgaagdhj pullciefkgdtg quc’idsgadf si sfrgllgrj ritrjvfti id udf pjsizij

sejkjhf.Hurida tng jpgdida jm tng –Frt Wdcikitgh‛ snj

ft Frt Lfsgc, tnrgg pgjpcg jm Xurìsn jriaid wg nirgh tj njch f lfddgr jutsihg tng gdtrfdegtng gvgdt. Xng lfddgr rgfh –Idcèdhgr \fustrfdscftgh id Gdacisn fs –Dftivgs jut‛. Fctnjuatng pcfd wfs mjr tnis fetijd tj lg rgpgftgh jvtng dgxt twj hfys, tng pgjpcg nirgh afvg up t

ojl, ecfikida tnft tngy wjuch lg put id fd fwwfrh pjsitijd ly snjwida tnis lfddgr pulcie

id Lfsgc.

Hurfdtg cf idfuaurfeiõd hg cf kugstrf –Frt Wdciktgh‛, rgfcizfhf gd gc kfrej hg cf Mgrif hg Frtg Lfsicgf, trgs pgrsjdfs hg jriagd turej mugrjd ejtrftfhfs pfrf sjstgdgr udf pfdefrtf mrgdtg f pugrtf hg gdtrfhf fc gvgdtj. Cf pfdefrtf rgzfl–Idcèdhgr \fus‛. Gd efstgccfdj, –Rgrsjdfs jriaidrifs hg gstg cuafr, mugrf‛. Fudqug sg tgdëf prgvisrgpgtir gstf feeiõd cjs hjs hëfs siauigdtgs, cfs pgsjdfs ejdtrftfhfs rgdudeifrjd fc gdefraj fheigdhj cf ejkprjkgtihf pjsieiõd gd qug cgs pjhrëf gd Lfsicgf gxnilir pÿlciefkgdtg gstf pfdefrt

UX\IUEJDG UJURGUJ FC HI MWJ\I HGCC’GDX\FXF HI WDF MIG\F H’F\XG / LFDDG\ NGCH JWXUIHG XNG GDX\FDEG XJ FD F\X MFI\ / CJDF UJUXGDIHF M\GDXG F CF GDX\FHF HG WDF MG\IF HG F\XGLfsgc Xrfhg Mfir Rfvicijd. Lfsgc. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij <226

6=>

655 RG\UJDG RFAFXG RG\ MF\UI LIJDHG / 655 RG\UJDU RFIH XJ NF]G XNGI\ NFI\ HYGH LCJDH / 655 RG\UJDFU \GKWDG\FHFU RF\F XGÖI\UW RGCJ HG \WLIJ

Frsgdfcg. ^CI^ Lig ddfcg hi ]gdgzif. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij <226

Dgccf eittâ hi ]gdgzif e’î ud fctj dukgrj hi vgd-hitjri fklucfdti iccgafci, pgr cj più ikkiarfti hfhivgrsg pfrti hgc kjdhj? Ugdgafc, Lfdacfhgsn,Eidf g fdeng kjcti itfcifdi kgrihijdfci. Î stftj cjrjhjkfdhftj hi feejdsgdtirg f mfrsi tidagrg i efpgc-ci hi lijdhj pgr cf eimrf hi 6<2.222 cirg, eiref =2hjccfri. C’udief ejdhizijdg grf eng i cjrj efpgccimjssgrj dgri. Cf prjeghurf î stftf gsgauitf idkjhj ejccgttivj, higtrj cg pjrtg eniusg hi udkfafzzidj fcc’idtgrdj hgcc’Frsgdfcg, hurfdtg c’i-dfuaurfzijdg hgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif. Lgdené icdukgrj idizifcg hi pgrsjdg sgcgzijdftg mjssg hi<22, fccf midg si î rihjttj f 655, f efusf hgcc’frri-vj hisjrhidftj hgaci ikkiarfti, ic eng nf rgsj himmi-eicg efpirg qufdtg pgrsjdg grfdj aiâ gdtrftg dgc-cf stfdzf. F qugc pudtj sjdj stftg eniusg cg pjr-tg g si î prjeghutj fccf ejdtf id kjhj idmjrkfcg.Vugstj nf prjvjeftj dukgrjsi prjlcgki fccf pjr-tf f efusf hgc mcussj idtgrkidflicg hi pgrsjdg enggdtrfvf j useivf.

Id tng eity jm ]gdieg tngrg frg f argft duklgr jm iccgafc strggt vgdhjrs, kjst jm tngk ikkiarfdtsmrjk himmgrgdt pfrts jm tng wjrch? Ugdgafc,Lfdacfhgsn, Enidf, fdh fcsj Ujutngrd Itfcy. Xngy wgrg fs`gh tj fargg tj nfvg tngir nfir hygh lcjdh

fdh wgrg pfih 6<2,222 cirg, sjkg $=2 - tng jdcy ejdhitijd lgida tnft tngir nfir lg dfturfccy hfr`.Xng prjeghurg wfs hjdg id f ejccgetivg kfddgr

lgnidh tng ecjsgh hjjrs jm f wfrgnjusg id tng Frsgdfc, hurida tng jpgdida jm tnft ygfr’s ]gdiegLigddifc. Fctnjuan tng duklgr jm pgjpcg jriaidfc-

cy senghucgh tj tf`g pfrt id tnis jpgrftijd wfs <22, it wfs midfccy rghuegh tj 655 hug tj tng stfa- agrgh frrivfc jm ikkiarfdts, kfìda it himmieuct tjefceucftg witn prgeisijd njw kfdy pgjpcg nfh

fcrgfhy gdtgrgh tng nfcc. It wfs tngd hgeihgh tj snut hjwd tng gdtrfdeg fdh efceucftg tng duklgr ly fd idmjrkfc ejudt. Xnis efusgh dukgrjus prjlcgks ft tng hjjr, hug tj tng dgvgr gdhidamcjw jm pgjpcg gdtgrida jr cgfvida.

Gd cf eiuhfh hg ]gdgeif trflfofd ejkj vgd-hghjrgs fklucfdtgs icgafcgs udf arfd efdti-hfh hg idkiarfdtgs hg jrëagdgs hispfrgs.Ugdgafcgsgs, lgdafcëgs, enidjs g idecusj itf-cifdjs hgc sur. Ug cgs rgquiriõ pfrf qug ejdsid-tigsgd gd sgr tgöihjs hg rulij pjr 6<2.222cirfs, udjs =2 $, sigdhj cf ÿdief ejdhieiõdtgdgr gc eflgccj jseurj. Cf jpgrfeiõd sg rgfci-zõ gd kfsf gd udf sfcf egrrfhf hgc Frsgdfc,hurfdtg cf idfuaurfeiõd hg cf Ligdfc hg ]gdg-eif hg gsg föj. F pgsfr hg qug sg prgvgëftgöir f <22 pgrsjdfs, sjcj cj mugrjd 655 hgli-hj f qug cf ccgafhf hg idkiarfdtgs sg prjhuojgd mjrkf gsefcjdfhf, sid qug sg puhigsggstflcgegr ejd prgeisiõd euædtfs pgrsjdfs sggdejdtrflfd yf hgdtrj hg cf sfcf. Ug hgeihiõgdtjdegs ejrtfr gc idargsj efceucfdhj f joj.Gstj efusõ dukgrjsjs prjlcgkfs gd cf pugr-tf pjr gc idegsfdtg mcuoj hg pgrsjdfs qug fÿdprgtgdhëfd gdtrfr.



<2 CF]J\FXJ\I DGCCF UXI]F HI WDF DF]G / <2 QJ\@G\U ID F UNIR’U NJCH / <2 X\FLFOFHJ\GU GDCF LJHGAF HG WD LF\EJKfrgkfaduk y fkfrrg hg –Ajcjdhridfs‛ hgc pugrtj hg Lfregcjdf. Lfregcjdf. Cuacij Oucy Oucij <226



61<

Wd’iklfrefzijdg hi vgdti kgtri î stftf djcgaaiftfpgr udf sgttikfdf. Ic suj ejkpitj grf hi prgcgvf-rg udf vgdtidf hi pgrsjdg id ud hgtgrkidftj pudtjhgc pjrtj. Cg pgrsjdg sfrgllgrj hjvutg rikfdgrgdfsejstg dgccf stivf pgr pji hiriagrsi vgrsj ud fctrjpjstj, ikpigafdhj trg jrg trf fdhftf g ritjrdj. Cgpgrsjdg sjdj stftg ejdtfttftg pgr cj più fttrfvgr-sj c’fssjeifzijdg hi sjstgadj faci ikkiarfti ILDLftutf. Ugllgdg c’jriaidg kfanrglidf g sulsfnfrifdf mjssg hi ikpjrtfdzf prikfrif, fccusijdgfc kgtjhj ejkudg hi slfrej hi fceudi cfvjrftjristrfdigri, sjdj stfti prgsi f ljrhj fdeng hug cfvj-rftjri ljcivifdi g udf hjddf fragdtidf. Rgr trg jrgsjdj stfti pfafti 8.222 pgsgtfs, eiref <2 hjccfri,g nfddj rienigstj hi pjtgr fvgrg i cjrj hjeukgdtiid kjhj hf gvitfrg prgvghilici prjlcgki ejd cfpjcizif id ud cujaj pullciej, hjvg c’gvgdtj sisfrgllg svjctj. Cf pgrmjrkfdeg si î svjctf ejd icsuppjrtj hgcc’fkkidistrfzijdg cjefcg, eng nfhjvutj ejdtrjccfrg ic dukgrj hgi cfvjrftjri, cf cjrjsitufzijdg cgafcg g fssieurftivf. Idjctrg î stftfidefrieftf hi mjrdirg fequf g anifeeij ejdtrj icefchj. F efusf hgccg fctg tgkpgrfturg, fllifkjhjvutj cfvjrfrg cf sgrf. Ic prikj aijrdj djd fllif-kj rfaaiudtj ic dukgrj prgvistj kf, f pfrtirg hfc

sgejdhj aijrdj, ic prjlcgkf î stftf c’geegssivffmmcugdzf. I kfseni kfrjeenidi nfddj ejkpcgtf-kgdtg kjdjpjcizzftj c’gvgdtj, cfseifdhj ikkg-hiftfkgdtg id hispfrtg aci fctri ikkiarfti. C’jraf-dizzfzijdg riuseivf f stgdtj f rfeejacigrg i djkihgi pfrtgeipfdti. C’ftkjsmgrf dgccf stivf grf pfrti-ejcfrkgdtg fdikftf, ejd aijeni hi efrtg g efdti. Fcquidtj aijrdj nj hjvutj cfseifrg cf supgrvisijdghgcc’gvgdtj pgrené grj ikpgadftj id fctrg ejk-kissijdi. Ejkg ejdsgaugdzf, c’fzijdg î stftfikkghiftfkgdtg efdegccftf g ic efchj g fhhiritturfud fkkutidfkgdtj sjdj stfti fhhjtti f spigaf-zijdg hi eiü. Id rgfctâ, c’feefhutj si hgvg fcc’idef-pfeitâ hi ejdtrjccfrg ic ergsegrg hgccf mjccf hgi pfr-tgeipfdti, g cf pfurf ejdergtf hf pfrtg hgaci fagd-ti hgcc’fkkidistrfzijdg cjefcg dgi ejdmrjdti hi qug-stj aruppj eng id Upfadf î trfhizijdfckgdtgfssjeiftj fccf erikidfcitâ. ]fcg cf pgdf sjttjcidgf-rg ic djtgvjcg ikpfttj hgi kghif succ’gvgdtj, g icsuj ejdtiduj svifrg hfc suj svicuppj djrkfcg fefusf hgccf prgsgdzf hgccf stfkpf. C’gvgdtj si îsvjctj id udf situfzijdg id eui i eittfhidi ikkiarftitgdgvfdj ejdtidui sit-id ejdtrj cg cgaai spfadjcg

succ’ikkiarfzijdg.

F <2-kgtgr efraj ljft wfs nirgh mjr jdg wgg`.It wfs tj pie` up <2 pgjpcg ft f egrtfid pjidt id

tng pjrt, wnj wjuch rgkfid nihhgd id tng njch fdh tngd ngfh tjwfrhs fdjtngr pji dt ecjsg-ly,tfìda tnrgg njurs tngrg fdh lfe`. Xng pgjpcgwgrg ejdtfetgh kfidcy tnrjuan tng Ild Lftutf

ikkiarfd t fih fssjeift ijd. Fctnjua n tngir Kfanrgli fdh Uul-Ufnfrfd jriaid wfs jm pri-

kfry ikpjrtfdeg, fccuhida tj tng usuf c frri vfc kgtnjh jm kfdy mjrgiad wjr`grs, twj Ljcivifdwjr`grs fdh f mgkfcg Fragdtidg wjr`gr wgrg

fcsj tf`gd jd. Xngy wgrg pfih 8,222 pgsgtfs, sjkg $<2, mjr tnrgg njurs fdh rgquirgh tj nfvgtngir pfpgrs id jrhgr tj fvjih mjrgsggflcg

prjlcgks witn tng pjcieg id tng pulcie pcfegwngrg tng gvgdt wfs stfagh id mucc vigw. Xng

pigeg wfs prjhuegh witn tng suppjrt jm tng cjefc ajvgrdkgdt, wnien nfh tj ejdtrjc tng duklgr jm wjr`grs, tngir cgafcity fdh prjvihg idsurfdeg. Ci`gwisg, t ngy wgrg rgspjdsilcg mjr suppcyida hridìda wftgr fdh ieg lgefusg jm tng ngft. Jwida tj tng nian tgkpgrfturgs, wg

nfh t j wjr` id t ng gvgdidas. Jd tng mirst hf y,wg hih djt fttrfet tng duklgrs gxpgetgh lut mrjk tng sgejdh hfy jdwfrh, tng prjlcgk wfs

tnft tngrg wgrg tjj kfdy wjr`grs. Kjrjeefd kfcgs kjdjpjci zgh tng gvgdt, ejkpcgtgcy his- pcfeida tng jtngr ikkiarfdts ikkghiftgcy,wnicst tng jrafdizftijd jdcy oust sueegghgh idwitnnjchida tng dfkgs jm tng pfrtieipfdts. Xng

ftkjspngrg id tng njch wfs surprisidacy spirit-gh, witn efrh afkgs fdh sidaida. Jd tng mimtnhfy, I cgmt tng jrafdizftijd id enfrag wnicg I

fttgdhgh tj jtngr ejkkitkgdts. Fs f rgsuct,tng pigeg wfs suhhgdcy efdegccgh‘tng ngft

fdh gvgd f kut idy jd ljfrh wgrg lcfkgh. Id rgfcity, wnft nfppgdgh wfs hug tj fd idflicit y tj ejdtrjc tng arjwida erjwh jm pfrtieipfdts

fdh tng rgfc mgfr idst iccgh id tng cjefc a jvgrd- kgdt fagdts gdtrustgh witn tng tfs` ly tnis cfljr arjup, wnien id Upfid, is trfhitijdfccy fssjeiftgh witn erikidfcity. It is wjrtn pjidtidajut tng ejdsihgrflcg kghif ikpfet jm tng gvgdt

fdh tng ejdstfdt hisruptijds tj its djrkfc hgvgcjpkgdt hug tj tng prgsgdeg jm tng prgss.Xng gvgdt tjj` pcfeg witnid f mrfkgwjr` idwnien tng eity’s ikkiarfdt wjr`grs wgrg ejd-

stfdtcy stfaida si t-ids fafidst Upfdisn ikkiarf-

tijd cfws.

Wd lfrej hg efraf pjrtufrif, hg <2 kgtrjs hggscjrf, mug fcquicfhj pjr udf sgkfdf. Hglëf rgej-

agrgdud pudtjhgcpugrtjf <2pgrsjdfsqugpgr-kfdgegrëfdjeuctfsgd cfljhgaf,y nfegrudfrutfnfstf jtrj dj kuy cgofdj, gkpcgfdhj trgs njrfshg ihf y vugctf. Cfs pgrsjdfs mugrjd ejdtfetfhfsgdsu kfyjrëfarfeifsf cfejcfljrfeiõdhg cffsj-eifeiõdIld Lftutfhg fyuhffc idkiarfdtg. Fudquggd fcusiõd fc kjhj nflitufc hg ccgafhf hg fcaudjstrflfofhjrgsgxtrfdogrjssg prikõgc jriagdkfarg-lë y sulsfnfrifdj, tfkliéd sg fegptfrjd hjs trf-lfofhjrgs ljcivifdjs y udf trflfofhjrf fragdtidfqug fsë cj sjcieitfrjd. Ug cgs pfafrëfd 8.222 pgsg-tfs, udjs <2 $, pjr cfs trgs njrfs y sg cgs gxiairëftgdgr cjs pfpgcgs gd rgacf pfrf gvitfr prjlcgkfsejd cf pjcieëf, prgvisilcgs gd ud gspfeij pÿlciej ygd ud gvgdtj hg mæeic hgtgeeiõd. Cf pigzf grf rgf-cizfhf ejd gc fpjyj hgc ajligrdj cjefc, qug hglëfejdtrjcfr cf efdtihfh hg trflfofhjrgs, su cgafcihfhy cf prjvisiõd hg ud sgaurj. Fsikiskj sg gdefr-afrëf hgc fejpij hg fauf pjtflcg y nigcj, tgdigdhjgdeugdtfcfsfctfstgkpgrfturfs.Gstjÿctikjtfk-liéd hgtgrkidõ gc usj hg ud njrfrij hg tfrhg. Gcprikgr hëf dj sg eulriõ cf eimrf gspgrfhf pgrj, fpfrtir hgc sgaudhj, gc prjlcgkf mug gc gxegsj hg

trflfofhjrgs. Cjs vfrjdgs hg jriagd kfrrjquë fefpfrfrjd ejkpcgtfkgdtg cf feeiõd hgspcfzfd-hj gd sgauihf fc rgstj hg idkiarfdtgs, kigdtrfsqug cf jrafdizfeiõd fpgdfs ejdsgauëf rgtgdgr cjsdjklrgs hg cjs pfrtieipfdtgs. Gd cf ljhgaf gcfkligdtg mug sjrprgsivfkgdtg cÿhiej, sg ouaflf fcfs efrtfs y sg efdtflf. Fc quidtj hëf hglë hgofr fcf jrafdizfeiõd gc sgauikigdtj hg cf jlrf gd ftgd-eiõd f jtrjs ejkprjkisjs hg trflfoj. Gc rgsuctfhjmug su muckidfdtg efdegcfeiõd. Ug fcgafrjd cfsfctfs tgkpgrfturfs g idecusj cf gxistgdeif hg udkjtëd f ljrhj. Gd rgfcihfh cj sueghihj sg hgliõ fcfidefpfeihfhhg ejdtrjcfrudfkfsf ergeigdtghgpfrtieipfdtgs y fc kighj rgfc qug cfs pgrsjdfsgdefrafhfs hgc fsudtj pjr gc ajligrdj cjefc cgtgdëfd f gstg arupj cfljrfc trfhieijdfckgdtg fsi-kicfhj gd Gspföf ejd cf hgcideugdeif. Eflgsgöfcfr gc mugrtg ikpfetj kghiætiej qug tuvj cffeeiõd y cfs ejdstfdtgs idtgrmgrgdeifs qug cf prg-sgdeif hg cf prgdsf efusõ gd gc djrkfc hgsgdvjc-vikigdtj hgc gvgdtj. Xjhj gccj, gd ud ejdtgxtj gdgc qug cjs trflfofhjrgs idkiarfdtgs hg cf eiuhfhrgfcizflfd ejdstfdtgs gdeigrrjs ejdtrf cf cgy

gspföjcf hg gxtrfdogrëf.



618

CIDGF HI <22 EK A\FMMIFXF UWCCF EF\\J__G\IF HI WD’FWXJKJLICG / CIDG KGFUW\IDA <22 EKUE\FXENGH IDXJ F EF\’U RFIDXQJ\@ / CËDGF HG <22 EK \FYFHF GD CF ENFRF HG WD

FWXJKÕ]ICJclif. Ufrhgadf. Cuacij Oucy Oucij <226

Wdf kfeenidf î stftf fmmittftf g udf cidgf hi <22egdtikgtri î stftf arfmmiftf succf suf efrrjzzgrif,uticizzfdhj ud pfij hi enifvi. Uueegssivfkgdtg îstftf riejdsgadftf fcc’fagdzif.

F efr wfs nir gh fdh usida f pfir jm `gys, f <22ek cidg wfs serftengh idtj tng pfidtwjr` jdjdg jm its sihgs. It wfs cftgr rgturdgh tj tng

fagdey.

Ug fcquicõ ud futjkõvic y sg cg rfyõ, gd udejstfhj, udf cëdgf hg <22 ek gkpcgfdhjudfs ccfvgs. Rjstgrijrkgdtg mug hgvugctj f cffagdeif.

C’isjcf hi Kfijref nf udf mgttf ejdsistgdtg hi pjpj-cfzijdg hi cidauf tghgsef, prjprigtfri hi tgrrf, sgrvi-zi, kghif g hgtgdtjri hgc pjtgrg pjcitiej, eng id kjctiefsi, nf hispgrsj kjctf pjpjcfzijdg f efusf hgcergsegdtg pgsj hgc turiskj succ’gejdjkif hgcc’isj-cf. Ejkg sgejdhf pfrtg hgc cfvjrj svjctj f Lfsicgf,Utriseijdg sjspgssj fc hi mujri hgcc’gdtrftf hi udf

migrf h’frtg, cj stgssj striseijdg î stftj fppgsj fh

ud kurj hi rjeeif eng sjvrfstf cf spifaaif. ]i sipjtgvf cgaagrg „Idcèdhgr \fus„, eng trfhjttj siadi-mief „Mujri i dftivi’. Wd pfij h’jrg hjpj, id rispjstffccg cfkgdtgcg, c’fkkidistrfzijdg cjefcg, nf mfttjrikujvgrg cj striseijdg, ergfdhj ud pfrfhjssj hfckjkgdtj eng grf cj stgssj gdtg eng fvgvf jraf-dizzftj c’gvgdtj. Hjpj cg dgajzifzijdi, cj striseijdgî stftj rikgssj, pgr pji gssgrg ritjctj fceudg jrghjpj, qugstf vjctf dgssudj sf hf eni.

Xng iscfdh jm Kfccjref nfs f cfrag pjpucftijd jm Agrkfd spgf`grs, jwdgrs jm cfdh, sgrvieg fdh

kghif, fdh njchgrs jm pjcitiefc pjwgr, wnien id kfdy efsgs, hispcfegs tng cjefc pjpucftijd hugtj tng idergfsida rgcifdeg jm tng iscfdh’s gejdj-

ky jd tjurisk. Fs f sgejdh pfrt jm tng pigegejdhuetgh id Lfsgc Lfddgr ngch jutsihg tnggdtrfdeg tj fd frt mfir , tnis sfkg lfddgr wfs

nuda mrjk f rje` wfcc surrjudhida tng ejvg. Jd it ejuch lg rgfh –Idcèdhgr \fus‛ wnien id Gdacisn is trfdscftgh fs –Dftivgs jut‛. F ejupcg jm njurs cftgr, fdh rgspjdhida tj ejkpcfidts, tng tjwdejudeic rgkjvgh tng lfddgr, ergftida f pfrfhjx

sideg it wfs tng sfkg ljhy tnftnfh jrafdizgh tng gvgdt. Fmtgr sjkg dgajtiftijds, tng lfddgr wfs rgidstfccgh fdh rgkjvgh sjkg njurs cftgr,tnis tikg djljhy `djws ly wnjk.

Gd cf iscf hg Kfccjref nfy udf arfd ejcjdif agrk

djnflcfdtg, pjsgghjrf hg sugcj, sgrvieijs, kghi

hg ejkudiefeiõd y pjhgr pjcëtiej, qug, gd kuen

efsjs, hgspcfzf f cf pjlcfeiõd cjefc hglihj f

hgpgdhgdeif hgc turiskj pjr pfrtg hg cf gejdjk

iscgöf. Ug pgdsõ gd udf sgaudhf pfrtg hg cf pig

hg Lfsicgf Cjdf sjstgdihf mrgdtg f cf gdtrfhf h

udf mgrif hg frtg y sg ejcaõ cf kiskf cjdf gd cf q

sg pjhëf cggr –Idcèdhgr \fus‛, qug gd efstgccfsiadimief –Rgrsjdfs jriaidfrifs hg gstg cuafr, mugr

gd udf pfrgh hg rjef qug ljrhgflf hienf ef

Wdfs njrfs hgspués y fhueigdhj qugofs, gc fyu

tfkigdtj cjefc rgtirõ cf pigzf, hædhjsg cf pfrfhj

hg qug gc prjpij fyudtfkigdtj nflëf jrafdizfhj

gvgdtj. Xrfs fcaudfs dgajeifeijdgs cf cjdf m

rgidstfcfhf y hgskjdtfhf njrfs hgspués, gstf v

sid qug sg supigrf quigd cj nizj.

UX\IUEIJDG FRRGUJ HIM\JDXG F WDF EFCF / LFDDG\ UWURGDHGH ID M\JDX JM F EJ]G / CJDF UWURGDHIHF M\GDXG F WDF EFCF Efcf Ufd ]iegdtg. Kfccjref. Fajstj Fuaust<226

852 RG\UJDG RFAFXG 52 UJCGU FCC’J\F / 852 RGJRCG RFIH 52 UJCGU RG\ NJW\ / 852 RG\UJDFU \GKWDG\FHFU EJD 52 UJCGU CF NJ\F Afcgrëf Rfdenj Migrrj. Cikf. Fajstj Fuaust <226

UJCCG]FKGDXJ HI = RFDENIDG / \FIUIDA JM = LGDENGU / GCG]FEIÕD HG = LFDEFU@udstnfccg hgr Nypj-@ucturstimtuda. Kudien. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg <226



61= Vugstf î udf vgrsijdg hgc pgzzj prjhjttj fcKusgj \umidj Xfkfyj f Eittâ hgc Kgssiej dgc6999. Vui, cf afccgrif Rfdenj Migrrj, hipgdhgdtghfcc’fkkidistrfzijdg hi Cikf, î stftf rigkpitf hihjddg, cfseifdhj cilgrj udj spfzij pgr ic pullci-ej. F himmgrgdzf hgc cfvjrj kgssiefdj, cg hjddgaufrhfvfdj hirgttfkgdtg ic pullciej. Ujdj stftgpfaftg fpprjssikftivfkgdtg > hjccfri, j 52 sjcgspgruvifdi, pgr qufttrj jrg hi cfvjrj. C’fzijdg si îsgrvitf hi hjddg prjvgdigdti hfc Rrjarfkf ]fsjhg Cgeng (Rrjarfkkf Lieenigrg hi Cfttg), ud’fs-sjeifzijdg hi hjddg jrafdizzftf hfcc’fkkidistrf-zijdg hi Cikf pgr efdfcizzfrg cf histriluzijdg hiagdgri fcikgdtfri fccg mfseg sjeifci più id himmiejctâhgccf eittâ. Id efklij qugstg hjddg nfddj rigk-pitj cj spfzij rienigstj.

Xnis is f vgrsijd jm tng pigeg prjhuegh id

Kgxiej Eity’s Kusgj \umidj Xfkfyj id6999. Ngrg, tng Rfdenj Migrrj Afcgrëf,hgpgdhgdt jd Cikf Eity Ejudeic, wfs miccgh

witn wjkgd, cgfvida f jdg-kgtgr fiscg mjr

spgetftjrs. Wdci`g tng Kgxiefd wjr`, tngwjkgd cjj`gh hirgetcy ft tng pulcie. Xngy

wgrg pfih fpprjxikftgcy $> jr 52 dgw Rgru-

vifd sjcgs mjr mjur njurs’ wjr`. Xng pigeg

usgh wjkgd mrjk tng Rrjarfkf ]fsj hgCgeng (Acfss jm Kic` Rrjarfk), fd fssjeif-

tijd jm wjkgd sgt up ly Cikf Xjwd Ejudeic

tj enfddgc tng histrilutijd jm stfpcg mjjhs

fkjdast tng kjst udhgrprivicgagh sgetijdjm Cikf’s sjeigty. Id rgturd, tngsg wjkgd micc

pulcie gvgdts fs rgquir gh.

Gstf gs udf vgrsiõd hg cf pigzf rgfcizfhf gd gc

Kusgj \umidj Xfkfyj hg cf eiuhfh hg Kéxiejgd 6999. Gd gstf jefsiõd cf Afcgrëf Rfdenj Mig-rrj, hgpgdhigdtg hg cf kudieipfcihfh hg Cikf, sgccgdõ hg kuogrgs hgofdhj ud pfsiccj hg ud kgtrjpfrf gc pfsj hg gspgetfhjrgs, fhgkæs y f himg-rgdeif hgc trflfoj kgxiefdj, cfs pgrsjdfs kirf-lfd hirgetfkgdtg fc pÿlciej. Ug pfafrjd fprjxi-kfhfkgdtg > $, 52 dugvjs sjcgs pgrufdjs, pjreuftrj njrfs hg trflfoj. Ug nizj cf jlrf ejdkuogrgs hgc Rrjarfkf ]fsj hg Cgeng, udf fsj-eifeiõd hg kuogrgs ergfhf pjr cf kudieipfcihfhhg Cikf pfrf efdfcizfr gc rgpfrtj hg fcikgdtjslæsiejs gdtrg cfs efpfs kæs hgsmfvjrgeihfs hgCikf. Ejkj ejdtrfpfrtihf gstfs kuogrgs ccgdfdcjs fetjs pÿlciejs sgaÿd sg prgeisg.

Ugi pfdenidg hisgadftg fppjsitfkgdtg hf HgKgurjd pgr cf @udstnfccg sjdj stftg sjccgvftg fhivgrsg fctgzzg pgr hug jrg fc aijrdj pgr ud pgrij-hj hi hug sgttikfdg. Cg fctgzzg sjdj stftg hgeisghfi cfvjrftjri fi qufci î stftj enigstj qufcg mjssg ickidikj hi gcgvfzijdg pjssilicg0 i cfvjrftjri nfddjidtgrprgtftj c’fctgzzf ejkg qugccf più ejkjhf pgrcjrj. F efusf hgc pgsj hgccg pfdenidg ei sjdj stftiejdtidui efkli dgcc’fctgzzf hjvuti fccf mftief. Ic mcus-sj hi cfvjrftjri djd î kfi stftj ejstfdtg. Ujdj stftipfafti 6> kfreni fcc’jrf, eiref > hjccfri.

Uix lgdengs spgeifccy hgsiadgh ly Hg Kgurjdmjr tnis frt afccgry wgrg rfisgh tj himmgrgdt

ngiants mjr twj njurs f hfy jvgr f pgrijh jm twjwgg`s. Xng ngiants wgrg sgt ly fsìda wjr`grsmjr tng kidikuk gcgvftijd pjssilcg0 tngsg wjr`-grs tngd idtgrprgtgh tng ngiant id tng kfddgr

kjst ejkmjrtflcg mjr tngk. Jwida tj tng wgiant jm tng lgdengs, tngrg wgrg ejdstfdt hrjps id

ngiant prjhuegh ly mftiaug. Xng mcjw jm wjr`grswfs dgvgr ejdstfdt. Xngy wgrg pfih 6>Hgutsenkfr`s fd njur, sjkg $>.

Ugis lfdefs hisgöfhfs pjr Hg Kgurjd gspge

kgdtg pfrf gstf @udstnfccg mugrjd gcgvfhfs f hi

rgdtgs fcturfs, hurfdtg hjs njrfs hifrifs pjr

pgrijhj hg hjs sgkfdfs. Cfs fcturfs mugrjd gst

lcgeihfs pihigdhj f cjs trflfofhjrgs cf këdikf gc

vfeiõd pjsilcg0 pjstgrijrkgdtg éstjs idtgrprgtf

cf fcturf ejdmjrkg f su kfyjr ejkjhihfh. Hgli

fc arfd pgsj hg cfs lfdefs, sg prjhueëfd ejdstf

tgs hgsegdsjs hg cfs kiskfs pfrf hgsefdsfr.

mcuoj hg trflfofhjrgs dudef mug ejdstfdtg. U

pfafrjd 6> kfrejs fcgkfdgs cf njrf, udjs > $.





pfaidg prgeghgdti / prgvijus pfags / pæaidfs fdtgrijrgs

UJCCG]FKGDXJ HGI XG\AIE\IUXFCCI HGCCG FWXJKJLICI X\J]FXG RF\ENGAAIFXG HW\FDXG WDF EFKKIDFXF HI WD’J\F / \FIUIDA JM XNG QIDHUE\GGD QIRG\U JM XNG EF\U MJWDH RF\@GHHW\IDA F JDG-NJW\ QFC@ / GCG]FEIÕD HG CJU CIKRIFRF\FL\IUFU HG CJU FWXJKÕ]ICGUGDEJDX\FHJU HW\FDXG WD RFUGJ HG WDF NJ\F Hivgrsi spfzi pullciei Himmgrgdt pulcie spfegs Hivgrsjs gspfeijs. Hulcid. Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg <226

Vugst’fzijdg î stftf ejkpiutf hurfdtg ud idejd-trj hi rualy trf Ircfdhf g Idanictgrrf.

Xnis fetijd wfs efrrigh jut hurida fd Irgcfdh vs.Gdacfdh rualy kften.

Gstf feeiõd sg ccgvõ f eflj hurfdtg ud pfrtihjhg rualy Ircfdhf vs. Idacftgrrf.

CF UXJ\IF HGCCF AFCCG\IF MJ@UFC IDUGADFXF F WD HIUJEEWRFXJ WE\FIDJ / XNG NIUXJ\Y JM XNG MJ@UFC AFCCG\Y XFWANX XJ FD WDGKRCJYGH W@\FDIFD / NIUXJ\IF HG CF AFCG\ËF MJ@UFC GDUGÖFHF F WD HGUGKRCGFHJ WE\FDIFDJMj`sfc Afccgry Mjudhftijd. Qfrsfw. Mgllrfij Mglrufry Mglrgrj <22<



6><

Hug eigeni, ejkg qugcci eng flitufckgdtg s’idejdtrf-

dj f kgdhiefrg dgccg strfhg hgc egdtrj, sjdj stfti

pfafti pgr svjcagrg ic cjrj cfvjrj id afccgrif. Djdjstfd-

tgcf cjrjaijrdftfcfvjrftivfmjssgpiù cudaf,sjdjstfti

fmmittftipgr sujdfrgqufttrjjrgfc aijrdjpgrud kgsg.

]grsj cf midg hgc kgsg cf afccgrif nf hgttj cjrj hi suj-

dfrg sjcfkgdtg fcc’frrivj hi ud visitftjrg. Ujdj stfti

usfti sgi fkpcimieftjri pgr himmjdhgrg ic sujdj.

Xwj lcidh pgjpcg, tng typg usufccy mjudh lgaaida id tng strggts jm tng hjwdtjwd frgf, wgrg nirgh tj efrry jut tngir ojl id tng afccgry. Fctnjuan tngir wjrìda hfy is usufccy cjdagr,tngy wgrg nirgh tj pcfy mjr mjur njurs pgr hfy mjr

f kjdtn. Midfccy, tng afccgry prjkptgh tngk tj pcfy jdcy wngd f visitjr frrivgh. Uix cjuhspgf`-grs wgrg usgh tj fkpcimy tngir sjudh.

Hjs idvihgdtgs hg cjs qug sugcgd pghir cikjsdf gd

gc egdtrj hg cf eiuhfh mugrjd ejdtrftfhjs pfrf

rgfcizfr su trflfoj gd cf afcgrëf. Fudqug su ojrdf-

hf gs kfyjr, sg cgs ejdtrftõ pfrf tjefr euftrj

njrfs hifrifs hurfdtg ud kgs. Midfckgdtg cf afcg-

rëf sjcj cgs ideitflf f tjefr eufdhj fpfrgeëf ud

visitfdtg. Ug gkpcgfrjd sgis fctfvjegs pfrf

fkpcimiefr su sjdihj.

< UWJDFXJ\I HI KF\FEF / < KF\FEF RCFYG\U / < KF\FVWG\JUAfcgrëf Gdriqug Augrrgrj. Kgxiej H.M. Agddfij Ofdufry Gdgrj <22<

Cf stjrif hgccf afccgrif Mj`sfc ejdtf qufttrjhgefhi. Id qugsti hgegddi sjdj feefhuti dukg-rjsi gvgdti, sikickgdtg f qufdtj î feefhutjdgccj stgssj pgrijhj hi tgkpj id fctri pfgsi.Gssf si cgaf f qufdtj î sueegssj id Rjcjdif? icpfssfaaij hf ud sidajcj pfrtitj hittftjrifcg fudf mfsg hi trfdsizijdg hi efttjciegsikj dfzij-dfcg pgr smjeifrg midfckgdtg id udf hgkjerfzifpfrcfkgdtfrg.Vufttrj spgeifcisti, udj pgr jadi hgegddij, gud idtgrprgtg pjcfeej-russj (eng ic hisjeeupf-tj, djdjstfdtg djd mjssg cf suf kfhrgcidauf,grf ejkudqug id arfhj hi ejkprgdhgrg) sjdjstfti fssudti pgr spigafrg f ud cfvjrftjrg uerfi-dj hisjeeupftj qugsti kjkgdti stjriei hgccfafccgrif id cgzijdi hi eidqufdtf kiduti. Grf prg-sgdtg fdeng ud trfhuttjrg pjcfeej-spfadjcjpgr kg.Jeefsijdfckgdtg si î usftj c’idacgsg ejkgfiutj.

Xng Mj`sfc Afccgry nfs mjur hgefhgs jm nistjry

hurida wnien gvgdts sikicfr tj tnjsg id tng hgvgc-jpkgdt jm jtngr ejudtrigs, hurida tng sfkg pgri-jh jm tikg, nfvg tf`gd pcfeg. Xnis is ejupcgh witnRjcfdh’s jwd pgeucifr nistjry, id wnien tng ejud-try pfssgh mrjk f sidacg-pfrty hietftjrsnip tj ftrfdsitijd jm dftijdfc Eftnjcieisk, fdh midfccy idtj

f pfrcifkgdtfry Hgkjerfey. Mjur spgeifcists, jdgmjr gfen hgefhg, wgrg nirgh tj gxpcfid tnjsg nis-tjrie kjkgdts jm tng afccgry id cgssjds jm 72 kid-utgs gfen tj fd udgkpcjygh W`rfidifd, wnj wfs

cjjìda mjr f ojl fs f ejdstruetijd wjr`gr id tng strggt, fdh wfs nirgh mjr tnis jeefsijd. Xng cgssjds wgrg aivgd id Rjcisn, f cfdaufag ud`djwdtj tng udgkpcjygh wjr`gr, mjr wnien f Rjcisn-\ussifd trfdscftjr wfs fcsj nirgh? f cfdaufagwnien, fctnjuan djt nis kjtngr tjdaug, ng dgvgr-tngcgss udhgrstjjh. Xngrg wfs fcsj f Rjcisn-Upfdisn trfdscftjr mjr kysgcm. Gvgdtufccy, Gdacisnwfs fcsj usgh fs fd fih.

Cf Afcgrëf Mj`sfc eugdtf ejd euftrj héefhfs

nistjrif gd cfs qug sg nfd sueghihj gvgdtjs fdcjajs f cjs hgsfrrjccfhjs gd jtrjs pfësgs hurftg gc kiskj pgrijhj, sukfhj f cfs pgeucifrihhgs prjpifs hg ud pfës qug gd gsg tigkpj pfsfhj hg udf hietfhurf gstftfcistf hg pfrtihÿdiej f udf trfdsieiõd dfeijdfc eftõcief, nfsccgafr f udf hgkjerfeif pfrcfkgdtfrif. Euftgspgeifcistfs, udj pjr héefhf, mugrjd ejdtrfthjs pfrf gxpciefr gsjs kjkgdtjs nistõriejs cf afcgrëf gd cgeeijdgs hg 72 kidutjs efhf udfud hgsgkpcgfhj uerfdifdj qug luseflf trflfejkj fclföic gd cf efccg y fc eufc sg ejdtrftõ pfcf jefsiõd. Cfs cgeeijdgs sg hflfd gd pjcfeihijkf hgsejdjeihj pfrf gc hgsgkpcgfhj, qug jlciaõ f ejdtrftfr f ud trfhuetjr hg pjcfef rusj, ihijkf qug, fud dj sigdhj gc kftgrdj hfcukdj, éstg hjkidflf. Fhgkæs sg ejdtõ ejud trfhuetjr hg pjcfej f gspföjc pfrf kë. Xfkliédsgusõ gvgdtufckgdtggc idacés ejkjfyuh

RG\UJDF ENG HIEG WDF M\FUG / RG\UJD UFYIDA F RN\FUG / RG\UJDF HIEIGDHJ WDF M\FUGDgw Utrggt. Lirkidanfk. Mgllrfij Mglrufry Mglrgrj <22<



6>8 Wdf pgrsjdf eng kgdhiefvf sjchi dgccf strfhfejkkgreifcg più trfmmieftf hgccf eittâ î stftffmmittftf pgr hirg udf mrfsg hfvfdti f udf vihgj-efkgrf. Cf mrfsg grf? –Cf kif pfrtgeipfzijdg fqugstj prjagttj puü agdgrfrg 1<.222 hjccfrihi prjmittj. Ij riegvj 7 stgrcidg hi pfaf‛.

F pgrsjd lgaaida mjr kjdgy id tng eity’s lusigst snjppida strggt wfs nirgh tj sfy f pnrfsg id mrjdt jm f vihgj efkgrf. Xng pnrfsg wfs? – Ky pfr tieipfti jd i d tn is pr joget ejuch agdgrftg f $1<,222 prjmit. I fk pfih

£7.‛

Wdf pgrsjdf qug pghëf cikjsdf gd cf efccg kæsejkgreifc hg cf eiuhfh mug ejdtrftfhf pfrfhgeir udf mrfsg fdtg udf eækfrf hg vihgj. Cfmrfsg grf? –Ki pfrtieipfeiõd gd gstg prjygetjpughg agdgrfr udjs lgdgmieijs hg 1<.222 $. Yjgstjy ejlrfdhj 7 £‛.

6> RG\UJDG \IEJRG\XG HI RJCIW\GXFDJ / UR\FYIDA JM RJCYW\GXNFDG J]G\ 6> RGJRCG / GUR\GFHJ HG RJCIW\GXFDJ UJL\G 6> RG\UJDFU

Fssjeifzijdg Rrjkgtgj Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf. G x enigsf hi Ufd Kfttgj. Cueef. Kfrzj Kfren <22<



6> aijvfdi prjstitutg eng cfvjrfdj dgccf zjdf, pgrcf kfaaijr pfrtg prjvgdigdti hfcc’Gst Gurjpf,sjdj stftg sistgkftg fcc’idtgrdj hi udf enigsfkghijgvfcg sejdsferftf. Idhjssfdhj sjcfkgdtgcf lifdengrif idtikf, quidhi fvvjctg hf ejpgrtg hicfdf g mjaci hi pcfstief, sjdj stftg spruzzftg hipjciurgtfdj succg pfrti agditfci, id hug hivgrsgpjsizijdi? hi mrjdtg g hi senigdf. Ic risuctftj, udfkfssf idmjrkg hi pjciurgtfdj g pcfstief î stftjspfrpfaciftj dgccf enigsf idsigkg f rgsti hi eilj glgvfdhg, fceudi fliti hikgdtiefti, stumgttg g lfrft-tjci vujti hi pjciurgtfdj.

6> yjuda prjstitutgs wnj wjr`gh id tng zjdg, tng

kfojrity jm kfidcy Gfstgrd Gurjpgfd jriaid, wgrg pcfeghidsihgfd gkptykghigvfcenurendj cjdagr usgh mjr wjrsnip. Hrgssgh id tngir udhgrwgfr, tngy wgrg prjtgetgh witn wjjcgd ejvgrs fdh pcfstie

snggts. Xngy wgrg tngd sprfygh witn pjcyurgtnfdgjd tngir agditfc frgfs, id twj himmgrgdt pjsturgs?mrjk tng mrjdt fdh tng lfe`. Xng rgsuct, fd fkjr-

pnjus kfss jm pjcyurgtnfdg fdh pcfstie wfs seft-tgrghtnrjuanjuttng enuren,fs wgccfs cgmtjvgrsjm mjjh fdh hrid`, sjkg mjrajttgd ecjtngs, ngftgrs

fdh gkpty pjcyurgtnfdg efds.

Gd udf iacgsif kghigvfc, vfeëf y sid euctj,

idtrjhuogrjd 6> prjstitutfs oõvgdgs qug trflfolfd gd cjs fcrghghjrgs y qug, gd su kfyjrgrfd jriaidfrifs hgc gstg hg Gurjpf. ]gstihfs grjpf idtgrijr, sg cfs prjtgaiõ ejd kfdtfs y pcæsejs pfrf cugaj rjeifrcgs pjciurgtfdj gd su ærgagditfc gd hjs pjsturfs? hg mrgdtg y hg gspfchfGc rgsuctfdtg, udf kfsf fkjrmf hg pjciurgtfdjpcæstiej, mug hgspfrrfkfhj pjr tjhf cf iacgstfkliéd cjs rgstjs hg fcikgdtjs y lglihfs idarihfs, fcaudf rjpf jcvihfhf, cjs efcgmfetjrgs y cljkljdfs vfeëfs hg pjciurgtfdj.

EJUX\W_IJDG G IDUXFCCF_IJDG HI 6< MJ\KG HI 17 Ñ 17 Ñ >22 EK J\AFDI__FXI ID < URF_I / EJDUX\WEXIJD FDH IDUXFCCFXIJD JM 6< MJ\KU JM 17 Ñ 17 Ñ >22 EK J\AFDI_GH ID < URFEGU / EJDUX\WEEIÕD G IDUXFCFEIÕD HG 6< MJ\KFU HG 17 Ñ 17 Ñ >22 EK J\HGDFHFU GD < GURFEIJUEfrcigr/Aglfugr Afcgrig. Lgrcid. Kfrzj Kfren <22<

5 EWLI HI 622 EK HI CFXJ, URJUXFXI HI 122 EK / 5 EWLGUJM 622 EK JD GFEN UIHG, KJ]GH 122 EK / 5 EWLJU HG 622 EKHG CFHJ EFHF WDJ, KJ]IHJU 122 EK@udstnfccg Ufd`t Afccgd. Ufd`t Afccgd, Uvizzgrf Uwitzgrcfdh Uuizf. Fpricg Fpric Flric <22<



6>> Cg hjhiei mjrkg sjdj stftg rgfcizzftg uticizzfdhj

cgadj, agssj g fsmfctj id jeefsijdg hgcc’fpgrturf hgc

dujvj spfzij hgccf afccgrif Efrcigr/Agdfugr dgcc’frgf

hi Ofddjwitzlróe`g, udf zjdf ejccjeftf dgcc’gx Lgr-

cidj gst g sjttjpjstf f ud kfssieeij prjegssj hi

riurlfdizzfzijdg. Cg mjrkg sjdj stftg idstfccftg

fttrfvgrsj cg midgstrg g mfttg spjragrg hf qugstg pgr

ud kgtrj g kgzzj. C’jpgrfzijdg nf ejkpjrtftj cf

rikjzijdg hgccg ikpjstg. Idjctrg udf hgccg stfdzg

fvgvf ud dukgrj himmgrgdtg hi midgstrg rispgttj fccg

fctrg0 pgr qugstj kjtivj sjdj stfti rgfcizzfti hug

lueni fccf kghgsikf fctgzzf hjvg fvrgllgrj hjvutj

gssgrei cg midgstrg. C’fctrf stfdzf, idvgeg, djd fvgvf

fllfstfdzf spfzij pgr qugstg mjrkg g ejsã sjdj

stfti rgfcizzfti fctri lueni dgc kurj. Id agdgrfcg, c’jrhi-

dg hgeisj pgr cf ejccjefzijdg hi qugstg mjrkg nf

ikpcieftj ud’idstfccfzijdg idtrusivf pgr jadi stfdzf.

Mjr tng jpgdida jm tnis afccgry’s dgw spfeg, luict

id tng frgf jm Ofddjwitzlróe`g, f zjdg id tngmjrkgr Gfst Lgrcid tnft nfs udhgrajdg f strjda

prjegss jm rg-urlfdizftijd, t ngsg mjrks wgrgejdstruetgh jut jm wjjh, pcfstgr fdh fspnfct.Xngy wgrg idstfccgh tnrjuan tng widhjws fdh

prjtruhgh jut ly jdg-fdh-f-nfcm kgtgrs, wnien kgfdt tnft tng widhjws nfh tj lg hiskfdtcgh.Murtngrkjrg, jdg jm tng rjjks nfh f himmgrgdt

duklgr jm widhjws tnfd tng jtngr, fdh twj njcgs nfh tj lg kfhg id tng wfcc ft tng sfkg ngiant wngrg t ng widhjws wjuch nfvg lggd. Fdjtngr rjjk hihd’t nfvg gdjuan spfeg mjr tngsg mjrks fdh njcgs fcsj nfh tj kfhg id tngwfcc. Id agdgrfc, tng jrhgr hgeihgh upjd mjr tngsg mjrks idvjcvgh fd idtrusivg idstfccftijd mjr gfen jm tng rjjks.

Rfrf cf fpgrturf hgc dugvj gspfeij hg gstf

afcgrëf ejdstruihf gd gc ærgf hg Ofddjwitz-lróe g, udf zjdf hgc fdtiauj Lgrcëd Gstgsjkgtihf f ud mugrtg prjegsj hg rgurlfdizf-eiõd, sg ejdstruygrjd gstfs mjrkfs gd kfhg-rf, ygsj y fsmfctj. Ug idstfcfrjd nfeiédhjcfssjlrgsfcir hg cfs vgdtfdfs ud kgtrj y kghij,cj qug jlciaõ f hgskjdtfrcfs. Rjr jtrf pfrtg,gd udf hg cfs sfcfs dj nflëf gc kiskj dÿkg-rj hg vgdtfdfs qug gd cf jtrf, pjr cj qug sgflrigrjd hjs nugejs gd gc kurj f cf fcturf hghjdhg sg hglgrëfd gdejdtrfr. Jtrf sfcf grfkuy pgqugöf pfrf fhkitir gstfs mjrkfs ytfkliéd fnë sg jpgrfrjd ljqugtgs gd gc kurj.Gd agdgrfc gc jrhgd hgeihihj pfrf gstfs mjr-kfs ikpcieflf udf idstfcfeiõd vijcgdtf pfrffkljs gspfeijs.

Ugi rimuaifti fclfdgsi, sgdzf pgrkgssj hi cfvjrj,sjdj stfti fmmittfti pgr spjstfrg f kfdj trg euli hiegkgdtj hf ud kurj hi mrjdtg f qugccj fcc’idtgrdjhi udj spfzij gspjsitivj.

Uix Fclfdifd rgmuaggs, witnjut tng riant tj wjr`,

wgrg nirgh tj kjvg ly nfdh tnrgg egkgdt eulgs mrjk jdg wfcc tj its jppjsitg wfcc id fd frt

spfeg.

Ugis rgmuaifhjs fclfdgsgs sid hgrgenj f trfl

ofr mugrjd e jdtrftfhjs pfrf kjvgr f kfdj treuljs hg egkgdtj hgshg ud kurj nfstf sjpugstj gd udf sfcf hg frtg.

XGCJ UJURGUJ UWCCF MFEEIFXF HI WD GHIMIEIJ / XF\RFWCID UWURGDHGH M\JK XNG MFÁFHG JM F LWICHIDA / CJDF UWURGDHIHF HG CF MFENFHF HG WD GHIMIEIJKusgj Cf Xgrtucif. Efci, Ejcjklif. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij <22<

9 MJ\KG HI 622 Ñ 622 Ñ =22 EK EIFUEWDF, EJUX\WIXG RG\ GUUG\G UJUXGDWXGRG\RGDHIEJCF\KGDXG FC KW\J / 9 MJ\KU JM 622 Ñ 622 Ñ =22 EK GFEN, EJDUX\WEXGH XJ LG UWRRJ\XGH RG\RGDHIEWCF\ XJ F QFCC / 9 MJ\KFU HG 622 Ñ 622 Ñ =22 EK EJDUX\WIHFU RF\FUG\ UJUXGDIHFU GD RG\RGDHIEWCF\ F CF RF\GHHgiten Rrjogets. Dgw Yjr`. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij <22<



692 Wd tgcj hi <2 x 67 kgtri, rfmmiaurfdtg cf lfdhigrffkgriefdf, î stftj fppgsj succf mfeeiftf hi udkusgj, ejd c’idtgdzijdg hi cfseifrcj cã pgr sgi aijr-di, hurftf hgc Mgstivfc hgccf Rgrmjrkfdeg. Hurfdtgic quidtj aijrdj, djdjstfdtg udf pijaaif lfttgdtg,qufceudj nf tgdtftj hi lrueifrcj, efusfdhj qufc-eng hfddj. Hi ejdsgaugdzf si î hjvutj rikujvf-rg ic tgcj pgr prjtgaagrg c’ghimieij.

F tfrpfucid jm <2 x 67 kgtgrs hispcfyida tng W.U.

mcfa wfs suspgdhgh mrjk tng mfáfhg jm f kusg-uk witn tng idtgdtijd jm cgfvida it tngrg mjr six hfys? tng hurftijd jm tng Mgstivfc jm Rgrmjrk-

fdeg. Hurida tng mimtn hfy fdh, id spitg jm tng ngfvy rfidmfcc, sjkgjdg trigh tj lurd it, efusida sjkg hfkfag. Uulsgqugdtcy, it nfh tj lg rgkjvgh id jrhgr tj prjtget tng luichida.

Wdf cjdf hg <2 x 67 kgtrjs ejd cf lfdhgrf hg

Gstfhjs Wdihjs mug ejcjefhf gd cf mfenfhf hgud kusgj efcgöj ejd cf idtgdeiõd hg qug pgrkf-dgeigsg fnë hurfdtg cjs sgis hëfs qug hurfrëf udmgstivfc hg pgrmjrkfdeg. Fc quidtj hëf y f pgsfrhg cfs mugrtgs ccuvifs fcauigd idtgdtõ qugkfr cftgcf, ejdsiauiédhjcj gd pfrtg. Rjstgrijrkgdtg sghgliõ rgtirfr pfrf dj nfegr pgciarfr gc ghimieij.

Djvg mjrkg, ejstruitg ejd gcgkgdti himmgrgdti (trfeui cgadj g fsmfctj) sjdj stftg sjstgdutg, sgdzfiklrfefturg, hf ud cftj hf udf strutturf hi cgadjmissftf f ud kurj hgccf afccgrif g, hfcc’fctrj, hf udaruppj hi trg j qufttrj cfvjrftjri pgr jadi pgzzj.Rgr qufttrj sgttikfdg i cfvjrftjri si sjdj fctgrdftidgccj svjcagrg ic cfvjrj, aufhfadfdhj 6< hjccfrifcc’jrf. Rgr trjvfrg i cfvjrftjri cf afccgrif si î sgrvi-tf hi hivgrsg fagdzig hgc cfvjrj cjefci.

Didg mjrks luict witn himmgrgdt gcgkgdts, suen fs

wjjh fdh fspnfct wgrg suppjrtgh, witnjut lidhida, ft jdg gdh ly f wjjhgd strueturg mixgh jdtj jdg jm tng afccgry wfccs, fdh ngch ft tngjtngr gdh, ly f arjup jm tnrgg tj mjur wjr`grs

pgr pigeg. Mjr twj wgg`s tngy tjj` turds hjidatng ojl, enfraida $6< fd njur. Qg usgh tng

sgrviegs jm sgvgrfc cjefc ojl egdtgrs tj midh tngwjr`grs.

Dugvg mjrkfs ejdstruihfs ejd hivgrsjs gc

kgdtjs, ejkj kfhgrf y fsmfctj, mugrjd sjstghfs, sid miofeiõd, pjr ud gxtrgkj f ud sjpjrtg hkfhgrf sjlrg gc kurj hg cf sfcf y, pjr gc jtrgkpcgfdhj ud arupj hg euftrj f trgs trflfhjrgs pjr pigzf. Éstjs rgfcizfrjd su tfrgf pturdjs hurfdtg hjs sgkfdfs ejlrfdhj 6< $ njrf. Ug gkpcgfrjd fagdeifs hg ejdtrftfeicjefcgs pfrf lusefr f cjs trflfofhjrgs.

5.222 LWENI HI 6>2 Ñ 72 Ñ 72 EK EIFUEWDJ / 5,222 NJCGU JM 6>2 Ñ 72 Ñ 72 EK GFEN / 5.222NWGEJU HG 6>2 Ñ 72 Ñ 72 EK EFHF WDJHgngsf hg Kjdtgdkghij. ]gogr hg cf Mrjdtgrf (Efhiz), Gspföf. Cuacij Oucy Oucij <22<



69< Id ud fppgzzfkgdtj fdtistfdtg cf ejstf kfrje-

enidf, sjdj stfti sefvfti 5.222 lueni, hi hikgd-sijdi stflicitg, ejd i cfti pfrfccgci g pgrpgdhiejcfri. Iccfvjrj î stftj gsgauitj hf ud aruppj vfriflicg trfi 1 g i <2 cfvjrftjri aijrdfcigri, f sgejdhf hgccfaijrdftf. Grfdj cfvjrftjri fmriefdi, pgr cj più sgdg-afcgsi, udf kidjrfdzf hi kfrjeenidi più ud ejjr-hidftjrg spfadjcj. Ic cfvjrj î stftj gsgauitj ejdcg pfcg gh î hurftj ud kgsg. Jadi cfvjrftjrg nfriegvutj ic sfcfrij stflicitj pgr i cfvjrftjri aijrdfcig-ri hfcc’fkkidistrfzijdg spfadjcf, stikftj sui 78gurj pgr jttj jrg hi cfvjrj.

Jd f cjt mfeida tng ejfst jm Kjrjeej, 5,222

njcgs jm tng idhieftgh hikgdsijds wgrg hua witn pfrfccgc fdh pgrpgdhieucfr sihgs. Xng wjr` wfs pgrmjrkgh ly f arjup, mcuetuftida lgtwggd 1 fdh <2 hfy cfljrgrs, feejrhida tj tng hfy. Xngy wgrg Fmriefd wjr`grs, kjst jm tngk mrjk Ugdg-

afc, fdh tng kidjrity lgida Kjrjeefds, pcus fUpfdisn mjrgkfd. Xng wjr` wfs hjdg witn

snjvgcs fdh cfstgh jdg kjdtn, mjr wnien t ngwjr`grs enfragh tng sfcfry mjr hfy cfljurgrs

stipucftgh ly tng Upfdisn fhkidistrftijd? 78gurj mjr giant njurs wjr`.

Gd ud tgrrgdj situfhj mrgdtg f cfs ejstfs hg

Kfrrugejs sg gxefvfrjd 5.222 nugejs hg cfskghihfs idhiefhfs y ejd cfs efrfs pgrpgdhieu-cfrgs y pfrfcgcfs gdtrg së. Gc trflfoj mug ccgvfhjf eflj pjr ud arupj qug jseicflf gdtrg <2 y 1

ojrdfcgrjs sga ÿd gc hëf. Ug trftflf hg trflfof-hjrgs fmriefdjs, kfyjritfrifkgdtg sgdgafcgsgsy gd kgdjr kghihf kfrrjquëgs, kæs ud efpf-tæz gspföjc. Cfs cfljrgs sg nieigrjd f pfcfhurfdtg ud kgs y ejlrfrjd gc sfcfrij gstipucfhjpjr cf fhkidistrfeiõd gspföjcf pfrf ojrdfcgrjs,gs hgeir, 78 gurj pjr jenj njrfs hg trflfoj.



698

URF_IJ ENIWUJ HF CFKIG\F JDHWCFXF / URFEG ECJUGH JMM LY EJ\\WAFXGH KGXFC / GURFEIJEG\\FHJ EJD KGXFC EJ\\WAFHJCissjd Afccgry. Cjdhjd. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg <22<

Id jeefsijdg hgcc’fpgrturf hgccf dujvf Cissjd Afc-cgry, cj spfzij î stftj eniusj pgr trg sgttikfdg ejdudf cfkigrf jdhucftf.

Mjr tng jpgdida jm tng dgw Cissjd Afccgry, tng spfeg wfs ecjsgh jmm mjr tnrgg wgg`s witn ejrruaftgh kgtfc.

Rfrf cf idfuaurfeiõd hgc dugvj gspfeij hgAfcgrëf Cissjd, sg egrrõ éstg pjr trgs sgkfdfejd kgtfc ejrruafhj.

Cf @udstnfccg hi ]igddf nf ejdtfttftj 52 cfvjrftj-ri. Ui egrefvfdj pgrsjdg hi hivgrsf ejcjrfzijdghgccf pgccg ― hfc più enifrj fc più seurj ― , hf sistg-kfrg udj hi mifdej fcc’fctrj. Cg pgrsjdg sjdj stftgejdtfttftg tgcgmjdiefkgdtg gh î stftf enigstf cjrjcf prjvgdigdzf. Hf qugst’idmjrkfzijdg dg î stftjhghjttj ic ejcjrg hgccf pgccg. Cg pgrsjdg sjdj stftgejdvjeftg djd fppgdf si î ritgdutj hi fvgr rfa-aiudtj ud dukgrj summieigdtg pgr rfpprgsgdtfrg cjspgttrj hi smukfturg. Cg prikg <1 pgrsjdg sjdjstftg pjsizijdftg id kutfdhg ejd cf mfeeif rivjctf fc

Xng @udstnfccg Qigd ejdtfetgh 52 wjr`grs wnj nfh lggd rgejkkgdhgh tj tngk. Xngy sjuant pgrsjds jm vfrijus sìd ejcjurs‘mrjk vgry ciant tj vgry hfr`‘tj lg frrfdagh sihg-ly-sihg. Xng

pgjpcg wgrg ejdtfetgh ly tgcgpnjdg fdh fs`gh wngrg tngy efkg mrjk. Mrjk tnis, tngir sìdejcjur wfs hghuegh. Fs sjjd fs f summieigdt

duklgr jm pgjpcg mjr tng hgsirgh spgetruk jm snfhgs wgrg tnjuant tj lg fvficflcg, tngy wgrgefccgh tjagtngr. Xng mirst <1 pgjpcg tj frrivgwgrg frrfdagh id tngir udhgrwgfr mfeida tng

52 trflfofhjrgs mugrjd ejdtfetfhjs pjr @udstnfccg Qigd. Ug luseflf pgrsjdfs himgrgdtgs tjdjs hg pigc pfrf sgr jrhgdfhfs hgc kæs ecfrj fc kæs jseurj. Ujcj sg cgs praudtflf tgcgmõdiefkgdtg su jriagd y hg fnë shghueëf cf vfrighfh tjdfc. Wdf vgz qug ssupusj qug sg tgdëfd sumieigdtgs pgrsjdpfrf frkfr udf gsefcf tjdfc, sg ejdvjeõ f ckiskfs. Ccgafrjd prikgrj <1 pgrsjdfsejkgdzfkjs cf jrhgdfeiõd hgofdhj f efudf gd rjpf idtgrijr y hg gspfchfs f cf pfrg

52 CF]J\FXJ\I R\GUI ID FMMIXXJ G HIURJUXI ID LFUG FC EJCJ\G HGCCF CJ\J RGCCG / NI\IDA FDH F\\FDAGKGDX JM 52 QJ\@G\U ID \GCFXIJD XJ XNGI\ U@ID EJCJ\ / EJDX\FXFEIÕDY J\HGDFEIÕD HG 52 X\FLFOFHJ\GU EJDMJ\KG F UW EJCJ\ HG RIGCRrjoget Upfeg, @udstnfccg Qigd. ]igddf. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugttgklrg <22<

URJUXFKGDXJ HI WDF EFEG\JCFHF / HIURCFEGKGDX JM F EFEG\JCFHF / X\FUCFEIÕD HG WDF EFEG\JCFHF Hivgrsi spfzi Himmgrgdt spfegs Himgrgdtgs gspfeijs. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg <22<



69=

pkurj. Vugi cfvjrftjri ejd cf aiustf kgsejcfdzf hilifdej g hi ejcjrg sjdj frrivfti qufdhj c’fzijdg grfaiâ tgrkidftf. Cj si puü djtfrg fdeng hfc risuctftj?kfdefdj cg smukfturg idtgrkghig.

wfcc. Xnjsg idvjcvgh wnj nfh tng fpprjpriftg kixturg jm wnitg fdh ejcjur turdgh up wngd tng fetijd nfh fcrgfhy gdhgh. Xnis efd lg sggd idtng rgsuct? tng id-lgtwggd snfhgs frg kissida.

Gc arupj idtgrkghij ejrrgspjdhigdtg fc kixefueæsiej y dgarjihg ccgaõ eufdhj cf feeigstflf ejdecuihf, ejd cj qug rgsuctõ fprgelcg cf fusgdeif hg tjdjs idtgrkghijs.

\gaistrftj f Lugdjs Firgs g histriluitj f Cjd-hrf, Mrfdejmjrtg, Aidgvrf, ]igddf, Kfhrih gDgw Yjr`.

\gejrhgh id Lugdjs Firgs fdh histrilutgh idCjdhjd, Mrfd`murt, Agdgvf, ]igddf, Kfhrih fdh Dgw Yjr`.

Arflfhj gd Lugdjs Firgs y histriluihj gd Cjd-hrgs, Mrfdemjrt, Aidglrf, ]igdf, Kfhrih yDugvf Yjr`.

A\WRRJ HI RG\UJDG \I]JCXG EJD CF MFEEIF FC KW\J G WDF RG\UJDF \I]JCXF ]G\UJWD FDAJCJ / A\JWR JM RG\UJDU MFEIDA XNG QFCC FDH RG\UJD MFEIDA IDXJ F EJ\DG\ / A\WRJ HG RG\UJDFU EF\F F CF RF\GH Y RG\UJDF EF\F F CF RF\GHCissjd Afccgry. Cjdhjd. Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg <22<



69> Jadudj hgi cfvjri ejrrispjdhg f ud pifdj hgccf

afccgrif. Jadi aijrdj, ud’jrf fc aijrdj pgr trg sgt-tikfdg, sgttg pgrsjdg id tuttj nfddj ejkpiutj iccfvjrj. Ujdj stfti fssudti fttrfvgrsj ud’jrafdiz-zfzijdg efttjcief eng prghief cf prjprif hjttridftrf ic sjttjprjcgtfriftj cjdhidgsg.

Gfen jm tngsg pigegs ejrrgspjdhs tj gfen mcjjr

jm tnis afccgry. Gvgry hfy mjr tnrgg wgg`s, mjr fd njur f hfy, f tjtfc jm sgvgd pgrsjds efrrigh jut tng ojl. Xngy wgrg nirgh tnrjuan f Enristifdjrafdizftijd tnft prjsgcytizgs its lgcigms fkjdaCjdhjd’s urlfd udhgrecfss.

Gstfs pigzfs ejrrgspjdhgd f udf pjr efhf pcfd-

tf hg hienf afcgrëf. Efhf hëf, pjr trgs sgkfdfs,udf njrf hifrif, ud tjtfc hg sigtg pgrsjdfs rgfci-zfrjd gc trflfoj. Mugrjd ejdtrftfhfs f trfvés hgudf jrafdizfeiõd eristifdf qug rgfcizf fetivihfhgsprjsgcitistfs gdtrg gc cukpgd urlfdj hg Cjdhrgs.

URF\I / UNJXU / HIURF\JUEucifefd. Kéxiej. Hiegklrg <22</Agddfij <225 Hgegklgr <22</Ofdufry <225 Hieigklrg <22</ Gdgrj <225Idstfccfzijdg fh Frt Lfsgc / Idstfccftijd ft Frt Lfsgc / Idstfcfeiõd gd Frt Lfsgc

\gaistrfzijdg gmmgttuftf f Eucifefd, efpitfcg hgccjUtftj hi Uidfcjf, Kgssiej, hfccg <5?52 hgc 56hiegklrg midj fccg 2?52 hgc prikj agddfij <225,hurfdtg i mgstgaaifkgdti pgr ic dujvj fddj. Cfrgaistrfzijdg idecuhg spfri hfc vivj h’frki f efddfejrtf g mueici h’fssfctj.

\gejrhida hjdg id Eucifefd, tng efpitfc jm tngUidfcjf Utftg, id Kgxiej, mrjk <5?52 jd Hgegk-

lgr 56st, <22< udtic 22?52 jd Ofdufry 6st, <225,hurida tng Dgw Ygfr’s egcglrftijds. Xng rgejrh-

ida idecuhgs civg rjudhs mrjk snjrt mirgfrks fdh fssfuct rimcgs.

Arflfeiõd gmgetufhf gd Eucifeæd, efpitfc hgcgstfhj hg Uidfcjf, gd Kéxiej, hgshg cfs <5?52hgc hëf 56 hg hieigklrg hg <22< nfstf cfs 22?52hgc 6 hg gdgrj hg <225, hurfdtg cf egcglrfeiõdhgc föj dugvj. Cf arflfeiõd idecuyg mugaj rgfchg frkfs ejrtfs y musicgs hg fsfctj.

Wdf vgeenif hjddf ejd ud efppueeij hi iutf idtgstf î rikfstf sghutf su udj saflgccj hi mrjdtg fud kurj pgr cf hurftf hi ud’jrf. C’fzijdg si î svjc-tf sgdzf pullciej ic 6 kfaaij <225.

Fd jch wjkfd wgfrida f lcfe` Ngssifd njjh sft jd f stjjc mfeida tng wfcc mjr f pgrijh jm fd njur. Xng fetijd wfs stfagh witnjut fd fuhi-gdeg jd Kfy 6st, <225.

Wdf kuogr vigof sg sgdtõ gd ud tflurgtg hg efrfcf pfrgh pjr ud pgrijhj hg udf njrf ejd ud efprjtg hg frpiccgrf dgarf. Cf feeiõd sg ccgvõ f eflsid prgsgdeif hg pÿlciej gc 6 hg kfyj hg <225

HJDDF IDEFRRWEEIFXF UGHWXF HI M\JDXG FC KW\J / NJJHGH QJKFD UGFXGH MFEIDAXNG QFCC / KWOG\ EJD EFRI\JXG UGDXFHF HG EF\F F CF RF\GHRfhiacijdg Upfadjcj. Aifrhidi hi Efstgccj. ]gdgzif. Kfaaij Kfy Kfyj <225



<22

KW\J ENG ENIWHG WDJ URF_IJ / QFCC GDECJUIDA F URFEG / KW\J EG\\FDHJ WD GURFEIJRfhiacijdg Upfadjcj. C Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij <225

Wd kurj hi kfttjdi î stftj iddfczftj hfc pfvi-kgdtj fc sjmmittj g pjsizijdftj pfrfccgcfkgdtg fckurj h’gdtrftf. Î stftj pifzzftj f sjci =7 egdti-kgtri hfc prikj kurj idtgrdj, f sidistrf hgcc’gdtrf-tf, ejdmidfdtg ejd i lfadi g ejd ud pieejcjkfafzzidj. Cg pjrtg su qugstg stfdzg sjdj stftgrikjssg g aci udiei spfzi feegssilici grfdj ic mjygr,ud ejrrihjij cfraj =7 egdtikgtri g cudaj <7 kgtri,ic lfadj g ic kfafzzidj. Cf pjrtf prideipfcg hgckfafzzidj î rikfstf fpgrtf. Uuc rgtrj, c’feegssjgrf ejdsgdtitj udiefkgdtg fc pullciej spfadjcj,

F lrie` wfcc wfs luict mrjk tng mcjjr tj tngegicida fdh sgt pfrfccgc tj tng gdtrfdeg wfcc. It wfs pcfegh oust =7 ek mrjk tng mirst idtgrijr wfcc, wnien njusgh tng lftnrjjk, tj tng cgmt jm tng gdtrfdeg, fdh f skfcc stjrgrjjk, tj tng

riant . Xng hjjrs jd tnjsg rjjks wgrg rgkjvgh, fdh tng jd cy feegssilcg spfegs wgrgtng mjygr, f =7 ek-wihg ly <7-kgtgrs cjdaejrrihjr, tng lftnrjjk fdh tng stjrgrjjk. Xng

kfid Rfvicijd hjjr rgkfidgh jpgd. Ft tng lfe`, jdcy tng Upfdisn pulcie wfs fccjwgh

Wd kurj hg cfhriccj vistj mug ejdstruihj hg sugcj f

tgenj y hispugstj gd pfrfcgcj f cf pfrgh hg cf pugr-

tf hg feegsj. Gc kurj sg rgfcizõ f sjcj =7 ek hg cf

prikgrfpfrghidtgrijr,qugfclgrafgc eufrtjhglföj,

f cf izquigrhf hg cf gdtrfhf, y ud pgqugöj fckfeéd,

f cf hgrgenf. Cfs pugrtfs hg hienjs nflitæeucjs mug-

rjdrgtirfhfsqughfdhjejkjÿdiejsgspfeijsfeeg-

silcgs gc rgeilihjr y ud ejrrghjr hg =7 ek hg fdenj

y <7 k hg cfraj, kæs gc eufrtj hg lföj y gc fckfeéd.

Cf pugrtf prideipfc hgc pflgccõd pgrkfdgeëf fligrtf.

Rjr cf pfrtg trfsgrf sg pgrkitëf gc feegsj hg pÿlciej,



<2<

grf ejdsgdtitj udiefkgdtg fc pullciej spfadjcj,f eui si rienighgvf efrtf h’ihgdtitâ, pfssfpjrtj jfctrf ihgdtimiefzijdg cgafcg.

, y p pgdtry, jd snjwida tngir ihgdtity efrh, pfsspjrt jr jtngr cgafc ihgdtimieftijd.

p p p

gxecusivfkgdtg gspföjc, prgvif prgsgdtfeiõd hg

H.D.I., pfsfpjrtg u jtrf ihgdtimiefeiõd hg eursj cgafc.

RF\JCF EJRG\XF / EJ]G\GH QJ\H / RFCFL\F XFRFHF Rfhiacijdg Upfadjcj. C Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij <225

Rcfstief dgrf g dfstrj isjcfdtg sjdj stfti uticizzftipgr riejprirg cf pfrjcf –Upfadf‛ pjsizijdftf idricigvj sjprf c’gdtrftf hgc pfhiacijdg.

Lcfe` pcfstie fdh kfsìda tfpg wgrg usgh tjejvgr tng wjrh –Upfid‛ sgt id rgcigm jvgr tnggdtrfdeg tj tng Rfvicijd.

Gkpcgfdhj pcæstiej dgarj y eidtf fkgriefdf hggklfcfr, sg tfpõ cf pfcflrf –Gspföf‛ qug gxis-tg ejkj rgcigvg f cf gdtrfhf hgc pflgccõd.

EWLJ HI RFDG HI 92 Ñ

92 EK / 92 Ñ

92 EK L\GFH EWLG / EWLJ HG RFD HG 92 Ñ

92 EKRcfzf hgc Gstuhifdtg, <2. Kéxiej H.M. Cuacij Oucy Oucij <225



<28 Wd eulj hi pfdg î stftj ejttj sgejdhj cg hikgd-

sijdi idhieftg g jmmgrtj ejkg gcgkjsidf id ud ripf-rj pgr sgdzftgttj f Eittâ hgc Kgssiej.

F sjcih lrgfh eulg wfs lf`gh witn tng idhieft-gh hikgdsijds fdh jmmgrgh fs enfrity id f njkg-

cgss sngctgr id Kgxiej Eity.

Ugejdstruyõudeuljhg pfdkfeizjhg cfshikg

sijdgs idhiefhfs y sg jmrgeiõ ejkj efrihfh gd u

fclgraug hg idhiagdtgs hg cf Eiuhfh hg Kéxiej.

GHIMIEIJ ICCWKIDFXJ /

CIANXGH LWICHIDA /

GHIMIEIJ ICWKIDFHJ Frejs hg Lgcéd, <. Kéxiej H.M. Fajstj Fuaust <225



<2= C’fzijdg î ejdsistitf dgcc’fmmittfrg dukgrjsi rimcgt-

tjri pgr iccukidfrg dgcc’frgf kgtrjpjcitfdf hi Eittâhgc Kgssiej ud ghimieij hfddgaaiftj hfc tgrrgkj-tj hgc 69>7, g hf fccjrf cfseiftj id stftj hifllfdhjdj. Fttufckgdtg î hivgdtftj ud ripfrjpgr aci idhiagdti g kfafzzidj pgr i vgdhitjrifklucfdti.

Xnis fetijd ejdsistgh id gkpcjyida vfrijus

rgmcgetjrs tj ciant up f luichida cjeftgh id Kgx- iej Eity¸s hjwdtjwd frgf, wnien nfh lggdhfkfagh hurida tng 69>7 gfrtnquf`g fdh nfs

lggd flfdhjdgh sideg. It is eurrgdtcy usgh fs fwfrgnjusg ly strggt vgdhjrs fdh fs f sngctgr

ly idhiagdts.

Gstf feeiõd ejdsistiõ gd icukidfr ejd vfrijs

rgmcgetjrgs gc ghimieij qug sg ulief gd gc egdtrjhg cf eiuhfh hg Kéxiej, gc eufc sg hföõ hurfd-tg gc tgrrgkjtj hg 69>7 y qug f pfrtir hg gdtjd-egs mug flfdhjdfhj. Gd cf fetufcihfh gsgkpcgfhj ejkj fckfeéd pfrf vgdhghjrgsfklucfdtgs y fcjofkigdtj hg idhiagdtgs.

Vugstj cfvjrj nf rienigstj c’fssudzijdg hi ud kfd-aifmujej, miaurf flitufcg dgaci fdajci hgccg strfhg hiEittâ hgc Kgssiej g hgc Kgssiej id agdgrfcg. Idqugst’fzijdg ic kfdaifmujej sgkpciegkgdtg sputfcg mifkkg hfccf ljeef su udf tgcf pjsizijdftf idjrizzjdtfcg midj f qufdhj qugstf djd î hivgdtftfhi ud ejcjrg seurj. Wd pittjrg prjmgssijdistf,fssudtj f suf vjctf, fvgvf ic ejkpitj hi kgttgrghgc kftgrifcg succf tgcf. Id qugstj kjhj sjdj stftirgfcizzfti 61 hipidti hi hivgrsg hikgdsijdi.

Xn i s w jr ` r g q ui r gh t n g n i r i da jm f m i rg lrgftngr, f ejkkjd mgfturg jd tng strggt ejrdgrs jm Kgxiej Eity fdh tng Utftg jm Kgx-

iej. Xnis jdg sikpcy spit mirg mrjk nis kjutnjdtj tng surmfeg jm f efdvfs pcfegh njrizjd-tfccy udtic fenigvida f hfr` tjdg. F prjmgs-

sijdfc pfidtgr, fcsj nirgh, wfs id enfrag jm fmmixida tng kftgrifc jdtj tng efdvfs. 61 pfidtida s jm twj h immgrgdt sizgs wgrg gxgeut -gh id tnis kfddgr.

Gstg trflfoj prgeisõ hg cf ejdtrftfeiõd hg udfrrjof mugajs hg cjs qug fludhfd gd cfsgsquidfs hgc Histritj Mghgrfc y Gstfhj hgKéxiej. Éstg sikpcgkgdtg frrjoflf mugajpjr su ljef sjlrg cigdzjs ejcjefhjs njri-zjdtfckgdtg nfstf ejdsgauir ud tjdj jlseu-rj. Wd pidtjr prjmgsijdfc tfkliéd ejdtrftfhjsg gdefraflf hg su miofeiõd fc cigdzj. Ug pid-tfrjd fsë 61 eufhrjs gd hjs tfkföjs himg-rgdtgs.

HIRIDXI \GFCI__FXI HF WD KFDAIFXJ\G HI MWJEJ /

RFIDXIDAU KFHG LY F MI\G L\GFXNG\ /

RIDXW\FU \GFCI_FHFU RJ\ WD F\\JOF MWGAJUXjrgj hg Euftrj Efkidjs. Dfuefcpfd, Kéxiej. Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg <225



<2>



GC HGAÓGCCJ / GC HGAÓGCCJ / GC HGAÓGCCJLfttgry Rfr`. Dgw Yjr`. Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jttulrg <225

Dgc hiegklrg hgc 6>57, hurfdtg c’jeeupfzijdg hfpfrtg hgc ejrpj h’frkftf Ufk Njustjd dgccj stftjkgssiefdj hgc Xgxfs, cf eittâ hi Ufdt’Fdtjdijvgddg ejdquistftf idsigkg fccf pjstfzijdg kicitfrghi Gc Fcfkj. Dgc mgllrfij hgcc’fddj sueegssivj cgtruppg kgssiefdg, auihftg hfc agdgrfcg FdtjdijCjpgz hg Ufdtf Fdf, eirejdhfrjdj Gc Fcfkj pgrtrghiei aijrdi sgdzf riuseirg f riejdquistfrcj. Hurfd-tg qugsti trghiei aijrdi î stftf jrhidftf c’gsgeuzij-dg ididtgrrjttf hi ud’fdtief kgcjhif spfadjcf pgrtrjklf, grghitftf hfcc’gsgreitj spfadjcj. Cf kgcj-hif grf Gc Hgaógccj eng, id agraj kicitfrg siadimief–dgssudj rgstgrâ vivj‛, sif eng c’frkftf si mjssgfrrgsf j dj. Dgc 6979 Njwfrh Nfw`s nf riprjpj-stj qugstf kgcjhif hurfdtg cg riprgsg hgc egcglrgwgstgrd \ij Arfdhg, ejd Ojnd Qfydg g HgfdKfrtid, kf fc pjstj hgcc’gsgeuzijdg pgr trjklf icejkpjsitjrg midcfdhgsg Hikitri Xijkìd vigdg idef-rieftj hi idvgdtfrg udf kgcjhif ejd ic kghgsikjtitjcj g usj sikljciej. Dgcc’jttjlrg hgc <225 sisfrgllg hjvutf gsgauirg cf vgrsijdg hi Gc Hgaógc-

cj hi Xijkìd hi mrjdtg fc kgreftj midfdzifrij hi Dgw Yjr` kf cf pjcizif cj nf ikpghitj. Xuttfvif cf pgr-mjrkfdeg î stftf rgfcizzftf dgc vieidj Lfttgry Rfr`.Cf kgcjhif î stftf sujdftf pgr vgdtiqufttrj jrgididtgrrjttfkgdtg hf hjhiei trjklgttisti eng sihfvfdj ic turdj dgcc’frej hgccf aijrdftf.

Id Hgegklgr 6>57, hurida tng jeeupftijd jm Ufk Njustjd’s frky id tng Kgxiefd stftg jm Xgxfs, tng eity jm Ufd Fdtjdij wfs tf`gd fdh witn it, tng kicitfry mjrt jm Gc Fcfkj. Id Mglrufry jm tng dgxt ygfr, tng Kgxiefd trjjps, ngfhgh ly Agdgrfc Fdtjdij Cõpgz hg Ufdtf Fdf, surrjudh-gh Gc Fcfkj mjr tnirtggd hfys witnjut rgejd-qugrida it. Hurida tnjsg tnirtggd hfys tng udid-tgrruptgh pgrmjrkfdeg jm fd jch Upfdisn kici-tfry luacg tudg, idngritgh ly tng Kgxiefd frky,wfs jrhgrgh. Xnft tudg wfs Gc Hgaógccj , wnien

id kicitfry tgrks kgfds tnft –djljhy wicc lg cgmt fcivg‛, wngtngr tng sigagh frky surrgdhgrs jr djt. Id 6979 Njwfrh Nfw`s rgergftgh tnis kgcjhy fs hirgetjr jm tng mfkjus Qgstgrd \ijArfdhg , stfrrida Ojnd Qfydg fdh Hgfd Kfrtid,

lut idstgfh jm usida tng jriaidfc luacg tudg, tng

Middisn ejkpjsgr Hikitri Xijkìd wfs fssiadgh tj idvgdt f kgcjhy witn tng sfkg titcg fdh syk-

ljcie usg. Id Jetjlgr <225 Xijkìd’s vgrsijd jm Gc Hgaógccj wfs idtgdhgh tj lg pgrmjrkgh idmrjdt jm Dgw Yjr`’s stje` gxenfdag, lut tng

pjcieg prgvgdtgh it. Djdgtngcgss, its pgrmjrkfdeg wfs fenigvgh f ejupcg jm strggts hjwd idLfttgry Rfr`. Xng tudg wfs pgrmjrkgh mjr twgd-ty mjur njurs djd-stjp, gkpcjyida twgcvg

luacgrs wnj tjj` turds mrjk kihhfy tj kihhfy.

Gd hieigklrg hg 6>57 hurfdtg cf augrrf hg jeup

eiõd hgc gstfhj kgxiefdj hg Xgxfs pjr gc gogrei

hg Ufk Njustjd, sg tjkõ cf eiuhfh hg Ufd Fdtj

dij y ejd gccf gc mugrtg kicitfr hg Gc Fcfkj. Gd mglr

rj hgc föj siauigdtg cfs trjpfs kgxiefdfs gdefl

zfhfs pjr gc agdgrfc Fdtjdij Cõpgz hg Ufdtf F

sitifrjd Gc Fcfkj pjr trgeg hëfs sid cjarfr su rge

pgrfeiõd. Hurfdtg gsjs trgeg hëfs sg jrhgdõ cf id

tgrrukpihf idtgrprgtfeiõd hg ud vigoj tjqug hg ej

dgtf kicitfr gspföjc, ngrghfhj pjr gc goéreitj kg

efdj. Gsg tjqug grf Gc Hgaógccj, euyj siadimief

kicitfr gs qug dj sg vf f hgofr pgrsjdf fcaudf e

vihfsueghfj djrgdhieiõdhgc gogreitjfsghifhj.G

6979 Njwfrh Nfw`s rgergf gsf kgcjhëf hiriaigd

gc mfkjsj Qgstgrd \ij Arfdhg, prjtfajdizfhj p

OjndQfydgy HgfdKfrtid,pgrjgdcuafrhggkp

fr gc tjqug hg ejrdgtf jriaidfc, gc ejkpjsitjr midcf

hés Hikitri Xijkìd gs gdefrafhj hg idvgdtfr udkgcjhëf ejd gc kiskj djklrg y usj siklõciej.

jetulrg hg <225 sg prgtgdhiõ tjefr Gc Hgaógccj

cf vgrsiõd hg Xijkìd mrgdtg f cf ljcsf hg Dug

Yjr ngenj qug mug ikpghihj pjr cf pjcieëf.

cjarõ gkpgrj su idtgrprgtfeiõd udfs efccgs k

flfoj gd gc Rfrqug Lfttgry. Ug tjeõ cf kgcj

hurfdtgvgdtieuftrjnjrfssgauihfshg mjrkfidid

rrukpihf gkpcgfdhj hjeg trjkpgtistfs qug sg mu

rjd turdfdhj hg kghijhëf f kghijhëf.

622 IDHI]IHWI DFUEJUXI / 622 NIHHGD IDHI]IHWFCU / 622 RG\UJDFU GUEJDHIHFUEfccg Hõetjr Mjurqugt. Kfhrih. Djvgklrg Djvgklgr Djvigklrg <225

Egdtj pgrsjdg hisjeeupftg sjdj stftg dfsejstgid hivgrsi pudti hgccf strfhf pgr udf hurftf hi quft-trj jrg.

Jdg nudhrgh udgkpcjygh idhivihufcs wgrg nih-hgd id himmgrgdt pjidts jm tng strggt mjr f pgrijh jm mjur njurs.

Eigdtj hgsgkpcgfhjs mugrjd gsejdhihjs gdhimgrgdtgs pudtjs hg hienf efccg pjr ud pgrijhjhg euftrj njrfs.

L\FEEIJ HI WD CF]J\FXJ\G ENG RFUUF FXX\F]G\UJ IC UJMMIXXJ HI WDJ URF_IJ H’F\XG HF WD’FLIXF_IJDG / F QJ\@G\¸U F\K RFUUIDA XN\JWAN XNG EGICIDA JM FD F\X URFEG M\JK FHQGCCIDA / L\F_J HG JL\G\J FX\F]GUFDHJ GC XGENJ HG WDF UFCF HG F\XG HGUHG WDF ]I]IGDHFEfccg Jrizflf, 6=2. Kîxiej H.M. Agddfij Ofdufry Gdgrj <228

Hug cfvjrftjri sjdj stfti fssudti pgr hfrsi ic turdjdgc mfr pfssfrg ic cjrj lrfeeij hgstrj fttrfvgrsj udluej fpgrtj prgeghgdtgkgdtg dgc pfvikgdtj hgccjefcg situftj fc pifdj supgrijrg. C’fzijdg î hurf-tf trg jrg.

Xwj wjr`grs wgrg nirgh tj tf`g turds pfssidatngir riant frk tnrjuan f njcg jpgdgh lgmjrg-

nfdh mrjk f hwgccida situftgh id tng uppgr stjry jm fd frt spfeg. Xng fetijd tjj` tnrgg njurs.

Hjs trflfofhjrgs mugrjd ejdtrftfhjs pfrf tudfrsg idtrjhueigdhj su lrfzj hgrgenj hgshgvivigdhf situfhf gd cf pcfdtf supgrijr f udf sfhg frtg f trfvés hg ud nugej jpgrfhj ejd fdtcfeiõd. Cf feeiõd hurõ trgs njrfs.



IC R\IKJ ]G\UJ HGCCF KF\UIACIGUG UWJDFXJ UGD_F IDXG\\W_IJDI RG\ WD’J\F / XNG MI\UX ]G\UG JM XNG KF\UGCCGUG RCFYGH QIXNJWX IDXG\\WRXIJD MJ\ JDG NJW\ / R\IKG\ ]G\UJHG CF KF\UGCCGUF XJEFHJ IDIDXG\\WKRIHFKGDXG RJ\ WDF NJ\F EFE Lrgtiady. Lrgtiady-sur-Jrag, Mrfdeg. Kfrzj Kfren <228

WDF UXFD_F HI 9 KGX\I VWFH\FXI / F \JJK JM 9 UVWF\G KGX\GU / NFLIXFEIÕD HG 9 KGX\JU EWFH\FHJUEFE Lrgtiady. Lrgtiady-sur-Jrag, Mrfdeg. Kfrzj Kfren <228



Cf stfdzf î stftf jeeupftf hf ejcjrj eng nfddjhgeisj vjcjdtfrifkgdtg hi rikfdgrvi hgdtrj. Cfhurftf hgccf cjrj pgrkfdgdzf vgdivf stflicitf f efsjhfc aufrhifdj, sgdzf eng cf pgrsjdf fcc’idtgrdj dgmjssg f ejdjsegdzf. Ejstui hjvgvf cfseifrg tutti isuji fvgri pgrsjdfci fccf aufrhif id sgrvizij g feegt-tfrgic rgajcfkgdtj mirkfdhjud’feegttfzijdgserittf.Cf hurftf hgccf rgecusijdg hgi vjcjdtfri î vfriftf hfkgzz’jrf f qufttrj jrg.

Xnis rjjk wfs jeeupigh ly tnjsg wnj vjcudtfri- cy hgeihgh tj rgkfid idsihg. Xng hurftijd jm tngir

stfy, njwgvgr, wfs rfdhjkcy hietftgh ly tng aufrh fdh witnjut tng djwcghag jm tng kusguk idtgrd. Xng vjcudtggr nfh tj cgfvg fcc jm nis jr ngr lgcjdaidas witn tng jpgrftida aufrh fdh feegpt tng rgaucftijds jm tng pigeg ly siadida f writtgd

farggkgdt. Xng hurftijd jm tng vjcudtggr’s ejd-midgkgdt vfrigh mrjk nfcm fd njur tj mjur njurs.

Gstf nflitfeiõd mug jeupfhf pjr fqugccjs quvjcudtfrifkgdtg fsë cj hgeihigrjd. Dj jlstfd

cf pgrkfdgdeif gd su idtgrijr mug hgeihihf pud aufrhf fcgftjrifkgdtg y sid ejdjeikigdhgc idtgrdj. Gstg hglëf hgofr tjhfs sus pgrdgdeifs lfoj eustjhif y fegptfr cfs rgaucfedgs hg cf pigzf mirkfdhj ud ejdtrftj. Cf hureiõd hgc gdeigrrj pjhëf vfrifr hgshg kghnjrf nfstf euftrj njrfs.

<68

666 EJUX\W_IJDI MFXXG EJD 62 KJHWCI G 62 JRG\FI / 666 EJDUX\WEXIJDU KFHG QIXN 62 KJHWCGU FDH 62 QJ\@G\U / 666 EJDUX\WEEIJDGU NGENFU EJD 62 KÕHWCJU Y 62 X\FLFOFHJ\GU

Afcgrig Rgtgr @icenkfdd. _órien. Kfrzj Kfren <228



<6=

522 XJDDGCCFXG / 522 XJDU / 522 XJDGCFHFU@udstnfus Lrgagdz. Lrgagdz, Fustrif. Fpricg Fpric Flric <228



<6> <9< tjddgccftg hi kfttjdi sjdj stftg trfspjrtftg fcpifdj supgrijrg hgccf @udstnfus Lrgagdz g ic pgsjî stftj histriluitj su tuttj c’ghimieij uticizzfdhj hgisuppjrti tgkpjrfdgi. Hfc kjkgdtj eng 522 tjd-dgccftg rfpprgsgdtfdj ic efriej kfssikj sjppjr-tflicg hfccf strutturf, ic dukgrj hi visitftjri fkkgs-si djd pjtgvf kfi supgrfrg i 622, jvvgrj fctrg jttjtjddgccftg eiref.

<9< tjds jm ejdergtg lrie`s wgrg efrrigh tj tng

tjp mcjjr jm tng @udstnfus Lrgagdz fdh tng

wgiant histrilutgh jd tgkpjrfry suppjrts

tnrjuanjut tng wnjcg luichida. Uideg 522 tjds is

tng kfxikuk wgiant tng luichida strueturg efd

sustfid, tng duklgr jm visitjrs pgrkittgh ft fdy

tikg wfs dgvgr fccjwgh tj gxeggh 622, wnien

rgprgsgdts fd fhhitijdfc giant tjds.

<9< tjdgcfhfs hg ejdergtj mugrjd ejcjefhfs gdcf pcfdtf supgrijr hg cf @udstnfus Lrgagdz y su

pgsj histriluëhj gd ejcukdfs tgkpjrfcgs pjrtjhj gc ghimieij. Uigdhj gc pgsj kæxikj fhkisi-lcg gd gc ghimieij sid ccgafr f su hgrruklg hg 522tjdgcfhfs, gc dÿkgrj hg visitfdtgs fhkitihjs fcgspfeij sõcj mug hg 622, cj qug rgprgsgdtflf udpgsj fhieijdfc hg jenj tjdgcfhfs.

7>= J\G HI CF]J\J / 7>= NJW\U JM QJ\@ / 7>= NJ\FU HG X\FLFOJRcfzf hg cfs ]gcgtfs. Eæegrgs, Gspföf. Fpricg Fpric Flric <228

RF\JCF HI 572 EK HI FCXG__F G 6.<22 EK HI CF\ANG__F / QJ\H JM 572 EK NGIANX LY 6,<22 EK

QIHG / RFCFL\F HG 572 EK HG FCXW\F RJ\ 6.<22 EK HG FDENJ Fssjeifzijdg Rrjkgtgj Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf. G x enigsf hi Ufd Kfttgj. Cueef, Itfcif. Kfaaij Kfy Kf yj <228



<<2 Wdeuljhgccfkisurfhi822x 822x 822ekî stftjidstfccftj id ud cujaj hgsiadftj g pitturftj hi dgrj. Îstftj ejdtgaaiftj c’fkkjdtfrg hi jrg ikpigaftg hfeifseud cfvjrftjrg ejidvjctj dgccf ejstruzijdg hgceulj, frrivfdhj f ud tjtfcg hi 7>= jrg. Vugstfkisurfzijdg î stftf serittf su udf mfeeif hgc eulj idcgttgrg hi kgtfccj. Djd î stftj pjssilicg idecuhgrg uddukgrj hi jrg gxtrf ikpigaftg dgccf rgfcizzfzijdg hifzijdi djd prgvistg.

Id tng pcfeg idhieftgh, f sjcih egkgdt eulg jm

kgfsurida 822 x 822 x 822 ek wfs idstfccgh

fdh pfidtgh lcfe`. Xng duklgr j m njurs wjr- `gh ly gfen pg rsjd idvjcvgh id tng ejdstruetijd

jm tng eulg wfs ejudtgh, tjtfccida 7>=. Xnis

miaurg wfs pcfegh id kgtfccie cgttgrs jd jdg sihg

jm tng eulg. Xng gxtrf duklgr jm njurs spgdt

pgrmjrkida udmjrgsggd tfs`s wgrg djt flcg tj

lg idecuhgh.

Wd eulj kfeizj hg egkgdtj hg 822 pjr 822egdtëkgtrjs mug idstfcfhj y pidtfhj hg dgarj

gd gc cuafr idhiefhj. Ug ejdtfrjd cfs njrfs hgtrflfoj pjr pgrsjdf gkpcgfhfs gd cf ejdstrue-eijd qug sukfhfs higrjd 7>= y sg ejcjeõhienf eimrf gd cgtrfs kgtæciefs sjlrg udf hg cfsefrfs hgc eulj. Dj puhigrjd sgr idecuihfs fcau-dfs njrfs gxtrfs qug sg nuligrjd hg gkpcgfrgd ikprgvistjs.

Cf pfrjcf –@cfssgd`fkpm‛, id itfcifdj –cjttf hi ecfs-sg‛, î stftf idstfccftf dgccf pfrtg pjstgrijrg hgccjspfzij g iccukidftf ejd hug mfrgtti pjsizijdfti ftgrrf.

Xng wjrh –@cfssgd`fkpm‛, trfdscftgh fs –ecfss

struaacg‛ id Gdacisn, wfs idstfccgh id tng idtgrijr

jm tng spfeg fdh iccukidftgh ly twj mcjjhciants

pcfegh jd tng arjudh.

Cf pfcflrf –@cfssgd`fkpm‛, –cuenf hg ecsgs‛ gd gspföjc, mug idstfcfhf gd gc idtgri

hgc gspfeij g icukidfhf ejd hjs mjejs hgshgc sugcj.

pfaidf hi mrjdtg / mrjdt pfag / pæaidf hg gdmrgdtg

RIGX\G HI AG\WUFCGKKG ID WD EJDXGDIXJ\G HI WD KGX\J EWLJ / OG\WUFCGK UXJDGUID F KGXG\ EWLG LJ^ / RIGH\FU HG OG\WUFCGK GD WDF EFOF HG WD KGX\J EßLIEJOgrusfcgk. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij <228



<22 CIX\I H’FEVWF HGC KF\ KJ\XJ / <22 CIXG\U JM QFXG\ M\JK XNG HGFH UGF /

<22 CIX\JU HG FAWF HGC KF\ KWG\XJKfr Kjrtj, Isrfgcg/Aijrhfdif. Hgfh Ugf, Isrfgc/Ojrhfdif. Kfr Kugrtj Isrfgc/Ojrhfdif. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij <228

RJCIW\GXFDJ UR\W__FXJ UWCCG UENIGDG HI 62 CF]J\FXJ\I / RJCYW\GXNFDG UR\FYGH JD XNG

LFE@U JM 62 QJ\@G\U / RJCIW\GXFDJ GUR\GFHJ UJL\G CFU GURFCHFU HG 62 X\FLFOFHJ\GUCissjd Afccgry. Cjdhjd. Cuacij Oucy Oucij <228



<<8 Higei cfvjrftjri irfengdi ikkiarfti sjdj stftifssudti pgr rgfcizzfrg qugst’fzijdg. Hjpj gssgrg

stfti rivgstiti ejd tutg pgr isjcfkgdtj enikiej gejd udj spgssj mjacij hi pcfstief, sjdj stfti hi-spjsti id hivgrsg pjsizijdi g spruzzfti succf senig-df ejd sprfy ejdtgdgdtg pjciurgtfdj, midj fccf mjr-kfzijdg hi arfdhi strfti hi kftgrifcg. Xutti aci gcg-kgdti uticizzfti hurfdtg c’fzijdg sjdj pji rikfstifcc’idtgrdj hgccj spfzij hgccf afccgrif.

Xgd Irfqi ikkiarfdt wjr`grs wgrg nirgh mjr

tnis fetijd. Xngy wgrg prjtgetgh witn engki-

efc idsucftijd suits fdh witn f tnie` pcfstie snggt, fdh wgrg tngd pcfegh id hivgrsg pjs-

t u r gs f d h s p r f yg h j d t n g l f e ` w i t n

pjcyurgtnf dg udtic cfrag mjrkftijds jm tnis

kftgri fc wgrg jltfidg h. Fcc tng gcgkgdt s

gkpcjygh id tnis fetijd rgkfidgh id tng

afccgry spfeg.

Higz trflfofhjrgs idkiarfdtgs irfquëgs mugrjdejdtrftfhjs pfrf gstf feeiõd. Ug cgs prjtgaiõ

ejd rjpfs fiscfdtgs quëkiefs y ejd udf arugsfkfdtf hg pcæstiej, pjstgrijrkgdtg mugrjd ejcj-efhjs gd hivgrsfs pjsturfs y rjeifhjs gd cfgspfchf ejd pjciurgtfdj nfstf jltgdgr arfdhgsmjrkfeijdgs hg gstg kftgrifc. Xjhjs cjs gcg-kgdtjs gkpcgfhjs gd cf feeiõd mugrjd hgofhjsgd cf sfcf.

\IKJ_IJDG HGI ]GX\I HGCCG MIDGUX\G HI WD KWUGJ / \GKJ]FC JM F KWUGWK¸U ACFUU QIDHJQU

/ HGUKJDXFOG HG C JU E\IUXFCGU HG WD KWUGJKusguk Hnjdht-Hnfgdgds. Hgurcg, Lgcaij Lgcaiuk. Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg <228



<<= Xutti i vgtri hgccg midgstrg sjdj stfti fspjrtfti g c’ik-pifdtj hi sieurgzzf hisfttivftj, fccfrki g vihgjef-

kgrg idecusi. Vugst’fzijdg nf ejkpjrtftj c’jllci-aj hi trfsmgrirg cf ejccgzijdg h’frtg hgc kusgj g cfprjtgzijdg hgcc’frgf ummiei.

Fcc jm tng kusguk’s acfss widhjws wgrg rgkj-

vgh fdh sgeurity gquipkgdt hisejddgetgh,

idecuhida e fkgrfs fdh fcfrks. Xnis mjregh tngtrfdsmgr jm tng kusguk’s kjhgrd frt ejccgetijd

fdh tng prjtgetijd jm tng jmmieg frgf.

Ug rgtirfrjd tjhjs cjs eristfcgs hg hienj kusgjy sg hgsejdgetõ gc gquipj hg sgaurihfh ejkj

eækfrfs hg viaicfdeif y fcfrkf. Gstj jlciaõ fctrfscfhj hg cf ejcgeeiõd hg frtg kjhgrdj hgckusgj y f cf prjtgeeiõd hgc ærgf hg jmieidf.



<<>

HIURJUI_IJDGHI 6< MJ\XIMIEF_IJDIR\GMFLL\IEFXG

/ F\\FDAGKGDX JM 6< R\GMFL\IEFXGHMJ\XIMIEFXIJDU

/ J\HGDFEIÕDHG 6< RF\FRGXJUR\GMFL\IEFHJUNgrzciyf Kusguk. Ngrzciyf, Isrfgcg Isrfgc.Ugttgklrg Ugptgklgr Ugptigklrg <228

Hjhiei mjrtimiefzijdi prgmfllrieftg, uticizzftg hfcc’g-sgreitj isrfgcifdj, sjdj stftg hispjstg fcc’idtgrdjhgc kusgj dgccg hjhiei pjsizijdi pjssilici gh gqui-histfdti c’udf hfcc’fctrf.

Xwgcvg prgmflrieftgh mjrtimieftijds usufccy usgh

ly tng Isrfgci frky wgrg frrfdagh idsihg tng

kusguk id twgcvg pjssilcg pjsitijds, witnjut

rgpgtitijd fdh gquihistfdt mrjk jdg fdjtngr.

Hjeg pfrfpgtjs prgmflriefhjs hg cjs nflitufc-kgdtg gkpcgfhjs pjr gc gogreitj hg Isrfgc mugrjdejcjefhjs gd gc kusgj gd cfs hjeg mjrkfs pjsi-lcgs sid rgpgtieiõd y f histfdeifs gquihistfdtgs.

6<2 J\G HI CGXXW\F EJDXIDWF HI WD GCGDEJ XGCGMJDIEJ / 6<2 NJW\U JM EJDXIDWJWU \GFHIDA

JM F XGCGRNJDG LJJ@ /6<2 NJ\FU HG CGEXW\F EJDXIDWF HG WDF AWËF HG XGCÉMJDJUAfcgrëf Ngcaf hg Fcvgfr, Kfhrih. Djvgklrg Djvgklgr Djvigklrg <228

Hurfdtg udf visitf id Isrfgcg nj trjvftj gcgdenitgcgmjdiei hghiefti gsecusifvfkgdtg fccf pjpjcfzij-dg frflf rgsihgdtg dgccj stftj h’Isrfgcg kf sgpf-rfti hfc rgstj hgccf pjpjcfzijdg. Ejd c’fiutj hi cgt-tjri hi cidauf frflf î stftf rgfcizzftf udf cgtturfejdtiduftivf hi ud gcgdej tgcgmjdiej. Cf cgtturf îstftf mfttf id frflj ‘ sgdzf cf trfhuzijdg hgidukgri id spfadjcj ‘ pgr udf hurftf hi 6<2 jrg,hfc kgzzjaijrdj hgc 6= djvgklrg midj fc kgzzj-aijrdj hgc <6 djvgklrg. Hurfdtg cj svjcaikgdtjhgcc’fzijdg, cf afccgrif î rikfstf fpgrtf aijrdj gdjttg. E’î stftj tgkpj pgr cgaagrg eiref cf kgtâhgi dukgri hi tgcgmjdj hfcc’gcgdej.

Hurida f visit tj Isrfgc, I mjudh tgcgpnjdg ljj`s

gxecusivgcy mjr tng Frfl pjpucftijd rgsihida id

tng Utftg jm Isrfgc fdh sgargaftgh mrjk tng rgst.

Qitn tng ngcp jm Frfl spgfìda rgfhgrs, wg prj-

egghgh tj tng ejdtidujus rgfhida jm f tgcg-

pnjdg ljj`. Xng rgfhida tjj` pcfeg id Frfl‘

witnjut tng trfdscftijd jm tng duklgrs idtj

Upfdisn‘mjr 6<2 njurs, tnft is, mrjk Djvgklgr

6=tn ft djjd udtic Djvgklgr <6st ft djjd. Xng

afccgry wfs `gpt jpgdgh hfy fdh diant w nicg tng

fetijd cfstgh. Xngrg wfs jdcy tikg tj rgfh

fpprjxikftgcy nfcm jm tng tgcgpnjdg duklgrs

mrjk tng ljj`.

Hurfdtg udf visitf f Isrfgc gdejdtré udfsauëfs tgcgmõdiefs gxecusivfs y sgargafhfshgc rgstj pfrf cf pjlcfeiõd ærflg rgsihgdtggd gc gstfhj hg Isrfgc. Ejdtfdhj ejd cgetjrgshg cgdauf ærflg prjeghikjs f su cgeturfejdtiduf gd hienj ihijkf, sid trfhueir fcefstgccfdj cjs dÿkgrjs, hurfdtg 6<2 njrfs,gstj gs, h g 6 < h gc k gh i jh ë f h gc 6 = h gdjvigklrg f 6< hg kghijhëf hgc <6 hgdjvigklrg. Cf afcgrëf sg kfdtuvj fligrtf hëfy djeng kigdtrfs hurõ cf feeiõd. Uõcj hijtigkpj f cggr cf kitfh fprjxikfhf hg cjstgcémjdjs hg cf auëf.



<52

EFUF HI MFDAJ / NJWUG ID KWH / IDUXIXWEIÕD GKLF\\FHF

@gstdgragsgccsenfmt. Nfddjvgr. Mgllrfij Mglrufry Mglrgrj <227



<5< 5<2 kgtri euli hi kftgrifcg, hi eui 77 hi mfdaj g <=7 hi

tjrlf sjdj stfti pjrtfti fc pifdj tgrrf hgccf @gstdgrag-

sgccsnfmt g sistgkfti suc pfvikgdtj g cudaj cg pfrgti. Fcc’idizij hgc prjagttj si grf hgeisj hi usfrg ic sghikgd-

tj hgc Kffseng, pgr vif hgccg sug ikpciefzijdi sjeijcj-

aieng. Vugstj prjagttj si î rivgcftj ikprftieflicg f

efusf hgcc’ikpjssilicitâ hi stikfrg i riseni pgr cf sfcutg

hgrivfdti hfccf prgsgdzf hgc sghikgdtj fcc’idtgrdj hi

spfzi gspjsitivi. Ui ejrrgvf, idmftti, ic pgriejcj eng id

sgauitjfcc’fttivitâ kierjlfttgrijcjaiefsisvicuppfssgud

ricfseij idejdtrjccftj hi kftgrifcg prjhjttj hfccf

hgejkpjsizijdg jrafdief, eng puü id pfrtg risuctfrg

gstrgkfkgdtg pgriejcjsj pgr cf sfcutg. Ejkg sjstitu-

tj si î uticizzftj ic mfdaj g cf tjrlf hgc Lfh Dgddhjrm g

hf ud’frgf hi ejctivfzijdg hi tjrlf dgi prgssi hgccj

Utgidnudhgr Kggr. Vugstj kftgrifcg î lfttgrijcjaief-

kgdtg idjmmgdsivj hfc kjkgdtj eng î ejkpjstj hf

ud sghikgdtj pjej arfssj g nf ud fctj arfhj hi fei-

hitâeng prgvigdgicprjegssjhihgefhikgdtjgicsikuc-

tfdgj himmjdhgrsi hi kierjrafdiski djeivi. Fc prikj

pifdj si trjvfvfdj udiefkgdtg cg ikprjdtg mfdajsg

hgi visitftjri.

Jd tng arjudh mcjjr jm tng @gstdgragsgccsenfmt,

5<2 eulie kgtgrs jm kftgrifc ejdsistida jm 77

kgtgrs jm kuh fdh <=7 kgtgrs jm pgft wgrg lrjuant jdtj tng mcjjr fdh wfccs. Ft tng lgaiddida

jmtng prjogetitwfs pcfddghtjusg sghikgdtmrjk

tng Kffseng lgefusg jm its sjeijcjaiefc ikpcief-

tijds.Xnisprjvghtj lgikpjssilcghugtjtng mfet

tnft tng ngfctn ris`s, wnien ejuch nfvg jeeurrgh

mrjk its usg id tng gxnilitijd spfegs jm tng @gst-

dgragsgccsenfmt ejuch djt lg fssgssgh. Xngrg

gxistgh tng hfdagr, lgefusg jm kierj lfetgrijcja-

iefc fetivity, jm fd udejdtrjccgh rgcgfsg jm jrafdie

hgejkpjsitijd prjhuets, wnien efd lg niancy

hfdagrjus tj ngfctn. Fs f sulstitutg, pgft fdh

kjjr-kuh mrjk Lfh Dgddhjrm fdh mrjk f kjjr

euctivftijd frgf dgfr tng Utgidnuhgr Kggr wgrg

usgh. Xnis kftgrifc is lfetgrijcjaiefccy nfrkcgss,

ejdsistida jm sghikgdt wnjsg dutrigdt-pjjr ejk-

pjsitijd fdh nian hgargg jm feihity prgvgdt

prjegssgsjm hgefyfdh tngfeejkpfdyidasprgfh

jm nfrkmuc kierj-jrafdisks. Jd tng mirst mcjjr jdcy

tng kuhhy mjjtpridts jm visitjrs wgrg mjudh.

Gd cf pcfdtf lfof hg cf @gstdgragsgccsenfmtsg hgpjsitfrjd ejdtrf gc sugcj y pfrghgs 5<2

kgtrjs euljs hg kftgrifc ejdsistgdtg gd 77hg lfrrj y <=7 hg turlf. Gd ud prideipij sgpgdsõ gd gkpcgfr sghikgdtj hgc cfaj Kffs-eng gd lfsg f sus ikpciefeijdgs sjeijcõai-efs.Uid gklfraj gxistëf gc rigsaj hg udf gkisiõdidejdtrjcflcg hg prjhuetjs jraædiejs gdhgsejkpjsieiõd fctfkgdtg pgciarjsjs pfrfcf sfcuh hglihj f cf fetivihfh kierj lfetgrij-cõaief. Ejkj sustitutj sg uticizfrjd turlf ylfrrj jltgdihjs hgc pfdtfdj hg Lfh Dgdd-hjrm y hg ud euctivj egrefdj fc cfaj Utgidnu-hgr Kggr. Gstg kftgrifc gs lfetgrijcõaief-kgdtg idjeuj y gstæ ejkpugstj pjr ud sghi-kgdtj ejd udf ejkpjsieiõd lfof gd dutrigd-tgs y ejd ud fctj divgc hg feihgz qug prgvig-dgd cjs prjegsjs hg hgsejkpjsieiõd y cjshgsfrrjccjs hg kierj jrafdiskjs hföidjs. Gdcf prikgrf pcfdtf sjcj sg gdejdtrflfd cfsnugccfs hg lfrrj hg cjs visitfdtgs.

pfaidg sueegssivg / mjccjwida pfags / pæaidfs siaugdtgs

FCXJRF\CFDXI / CJWHURGF@G\U / FCXF]JEGUGdtrftf prideipfcg hgcc’Frsgdfcg. CI Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif. Kfid gdtrfdeg jm tng Frsgdfc. Gdtrfhf prideipfc hgc Frsgdfc. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij <227

Cf rgaistrfzijdg fuhij hi ud tgstj id itfcifdj g ididacgsg î stftf riprjhjttf ididtgrrjttfkgdtgfcc’gdtrftf hgccf Ligddfcg. Cf rgaistrfzijdg gcgdefid 528 pudti tutti aci fspgtti agstijdfci, jrafdizzf-tivi gh gejdjkiei hgccf Ligddfcg, idvitf i visitftjrif idmjrkfrsi g f hjkfdhfrg hgcueihfzijdi fc pgr-sjdfcg hgccf kjstrf.

Fd fuhij rgejrhida id Gdacisn fdh Itfcifd wfs

rgprjhuegh udidtgrruptghcy ft tng gdtrfdeg jm

tng Ligddifc. Xng rgejrhida cists 528 mfets fljut

fcc kfdfagrifc, jrafdizftijdfc fdh gejdjkie fspgets jm tng Ligddifc, wnien idvitgs visitjrs tj

lgttgr idmjrk t ngksgcvgs fdh fs` mjr gxpcfdf-

tijds mrjk tng pgrsjddgc jm tng gxnilitijd.

Wdf arflfeiõd hg fuhij ejd gc tgxtj gd itfcifdj

idacés qug f ejdtidufeiõd idecuikjs mug rgprjhu

hf ididtgrrukpihfkgdtg gd gc cuafr idhief

hurfdtg cf Ligdfc. Hienf arflfeiõd gdcistf 52pudtjs sjlrg fspgetjs gejdõkiejs, hg agstiõd

jrafdizfeiõd hg hienf Ligdfc, idvitfdhj fc visitfd

f pghir gxpciefeijdgs fc pgrsjdfc hg cf gxnilieiõ

6- G' vigtftj mukfrg dgaci spfzi eniusi hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif.

<- Ejdtrfvvgdirg f qugstj hivigtj î puditj ejdudf kuctf eng vf hf ud kidikj hi ₣ <<2,22 f udkfssikj hi ₣ <.<22,22 f efriej hgccf MjdhfzijdgLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif g udf kuctf eng vf hf udkidikj hi ₣ <1,72 f ud kfssikj hi ₣ <17,22 fefriej hi eni nf ejkkgssj c'idmrfzijdg.5- Ug c'idmrfzijdg î ejkkgssf id prgsgdzf hi udfhjddf id gvihgdtg stftj hi arfvihfdzf j idprgsgdzf hi cfttfdti j lfklidi midj f 6< fddi, cfkisurf hgccf sfdzijdg î rfhhjppiftf hf ₣ 77 f ₣772,22.8- Eni ejkkgttg qugstf idmrfzijdg sfrâ gspucsjhfaci spfzi hgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.7- G' vigtftj idtrjhurrg fcikgdti dgaci spfzi eniusihgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.=- Eni ejkkgttg qugstf idmrfzijdg sfrâ idvitftj fpjrtfr mujri hgtti fcikgdti hfi cjefci id qugstijdg.1- G' vigtftj kfdaifrg g lgrg dgaci spfzi eniusihgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.>- Eni ejkkgttg qugstf idmrfzijdg sfrâ idvitftjfh fllfdhjdfrg i cjefci.9- Djd î ejdsgdtitj idtrjhurrg j cfseifrg dgcaufrhfrjlf ejkputgrs pjrtftici jh jaagtti hi pfrihikgdsijdg.62- Cf Mjdhfzijdg Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif djd puü

52 fpricg <227, jrf djd î più pjssilicg idjctrfrgrienigstf hi feerghitj.

<9- C'idargssj fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif ejkpjrtfc'jllciaj hi rispgttfrg ic rgajcfkgdtj idtgrdj pgr ivisitftjri.52- Ic liacigttj h'idargssj idtgrj fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif ejstf₣ 67.56- Ic liacigttj h'idargssj fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzifpgr i aijvfdi hi gtâ idmgrijrg fi <= fddi ejd efrtfh'ihgdtitâ g pgr aci stuhgdti ejd tgssgrf j cilrgttjudivgrsitfrij, ejstf ₣ >.5<- Ic liacigttj h'idargssj fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzifpgr cf tgrzf gtâ, supgrijrg fi =7 fddi, ejstf ₣ 6<.55- Cg fctrg rihuzijdi prgvistg sjdj?- su prgsgdtfzijdg hgc liacigttj hgc MgstivfcIdtgrdfzijdfcg hi Hfdzf, Kusief g Xgftrj0- pgr i kicitfri0- pgr i rgsihgdti f ]gdgzif0- pgr eni pjssighg cf \jccida ]gdieg Efrh0- pgr eni pjssighg cf Efrtf Aijvfdi.58- I Rfssgaagri Fcitfcif jttgdajdj udj sejdtj hgc72% suc liacigttj h'idargssj.57- Rgr i aruppi hi fhucti, kidikj 62 pgrsjdg ejdprgdjtfzijdg jllciaftjrif, ic liacigttj ejstf? ₣ 62.5=- Rgr i aruppi hi stuhgdti, kidikj 62 pgrsjdgejd prgdjtfzijdg jllciaftjrif, ic liacigttj ejstf? ₣=

=2- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc Cilfdj ₣ <=.=6- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg \ussif ₣

<8.=<- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg RfgsiDjrhiei₣ <7.=5- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc Afccgs ₣ 67.=8- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg Efdfhf ₣=9, gte.=7- Ic cistidj prgzzi hgccf efmmgttgrif hgcc'fddj <227djd si î pjtutj ejdjsegrg fc kjkgdtj id eui îstftf rgfcizzftf qugstf rgaistrfzijdg. Rgrtfdtj iprgzzi ripjrtfti si rimgrisejdj fccf Ligddfcg hgc<225.==- Wd efmmî dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif,₣ 6.=1- Wd efmmî h'jrzj dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcghi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6. =>- Wd efmmî hgefmmgidftj dgccfefmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6.=9- Wd efmmî ejrrgttj dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ <.12- Wd kfeeniftjdg dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6,<2.16- Wd efppueeidj dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcghi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6,72.1<- Wd efppueeidj hgefmmgidftj dgccf efmmgttgrifhgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6,72.15- Wd efmmgcfttg dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcg hi

- dgccg Ejrhgrig, prjprigtâ hgcc'Fagdzif hgcHgkfdij0

- dgi pfhiacijdi dfzijdfci hgi Aifrhidi hgccfLigddfcg, prjprigtâ hi jadi stftj titjcfrg0- dgaci Upfzi pullciei hgccf eittâ hi ]gdgzif enghipgdhjdj hfc Ejkudg?- dgc Rfcfzzj Mjrtudy62>- Upfzi privfti fmmittfti hf pfgsi privi hipfhiacijdg dgi Aifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg?- Mjdhfzijdg Cgvi0- Frgf gstgrdf fi Aifrhidi0- Rfcfarfziussi0- Rfcfzzj Kfcipgrj0- Rfcfzzj _jrzi0- Xgcgejk Muturg Egdtrg0- Ueujcf hi Ufd Rfsqufcg0- Cuhjtgef Ufdtf Kfrif Fusiciftrieg0- Ef' hgc Huef0- Rfcfzzj Aritti0- Uejcgttf hgi Xirfjrj g Lftticjrj0- Rfcfzzj _gdjlij0- Upfzij Gvgdti Cilrgrif Kjdhfhjri0- Afccgrif F+F0- Aifrhidj hgccg ]graidi0- Enijstrj hgc Ejdvgdtj hi Ufd Mrfdegsej hgccf]iadf0- Rfcfzzj Risfdj0- g Rfcfzzj Mrfdengtti.

hgccf Ligddfcg.67=- \gpullcief hi Frkgdif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri

hgi Aifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg.671- \gpullcief hi Lgcfrus î rfpprgsgdtftf mujrihgi Aifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg.67>- \gpullcief hi Eiprj î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgiAifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg.679- \gpullcief hi Ucjvgdif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujrihgi Aifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg.6=2- \gpullcief Rjpjcfrg hi Eidf î rfpprgsgdtftfmujri hgi Aifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg.6=6- Uidafpjrg î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.6=<- Xnficfdhif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.6=5- Xurenif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.6=8- Werfidf î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.6=7- @fzf`nstfd î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgiAifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg.6==- @yrayzstfd î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.6=1- Wzlgìstfd î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.6=>- Ljcivif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.

]gdgzif.<27- Afklif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<2=- Afdf, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<21- Agjraif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<2>- Auidgf, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<29- Auidgf-Lissfu, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcghi ]gdgzif.<62- Njdhurfs, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<66- Idhif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<6<- Irfq, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<65- Aifkfief, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<68- Aijrhfdif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<67- @uwfit, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<6=- Cfjs, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<61- Cilfdj, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<6>- Cilif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<69- Cgsjtnj, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.

]gdgzif.<79- Afzf g Eisaijrhfdif, djd pfrtgeipfdj fccf

Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<=2- \gpullcief hgccj Ygkgd, djd pfrtgeipf fccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<=6- _fklif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<=<- _iklflwg, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<=5- Xutti qugsti pfgsi ideihjdj pgr ic 8<% succfpjpjcfzijdg tjtfcg hgccf tgrrf g prjhuejdj c'>%hgc Rrjhjttj Dfzijdfcg Cjrhj acjlfcg.<=8- Ujdj stfti gsecusi hfc efcejcj i sgaugdtipfgsi hgi qufci djd si ejdjsejdj aci idhieikferjgejdjkiei? Irfq, \gpullcief Hgkjerftief hiEjrgf, Cilif, Kyfdkfr, Ujkfcif, Xur`kgdistfd,Gkirfti Frfli Wditi g _iklflwg.<=7- Cf Mjdhfzijdg Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif djdpgrsgaug midi hi cuerj gh nf cj sejpj, fssieurfdhjpigdf cilgrtâ hi ihgg g hi mjrkg gsprgssivg, hiprjkujvgrg f civgccj dfzijdfcg gh idtgrdfzijdfcgcj Utuhij, cf riegref g cf hjeukgdtfzijdg dgcefkpj hgccg frti ejdtgkpjrfdgg kghifdtg fttivitâstflici hi riegref, djdenî kfdimgstfzijdi,spgrikgdtfzijdi g prjagtti.<==- Id qugstf Ligddfcg djd gsistg fceudfegdsurf pgr kjtivi pjcitiei dî pgr fceud fctrj

Lgrcusejdi-Kidistrj pgr i lgdi g cg fttivitâ eucturfci,

Wrlfdi-Kidistrj pgr cf mudzijdg pullcief, Cuiai -Kidistrj hgcc'gejdjkif g hgccg midfdzg, Xrgkjdti.<>5- Ic luhagt hgccf sejrsf Ligddfcg hi ]sgttjrg frti visivg, î stftj hi =.8 kicijdi hHgttj luhagt î stftj suhhivisj id?- 5.9 kicijdi hi gurj pgr ic ljfrh0- <.5 kicijdi hi gurj pgr ic kfdfagkgdt0- 7=7,222 gurj pgr ic hirgttjrg Mrfdegsejg ic suj stfmm, idecusi i ejsti hi vifaaij0- g 89<,222 gurj pgr fctri ejccfljrftjri ic'ummieij stfkpf.<>8- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg ic luhagLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif Ugttjrg Frti ]isivg hifddj cj enighf fcc'jrafdizzfzijdg.<>7- Dgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif <227 sjdikpigafti 77 cfvjrftjri hi rujcj. Hurfdtg vgdajdj fssudti eiref 622 ikpigafti tgkeng cfvjrfdj pgr tuttg cg fttivitâ hgccf Li

Frti ]isivg g Frenitgtturf, Eidgkf , Xgftrjg Hfdzf.<>=- Eiref 622 pgrsjdg eng cfvjrfdj sjhurfdtg c'fpgrturf hgccf Kjstrf? aufrhfsliacigttgrig, aufrhfrjlf, ummieij idmjrkfz



<58

fssieurfrg c'idtgaritâ hi tfci jaagtti.66- ]i riejrhifkj eng cf histruzijdg tjtfcg jpfrzifcg hi ud'jpgrf h'frtg j hi qufcudqug fctrfprjprigtâ î puditf hfccf cgaiscfzijdg itfcifdf.6<- Cf cgaiscfzijdg itfcifdf ejdsihgrf eng cfhistruzijdg tjtfcg j pfrzifcg hi ud'jpgrf h'frtg sifhi kfaaijrg arfvitâ hi qugccf hi qufcudqug fctrfprjprigtâ, pgrtfdtj vigdg fppcieftf udf pgdfkfaaijrg.65- Ugejdhj cf arfvitâ, cf pgdf pgr cf histruzijdgtjtfcg j pfrzifcg hi ud'jpgrf h'frtg puü vfrifrgmidj f ₣ 529 hi kuctf g hf sgi kgsi f trg fddi hiefregrg g si prjeghg h'ummieij.68- Rgr ic Hgturpfkgdtj g Iklrfttfkgdtj hi ejsghi idtgrgssg stjriej g frtistiej, jvudqug sifdjulieftg, î prgvistf udf kuctf midj f ₣ 6.25< g siprjeghg h'ummieij g cf pgdf hgccf rgecusijdg midj fhud fddj.67- ]i riejrhifkj eng ic murtj hi ud'jpgrf h'frtg jhi qufcudqug fctrf prjprigtâ î puditj hfccfcgaiscfzijdg itfcifdf.6=- Cf cgaiscfzijdg itfcifdf ejdsihgrf eng ic murtjhi ud'jpgrf h'frtg sif hi kfaaijrg arfvitâ hi qugccjhi qufcudqug fctrf prjprigtâ, pgrtfdtj vigdgfppcieftf udf pgdf kfaaijrg.61- Cf pgdf pgr ic murtj hi ud'jpgrf h'frtg puüvfrifrg hf ₣ 678 f ₣ 76= hi kuctf g hf sgi kgsif trg fddi hi efregrg.6>- Eirejstfdzg faarfvfdti? cf pgdf pgr ic mfttjprgvistj fcc'frt. =<7 î hgccf kuctf hf ₣ 652 f ₣6.25< g hgccf rgecusijdg hf ud fddj f sgi fddi hiefregrg.69- Fcc'idtgrdj hgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif viajdjtuttg cg cgaai hgccf \gpullcief itfcifdf g hiejdsgaugdzf tuttg cg pgdg ejrrispjdhgdti fccgidmrfzijdi.<2- Cgi id qugstj kjkgdtj î ejdtrjccftj hfcpgrsjdfcg hi sieurgzzf histriluitj id tuttf c'frgf.<6- Cgi id qugstj kjkgdtj î ejdtrjccftj g riprgsjhf tgcgefkgrg hi sieurgzzf himmusg id tuttf c'frgf.<<- Ic liacigttj h'idargssj fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzifcg hâ hirittj f?- visitfrg eifseudf sghg gspjsitivf? Frsgdfcg gAifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg- visitfrg cg hug sghi id aijrdi histidti- fc aufrhfrjlf arftuitj? fi Aifrhidi g fcc'Frsgdfcg.<5- C'fpgrturf fc pullciej î prgvistf pgr ic aijrdj6< Aiuadj midj fc = Djvgklrg. Djd dgc aijrdjhgcc'idfuaurfzijdg? i aijrdi 9/62/66 Aiuadj sjdjrisgrvfti fccf stfkpf.<8- Aijvghã 9 aiuadj <227 cf aijrdftf sfrârisgrvftf fccg fagdzig, fccf stfkpf qujtihifdf grfhij-tgcgvisivf, fi hirgttjri, efpj-rghfttjri g idviftihgi sgttikfdfci g fi pgrijhiei spgeifcizzfti.<7- ]gdgrhã 62 g sflftj 66 aiuadj <227 cfaijrdftf sfrâ risgrvftf fccf stfkpf pgrijhief djdspgeifcizzftf g f tuttg cg eftgajrig prgeghgdti.<=- C'idfuaurfzijdg g cf prgkifzijdg sisvjcagrfddj vgdgrhã 62 aiuadj <227.<1- Î idhispgdsflicg, f mrjdtg hi jadi rienigstf hifeerghitj stfkpf?- cgttgrf su efrtf idtgstftf hgc aijrdfcg f mirkf hgcHirgttjrg j hgc efpj rghfttjrg, hjvg vigdgfssgadftj fc aijrdfcistf c'idefriej hi ejprirg cf 76²

Gspjsizijdg Idtgrdfzijdfcg h'Frtg0- fckgdj ud frtiejcj pullcieftj succf 72²Gspjsizijdg Idtgrdfzijdfcg h'Frtg j ejpif hi udfrtiejcj rgegdtg id efsj hi dujvf rienigstf0- djd vgrrfddj prgsg id ejdsihgrfzijdg cgrienigstg hi feerghitj privg hgccf hjeukgdtfzijdgrienigstf.<>- C'Wmmieij stfkpf hgccf Ligddfcg nf vfcutftj cgrienigstg hi feerghitj eng sjdj pgrvgdutg gdtrj ic

51- Mjrkucf Mfkicy eng ejkprgdhg < fhucti + <rfafzzi udhgr 68, ic liacigttj ejstf? ₣ 58.5>- Rgrkfdgdt Rfss? ₣ 82.59- Idargssj arftuitj î prgvistj midj f = fddi g pgraci feejkpfadftjri hi pgrsjdg hisflici.82- Ujdj prgvisti Itidgrfri Xgkftiei g RgrejrsiHihfttiei hf ud kidikj hi 62 pgrsjdg f udkfssikj hi <7 pgrsjdg, ejd prgdjtfzijdgjllciaftjrif, hurftf kghif < jrg.- Aruppi fhucti ejd ic liacigttj h'idargssj djdidecusj, id Itfcifdj? 6 sghg ₣ 17 - < sghi ₣ 6<2 gid cidauf strfdigrf? 6 sghg ₣ >7 - < sghi ₣ 682.- Uidajci ejd ic liacigttj h'idargssj djd idecusj gprgdjtfzijdg djd jllciaftjrif, pgrejrsj tgkftiejf pfrtgdzf missf pgr sghg ₣ 7 g fuhijauihfsidajcf j hjppif pgr sghg ₣ 5 j ₣ 7.- Aruppj stuhgdti ejd ic liacigttj h'idargssj djdidecusj, id itfcifdj? 6 sghg ₣ =7 - < sghi ₣ 6220id cidauf strfdigrf? 6 sghg ₣ 17 - < sghi ₣ 6<2.- Ueujcg gcgkgdtfri, sgejdhj eiecj g Ueujcg kghigejd ic liacigttj h'idargssj djd idecusj? 6 sghg ₣87.- Ueujcg kftgrdg g Ueujcg gcgkgdtfri, prikj eiecjejd ic liacigttj h'idargssj idecusj? 6 sghg ₣ 82.- Mfkiacig wgg`gdh 6 sghg ejd suppcgkgdtjhihfttief f lfklidj ₣ < ejd ic liacigttj h'idargssjdjd idecusj. C'fttivitâ hihfttief si svjcag hurfdtg icwgg`gdh f jrfri prgstfliciti id udf sjcf sghggspjsitivf.86- Ic pfafkgdtj si puü gmmgttufrg ejd ljdimiejlfdefrij, vfacif pjstfcg g efrtf hi erghitj.8<- Djd î prgvistj ic hirittj hi prgvgdhitf.85- Rgr vgdhgrg i liacigtti si dgegssitf udffutjrizzfzijdg fkkidistrftivf.88- Cf rivgdhitf djd î pgrkgssf. Cf rivgdhitfidtgarf ic rgftj hi trummf gx frt. =82 ep. g ic rgftj hifpprjprifzijdg idhglitf gx frt. =8=.87- Ic eftfcjaj hgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif ejstf ₣=7,22.8=- Ic eftfcjaj si ejkpjdg hi trg vjcuki?- udj pgr cf kjstrf hgcc'Frsgdfcg0- udj pgr cf kjstrf hgc Rfhiacijdg Itfcifdj0- udj pgr cg pfrtgeipfzijdi Dfzijdfci, pgr cg kjstrgejccftgrfci g pgr gvgdtufci prjagtti s pgeifci.81- Jadi Rfgsg prjvvghg pgr cf rgfcizzfzijdg hgcprjprij eftfcjaj eng vgrrâ vgdhutj dgi ljj`snjphgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.8>- Ic prgzzj hgi eftfcjani hi jadi pfgsg hgcc'fddj<227 djd si î pjtutj ejdjsegrg fc kjkgdtj id euiî stftf rgfcizzftf qugstf rgaistrfzijdg. Rgrtfdtj iprgzzi ripjrtfti si rimgrisejdj fccf Ligddfcg hgc<225.89- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg Hfdikfref₣ 72.72- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg Agrkfdif₣ 68,>2.76- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdgCussgkluraj₣ 6>.7<- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg ArfdLrgtfadf₣ 1<,>2.75- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg Fustrif₣68,>2.78- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg Jcfdhf₣5<,>2.

77- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg Lgcaij₣

5=.7=- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg Dujvf_gcfdhf₣ <7.71- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgcc'Fmrief₣ 58,>2.7>- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg Upfadf₣=<.79- Rrgzzj hgc eftfcjaj hgc pfhiacijdg Mrfdeif₣<<,72.

]gdgzif,₣ <.18- Wdf tfzzf hi tî dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcghi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6,72.17- Wdf efkjkiccf dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcghi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6,72.1=- Wdf tfzzf hi eijeejcftf dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6,72.11- Wd lieenigrg hi cfttg dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6.1>- Wd efmmî mrghhj dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcghi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6,72.19- Wd pgzzj hi Rfstieegrif dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6.>2- Wd pfdidj ikljttitj dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 5,72.>6- Wdf pifhidf dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif,₣ 5.><- Wd trfkgzzidj dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcghi ]gdgzif, ₣ 5.>5- Wd tjfst dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif,₣ <,72.>8- Wdf pizzgttf dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif,₣ <.>7- Wdf senifeeiftf dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 5,72.>=- Wd fpgritivj dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif,₣ <.>1- Wd lieenigrg hi ciqujrg gstgrj j dfzijdfcgdgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ <,72.>>- Wd lieenigrg hi Lrfdhy dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ <,72.>9- Wd lieenigrg hi arfppf dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ <,72.92- Wd lieenigrg hi wnis`y dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 7.96- Wd lieenigrg hi wnis`y risgrvf dgccf efmmgttgrifhgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ =.9<- Wd cjda hrid` dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcghi ]gdgzif, ₣ 7.95- Wdf lirrf fccf spidf arfdhg dgccf efmmgttgrifhgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 5,72.98- Wdf lirrf fccf spidf pieejcf dgccf efmmgttgrifhgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ <,72.97- Wd lieenigrg hi vidj rjssj dgccf efmmgttgrifhgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6,72.9=- Wd lieenigrg hi vidj lifdej dgccf efmmgttgrifhgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 6,72.91- Wd prjsgeej dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif,₣ <,72.9>- Wd pjrtj dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif,₣ 5,72.99- Cg lilitg id cfttidf dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ <,72.622- Cg lilitg id ljttiacif dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ 5,72.626- Wd sueej hi mruttf dgccf efmmgttgrif hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ <,72.62<- Wdf ljttiacif h'fequf pieejcf dgccf efmmgttgrifhgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, ₣ <,72.625- Cf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif î visitftf hf eiref<=2.625 pgrsjdg, hftj rgcftivj fccf 72gsikfGspjsizijdg Idtgrdfzijdfcg h'Frtg.628- Aci njtgcs pgr i aijrdi hgcc'idfuaurfzijdg siidizifdj f prgdjtfrg hurfdtg cf Ligddfcg

prgeghgdtg.627- Hurfdtg i aijrdi hgcc'idfuaurfzijdg hgccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, c'jeeupfzijdg fclgranigrfhgccf eittâ î hgc 622%.62=- Ugejdhj c'Istitutj Dfzijdfcg hgccf \iegrefXuristief ic 8=% hgi turisti eng vgdajdj id Itfcifvisitfdj cf eittâ hi ]gdgzif.621- Cf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif si svjcag?- dgcc'Frsgdfcg, prjprigtâ hgc Hgkfdij0

629- Fustrif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.662- Fustrfcif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.666- Lgcaij hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.66<- Lrfsicg hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.665- Efdfhf hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.668- Hfdikfref hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdgdfzijdfcg.667- Gaittj hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.66=- Mrfdeif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.661- Agrkfdif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdgdfzijdfcg.66>- Aifppjdg hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdgdfzijdfcg.669- Arfd Lrgtfadf hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdgdfzijdfcg.6<2- Argeif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.6<6- Iscfdhf hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.6<<- Isrfgcg hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.6<5- Itfcif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.6<8- Djrvgaif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.6<7- Jcfdhf hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.6<=- Rjcjdif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.6<1- \gpullcief Egef hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdgdfzijdfcg.6<>- \gpullcief hi Ejrgf hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdgdfzijdfcg.6<9- \gpullcief Ucjvfeef hispjdg hi udpfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.652- \jkfdif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.656- \ussif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.65<- Ugrlif g Kjdtgdgarj hispjdg hi udpfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.655- Upfadf hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.658- Utfti Wditi H'Fkgrief hispjdg hi udpfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.657- Uvgzif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.65=- Uvizzgrf hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.651- Wdangrif hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.65>- Wruaufy hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdg dfzijdfcg.659- ]gdgzugcf hispjdg hi ud pfhiacijdgdfzijdfcg.682- Xutti qugsti pfgsi ideihjdj pgr ic <8% s uccfpjpjcfzijdg tjtfcg hgccf tgrrf g prjhuejdj c'>5%hgc Rrjhjttj Dfzijdfcg Cjrhj acjlfcg.686- Fmanfdistfd î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgiAifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg.68<- Fragdtidf î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.685- Fclfdif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.688- Erjfzif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.687- Gstjdif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.68=- Gx \gpullcief Ouajscfvf hi Kfeghjdif îrfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg.681- Idhjdgsif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.68>- Irfd î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgi Aifrhidi hgccfLigddfcg.689- Ircfdhf î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.672- Cgttjdif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.

676- Citufdif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.67<- Cussgkluraj î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgiAifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg.675- Kfrjeej î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.678- Dujvf _gcfdhf î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgiAifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg.677- Rjrtjafccj î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgi Aifrhidi

6=9- Eicg î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgi Aifrhidi hgccfLigddfcg.612- Ejcjklif î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.616- Ejstf \ief î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.61<- Eulf î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidi hgccfLigddfcg.615- Gc Ufcvfhjr î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.618- Auftgkfcf î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.617- Nfiti î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidi hgccfLigddfcg.61=- Rfdfkf î rfpprgsgdtftf mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.611- Rfrfaufy î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgi Aifrhidihgccf Ligddfcg.61>- Rgrù î rfpprgsgdtftj mujri hgi Aifrhidi hgccfLigddfcg.619- G cf \gpullcief Hjkidiefdf î rfpprgsgdtftfmujri hgi Aifrhidi hgccf Ligddfcg.6>2- Xutti qugsti pfgsi ideihjdj pgr ic 58% succfpjpjcfzijdg tjtfcg hgccf tgrrf g prjhuejdj ic 9%hgc Rrjhjttj Dfzijdfcg Cjrhj acjlfcg.6>6- Ujdj stfti gsecusi hfc efcejcj i sgaugdtipfgsi hgi qufci djd si ejdjsejdj aci idhieikferjgejdjkiei? Fmanfdistfd, Eulf g \gpullciefHjkidiefdf.6><- Fcagrif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.6>5- Fdajcf, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.6>8- Fzgrlfiaifd, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.6>7- Lfdacfhgsn, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.6>=- Lgdid, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.6>1- Ljsdif Grzgajvidf, djd pfrtgeipf fccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif.6>>- Ljtsjwfdf, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.6>9- Lucafrif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.692- Lurìdf Mfsj, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.696- Lurudhi, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.69<- Efkljaif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.695- Efkgrud, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.698- \gpullcief Egdtrfmriefdf, djd pfrtgeipf fccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif.697- Eifh, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.69=- \gpullcief Hgkjerftief hi Ejrgf, djdpfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.691- \gpullcief Hjkgdiefdf hgc Ejdaj, djdpfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.69>- Ejstf h'Fvjrij, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcghi ]gdgzif.699- Geufhjr, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.

<22- Gkirfti Frfli Wditi, djd pfrtgeipf fccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<26- Gritrgf, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<2<- Gtijpif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<25- Midcfdhif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<28- Afljd, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

<<2- Cilgrif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<<6- Kfhfafsefr, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<<<- Kfcfwi, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<<5- Kfcfysif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<<8- Kfci, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<<7- Kfuritfdif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<<=- Kfuritius, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<<1- Kgssiej, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<<>- Kyfdkfr, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<<9- Kjchjvf, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<52- Kjdajcif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<56- Kjzfkliej, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<5<- Dfkilif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<55- Dgpfc, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<58- Diefrfauf, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<57- Diagr, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<5=- Diagrif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<51- Jkfd, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<5>- Rfìstfd, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<59- Rfpuf Dujvf Auidgf, djd pfrtgeipf fccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<82- Micippidg, djd pfrtgeipfdj fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<86- \ufdhf, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<8<- Frflif Ufuhitf, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcghi ]gdgzif.<85- Ugdgafc, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<88- Uigrrf Cgjdg, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<87- Ujkfcif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<8=- Uuhfmrief, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<81- Uri Cfd`f, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<8>- Uuhfd, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<89- Uwfzicfdh, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<72- Uirif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<76- Xfaiìstfd, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<7<- Xfdzfdif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.

<75- Xjaj, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<78- Xridihfh -Xjlfaj, djd pfrtgeipf fccfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif.<77- Xudisif, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<7=- Xur`kgdistfd, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif.<71- Wafdhf, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif.

<7>- ]igtdfk, djd pfrtgeipf fccf Ligddfcg hi

kjtivj, sif dgc eftfcjaj eng dgccf gspjsizijdg. Ugcgi hulitf hi qugstj cj hjkfdhi fcc'jrafdizzfzijdgj faci frtisti.<=1- Rfrtgeipfdj fccf Mjdhfzijdg ic Kidistgrj pgri lgdi g cg fttivitâ eucturfci, cf rgaijdg ]gdgtj, cfprjvideif hi ]gdgzif gh ic ejkudg hi ]gdgzif.<=>- Fccf Mjdhfzijdg pfrtgeipfdj fctrgsã sjaagttiprivfti ejd gsecusijdg hi pgrsjdg misieng jaiurihieng eng svjcajdj fttivitâ f midi hi cuerj. Ugcgi hulitf eng djd ei sifdj midi hi cuerj cj hjkfdhifcc'jrafdizzfzijdg j fi sjaagtti privfti.<=9- Ic pftrikjdij hgccf Mjdhfzijdg î ejstituitjhf?- i lgdi kjlici gh ikkjlici hi eui î prjpigtfrif0- i lgdi kjlici g ikkjlici eng pjssjdj gssgrgejdmgriti, gvgdtufckgdtg fdeng id prjprigtâ, hfccjUtftj j hf fctri sjei pgr cf ejstituzijdg hgcpftrikjdij0- i cfseiti, cf hjdfzijdg g cg grjafzijdi hi qufcsifsiagdgrg, hgstidfti hfc hispjdgdtg fh idergkgdtjhgc pftrikjdij stgssj.<12- Ujdj jrafdi hgccf Mjdhfzijdg Ligddfcg hi

]gdgzif ic prgsihgdtg, ic ejdsiacij hi fkkidistrf-zijdg gh ic ejccgaij hgi rgvisjri hgi ejdti.<16- Ic prgsihgdtg î djkidftj ejd hgergtj hgcKidistrj pgr i lgdi g cg fttivitâ eucturfci.<1<- Ic ejkpgdsj hgc prgsihgdtg si tripcief,rispgttj f qugccj hgccf sejrsf Ligddfcg, pfssfdhjhf₣ 17 222,22 f ₣ 692 222,22.<15- Ic sidhfej hi ]gdgzif fssukg cf viegprgsi-hgdzf hgccf Mjdhfzijdg.<18- Ic ejdsiacij hi fkkidistrfzijdg î djkidftjejd hgergtj hgc Kidistrj pgr i lgdi g cg fttivitâeucturfci.<17- Ic ejkpgdsj hgi Ejdsiacigri si rfhhjppif,rispgttj f qugccj hgccf sejrsf Ligddfcg, pfssfdhjhf₣ 62. 222,22 f ₣ <2. 222,22.<1=- Xrf cg fctrg mudzijdi ic ejdsiacij hifkkidistrfzijdg djkidf g rgvjef i hirgttjri hgisgttjri hi fttivitâ eucturfci g ic hirgttjrg agdgrfcg.<11- Ic ejccgaij hgi rgvisjri hgi ejdti î djkidftjejd hgergtj hgc Kidistrj hgcc'gejdjkif g hgccgmidfdzg, hi ejdegrtj ejd ic Kidistrj pgr i lgdi g cgfttivitâ eucturfci.<1>- Ic rfppjrtj hi cfvjrj hgi hipgdhgdti hgccfMjdhfzijdg î hiseipcidftj hfccg hispjsizijdi hgcejhieg eivicg g hfccg cgaai sui rfppjrti hi cfvjrjsuljrhidftj dgcc'ikprgsf g sjdj ejstituiti grgajcfti ejdtrfttufckgdtg.<19- Cf agstijdg midfdzifrif î sjaagttf fcejdtrjccj Hgccf Ejrtg hgi Ejdti.<>2- Ic Kidistgrj pgr i lgdi g cg fttivitâ eucturfci îtitjcfrg hgc pjtgrg hi viaicfdzf succf agstijdg hgccfMjdhfzijdg.<>6- C'futjritâ viaicfdtg hispjdg cj seijacikgdtjhgc ejdsiacij hi fkkidistrfzijdg qufdhj?- risuctfdj arfvi irrgajcfritâ dgcc'fkkidistrfzijdg,jvvgrj arfvi vijcfzijdi hgccg hispjsizijdicgaiscftivg, fkkidistrftivg j stftutfrig engrgajcfdj c'fttivitâ hgccf Mjdhfzijdg0- ic ejdtj gejdjkiej eniuhg ejd udf pgrhitfsupgrijrg fc 52 pgr egdtj hgc pftrikjdij pgr huggsgreizi ejdsgeutivi, jvvgrj sjdj prgvistg pgrhitghgc pftrikjdij hi fdfcjaf gdtitâ. Rgr i priki hug

gsgreizi sueegssivi fccf trfsmjrkfzijdg cfpgregdtufcg î gcgvftf fc 72 pgr egdtj0- djd vigdg riejstituitj ic pftrikjdij0- vi î ikpjssilicitâ hi mudzijdfkgdtj hgaci jrafdi.<><- Ic hgergtj cgaiscftivj ejdegrdgdtg cfMjdhfzijdg Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, fttufckgdtgviagdtg, î stftj mirkftj f \jkf c'> Agddfij <228hf?-Ic Rrgsihgdtg hgc Ejdsiacij hgi Kidistri, Uicvij

a a<>1- I cfvjrftjri hi rujcj sjdj fssudti sgEjdtrfttj Ejccgttivj Dfzijdfcg hi Cfvjrj hipgdhgdti hi fzigdhg hgc tgrzifrij, hgccfhistriluzijdg g hgi sgrvizi hgcc'fddj 6999<< Ugttgklrg f \jkf trf?- cf ejdmghgrfzijdg Itfcifdf Gsgregdti FttEjkkgreifci Xuristieng g hgi Ugrvizi0- cf Mghgrfzijdg Itfcifdf Cfvjrftjri Ejk

Fclgrani Kgdsg g Ugrvizi0- cf Mghgrfzijdg Itfcifdf Uidhfefti FhhgtUgrvizi Ejkkgreifci Fmmidi g hgc Xuriskj- g c'Wdijdg Itfcifdf Cfvjrftjri XuriskjEjkkgreij g Ugrvizi.<>>- Ic rgstj hgi cfvjrftjri, eiref 622 pgcfvjrfdj pgr ikprgsg ejdegssijdfrig.<>9- Vugstg ikprgsg sjdj ejdtfttftg id ud ejdejrsj pullciej idhgttj fh jadi ghhgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, geegttj c'ikprrgfcizzf ic eftfcjaj.<92- I pfrtiejcfri hi hgtti ejdtrftti ejd cgejdegssijdfrig sjdj privfti g pgrtfdtj dhi djstrf ejdjsegdzf.<96- Waufckgdtg djd ejdjseifkj, gssgrfppjrtj trf cfvjrftjrg g ikprgsf ud mfttsg ic cfvjrftjrg î sjeij j sgkpcieg ikpig<9<- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud fhhgttj fccf sieurgLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.<95- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud fhhgttj fccg puciziLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.<98- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud fhhgttj fc kjdtfaLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.<97- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud efkgrigrg hgccf efhgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.<9=- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud fhhgttj fc aufrhfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.<91- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud tgediej gcgttrieistfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.<9>- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud efkijdistf hgccf Lhi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.<99- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud fhhgttj fc trfspjrtkfrittikj hgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj ecui.522- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud fhhgttj fccf liacighgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.526- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud fhhgttj fc ljj`snLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.52<- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud fhhgttj fcc'iklfccfhgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.525- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi ud tgediej hi stfkpfLigddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.528- Ug cgi hgsihgrf ejdjsegrg cg ejdhizcfvjrj g cf pfaf hi qufcudqug fctrj ikpi

hgccf Ligddfcg hi ]gdgzif, cj enighf f cui.

6- Ukjìda is mjrlihhgd id gdecjsgh spfegs ft tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg.<- Ejdtrfvgdtijd jm tnis prjnilitijd wicc rgsuct id fmidg jm f kidikuk jm <<2 Gurjs tj f kfxikuk jm<, <22 Gurjs tj lg pfih ly tng ]gdieg LigddfcgMjudhftijd fdh f midg jm f kidikuk jm <1.72Gurjs tj f kfxikuk jm <17 Gurjs tj lg pfih lytng pgrsjd ejkkittida tng jmmgdeg.5- Im tng jmmgdeg is ejkkittgh id tng vieidity jm fwjkfd wnj is jlvijuscy prgadfdt jr jm lfligs jrenichrgd up tng fag jm 6<, tng midg wicc lg hjulcgh(mrjk 77 Gurjs tj 772 Gurjs).8- Fdyjdg ejkkittida tnis jmmgdeg wicc lgrgkjvgh mrjk tng spfegs jeeupigh ly tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.7- Lridaida mjjh jm fdy ìdh idtj tng gdecjsghspfegs jm tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg is mjrlihhgd.=- Fdyjdg lrgfìda tnis rucg wicc lg fs`gh tjrgkjvg sfih mjjh mrjk tng vgdug id qugstijd.1- Gftida fdh hridìda id tng gdecjsgh spfegs jmtng ]gdieg Ligddfcg frg mjrlihhgd.>- Fdyjdg lrgfìda tnis rucg wicc lg fs`gh tjcgfvg tng prgkisgs.9- Lridaida id pjrtflcg ejkputgrs jr jlogets jmsikicfr sizg jr cgfvida tngk id tng ecjf`rjjk ismjrlihhgd.62- Xng ]gdieg Ligddfcg Mjudhftijd efddjt

fppcieftijds mjr feerghitftijd rgegivgh ly 52 Fpric<227. It is dj cjdagr pjssilcg tj fppcy mjrfeerghitftijd.<9- Feegss tj tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ikpcigsejkpcifdeg witn its idtgrdfc rucgs mjr visitjrs.52-Xng mucc prieg jm fhkissijd tj tng ]gdiegLigddfcg is 67 Gurjs.56- Fhkissijd tj tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg mjr pgjpcgudhgr <= witn ihgdtity efrh fdh stuhgdts witnudivgrsity efrh jr rgejrh ljj` ejsts > Gurjs.5<- Fhkissijd tj tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg mjr pgjpcgfagh =7 jr jvgr ejsts 6< Gurjs.55- Ejdegssijds frg fvficflcg?- jd prgsgdtftijd jm f tie`gt mjr tng IdtgrdftijdfcMgstivfc jm Hfdeg, Kusie fdh Xngftrg- mjr kicitfry pgrsjddgc- mjr rgsihgdts id ]gdieg- mjr pgjpcg witn f \jccida ]gdieg Efrh- mjr pgjpcg witn f Yjutn Efrh.58- Fcitfcif eustjkgrs wicc agt f 72% hisejudt jdfhkissijd.57- Mjr arjups jm fhucts, kidikuk jm 62, jd prg-ljj`gh visits jdcy, tie`gts ejst 62 Gurjs.5=- Mjr arjups jm stuhgdts, kidikuk jm tgd, jdprg-ljj`gh visits jdcy, tie`gts ejst = Gurjs.51- F Mfkicy Xie`gt, < fhucts + < enichrgd udhgr68, ejsts 58 Gurjs.

=6- Xng prieg jm tng \ussifd Rfvicijd's eftfcjaug<8 Gurjs.=<- Xng prieg jm tng Uefdhidfvifd Rfvicijd'seftfcjaug <7 Gurjs.=5- Xng prieg jm tng Qgcsn Rfvicijd's eftfcjaug 67Gurjs.=8- Xng prieg jm tng Efdfhifd Rfvicijd's eftfcjaug=9 Gurjs gte.=7- Xng ejmmgg snjp prieg cist mjr <227 wfs djt`djwd wngd tnis rgejrhida wfs kfhg. Xngmjccjwida priegs, tngrgmjrg, rgmgr tj tng <225Ligddfcg.==- Fd gsprgssj ejmmgg id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcgejmmgg snjp, 6 ₣.=1- F eup jm Njrcie`s id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcgejmmgg snjp, 6 ₣.=>- F hgefmmgidftgh ejmmgg id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcgejmmgg snjp, 6 ₣.=9- F ejmmgg witn f hfsn jm spirits id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg ejmmgg snjp, < Gurjs.12- F ejmmgg witn kic` id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcgejmmgg snjp, 6.<2 Gurjs.16- F efppueeidj id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, 6.72 Gurjs.1<- F hgefmmgidftgh efppueeidj id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg ejmmgg snjp, 6.72 Gurjs.15- F efmé fu-cfit id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmgg

- id tng dftijdfc pfvicijds id tng Ligddfcg Afrhgdswnien frg jwdgh ly gfen idhivihufc ejudtry- id pulcie spfegs id ]gdieg udhgr tng Ejkkudg?- id Mjrtudy Rfcfeg62>- Rrivftg spfegs rgdtgh tj ejudtrigs witn djpfvicijd id tng Ligddfcg Afrhgd?- tng Cgvi Mjudhftijd- tng frgf jutsihg tng Afrhgds- tng Rfcfarfziussi Rfcfeg- tng Kfcipgrj Rfcfeg- tng _jrzi Rfcfeg- tng Xgcgejk Muturg Egdtrg- Ut Rfsqufcg Uenjjc- Jur Cfhy jm \gcigm Xjy Cilrfry- tng Huef luichida- tng Aritti Rfcfeg- tng Xirfjrj g Lftticjrj senjjc- tng _gdjlij Rfcfeg- Kjdhfhjri Ljj`s Gvgdt Upfeg- Afccgry F + F - tng ]iraids' Afrhgd- tng Ecjistgrs jm tng Ejdvgdt jm Ut Mrfdeis jm tng

]idg- tng Risfdj Rfcfeg- fdh tng Mrfdengtti Rfcfeg.629- Fustrif nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.662- Fustrfcif nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd666- Lgcaiuk nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.

6=2- Xng Rgjpcg's \gpulcie jm Enidf isrgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng Ligddfcg

Afrhgds.6=6- Uidafpjrg is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.6=<- Xnficfdh is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.6=5- Xur`gy is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.6=8- W`rfidg is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.6=7- @fzf`nstfd is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.6==- @yrayzstfd is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.6=1- Wzlgìstfd is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.6=>- Ljcivif is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.6=9- Enicg is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.612- Ejcjklif is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.616- Ejstf \ief is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.61<- Eulf is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.615 Gc U c h i t h t ih tn

<2>- Auidgf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.

<29- Auidgf-Lissfu hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg.<62- Njdhurfs hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<66- Idhif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<6<- Irfq hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<65- Ofkfief hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<68- Ojrhfd hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<67- @uwfit hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<6=- Cfjs hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<61- Cglfdjd hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<6>- Cilyf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<69- Cgsjtnj hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<<2- Cilgrif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<<6- Kfhfafsefr hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLi c

<7>- ]igtdfk hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.

<79- Afzf fdh tng Qgst Lfd` hj djt tf`g pfrt idtng ]gdieg Ligddfcg.<=2- Xng \gpulcie jm Ygkgd hjgs djt tf`g pfrt idtng ]gdieg Ligddfcg.<=6- _fklif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<=<- _iklflwg hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<=5- Xngsg ejudtrigs rgprgsgdt 8<% jm tngwjrch's pjpucftijd prjhueida >% jm acjlfc ArjssDftijdfc Rrjhuet.<=8- Xng mjccjwida ejudtrigs wgrg gxecuhgh mrjktnis efceucftijd lgefusg jm cfe` jmkferjgejdjkie idmjrkftijd? Irfq, Hgkjerftie\gpulcie jm @jrgf, Cilyf, Kyfdkfr, Ujkfcif,Xur`kgdistfd, Wditgh Frfl Gkirftgs fdh_iklflwg.<=7- Xng ]gdieg Ligddfcg Mjudhftijd nfs djmidfdeifc kjtivgs, its purpjsg lgida tj gdsurgejkpcgtg mrgghjk jm ihgfs fdh mjrks jmgxprgssijd, fdh tj prjkjtg stuhy, rgsgfren fdhhjeukgdtftijd id tng migch jm ejdtgkpjrfry frtstnrjuan gstflcisngh rgsgfren fetivitigs ft dftijdfcfdh idtgrdftijdfc cgvgcs.<==- Xngrg is dj egdsjrsnip ft tnis Ligddfcg, mjr

citi c tn itn m tn

- tng Rrgsihgdt jm tng Ejudeic jm KidistgLgrcusejdi

- tng Kidistgr jm Eucturfc Ngritfag fdh FAiucifdj Wrlfdi- tng Kidistgr jm tng Eivic Ugrvieg, Cuiai K- tng Kidistgr jm tng Gejdjky fdh MidfdXrgkjdti.<>5- Xng luhagt mjr tng cfst ]gdieg Ligdtng ]isufc Frts wfs =.8 kiccijd Gurjs. Ufwfs hivihgh up fs mjccjws?- 5.9 kiccijd Gurjs mjr tng ljfrh- <.5 kiccijd Gurjs mjr kfdfagkgdt- 7=7,222 Gurjs mjr tng hirgetjr MrfdegsLjdfki fdh nis stfmm, idecuhida trfvgccidagxpgdsgs- fdh 89<,222 Gurjs mjr jtngr ejccfljrftidecuhida tng prgss jmmieg.<>8- Im yju wjuch ci`g tj `djw wnft tnisluhagt mjr tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg mjr tng ]is, fs` tng jrafdisftijd.<>7- Mimty-mivg `gy wjr`grs frg gkpcjyg

]gdieg Ligddfcg <227. Hurida tng ygfr, tgkpjrfry wjr`grs frg tf`gd jd tj wjr`Ligddfcg's fetivitigs - ]isufc Frts fdh FreEidgkf, Xngftrg, Kusie fdh Hfdeg.<>=- Fljut 622 pgjpcg wjr` jdcy wnicg Gxnilitijd is jpgd idecuhida gxnilitijd rj

tt h t h c ì i tn ti



<5=

aufrfdtgg tng sgeurity jm suen jlogets.66- Yju frg rgkidhgh tnft tjtfc jr pfrtifchgstruetijd jm f wjr` jm frt jr fdy jtngr prjpgrtyis pudisnflcg udhgr Itfcifd cfw.6<- Wdhgr Itfcifd cfw, tjtfc jr pfrtifc hgstruetijd jmf wjr` jm frt is rgafrhgh fs lgida jm f kjrgsgrijus dfturg tnfd id tng efsg jm fdy jtngrprjpgrty. Xng pudisnkgdt is feejrhidacy kjrgsgvgrg.65- Feejrhida tj tng arfvity jm tng jmmgdeg, tngpudisnkgdt mjr tjtfc jr pfrtifc hgstruetijd jm fwjr` jm frt kfy lg f midg jm up tj 529 Gurjs jrikprisjdkgdt jm six kjdtns up tj tnrgg ygfrs(prjegghidas frg pgrgkptjry).68- Hgmfeida jr hfulida jlogets jm nistjrie fdhfrtistie idtgrgst, wngrgvgr situftgh, wicc rgsuct id fmidg jm up tj 6, 25< Gurjs jr ikprisjdkgdt jm uptj f ygfr fdh prjegghidas frg pgrgkptjry.67- Yju frg rgkidhgh tnft tngmt jm f wjr` jm frt jrfdy jtngr prjpgrty is pudisnflcg udhgr Itfcifd cfw.6=- Wdhgr Itfcifd cfw, tngmt jm f wjr` jm frt isrgafrhgh fs lgida jm f kjrg sgrijus dfturg tnfdtnft jm fdy jtngr prjpgrty. Xng pudisnkgdt istngrgmjrg kjrg sgvgrg.61- Feejrhida tj tng arfvity jm tng jmmgdeg, tngpudisnkgdt mjr tngmt jm f wjr` jm frt kfy lg fmidg jm 678 Gurjs up tj 76= Gurjs jr mrjk sixkjdtns tj tnrgg ygfrs' ikprisjdkgdt.6>- Faarfvftijds? tng pgdfcty mjr tng faarfvftijdprjvihgh mjr id frtiecg =<7 is f midg mrjk 652Gurjs tj 6, 25< Gurjs jr jdg tj six ygfrs'ikprisjdkgdt.69- Fcc cfws jm tng \gpulcie jm Itfcy frg id mjregwitnid tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg fs frg ci`gwisg fcc

pgdfctigs rgcftida tj jmmgdegs.<2- Yju frg djw lgida enge`gh ly sgeurity stfmmhgpcjygh tnrjuanjut tng wnjcg frgf.<6- Yju frg djw lgida enge`gh fdh mickgh lysgeurity efkgrfs id pjsitijd tnrjuanjut tng wnjcgfrgf.<<- Xng fhkissijd tie`gt tj tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg isvfcih mjr?- visitida gfen gxnilitijd vgdug? tng Frsgdfc fdhtng Ligddfcg Afrhgds- visitida tng twj vgdugs jd himmgrgdt hfys- usg jm mrgg ecjf`rjjk? id tng Afrhgds fdh ft tng

Frsgdfc.<5- Xng Ligddfcg wicc jpgd tj tng pulcie jd 6<Oudg tj = Djvgklgr. Djt jd tng jpgdida hfy? tng9tn, 62tn fdh 66tn jm Oudg frg rgsgrvgh mjr tngprgss.<8- Xnurshfy 9 Oudg <227 is rgsgrvgh mjr prgssfagdeigs, hficy dgwspfpgrs fdh rfhij fdhtgcgvisijd, hirgetjrs, ghitjrs-id-enigm fdhejrrgspjdhgdts mjr wgg`cy pulcieftijds fdhspgeifcist pgrijhiefcs.<7- Mrihfy 62 fdh Ufturhfy 66 Oudg <227 wicc lgrgsgrvgh mjr djd-spgeifcist pgrijhiefcs fdh fcc jmtng fljvg eftgajrigs.<=- Xng jpgdida gvgdt fdh fwfrh egrgkjdy wicctf`g pcfeg jd Mrihfy 62 Oudg <227.<1- Gvgry fppcieftijd mjr prgss feerghitftijd kustlg feejkpfdigh ly?- f cgttgr jd tng dgwspfpgr's ngfhgh djtgpfpgr

siadgh ly tng hirgetjr jr g hitjr-id-enigm fppjidtidatng ojurdfcist tj ejvgr tng 76st Idtgrdftijdfc FrtGxnilitijd- ft cgfst jdg frtiecg pulcisngh jd tng 72tnIdtgrdftijdfc Frt Gxnilitijd jr f ejpy jm f rgegdtfrtiecg id tng efsg jm f dgw fppcieftijd- fppcieftijds witnjut tng rgquirgh hjeukgdtftijdfrg djt ejdsihgrgh.<>- Xng Ligddfcg Rrgss Jmmieg nfs fssgssgh

5>- Rgrkfdgdt Rfss? 82 Gurjs.59- Fhkissijd is mrgg mjr enichrgd up tj tng fag jm= fdh pgjpcg feejkpfdyida f hisflcgh pgrsjd.82- Xngkftie fdh ghueftijdfc tjurs cfstida fljut< njurs, mjr arjups jm kidikuk 62 fdh kfxikuk<7, ly prgfrrfdagkgdt jdcy, frg fvficflcg mjr?- arjups jm fhucts, fhkissijd prieg djt idecuhgh,id Itfcifd? 6 vgdug 17 Gurjs - < vgdugs 6<2 Gurjsfdh id f mjrgiad cfdaufag? 6 vgdug >7 Gurjs - <vgdugs 682 Gurjs- idhivihufcs, fhkissijd prieg djt idecuhgh fdhljjìda djt rgquirgh, tngkftie tjur ft sgt stfrtidatikgs 7 Gurjs fdh sidacg/hjulcg fuhij-auihg pgrvgdug 5 Gurjs jr 7 Gurjs- arjups jm stuhgdts, fhkissijd prieg djtidecuhgh, id Itfcifd? 6 vgdug =7 Gurjs - < vgdugs622 Gurjs fdh id f mjrgiad cfdaufag? 6 vgdug 17Gurjs - < vgdugs 6<2 Gurjs- prikfry senjjcs, sgejdh cgvgc, fdh kihhcgsenjjcs, fhkissijd prieg djt idecuhgh, 6 vgdug 87Gurjs- idmfdt senjjcs fdh prikfry senjjcs, mirst cgvgc,fhkissijd prieg djt idecuhgh, 6 vgdug 82 Gurjs- mfkicy wgg`gdhs 6 vgdug witn ghueftijdfcsuppcgkgdt pgr enich < Gurjs witn fhkissijdprieg djt idecuhgh. Ghueftijdfc fetivitigs tf`gpcfeg ft wgg`gdhs ft sgt tikgs id jdg vgdug jdcy.86- Rfykgdt ly lfd` trfdsmgr, pjstfc jrhgr fdherghit efrh.8<- Xngrg frg dj rgsfcg riants.85- Ugccida jm tie`gts rgquirgs futnjrisftijd mrjktng fhkidistrftijd.88- \gsfcg is djt pgrkittgh. \gsfcg ejdstitutgsmrfuh id tgrks jm frtiecg =82 jm tng Erikidfc Ejhg

fdh gklgzzcgkgdt id tgrks jm frtiecg =8=.87- Xng ]gdieg Ligddfcg eftfcjaug ejsts =7Gurjs.8=- Xng eftfcjaug ejdsists jm tnrgg vjcukgs?- jdg mjr tng gxnilitijd id tng Frsgdfc- jdg mjr tng gxnilitijd id tng Itfcifd Rfvicijd- jdg mjr dftijdfc ejdtrilutijds, ejccftgrfcgxnilitijds fdh fdy spgeifc prjogets.81- Gfen ejudtry tfìda pfrt prjhuegs its jwdeftfcjaug wnien wicc lg jd sfcg id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg ljj`snjps.8>- Xng prieg jm gfen ejudtry's eftfcjaug wfs djt`djwd wngd tnis rgejrhida wfs kfhg. Xngmjccjwida priegs, tngrgmjrg, rgmgr tj tng <225Ligddfcg.89- Xng prieg jm tng Hfdisn Rfvicijd's eftfcjaug72 Gurjs.72- Xng prieg jm tng Agrkfd Rfvicijd's eftfcjaug68.>2 Gurjs.76- Xng prieg jm tng Cuxgklura Rfvicijd'seftfcjaug 6> Gurjs.7<- Xng prieg jm tng Lritisn Rfvicijd's eftfcjaug1<.>2 Gurjs.75- Xng prieg jm tng Fustrifd Rfv icijd's eftfcjaug68.>2 Gurjs.78- Xng prieg jm tng Huten Rfvicijd's eftfcjaug5<.>2 Gurjs.77- Xng prieg jm tng Lgcaifd Rfvicijd's eftfcjaug5= Gurjs.7=- Xng prieg jm tng Dgw _gfcfdh Rfvicijd's

eftfcjaug <7 Gurjs.71- Xng prieg jm tng Fmriefd Rfvicijd's eftfcjaug58.>2 Gurjs.7>- Xng prieg jm tng Upfdisn Rfvicijd's eftfcjaug=< Gurjs.79- Xng prieg jm tng Mrgden Rfvicijd's eftfcjaug<<.72 Gurjs.=2- Xng prieg jm tng Cglfdgsg Rfvicijd'seftfcjaug <= Gurjs.

snjp, < Gurjs.18- F eup jm tgf id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, 6.72 Gurjs.17- F efkjkicg tgf id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, 6.72 Gurjs.1=- F njt enjejcftg id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, 6.72 Gurjs.11- F acfss jm kic` id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, 6 ₣.1>- Fd iegh ejmmgg id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, 6.72 Gurjs.19- F pigeg jm ef`g id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, 6 ₣.>2- F miccgh rjcc id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmgg snjp,5.72 Gurjs.>6- F mjefeeif id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmgg snjp,5 Gurjs.><- F sfdhwien id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, 5 Gurjs.>5- F ariccgh sfdhwien id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcgejmmgg snjp, <.72 Gurjs.>8- F skfcc pizzf id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, < Gurjs.>7- F ef`g id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmgg snjp,5.72 Gurjs.>=- Fd fpgritim id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmgg snjp,< Gurjs.>1- F acfss jm mjrgiad jr Itfcifd spirits id tng

]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmgg snjp, <.72 Gurjs.>>- F lrfdhy id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmgg snjp,<.72 Gurjs.>9- F acfss jm arfppf id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcgejmmgg snjp, <.72 Gurjs.92- F wnis`y id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmgg snjp,

7 Gurjs.96- Fd jch wnis`y id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, = Gurjs.9<- F kixgh hrid` id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, 7 Gurjs.95- F cfrag acfss jm hrfuant lggr id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg ejmmgg snjp, 5.72 Gurjs.98- F skfcc acfss jm hrfuant lggr id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg ejmmgg snjp, <.72 Gurjs.97- F acfss jm rgh widg id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcgejmmgg snjp, 6.72 Gurjs.9=- F acfss jm wnitg widg id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcgejmmgg snjp, 6.72 Gurjs.91- F acfss jm spfr`cida wnitg widg id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg ejmmgg snjp, <.72 Gurjs.9>- F acfss jm pjrt id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, 5.72 Gurjs.99- Ujmt hrid`s id efds id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcgejmmgg snjp, <.72 Gurjs.622- Ujmt hrid`s id ljttcgs id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcgejmmgg snjp, 5.72 Gurjs.626- F mruit ouieg id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg ejmmggsnjp, <.72 Gurjs.62<- F skfcc ljttcg jm wftgr id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg ejmmgg snjp, <.72 Gurjs.625- Fljut <=2,625 pgjpcg nfvg visitgh tng

]gdieg Ligddfcg feejrhida tj idmjrkftijd mrjk tng72tn Idtgrdftijdfc Frt Gxnilitijd.628- Njtgcs stfrt tfìda ljjìdas mjr tng jpgdidagvgdt hurida tng prgvijus Ligddfcg.

627- Njtgc jeeupfdey hurida tng jpgdida hfys jmtng ]gdieg Ligddfcg is 622%.62=- Feejrhida tj tng Dftijdfc Xjurisk \gsgfrenIdstitutg, 8=% jm tjurists ejkida tj Itfcy visit

]gdieg.621- Xng ]gdieg Ligddfcg tf`gs pcfeg?- id tng Frsgdfc wnien is jwdgh ly tng Utftg- id tng \jpg Mfetjry wnien is jwdgh ly tng Utftg

Fagdey

66<- Lrfzic nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.665- Efdfhf nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.668- Hgdkfr` nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.667- Gaypt nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.66=- Mrfdeg nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.661- Agrkfdy nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.66>- Ofpfd nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.669- Argft Lritfid nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.6<2- Arggeg nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.6<6- Iegcfdh nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.6<<- Isrfgc nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.6<5- Itfcy nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.6<8- Djrwfy nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.6<7- Njccfdh nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.6<=- Rjcfdh nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.6<1- Xng Ezgen \gpulcie nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.6<>- Xng \gpulcie jm @jrgf nfs f dftijdfcpfvicijd.6<9- Xng \gpulcie jm Ucjvfìf nfs f dftijdfcpfvicijd.652- \jkfdif nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.656- \ussif nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.65<- Ugrlif fdh Kjdtgdgarj nfs f dftijdfcpfvicijd.655- Upfid nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.658- Xng Wditgh Utftgs jm Fkgrief nfs f dftijdfcpfvicijd.657- Uwghgd nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.65=- Uwitzgrcfdh nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.651- Nudafry nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.65>- Wruaufy nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.659- ]gdgzugcf nfs f dftijdfc pfvicijd.682- Xngsg ejudtrigs rgprgsgdt <8% jm tngwjrch's pjpucftijd, prjhueida >5% jm acjlfc Arjss

Dftijdfc Rrjhuet.686- Fmanfdistfd is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.68<- Fragdtidf is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.685- Fclfdif is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.688- Erjftif is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.687- Gstjdif is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.68=- Mjrkgr Yuajscfvifd \gpulcie jm Kfeghjdifis rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng Ligddfcg Afrhgds.681- Idhjdgsif is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.68>- Irfd is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.689- Irgcfdh is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.672- Cftvif is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.676- Citnufdif is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds67<- Cuxgklura is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.675- Kjrjeej is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.678- Dgw _gfcfdh is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.677- Rjrtuafc is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng Ligddfcg

Afrhgds.67=- Xng \gpulcie jm Frkgdif is rgprgsgdtghjutsihg tng Ligddfcg Afrhgds.671- Xng \gpulcie jm Lgcfrus is rgprgsgdtghjutsihg tng Ligddfcg Afrhgds.67>- Xng \gpulcie jm Eyprus is rgprgsgdtghjutsihg tng Ligddfcg Afrhgds.679- Xng \gpulcie jm Ucjvgdif is rgprgsgdtghjutsihg tng Ligddfcg Afrhgds.

615- Gc Ufcvfhjr is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.618- Auftgkfcf is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.617- Nfiti is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.61=- Rfdfkf is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.611- Rfrfaufy is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tngLigddfcg Afrhgds.61>- Rgru is rgprgsgdtgh jutsihg tng LigddfcgAfrhgds.619- Fdh tng Hjkidiefd \gpulcie is rgprgsgdtghjutsihg tng Ligddfcg Afrhgds.6>2- Xngsg ejudtrigs rgprgsgdt 58% jm tngwjrch's pjpucftijd, prjhueida 9% jm acjlfc ArjssDftijdfc Rrjhuet.6>6- Xng mjccjwida ejudtrigs wgrg gxecuhgh mrjktnis efceucftijd lgefusg jm cfe` jmkferjgejdjkie idmjrkftijd? Fmanfdistfd, Eulffdh tng Hjkidiefd \gpulcie.6><- Fcagrif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.6>5- Fdajcf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.6>8- Fzgrlfiofd hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.6>7- Lfdacfhgsn hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.6>=- Lgdid hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.6>1- Ljsdif-Ngrzgajvidf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt idtng ]gdieg Ligddfcg.6>>- Ljtswfdf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.6>9- Lucafrif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.692- Lurìdf Mfsj hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng

]gdieg Ligddfcg.696- Lurudhi hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.69<- Efkljhif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.695- Efkgrjjd hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.698- Xng Egdtrfc Fmriefd \gpulcie hjgs djt tf`gpfrt id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg.697- Enfh hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.69=- Xng Hgkjerftie \gpulcie jm @jrgf hjgs djttf`g pfrt id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg.691- Xng Hgkjerftie \gpulcie jm tng Ejdaj hjgsdjt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg.69>- Xng Ivjry Ejfst hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng

]gdieg Ligddfcg.699- Geufhjr hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<22- Xng Wditgh Frfl Gkirftgs hj djt tf`g pfrt idtng ]gdieg Ligddfcg.<26- Gritrgf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<2<- Gtnijpif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<25- Midcfdh hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdieg

Ligddfcg.<28- Afljd hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<27- Afklif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<2=- Anfdf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<21- Agjraif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.

Ligddfcg.<<<- Kfcfwi hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<<5- Kfcfysif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<<8- Kfci hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<<7- Kfuritfdif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<<=- Kfuritius hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<<1- Kgxiej hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<<>- Kyfdkfr hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<<9- Kjchjvf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<52- Kjdajcif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<56- Kjzfkliqug hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng

]gdieg Ligddfcg.<5<- Dfkilif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<55- Dgpfc hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<58- Diefrfauf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<57- Diagr hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<5=- Diagrif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<51- Jkfd hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<5>- Rfìstfd hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<59- Rfpuf Dgw Auidgf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng

]gdieg Ligddfcg.<82- Xng Rnicippidgs hj djt tf`g pfrt id tng

]gdieg Ligddfcg.<86- \wfdhf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<8<- Ufuhi Frflif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng

]gdieg Ligddfcg.<85- Ugdgafc hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<88- Uigrrf Cgjdg hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng

]gdieg Ligddfcg.<87- Ujkfcif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<8=- Ujutn Fmrief hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<81- Uri Cfd`f hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<8>- Uuhfd hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<89- Uwfzicfdh hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<72- Uyrif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<76- Xfoiìstfd hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<7<- Xfdzfdif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<75- Xjaj hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdieg

Ligddfcg.<78- Xridihfh & Xjlfaj hj djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg.<77- Xudisif hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.<7=- Xur`kgdistfd hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng

]gdieg Ligddfcg.<71- Wafdhf hjgs djt tf`g pfrt id tng ]gdiegLigddfcg.

pjcitiefc jr fdy jtngr rgfsjds, gitngr jm tngeftfcjaug jr tng gxnilitijd. Im yju midh tnft nfrh tjlgcigvg, fs` tng jrafdisftijd jr tng frtists.<=1- Xng Kidistgr mjr Eucturfc Ngritfag fdh

Fetivitigs, tng \gaijd jm tng ]gdgtj, tng Rrjvidegjm ]gdieg fdh tng Ejkkudg jm ]gdieg frgidvjcvgh id tng Mjudhftijd.<=>- Jtngr privftg idhivihufcs frg idvjcvgh id tngMjudhftijd, gxecuhida pnysiefc fdh ourihiefcpgrsjds wnj efrry jut fetivitigs mjr midfdeifckjtivgs. Im yju midh it nfrh tj lgcigvg tngrg frg djmidfdeifc kjtivgs, fs` tng jrafdisftijd jr tngprivftg idhivihufcs.<=9- Xng Mjudhftijd's fssgts ejdsist jm?- tng kjvgflcg fdh ikkjvgflcg fssgts jm wnienit is prjprigtjr0- tng kjvgflcg fdh ikkjvgflcg fssgts tnft kfylg aivgd tj it, idecuhida prjpgrty, ly tng Utftg jrjtngr kgklgrs tj mjrk pfrt jm its fssgts0- cgafeigs, hjdftijds fdh ejdtrilutijds jm fdyìdh idtgdhgh ly tng hjdjr tj idergfsg sfihfssgts0<12- Xng jrafds jm tng ]gdieg LigddfcgMjudhftijd frg tng prgsihgdt, tng fhkidistrftivgejudeic fdh tng ljfrh jm fuhitjrs.<16- Xng prgsihgdt is fppjidtgh ly f hgerggissugh ly tng Kidistgr jm Eucturfc Ngritfag fdh

Fetivitigs.<1<- Xng prgsihgdt's rgkudgrftijd nfs trglcghmrjk 17,222 Gurjs tj 692,222 Gurjs sideg tngcfst Ligddfcg.<15- Xng Kfyjr jm ]gdieg is fcsj tng ]ieg-Rrgsihgdt jm tng Mjudhftijd.<18- Xng fhkidistrftivg ejudeic is djkidftgh ly fhgergg issugh ly tng Kidistgr jm Eucturfc Ngritfagfdh Fetivitigs.<17- Ejudeic kgklgrs' rgkudgrftijd nfshjulcgh mrjk 62,222 Gurjs tj <2,222 Gurjs sidegtng cfst Ligddfcg.<1=- Fkjdast its jtngr mudetijds, tngfhkidistrftivg ejudeic fppjidts fdh rgkjvgs tnghirgetjrs jm tng eucturfc fetivitigs sgetjrs fdh tnghirgetjr-agdgrfc.<11- Xng ljfrh jm fuhitjrs is fppjidtgh ly fhgergg issugh ly tng Kidistgr jm tng Gejdjky fdhMidfdeg tjagtngr witn tng Kidistgr jm EucturfcNgritfag fdh Fetivitigs.<1>- Cfljur rgcftijds jm gkpcjyggs jm tngMjudhftijd frg rgaucftgh ly prjvisijds id tng EivicEjhg fdh cfws jd suljrhidftg cfljur rgcftijds idtng ejkpfdy fdh frg ejdstitutgh fdh rgaucftghly ejdtrfet.<19- Its midfdeifc kfdfagkgdt is suloget tj tngsupgrvisijd jm tng Ejurt jm Fuhitjrs.<>2- Xng Kidistgr jm Eucturfc Ngritfag fdh

Fetivitigs is id enfrag jm jvgrsggida kfdfagkgdtjm tng Mjudhftijd.<>6- Xng jvgrsggida futnjrity wicc frrfdag tjhissjcvg tng fhkidistrftivg ejudeic wngd?- sgrijus irrgaucfritigs id fhkidistrftijd jeeur, jrtngrg frg sgrijus vijcftijds jm tng cgaiscftivg,fhkidistrftivg jr stftutfry prjvisijds rgaucftidatng Mjudhftijd's fetivity- tng midfdeifc feejudts frg ecjsgh witn f cjss jm

kjrg tnfd 52% jm tng fssgts id twj ejdsgeutivgmidfdeifc ygfrs, jr cjssgs id fssgts jm f sikicfrfkjudt frg fdtieipftgh. Id tng mirst twj midfdeifcygfrs, tng pgregdtfag nfs risgd tj 72%- tng fssgts frg djt rgejdstitutgh- it is ikpjssilcg mjr tng jrafds tj mudetijd.<><- Xng cgaiscftivg hgergg rgcftida tj tng ]gdiegLigddfcg Mjudhftijd eurrgdtcy id mjreg wfs siadghid \jkg jd tng >tn jm Ofdufry <228 ly?

fttgdhfdts fdh pgjpcg wjrìda id tng tieecjf`rjjks, idmjrkftijd jmmieg, gte.<>1- Xng `gy wjr`grs frg gkpcjygh id ttng Dftijdfc Ejccgetivg Cfljur Ejdtrfet mgkpcjyggs id sgrvieg idhustrigs, histrilusgrviegs farggh id \jkg jd tng <<dh Ug6999 ly?- tng Itfcifd Ejdmghgrftijd jm GkpcjygrsEjkkgreifc, Xjurist fdh Ugrvieg Lusidgs- tng Itfcifd Mghgrftijd jm Qjr`grs id XrfNjtgcs, \gstfurfdts fdh Ugrviegs- tng Itfcifd Mghgrftijd jm Xrfhg Wdijds m\gcftgh Ejkkgreifc Ugrviegs fdh Xjuris- fdh tng Itfcifd Qjr`grs' Wdijd mjr XjurLusidgss fdh Ugrviegs<>>- Xng rgst jm tng wjr`grs, fljut 622wjr` mjr ejdegssijdfry ejkpfdigs.<>9- Xngsg ejkpfdigs frg ejdtrfetgh jlfsis jm pulcie ejkpgtitijd ngch mjr gf enLigddfcg, gxegpt mjr tng ejkpfdy tnft ptng eftfcjaug.<92- Xng hgtfics jm ejdtrfets witn ejdegejkpfdigs frg ejdmihgdtifc fdh tngrgmjrdjt `djw wnft tngy frg.<96- Uikicfrcy, wg hj djt `djw im tng wjpfrtdgr jr sikpcy fd gkpcjygg, sideg tnrgcftijdsnip lgtwggd wjr`gr fdh ejkpfejdmihgdtifc.<9<- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm f sgeurity aufrh mjr tng ]gdieg Lifs` nik.<95- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm f ofditjr mjr tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg, <98- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm f luichgr mjr tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg,<97- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm f wfitgr id tng ejmmgg snjp mjr tngLigddfcg, fs` nik.<9=- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm f ecjf`rjjk fttgdhfdt mjr tng ]gdLigddfcg, fs` nik.<91- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm f gcgetrieifd mjr tng ]gdieg Ligddnik.<9>- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm f true` hrivgr mjr tng ]gdieg Ligddnik.<99- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm f sgfkfd jd tng trfdspjrt snip mj

]gdieg Ligddfcg, fs` nik.522- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm fd gkpcjygh wjrìda id tng tie`gmjr tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg, fs` nik.526- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm fd gkpcjygg wjrìda id tng ljj`tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg, fs` nik.52<- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm f pfe`gr mjr tng ]gdieg Ligddfcg,525- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm fd gkpcjygg wjrìda id tng pridttng ]gdieg Ligddfcg, fs` nik.528- Im yju wfdt tj `djw tng ejdhitijdspfy jm jtngr gkpcjyggs mjr tng ]gdieg Lfs` tngk.



CF ]IUIXF / XNG ]IUIX / CF ]IUIXF

Ejcjdif Rjcfdej, Kgxiej H.M. g / fdh / y Hfikcgr Enryscgr-Kgreghgs Lgdz, Lrgkgd. UgttgklrgUgptgklgr Ugptigklrg <227.

id qugstf pfaidf g id qugccg prgeghgdti / id tnis pfag fdh tng prgvijus jdgs / gd gstf pæaidf y pæaidfs fdtgrijrgs

UEFKLIJ HI RJUI_IJDG HI HWG ]JCWKI HI 52 KGX\I EWLI HI XG\\F EIFUEWDJ / RJUIXIJD GÊNFDAG

MJ\ XQJ HIUXIDEX, 52 KGXG\ ]JCWKGU JM GF\XN / IDXG\EFKLIJ GD CFU RJUIEIJDGU HG HJU]JCßKGDGU HG XIG\\F HG 52 KGX\JU EWLJU EFHF WDJ_jdf hgkicitfrizzftf trf Ejrgf hgc Djrh g Ejrgf hgc Uuh. Hgkicitfrizgh _jdg lgtwggd Djrtn fdh Ujutn @jrgf. _jdf Hgskicitfrizfhf gdtrg Ejrgf hgcDjrtg y Ejrgf hgc Uur. Aiuadj Oudg Oudij <227



<82 Wd kgdhiefdtg ejd 69 fddi hi cfvjrj, id udf zjdfcussujsf hi Eittâ hgc Kgssiej mu idvitftj f visitfrg

cf kgdzijdftf mfllrief. Jttgduti i hjeukgdtidgegssfri pgr useirg hfc pfgsg, ejsf eng djdfvgvf kfi mfttj prikf, g prjvvistj hi udf cgttgrfh’idvitj, ic 56 fajstj idiziü ic vifaaij f Lrgkf hjvgfrrivü ic prikj hi sgttgklrg0 ic < sgttgklrg mgegudf visitf fccf mfllrief eng ejdecusg ejd ud airjsu ud kjhgccj rgegdtg hi Kgreghgs Lgdz g ic aijr-dj sgaugdtg, fc kfttidj, ritjrdü dgc suj pfgsgh’jriaidg.

F lgaafr witn 69 ygfrs jm wjr` id f cuxurijus zjdg

jm Kgxiej Eity wfs idvitgh tj visitgh tng fljvg-

kgdtijdgh mfetjry. Ng jltfidgh tng dgegssfry hjeukgdtstj cgfvgtng ejudtry,sjkgtnidatnftng

nfh dgvgr hjdg lgmjrg, fdh suppcigh fd idvitftijd

cgttgr0 jd Fuaust 56st ng lgafd tng trip tj Lrgkgd

wngrg ng frrivgh jd tng mirst jm Ugptgklgr. Xng

sgejdh jm Ugptgklgr ng visitgh tng mfetjry, wnien

ejdecuhgh witn f tgst hrivg jm f rgegdt Kgreghgs

Lgdz kjhgc fdh tng mjccjwida hfy, id tng kjrdida,

ng rgturdgh tj nis ejudtry jm jriaid.

Wd pghiaugöj ejd 69 föjs hg trflfoj gd udzjdf cuojsf hg cf Eiuhfh hg Kéxiej mug idvitfh

visitfr cf kgdeijdfhf mælrief. Ufefhjs cjs hjekgdtjs dgegsfrijs pfrf sfcir hgc pfës, ejsf qududef fdtgs nflëf ngenj, y prjvistj hg udf efhg idvitfeiõd0 gc 56 hg Fajstj gkprgdhiõ vifogLrgkgd ccgafdhj gc hif prikgrj hg sgptigklrg.hjs hg sgptigklrg rgfcizõ udf visitf f cf mælriqug ejdecuyõ ejd ud pfsgj gd ud kjhgcj rgeigtg hg Kgreghgs Lgdz y fc hif siauigdtg pjrkföfdf rgargsj f su pfës hg jriagd.

Hug tridegg cudang = kgtri, cfrang <,7 prjmjdhg <,

sjdj stftg sefvftg id udf zjdf rfaaiudtf pfssfdhj

fttrfvgrsj udf pjstfzijdg kicitfrg suhejrgfdf dgiprgssi hi Uguc, hjpjhiené tuttj ic tgrrgdj jttgdutj hfc-

c’gsefvfzijdg hgccf prikf tridegf î stftj uticizzftj pgr

rigkpirg c’fctrf g viegvgrsf. Ic tgrrgdj î rikfstj prgs-

sjené dgccg kghgsikg ejdhizijdi, mfttf geegzijdg pgr

cg trfeeg suc sujcj rikfstg hjpj ic cfvjrj g pgr hgi

egspuaci srfhiefti. Xuttf c’jpgrfzijdg si î svjctf sjttj

cf supgrvisijdg kicitfrg suhejrgfdf, eng vjcgvf fssi-

eurfrsi eng cf hjeukgdtfzijdg fuhij visivf rgaistrfs-

sg udiefkgdtg c’fzijdg g dgssud jlligttivj kicitfrg.

Ujcj cg pgrsjdg ejidvjctg nfddj fssistitj fc cfvjrj.

Id f zjdg feegssgh tnrjuan f Ujutn @jrgfd kic-

itfry pjst dgfr Ugjuc, twj sgpfrftg trgdengs

kgfsurida = kgtgrs cjda, <.7 kgtgrs wihg fdh < kgtgrs hggp, wgrg gxefvftgh ly f erfdg, wngrg-

upjd tng gdtirg sjic jltfidgh mrjk jdg wfs usgh

ejkpcgtgcy tj micc up tng jtngr, fdh vieg vgrsf.

Xng cfdh wfs cgmt fckjst ihgdtiefc gxegpt mjr tng

trfegs jm tng sjic cgmt mrjk tng wjr` fdh tng

puccgh jut lusngs. Fcc wfs hjdg udhgr Ujutn

@jrgfd kicitfry supgrvisijd tj gdsurg tnft tng

fuhij visufc hjeukgdtftijd rgejrhgh jdcy tng

pigeg fdh dj kicitfry jlogetivgs. Jdcy t ng pgjpcg

idvjcvgh id tng prjegss sfw tng wjr`.

Hjs nugejs hg = kgtrjs hg cfraj <,7 hg fdenjy < hg prjmudhihfh mugrjd gxefvfhjs f kæqui-

df gd ud tgrrgdj hg hienf zjdf fc qug sg tuvjfeegsj hgshg ud pugstj kicitfr sur ejrgfdjprõxikj f Ugÿc. Cf tigrrf cilgrfhf mug idtgrefk-lifhf hg ud nugej fc jtrj qughfdhj gc tgrrgdjpræetiefkgdtg ihédtiej sfcvj pjr cfs kfrefs hgtrflfoj y cjs kftjrrfcgs frrfdefhjs. Xjhj sgnizj lfoj supgrvisiõd kicitfr sur ejrgfdf pfrffsgaurfrsg hg qug cf hjeukgdtfeiõd fuhijvi-sufc sg nieigsg sõcj hg cf pigzf y dj idecuygsgjlogtivjs kicitfrgs. Ujcj cfs pgrsjdfs rgcfeijdf-hfs ejd gc prjegsj vigrjd gc trflfoj.

WDF RG\UJDF / JDG RG\UJD / WDF RG\UJDF Afccgrif Eivief hi Frtg Ejdtgkpjrfdgf. Xrgdtj. Jttjlrg Jetjlgr Jetulrg <227



<8< Fcc’idtgrdj hgccf suhhgttf Afccgrif î stftj ejstruitjud ejrrihjij hi 522 kgtri hi cudangzzf, 12 egdti-

kgtri hi cfrangzzf g 692 egdtikgtri hi fctgzzf. Fccfmidg hgc ejrrihjij djd e’grf fceudf vif h’useitf pgr-tfdtj, udf vjctf tgrkidftj ic pgrejrsj hi fdhftf,lisjadfvf mfrcj id sgdsj idvgrsj pgr useirg hfhjvg si grf gdtrfti. Cg visitg dgc ejrrihjij sjdjfvvgdutg idhivihufckgdtg, sgdzf geegzijdi. Ejdsi-hgrfdhj udf hurftf kghif hi 67 kiduti hi pgrkf-dgdzf dgc ejrrihjij, pjtgvfdj visitfrcj sjctfdtjpjeng pgrsjdg fc aijrdj, ejd c’jllciaj hi enighg-rg g fttgdhgrg ic prjprij turdj. F efusf hgccf strgt-tgzzf g hgccf cudangzzf hgccf ejstruzijdg, ejsãejkg hgcc’ikpjssilicitâ hi idtgrrjkpgrg cf visitf fkgtâ hgc pgrejrsj, ic visitftjrg prjvfvf gkjzijdihivgrsg eng fdhfvfdj hfccf ecfustrjmjlif fccf sjci-tuhidg. Rgr kjtivi hi sieurgzzf ikpjsti mgrkfkgd-tg hfcc’fkkidistrfzijdg cjefcg, qugstj cfvjrj ejd-tfvf <2 tgcgefkgrg eng ejprivfdj c’>7 pgr egdtjhgc ejrrihjij g <2 useitg h’gkgragdzf dfsejstgfccf vistf. Idjctrg, qufttrj pgrsjdg grfdj idefrieftghi viaicfrg suc visitftjrg id kjhj hf idtgrvgdirg idefsj h’gkgragdzf, g udf hienifrfzijdg hf mirkfrgfcc’gdtrftf rgdhgvf djtf c’gvgdtufcitâ hi idejrrgrg idhisturli psieniei g misiei.

Idsihg jm tng fljvg-kgdtijdgh afccgry, f 522 k

cjda, 12 ek wihg, 692 ek nian ejrrihjr wfs

ejdstruetgh. Xngrg wfsd’t fd gxit hjjr ft tng

gdh jm tng ejrrihjr sj jdeg yju rgfengh tng gdh

jm tng pftn, yju dgghgh tj trfvgc tng idvgrsg

wfy tj ejkg jut wngrg yju gdtgrgh. Xng visits

idsihg tng ejrrihjr jeeurrgh idhivihufccy, witnjut

gxegptijd. Ejdsihgrida tnft fd fvgrfag visit

tjj` 67 kidutgs, jdcy f skfcc duklgr jm pgjpcg

ejuch visit tng ejrrihjr gfen hfy, jlciaftida tng

visitjr tj fs` fdh wfit nis turd. Hug tj tng dfr-

rjwdgss fdh tng cgdatn jm tng ejdstruetijd, fs it

wfs ikpjssilcg tj idtgrrupt tng visit nfcm-wfy

tnjuan, tng pftn gvj`gh himmgrgdt gkjtijds tnft

rfdagh mrjk ecfustrjpnjlif tj cjdgcidgss. Mjr

sgeurity rgfsjds ikpjsgh ly tng cjefc fhkidis-

trftijd, tnis wjr` wfs jlsgrvgh ly <2 vihgj

efkgrfs tnft ejvgrgh >7% jm tng ejrrihjr fdh

<2 gkgragdey gxit hjjrs nihhgd tnrjuanjut tng

visit. Id fhhitijd, mjur pgjpcg wgrg enfragh witn

wftenida jvgr tng visitjr id jrhgr tj idtgrvgdg id

efsg jm fd gkgragdey, fdh f hgecfrftijd dggh-

gh tj lg siadgh ft tng gdtrfdeg, fhvisida tng

visitjr jm tng pjssilicity jm gxpgrigdeida psyenj-

cjaiefc fdh pnysiefc histurlfdegs.

Wd pfsiccj hg 522 kgtrjs hg cfraj, 12 egdtëkg-trjs hg fdenj y 692 egdtëkgtrjs hg fctj mugejdstruihj gd gc idtgrijr hg hienf afcgrëf. Fc midfchgc pfsiccj dj nflëf sfcihf pjr cj qug udf vgzmidfcizfhj gc rgejrrihj hg ihf gstg hglëf nfegrsghg vugctf nfstf sfcir pjr hjdhg sg nflëf gdtrf-hj. Cfs visitfs fc ejrrghjr sg nieigrjd idhivihufc-kgdtg sid gxegpeiõd. Ejd udf hurfeiõd prjkg-hij hg 67 kidutjs gd gc pfsiccj sõcj udfs pjefspgrsjdfs pjhëfd vgrcj efhf ojrdfhf tgdigdhjqug pghir y gspgrfr su turdj. Hglihj f cj fdajs-tj y cfraj hg cf ejdstrueeiõd fsë ejkj f cf ikpj-silicihfh hg flfdhjdfr cf visitf f kitfh hgc rgej-rrihj, gc visitfdtg sgdtëf gkjeijdgs hivgrsfs qugilfd hgshg cf ecfustrjmjlif nfstf cf sgdsfeiõdhg sjcghfh. Rjr kjtivjs hg sgaurihfh ikpugs-tjs ejd mirkgzf hgshg gc ajligrdj cjefc gstg trf-lfoj ejdtflf ejd <2 eækfrfs hg vihgj qugflfreflfd gc >7 pjr eigdtj hgc pfsiccj y <2 pugr-tfs hg gkgragdeif jeuctfs f cf vistf. Fhgkæseuftrj pgrsjdfs sg jeupflfd hg cf jlsgrvfeiõdhgc visitfdtg pfrf idtgrvgdir gd efsj hg gkgr-agdeif y ud ejdtrftj mirkfhj f cf gdtrfhf cg djti-mieflf hg cf pjsilicihfh hg sumrir trfstjrdjs psë-quiejs y mësiejs.



<88



Lilcijarfmif / Lilcijarfpny / Lilcijarfm

<8> Mflij Efvfccueei, EfrcjsOikédgz, Ufdtifaj Uigrrf,

cijd. 72f Ligdfc hg ]gdgeif /

72tn ]gdieg Ligddfcg, <225.

Eftfcjani (kjstrg pgrsjdfci) / Eftfcjaugs (sjcj snjws) /

Eftæcjajs (gxpjsieijdgs idhivihufcgs)

<227

]git Aýrdgr g/fdh/y Nic`gKfraj Erutenmigch, Kftgrifc

Qittdgss, Kusguk jm Ejd- Fdf Kfrëf Aufsen, Jtrghfh y

kiskihfh , Gspfeij Fdgxj f cf F\U 26-Wdmjchida Rgrspge

vgs, Kusguk jm Ejdtgkp

Eftfcjani (kjstrg ejccgetivg) / Eftfcjaugs (ejccgetivg snjws) /

Eftæcjajs (gxpjsieijdgs ejcgetivfs)



Afccgrif Eivief hi Frtg Ejd-tgkpjrfdgf hi Xrgdtj g Uicvf-

df Ghitjrifcg, <227.

]git Aýrdgr, Nic`g Qfadgr,Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, Nf us i k

Uencfkk. Njusg id Kuh ,@gstdgragsgccsenfmt, Nfddj-vgr, <227.

Ricfr ]iccgcf, Ufdtifaj Uigrrf,

Ridturfs / Rfidtidas, AfcgrëfGdriqug Augrrgrj, KéxiejH.M., <228.

Ge`nfrh Uendgihgr, Ufdtifaj

Uigrrf. 522 Xjds fdh Rrgvijus

Qjr`s, @udstnfus Lrgagdz,<228.

Fdf Rfcfeij g/fdh/y UfdtifajUigrrf , Ufdtifaj Uigrrf ? Rflg-

ccõd Gspföjc / Upfdisn Rfvi-

Aflrigcg Kfe`grt, Ufdtifaj

Uigrrf, @udstnfccg Qigd, <22<.

Rigr Cuiai Xfzzi, Ufdtifaj Uig-

rrf. Gsprgfhj hg pjciurgtfdj

sjlrg 6> pgrsjdfs, EcfuhijRjcgseni Frtg Ejdtgkpjrf-dgf, Cueef, <22<.

Nistjrif Afcgrii Mj`sfc, wytj-

zjdf lgzrjljtdgku W`rfidej-

wi , Mudhfeof Afcgrii Mj`sfc,Qfrsfw, <22<.

@ftyf Afreëf-Fdtõd, Ufdtifaj

Uigrrf. Qjr s <22<-6992,I@JD Afccgry, Lirkidanfk,<22<.

Xfiyfdf Rikgdtgc. Ufdtifaj

Uigrrf, Afcgrig Rgtgr @icen-

kfdd, _órien, <226.

Qfadgr, Jd tng Qjr` jm Ufd-

tifaj Uigrrf, Istfdluc Kjhgrd,

Istfdluc.

Fcgxfdhgr Lrfud. Ufdtifaj

Uigrrf ― Gc Hgaógccj, D\Q-Mjruk @uctur udh Qirtsenfmt,Hussgchjrm.

Nécîdg Augdidd, EnristidgQfcgdtidy. Gd fttgdtg, EfsidjCuxgkljura ― Mjruk h’frtejdtgkpjrfid fslc, Cuxgk-ljura.

<228

Cgtf Kida, Mfeida Himmgrgdeg?

Idtgreucturfc Gdejudtgrs id

Rulcie Upfegs, Qnitdgy Kusg-uk jm Fkgriefd Frt, Dgw Yjr`.

UfdtifajUigrrf,> wjr`s, ]ihgj

_jdg <, Egdtgr mjr Ejdtgkpj-rfry Frts, Xgc Fviv, djvgklrgDjvgklgr djvigklrg.

Nfds-Ojfenik Kóccgr, Cf fcg-

arëf hg kis sugöjs, Ligdfc hg Frtg Ejdtgkpj rædgj hgUgviccf.

Cgtizif \fafacif. Ugvgd Uids,Kusgijd, Ljczfdj.

Ghitn \uss, Uystgk Histrup-

tijds, Ghitn-\uss-Nfus mórKghigdùdst Jchgdlura.

Rftrizif Hróe`, Id`f Uenulg,Ujeifc Ergfturgs. Njw Ljhy

L ge jkg s F rt , UprgdagcKusguk Nfddjvgr.

Nftog Efdtz, Enristifdg Oór-agds Qgr`g fus hgr Ufkk-

cuda Ljrjs, Kusguk mór Dgug@udst, @frcsrung.

t gk pj r fr y F rt L j st jd ,Ljstjd.

Aiclgrt ]iefrij. Kfhg id Kgxi-

ej, Idstitutg jm Ejdtgkpjrfry Frt Ljstjd, Ljstjd.

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Hispgrsijds, Mudhfeiõd EjefEjcf Gspföf, Lfss Kusgukjm Frt, Kfhrih.

Agrfch Kftt, Idtgrvigws, @ud-stnfccg Qigd, Xritjd ]grcfa,]igddf.

Lærlfrf Rgrgf, Kjdtgdkghij Frtg Ejdtgkpjrædgj , Mudhf-eiõd DKFE, Ogrgz hg cf Mrjd-tgrf, Upfadf Upfid Gspföf.

Oérøkg Ufds, Nfrhejrg-]grs

ud djuvgc fetiviskg, Rfcfis hgXjìj, Éhitijds Egrecg H’Frt,Rfris.

Qitdgss, Lfrliefd Frt Egdtgr,Cjdhjd.

Kgxiej Fttfe`s!, gx enigsf hiUfd Kfttgj, FssjeifzijdgRrjkgtgj pgr çFrtg Ejdtgk-pjrfdgf, Cueef.

KZF\U. Frt fdh Qfr , DgugAfcgrig Arfz, Arfz.

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Ivfdf @gsgr, _ivjt ukogtdjsti ,Idstitut zf pjviogst ukogtdjsti,_fargl.

Efrcjs Oikédgz, Ejkgr j dj

ejkgr , Egdt rj hg Frt g hgUfcfkfdef, Ufcfkfdef.

Frt Djw,Xfsengd, Ejcjadg.

Afcgrëf hg Frtg Ejdtgkpjræ-dgj y Hisgöj, Ruglcf, Kgssi-

ej Kgxiej Kéxiej.

Eufuntékje Kghidf, <2 Kiccijd

Kgxiefds Efd¸t Lg Qrjda,Ujutn Cjdhjd Afccgry, Cjdhjd.

Kgxiej Eity?fd Gxnilitijdfljut

tng Gxenfdag \ftgs jm Ljhigs

fdh]fcugs, R.U.6Ejdtgkpjrfry Frt Egdtgr, Dgw Yjr`.

Ecfuhif Upidgcci, Frt & Gej-

djky , Hgientjrnfccgd Nfk-lura, Jstmichgrd, AgrkfdifAgrkfdy Fcgkfdif.

\jsf Kfrtëdgz, Xng Nfcc jm

Cjst Utgps, Ljrusfd @óctur vgUfdft, Istfdluc.

<226Ki`f Nfdducf, @jckfs Xicf,Ngcsidì.

Fdast , @j`grgi _jccvgrgid,Gssgd, Agrkfdif Agrkfdy

Fcgkfdif.

Oufd Rgrfctf, Ufdtifaj Uigrrf.

852 pgrsjdfs rgkudgrfhfs

pjr 1.7 sjcgs cf njrf, AfcgrëfRfdenj Migrrj, Egdtrj hg

Frtgs ]isufcgs, Cikf .

Eufuntékje Kghidf, Rjcëtiefs

h g c f h im gr gd ei f. F rt g

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rfry Frt Kifskf, Ngcsidì.

@cfus Ligsgdlfen, CjjNypj @udstnfccg, Kudien.

Rfy Fttgdtijd Rcgfsg, Kusgh’Frtg prjvideif hi DujrJclif.

Xfiyfdf Rikgdtgc, Xrfds Ugx

fc Gxprgss? F Ecfssie mjr tn

Xnirh Kiccgddiuk, Egdtrg h’FUfdtf Küdief, Lfregcjdf.

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Xfiyfdf Rikgdtgc, Rcftgfu

Nukfdìdh . 89f Ligddfcg ]gdgzif.

Dgug Qgct , Mrfd`murtgr @udsvgrgid, Mrfd`murt.

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cj qug vgs? pgrvirtigdhj

kidikfciskj, Kusgj DfeijdEgdtrj hg Frtg \gidf UjmKfhrih.

Cgfvida tng Iscfdh , RusIdtgrdftijdfc Ejdtgkpjrf

Frt Mgstivfc , Rusfd, Ejrg@jrgf.

Rugrtj \iej „22 PRfrédtgsis g

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Kéxiej H.M./Dgw Yjr`.



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Kéxiej? Frtg, vijcgdeif y farg-

iõ –Ftcæ ti I t i c‛

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hgc suhjr fogdj. Wdf feeiõd

h U ti Ui –E ‛

Lcje`s, –Cjs Fdagcgs Xikgs‛,Cjs Fdagcgs, Efcimjrdif, <5c ci O c o ci

Kfhrih, > fpricg Fpric flric.

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Xnjkfs Qfadgr, Uix efrtjds

id sgfren jm fd fuhigdeg ,–Mrfd murtgr Fccagkgidg _gi-t uda, G dac iseng Fusa.‛,Mrfd`murt , 6 d jv gk lr gDjvgklgr djvigklrg.

Efrcjs Oikédgz, Xurlucgdeifs

gd gc pfdõptiej, –Cæpiz‛, d.6=1, Kfhrih, djvgklrgDjvgklgr djvigklrg.

Fckut Uenjgdmgch, Ljxgh id ft

f Lgrcid afccgry , –Xng QfccUt rggt Ojurdfc G urjpg‛,Lruxgccgs, <1 jttjlrg Jetjlgrjetulrg.

Di cfs Kff , Kidikfc

Kgdsen, –Uóhhgutseng _gi-tuda‛, Kudien, 8 jttjlrgJetjlgr jetulrg.

@irstgd @uppgrs, ]igr Utudhgd

Xfacien ik Rfpp`frtjd, –HigXfagszgituda‛, Lgrcid, < jttj-lrg Jetjlgr jetulrg.

Wcri`g @dýmgc, Nip ik Nóndgrs-

tfcc , –Hgr Upigagc‛, d. 59,Nfklura, <7 sgttgklrg Ugp-tgklgr sgptigklrg.

hg Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, –Eurfrg‛,d. 6, Kéxiej H.M., cuacij-

hiegklrg Oucy-Hgegklgr oucij-hieigklrg.

Eufuntékje Kghidf, Qjr`

mjr it. Eufuntékje Kghidf jd

Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, –Wdtitcgh‛, d.<<, Cjdhjd, gstftg Uukkgr]grfdj.

Eufuntékje Kghidf, @gydgs

gd Rjcfdej, –\gmjrkf‛, Kéxi-ej H.M., 61 kfaaij Kfy kfyj.

\jsidf Efzfci, Ufdtifaj Uigrrf,

cf rgfcihfh id-tgdsf, –Gc Rgriõ-hiej‛, Ufd Oufd hg Rugrtj\iej, d. < mgllrfij Mglrufrymglrgrj.

Fhrifdj Rghrjsf, Kusgj hg

frtg ejdtgkpjrædgj idtgrdf-eijdfc \umidj Xfkfyj. Ufdtif-

aj Uigrrf, –Frt Mjruk‛, agd-dfij Ofdufry gdgrj.

Eufuntékje Kghidf, \gegdt

Rjcitiefc Mjrks? \fhiefc Rur-

suits id Kgxiej/Ufdtifaj Uigr-

rf. Mrfdeis Fcús. Kidgrvf

E u g v f s ,–X\FDU4frts.eucturgs.kghif‛, d. >, Dgw Yjr`.

6999

Enristjpngr @diant, Lustgh

cuacij Oucy oucij.

Ogsÿs Mcjrgs ]iccgafs, Ogudgs kutfdts gt frtistgs hg mid hg

siéecg, –Frtprgss‛,d. <85,Rfris,mgllrfij Mglrufry mglrgrj.

6991

Kfrifk Uiedf Mgrdædhgz Hipp,

Ufdtifaj Uigrrf, –Kjvikigdtj

Fetufc‛, d. 668,Kjdtgrrgy, Kgs-

siej Kgxiej Kéxiej, djvgklrg

Djvgklgr djvigklrg.

Ghufrhj Flfrjf, Ug qugkf

efsf dugvf, –\gmjrkf‛, Kéxi-ej H.M., djvgklrg Djvgklgrdjvigklrg.

Yisnfi Ousihkfd, Ufdtifaj

U i grrf, F rt & I hgf, – Fr tMjruk‛, Dgw Yjr`, sgttgklrg

Ugptgklrg sgptigklrg.

Xjkæs \uiz, Ufdtifaj Uigrrf,–Eurfrg‛, d. 66, Kéxiej H.M .,gstftg Uukkgr ]grfdj.

6998

Fhjcmj Efstföj, Cf vjcudtfh

ejdegptufc hg Ufdtifaj Uigr-

rf, –FLE‛, Kfhrih, 67 fpricg Fpric flric.

Ojsé \fkõd Hfdvicf , Ufdtif-

aj Uigrrf? ud gspfeij idejd-

ergtj, –Gc Rudtj hg cfs frtgs‛,

6995

Xjkæs Rfrghgs, Cidhg, Cuhgöf,

Uigrrf? Idstfcfeijdgs/Feeiõd gd Gc Joj Ftõkiej, –Gc Rudtj hg cfs

frtgs‛,Kfhrih,aiuadj Oudg oudij.

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Xjkæs Rfrghgs, Hiluojs cflj-

rfcgs, udf eitf sjrprgdhgdtg,–G c Rudtj hg cfs frt gs‛,Kfhrih , kfaaij Kfy kfyj.

Rflcj Oikédgz, Wdf prjpugs-

tf hg Cidhg, Cuhgöf y Uigrrf,–FLE‛, Kfhrih, 62 fpricg Fpricflric.

6996

\gaidfEfrtgdsgd, Hig@udstist

sgclst gidg wfr , –Nfkluragr Fldhlcftt‛, Nfklura, 62 hi-egklrg Hgegklgr hieigklrg.

@jdrfh Hittrien, @uliseng

Ejdtfidgr udh gid Lfuks-

tfkk id Ut. Rgtri , –Cólge`grDfenrientgd‛, Cólge`, Agr-kfdif Agrkfdy Fcgkfdif, 61mgllrfij Mglrufry mglrgrj.

6992

Fhjcmj Efstföj, Cidhg, Cuhg-

öf, Uigrrf, –FLE‛, Kfhrih, 6<cuacij Oucy oucij.

Ojsé Kfrid-Kghidf, Dugvf

Ugdsilicihfh/Dugvf Rgregp-



Uicvfdf Ghitjrifcg Upf

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sjdj stftg gsgauitg prgssj cj stflicikgdtj Frti Arfmieng Fkicefrg Rizzi UpfEidisgccj Lfcsfkj, Kicfdj

Miditj hi stfkpfrgdgc kgsg hi hiegklrg <227

Documents

Santiago Sierra - Galleria Civica Di Arte Contemporanea - Silvana Editoriale, Milan, 2005