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DOWDY, PAGE AND CHANG; Management of agricultural land receiving Wastewater sludge inSoil management for sustainability; 1991

DUARTE-DAVIDSON R., WILSON S.C., ALCOCK R.E., JONES K.C., Identification of priorityorganic contaminants in sewage sludge, volume 1, UK Water Industry Research Limited, 1995

DUCROT HW DO; Risque sanitaire toxicologique li l'pandage agricole des boues de stationd'puration, revue md. vt. 147(6) 439-444; 1996

EDMONDS; Survival of coliform bacteria in sewage sludge applied to a forest clearcut andpotential movement into groundwater; Applied Environmental Microbiology 32; 537-546; 1976

EFROYMSON R.A., MURPHY D.L., Ecological risk assessment of multimedia hazardous airpollutants: estimating exposure and effects, The Science of the total environment, 274, 219-230,2001

ELJARRAT HWDO; Decline in PCDD and PCDF levels in sewage sludges from Catalonia (Spain);Environmental science and technology 33(15) pp. 2493-2498, 1999

ELJARRAT HWDO; Effects of sewage sludge contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,dibenzofurans, and biphenyls on agricultural soils; Environmental Science and Technology,31(10), 2765-2771, 1997

EMMERICH HW DO.; Movement of heavy metals in sewage sludge-treated soils, Journal ofenvironmental quality 11, 174-178; 1982

FINNVEDEN HW DO; Solid waste treatment within the framework of life-cycle assessment. J.Cleaner. Prod. 3 (4) pp. 189-199; 1996

FRIES G. F.; Potential polychlorinated biphenyl residues in animal products from application ofcontaminated sewage sludge to land, J. environ. Qual. 11(1) 14-20; 1982

FROST H.L. and KETCHUM L.H.; Trace metal concentration in durum wheat from application ofsewage sludge and commercial fertiliser, Advances in environmental research, 4(4), pp. 347-355, 2000

GERRITSE HW DO., Effect of sewage sludge on trace element mobility in soil, Journal ofEnvironmental Quality 11, 359-364; 1982

GILLER HW DO; Toxicity of heavy metals to micro-organisms and microbial processes inagricultural soils - a review; Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30, 1389-1414; 1998

GLANTZ and JACKS; Significance of (VFKHULFKLDFROL serotypes in waste water effluent; Journalof the Water pollution control Federation 39, 1918-1921; 1967

GOMEZ HW DO; Dfinition des seuils de phytotoxicit de diffrents mtaux susceptibles dtrerencontrs dans les boues de station dpuration pour des sols trs faible teneur ou trs fortpouvoir de fixation vis--vis des cations; conv. Min. envir./ C.E.N. Cadarache/ INRA n 79-81,108 p. ; 1982

GRIDEC; Evaluation des nuisances et impacts lis l'incinration d'ordures mnagres etassimils; 1996

HAGENMAIER, H.; Untersuchungen der Gehalte an polychlorierten Dibenzodioxinen,polychlorierten Dibenzofuranen und ausgewhlten Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen inKlrschlmmen; 1988

HALL; Treatment and use of sewage sludge in the treatment & handling of wastes; 1992HOLM HWDO; Measured soil water concentrations of cadmium and zinc in plant pots and estimated

leaching outflows from contaminated soils, Water, air and soil pollution 102: 105-115; 1998HUYLEBROEK; Review of research projects on ground-water pollution from agricultural use of

sewage sludge. Treatment and use of Sewage sludge. Commission of the EuropeanCommunities, Cost Project 68 Bis, Final Report III, Technical Annexes, 491-521, 1981

JACKSON AND EDULJEE; An assessment of the risks associated with PCDDs and PCDFsfollowing the application of sewage sludge to agricultural land in the UK, Chemosphere 29(12)pp. 2523-2543; 1994

JACOBS HW DO; Effects of trace organics in sewage sludges on soil-plant systems and assessingtheir risk to humans, in Land application of sludge, proceedings of a workshop; 1989

JAKSON AND ALLOWAY; The bioavailability of cadmium to lettuce and cabbage in soilspreviously treated with sewage sludge; Plant and Soil 132; 179-186; 1991

JAKSON AND ALLOWAY; The transfer of cadmium from sewage sludge amended soil into theedible components of food crops; Water, Air and Soil Pollution 57-58: 873-881; 1991

JENSEN HW DO; Speciation of heavy metals in landfill leachate polluted groundwater, wat. Res.33(11) pp. 2642-2650; 1999

JONES HW DO; Measured and predicted volatilisation fluxes of PCBs from contaminated sludge-amended soils; Environmental pollution 97(3) 229-238; 1997

JONES HW DO; Organic chemicals in contaminated land: analysis, significance and researchpriorities; Land contamination and reclamation 4(3) 189-197; 1996

JONES HWDO; The importance of long- and short-term air-soil exchanges of organic contaminants,Inter. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 59 167-178; 1995

JONES K. C., DUARTE-DAVISON R.; Screening the environmental fate of organic contaminantsin sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils: II. The potential for transfers to plants andgrazing animals The science of the total environment 185, 59-70; 1996

JONES K.C. and SEWART A.P.; Dioxins and furans in sewage sludge: A review of theiroccurrence and sources in sludge and of their environmental fate, behavior, and significance insludge-amended agricultural systems; Critical reviews in environmental science and technology27(1); 1997

JONES HW DO.; Enhanced survival of eggs of Ascaris following ingestion by earthworms;Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; 73, 325; 1979

JUSTE C, MENCH M.; Long term application of sewage sludge and its effects on metal uptake bycrops in biogeochemistry of trace metal.; Lewis Publishers, pages 159-193, 1992.

JUSTE C.; Cadmium in soils bioavailability and possible ways to manage it in cadmium 92, Proc.7th Intern. Cadmium comt. New Orleans Cadmium Assoc FP 69; 1992

KAMPE AND SAUERBECK; Schadstoffe im Boden insbesondere Schwermetalle und organischeSchadstoffe aus langjhriger Anwendung von Siedlungabfllen, Auftrag des UBA; 1986

KAMPE; Cd and Pb in the consumption of foodstuffs depending on various contents of heavymetals; in LHermitte, and Ott, Processing and Use of sewage sludge, Reidel Publishingcompany Dordrecht; 334-348, 1984

KENRICK HWDO.; Trace organics in British aquifers; Technical report TR 223, WRc Medmenham,Marlow; 1985

KJELDSEN et CHRISTOPHERSEN, Composition of leachate from old landfills in Denmark,submitted for publication, 2000

KLADIVKO AND NELSON; Surface runoff from sludge amended soils, Journal of the waterpollution control federation; 51; 100-110; 1979

KNIGHT HWDO; Determination of chemical availability of cadmium and zinc in soils using inertsoil moisture samplers, in environmental pollution 99 293-298; 1998

KNOCHE HWDO, Schwermetalltransfer Boden-Pflanze ; Ergebnisse der Auswertungen hinsichtlichder Knigswasser- und Ammoniumnitrat-Extraktion anhand der Datenbank TRANSFER,Forschungsbericht 107 06 001/20 UBA FB 98-120, Texte 11/99, Umweltbundesamt, 1999

KNOCHE H.; Schadstoffe in kosystemen - Ableitung von Bodennormwertkonzepten ausvorliegenden Analysedaten; 1996

KREIN et SCHORER, Road runoff pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and itscontribution to river sediment; Water Research, 34(16) pages 4110-4115, 2000

KROGMANN HWDO; Biosolids and sludge management, Water environment research; 1999KROGMANN HWDO; Biosolids and sludge management, Water environment research; 1998KROGMANN HW DO; Biosolids and sludge management, Water environment research 69(4) pp.

534-550; 1997KRUSE AND BARRETT; Effects of municipal sludge and fertilizer on heavy metal accumulation

in earthworms; environmental pollution (Series A) 38, 235-244; 1985LAGRIFFOUL HWDO, Cadmium toxicity effects on growth, mineral and chlorophyll contents, and

activities of stress related enzymes in young maize plants (Zea mays L.), Plant and Soil 200, pp.241-250, 1998

LARKIN HWDO; Persistence of virus on sewage irrigated vegetables; Journal of the environmentalengineering division of the American Society of Civil Engineers; 102; 29-35; 1976

LISK D.J, BOYD R.D, TELFORD J.N, BABISH J.G, STOEWSAND G.S, BACHE C.A,GUTENMANN W.H.; Toxicologic studies with swine fed corn grown on municipal sewagesludge-amended soil; Journal of Animal Science, vol. 55, n3, pages 613-618, 1982.

LUE-HING HWDO.; Viral and bacterial levels resulting from land application of digested sludge; inSopper HWDO Utilization of municipal sewage effluent and sludge on forest and disturbed land,The pensylvania State University Press, pp. 445-462; 1979

MAGNUSSON AND HNEL; Pelleted Municipal Sludge A Key Element in Future ResourceCycling and Sustainable Forest Management, presented at th XXI IUFRO World Congress, 7-12 August, Kuala Lumpur; 2000

MARANI HWDO, Partitioning of heavy metals in sewage sludge incineration, Annali di Chimica 88,pp. 887-899, 1998

MBILA HWDO; Pedogenesis of heavy metals polluted soils; non published thesis, 2000.MCBRIDE M.; rowing food crops on sludge-amended soils: problems with the U.S. environmental

protection agency method of estimating toxic metal transfer; Environmental toxicology andchemistry 17(11); 2274-2281; 1998

MCBRIDE M.; Toxic metal accumulation from agricultural use of sludge: are USEPA regulationsprotective?; Journal of environment quality 24(1) 5-17; 1995

MCBRIDE M.; Toxic metal accumulation from agricultural use of sludge: are USEPA regulationsprotective; Journal environment quality 24; 5-18; 1995

MCGRATH; Persistent organic pollutants and metals from sewage sludge: their effects on soil,plants and the foodchain, in: Workshop on problems around sludge, proceedings, Langenkamp,Marmo eds; 2000

MCGRATH HWDO; Long-term effects of metals in sewage sludge on soils, micro-organisms andplants; Journal of industrial microbiology 14, 94-104; 1995

MCGRATH and LANE; An explanation for the apparent losses of metals in a long-term fieldexperiment with sewage sludge; environmental pollution 60, 235-256; 1989

MCGRATH, BROOKES and GILLER; Effects of potentially toxic metals in soil derived from pastapplications of sewage sludge on nitrogen fixation by 7ULIROLXP UHSHQV L.; Soil Biology andBiochemistry 20, 415-424; 1988

MCGRATH S.P.; Long term studies of metal transfers following application of sewage sludge inPollutant transport and fate in ecosystems; Blackwell Scientific publication, pages 301-317,1987.

MCLACHLAN AND RICHTER; Uptake and transfer of PCDD/Fs by cattle fed naturallyContaminated feedstuffs and feed contaminated as a result of sewage sludge application 1.Lactating cows, J. Agric. Food Chem. 46(3) 1166-1172; 1998

MCLACHLAN HWDO; Persistence of PCDD/Fs in a Sludge-amended soil; Environmental science &technology 30(8) 2567-2571; 1996

MCLACHLAN HW DO; Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sewage sludge:sources and fate following sludge application to land, The science of the total environment185:109-123; 1996

MELANEN HW DO.; Leaching resulting from land application of sewage sludge and slurry;publications of the Water research institute, 61. Veshiallitus National Board of Waters,Finland

MENCH HW DO, Cadmium availability to wheat in five soils series from the Yonne district,Burgundy, France, Environmental pollution 95(1), pp. 93-103, 1997

MENCH M, JUSTE C, SOLDA P.; Effets de lutilisation de boues urbaines en essai de longuedure : accumulation des mtaux par les vgtaux suprieurs; Socit botanique franaise,Actualit botaniques 139 : 141-156, 1992

MICHELIN HWDO, Evaluation de ltat de contamination dun sol agricole par les lments tracesmtalliques li des apports rguliers de boues rsiduaires urbaines depuis 1985, in press, 2001

MIEURE HWDO; Terrestrial safety assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, chemosphere 21(1-2) 251-262; 1990

MININNI HWDO, Partitioning of Cr, CU, Pb and Zn in sewage sludge incineration by rotary kiln andfluidized bed furnaces, Water research and technology, 41(8) pp. 61-68, 2000

MOOLENAAR S.W.; Indicators of sustainability of heavy metals management in agro-systems;The science of total environment 201, 155-169, 1997.

MOREL J.L.; Bioavailability of trace elements to terrestrial plants in Soil ecotoxicology; LewisPublishers, pages 141-176, 1997.

NICHOLSON HWDO; The effect of long-term soil acidification on the mobilisation of cadmium inagricultural soils;

NICHOLSON HW DO.; Sources of heavy metals to agricultural soils in England and Wales,Proceedings of the 5th Intern. Conf. on the Biogeochem. of Trace Elements, Vienna, 1999, pp264-265, 1999

NILSSON C., Swedish environmental protection agency; Organic pollutants in sewage sludge,contribution to human exposure to certain estrogen-perturbing compounds; 1996

NRIAGU J.; Global metal pollution, poisoning the biosphere; environment 32(7) 7-33; 1990O' CONNOR G. A.; Organic compounds in sludge-amended soils and their potential for uptake by

crop plants, The science of the total environment 185(1996) 71-81; 1996

OCONNOR HW DO; Bioavailability to plants of sludge-borne toxic organics; Review ofenvironmental contamination and toxicology, 121, 129-155; 1991

MAN HWDO; Transport fate of organic compounds with water through landfills, Wat res. 33(10)pp. 2247-2254; 1999

PAHREN HWDO; Health risks associated with land application of municipal sludge, journal WPCF51(11); 1979

PALACIOS HWDO, The influence of organic amendment and nickel pollution on tomato fruit yieldand quality, J. Environ. Sci. Health B34(1), 133-150 1999

PERROTEY S.; Impacts cotoxicologiques et toxicologiques des mtaux lourds; ADEME; 1993PETIT K.; ENVA; Etude bibliographique sur la rsistance des parasites aux traitements des boues

de stations d'puration. Impact sur la sant publique. Thse de doctorat vtrinaire; 1996PIEPER HW DO; Determination of PCDD/F for hazard assessment in a municipal landfill

contaminated with industrial sewage sludge. Chemosphore 34 (1) pp 121-129; 1997POHL & al.; Public health assessment for dioxins exposure from soil. Chemosphere 31 (1) pp.

2437-2454; 1995PRADEL J.P.; Utilisation agricole des boues des stations dpuration des eaux uses, des composts

de dchets mnagers et de dchets verts dans le dpartement du Val dOise; ENITA Bordeaux,1997.

PRESTON HWDO; Assessment of the bioavailability of soil pollutants using lux-based biosensors:an inter-disciplinary approach, in: contaminated soil '98, 123-132; 1998

RAPPE HW DO; PCDDs and PCDFs in municipal sewage sludge and effluents from the state ofmississippi, organohalogen compounds vol. 28, pp. 105-110; 1996

ROBERTS and JOHNSON; Dispersal of heavy metals from abandoned mine workings and theirtransferance through terrestrial food chain; Environmental Pollution, 16, 293-310; 1978

SAUERBECK D. and LBBEN S., Auswirkungen von Siedlungsabfllen auf Bden,Bodenorganismen und Pflanzen, BMFT Verbundvorhaben, Forschungszentrum Jlich, 416 p.1991

SAUERBECK D. and STYPERECK P., Schwermetallakkumulation durchKlrschlammanwendung - Ergebnisse aus 25 langjhrigen Feldversuchen, VDLUFA Schriftenreihe, 23, Kongreband 1987

SAUERBECK D., Welche Schwermetallgehalte in Pflanzen drfen nicht berschritten werden, umWachstumsbeeintrchtigungen zu vermeiden, Landwirtschaftliche Forschung, Sonderheft 39,pp.108-129, 1982

SCHMIDT J. P.; Understanding phytotoxicity thresholds for trace elements in land applied sewagesludge; J. Environ. Qual. 26:4-10; 1997

SCRIMSHIRE, personal communicationSEWART HWDO; PCDD/Fs and non-o-PCBs in indigested UK sewage sludges; Chemosphere 30(1),

51-67SIDHU HWDO; Hazardous air pollutants formation from reactions of raw meal organics in sement

kilns; Chemosphere, 42, 499-506, 2001SLOAN HW DO; Long-term effect of biosolids applications on heavy metal bioavailability in

agricultural soils in J. Environ. Qual. 26, 966-974; 1997SLOAN, Dowdy and Dolan; Recovery of biosolids-applied heavy metals sixteen years after

application, in Journal of environmental quality 27(6) 1312-1317; 1998

SMITH S.R.; Are controls on organic contaminants necessary to protect the environment whensewage sludge is used in agriculture; 1999

SMITH S.R.; Long-term effect of Zinc, Copper, and Nickel in sewage sludge-treated agriculturalsoil, proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the bioavailability of trace elements,June 23-26 1997, pp. 691-692

SNYMAN H.G, DE JONG J.M, AVELING T.A.S. (1998); The stabilization of sewage sludgeapplied to agricultural land and the effects on maize seedlings; Water Science Technics, vol 38,n2, pages 87-95.

SOLMAZ; Thermische Entsorgung von Klrschlmmen, Korrespondenz Abwasser 45(10), pp.1886-1899; 1998

SORBER and MOORE; Survival and transport of pathogens in sludge-amended soil; a criticalliterature review, US EPA Report n EPA/600/2-87/028; National technical information service,Springfield, Virginia; 1987

STARK B.A. HWDO. Implications of research on the uptake of PTEs from sewage sludge by grazinganimals, Report to the DETR and MAFF, 1998

STEHOUWER R., WOLF A., Quality of land applied biosolids in Pennsylvania; Biocycle pp. 44-49; 1999

STEVENS J., GREEN N., JONES K.C., Survey of PCDD/Fs and non-ortho PCBs in UK sewagesludge, Chemosphere, 44,6; 1455 1462; 2001

STRAUCH D.; Pathogenic micro-organisms in sludge: anaerobic digestion and disinfectionmethods to make sludge usable as fertilizer; European water management 1(2) ; 12-26; 1998

SWEETMAN, A. J. and JONES, K. C.; Declining PCB concentrations in the UK atmosphere:evidence and possible causes; Environ. Sci. Technol.; 34: 863-869; 2000

TETZLAFF S. HWDO; kobilanz der Klrschlammentsorgung; Korrespondenz Abwasser 6/93 PP.990-1004; 1993

TRASSAERT AND PEUCHOT; ADEME-IFTS; Bilan et perspectives de dveloppement desmatriels de sparation liquide solide en dshydratation des boues rsiduaires urbaines etindustrielles; 1995

TSAGARAKIS K.; HORAN N.; MARA D.; ANGELAKIS A.; Management of solids frommunicipal wastewater treatment plants in Greece, 4th European Biosolids and Organic ResidualsConference, Wakefield, 15-17/11/99 Paper No 35

VIGERUST and SELMER-OLSEN; Basis for metal limits relevant relevant to sludge utilisation; inDavis HW DO; Factors influencing sludge utilisation practices in Europe, Elsevier AppliedSciences Publishers Ltd, Barking, pp. 26-42; 1986

WANG HW DO; The chlorobenzene content of archived sewage sludge; the science of the totalenvironment 121 159-175; 1992

WANG M.J., MCGRATH S.P. JONES K.C.; Chlorobenzenes in field soil with a history ofmultiple sewage sludge applications, Environmental science and technology 29, 356-362; 1995

WELCH and LUND; Soil properties, irrigation water quality and soil moisture level influences onthe movement of nickel in sewage sludge-treated soils, journal of environmental quality 16,403-410; 1987

WERTHER J., OGADA T., sewage sludge combustion, Progress in Energy and CombustionScience 25; 55-116; 1999

WERTHER J., OGADA T., PHILIPPEK C., Verbrennungs- und Emissionsverhaltenzentrifugenfeuchter Klrschlmme in Wirbelschichtfeuerungen, Chemie Ingenieur Technik (68)9/96, pp. 1068-1069, 1996

WERTHER J., OGADA T., PHILIPPEK C., CO- und NOx-Emissionen bei der Verbrennung vonKommunalen Klrschlmmen in der Wirbelschicht, Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 66 (10) pp. 1361-1364,1994

WHITWHAM M., Les pailles de crales, valuation du potentiel de pailles mobilisables des finsnergtiques, Les cahiers du CLIP n 10, september 1999

WIART, J., REVEILLERE, M.; La teneur en lments traces mtalliques des boues des stationsd'puration urbaines franaises, TSM n 12, Dc. 1995

WILD et JONES; Organic chemicals in the environment, Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon uptakeby carrots grown in sludge amended soil, J. Environ. Qual. 21:217-225; 1992

WILD HW DO; Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in crops from long-term field experimentsamended with sewage sludge, Environmental pollution 76, 25-32; 1992

WILD HWDO; The influence of sewage sludge applications to agricultural land on human exposureto polychlorinated PCDDs and PCDFs, Environmental pollution 83 357-369; 1994

WILD HWDO; The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of archived sewage sludges,Chemosphere 20(6) 703-716; 1990

WILLIAMS HWDO Metal movement in sludge amended soils: A nine-year study, Soil Science 143,124-131, 1987

WILSON HW DO; Persistence of organic contaminants in sewage sludge-amended soil: a fieldexperiment; Journal of environmental quality 26(6) 1467-1477; 1997

WILSON HW DO; Volatile organic compounds in digested United Kingdom sewage sludges;Environmental Science and Technology 28, 259-266; 1994

WITTER HWDO.; A study of the structure and metal tolerance of the soil microbial community sixyears after cessation of sewage sludge application; Environmental Toxicology and chemistry,19(8), 1983-1991, 2000

WITTER; Limit values for heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge and soil that protect soilmicro-organisms, in: Workshop on problems around sludge, Proceedings, Langenkamp andMarmo eds; 2000

WITTER HWDO; Where's the limit? Changes in the microbiological properties of agricultural soils atlow levels of metal contamination; Soil Biol. Biochem. 29(9) 1405-1415; 1997

WITTER; Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils critical to micro-organisms, Swedishenvironmental protection agency, report 4079; 1992

WITTER; Towards zero accumulation of heavy metals in soils: an imperative or a fad? Fertiliserresearch 43:225-233; 1996

YANG Y., RATTE D., SMETS B. F., PIGNATELLO J. J., GRASSO D.; Mobilization of soilorganic matter by complexing agents and implications for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbondesorption, Chemosphere 43(2001) 1013-1021

ZHAO F.J., DUNHAM S.J., MCGRATH S.P.; Lessons to be learned about soil-plant metaltransfers from the 50 years sewage sludge experiment at Woburn, UK, in: Extended abstracts of4th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements June, 23-26 1997

ZMIROU D.; Traitement des dchets et risques sanitaires pour les riverains: vidences etincertitudes. Colloque ADEME, Recherche, Sant, Dchets: quelles priorits?; 1996

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Member States0DLQVRXUFHVDUH

European Commission; 2000; Report from the Commission to the Council and the EuropeanParliament on the implementation of community waste legislation for the period 1995 1997;COM(1999)752

ADEME Arthur Andersen; 1999; Situation du recyclage agricole des boues dpuration urbaines enEurope et dans divers autres pays du monde

AEA Technology plc; 1999; Compilation of EU dioxin exposure and health data

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For Denmark: Answer to the questionnaireFor Finland: Puolanne; Production and disposal of sewage sludge in Finland; National Board of

waters and the environment; 1992For Germany: Leschber; Organic pollutants in German Sewage Sludges and Standardization of

Respective Parameters; Deutsches Institut fr Normung 1996For Ireland: McGrath, 1996, Utilisation of sewage sludge in agriculture, future perspectivesFor Italy: Answer to the questionnaireFor Netherlands: Dirzwager HW DO, Production, treatment and disposal of sewage sludge in the

Netherlands, in Europ. Wat. Poll. Control 7(2)For Portugal: Sequeira and Domingues 1993 in Marecos do Monte 1997For Sweden: Statistics Sweden 1998 and Nilsson C.; Organic Pollutants in Sewage Sludge; 1996For United Kingdom: CIWEM; Handbooks of UK wastewater practice; 1995

Accession CountriesThe presented data originates from the questionnaires sent for the purpose of this study

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'DWHIRUPHWDOV 1997 1997 1995 1997 1997 1997 1993 1997 1997 1993 1997 1998 19961PJNJ'0 20 - 80 000 - 43 000 32 000 40 000 34 833 - 27 558 - 30 300 1 200 - 43 800 38 112 43 3953PJNJ'0 30 - 90 000 - 31 000 28 000 45 000 20 750 - 10 386 - 45 700 (P205) 300 - 39 000 27 702 22 394.PJNJ'0 - - 2 800 - - - - - - - - - - - -PJNJ'0

&G 20 - 40 0.5 - 2 3 2.33 1.04 2.9 1.4 - 2.8 1.18 3.8 0.4 2.3 2 1.2 3.3&U 1000 - 1750 40 - 275 75 38.0 84 58.8 46 - 165 75 51 16 72 204 35.7 157&X 1000 - 1750 100 - 500 156 262 290 309 274 - 641 317 206 39 289 301 394.1 568+J 16 - 25 0.3 - 2 1.1 1.33 1.3 3 1 - 0.6 0,78 1.9 0.5 - 1 1.1 2.41L 300 - 400 20 - 80 32 24.0 34 31.9 23 - 54 90 24 9 66 46 18.2 573E 750 - 1200 40 - 130 154 78.8 39 106.7 63 - 150 79 128 13 200 200 35.4 221=Q 2500 - 4000 450 - 2 000 938 748 606 754.2 809 - 562 1010 1628 143 1 555 911 545.4 792PJNJ'0

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Lead is largely used in the industry for pipes, battery, and ammunition production. It is alsoincorporated to paintings. Its use in petrol is being reduced.

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There are two main origins for lead in sludge: water from road runoff and alteration of old pipes.Industrial effluents may also contain lead. Their contribution to the sludge content is of about 20 %.

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Origin of lead in soil is described in the following figure [Juste 1990]. It appears that most of thelead found in soil originates from atmospheric deposition.

12%

19%

1%68%

Agricultural wastesSludgesFertilizersAtmospheric fallouts

Figure 1: Origin of lead in soil [Juste, 1990]According to the country, lead average level in European soils ranges between 10,5 and 35 mg/kgDM in sandy soils, and between 12 and 36 mg/kg DM in clay soils. [European Commission, JointResearch Center].Lead is one of the OHDVWPRELOH metal in soil. Lead is considered to be 100 times less mobile thanCadmium given identical total molar concentrations of the two metals and pH levels within therange of 5 to 9.Leads ELRDYDLODELOLW\ in the soil is ORZand is only little influenced by soil pH. Lime treatment ofsludge would therefore not affect this property. Phosphates and sulphates, however, act aseffective immobilisation agents and can form complexes with lead.&OD\and in particular RUJDQLFPDWWHU constitute the predominant absorption substratum; on thecontrary, contribution of iron and manganese oxides to lead retention is discussed.The great affinity of Pb to organic matter explains its preferential accumulation in the soilssurface horizon. It is also cause of a higher sensitive to soil erosion, which would need furtherdocumentation.

8SWDNHE\SODQWV

Bioavailability of lead in soil is low. Plant absorption is therefore also low. Moreover, eventuallead absorption by plant leads to rapid immobilisation.Even in rural areas, 90 to 99% of lead in the above ground parts of the plant is of DWPRVSKHULFRULJLQ. Lead is certainly one of the metals least readily transferred to the upper parts of the plant. It

has been reported that lead concentration in plants grown on soil containing several hundreds ofmg/kg of total Pb rarely exceeded 30 to 50 mg/kg DM.Field studies also shown that there is little accumulation of lead in crops.Leads specific SK\WR[LFLW\ is certainly one of WKHORZHVW of all the metal micropollutants.

(FRWR[LFRORJ\

The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the Effect and No-Effect concentrations oflead on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be stressed thatthe results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols: various different soiltypes, organisms and duration are taken into account, the effects studied (mineralisation,nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different and the impact level on the population may varyaccording to the experiment. It is therefore recommended to refer to the publication of the DanishEPA.

2UJDQLVP 12(&PJNJ

(&PJNJ

Microorganisms 10 7 500 10 6 860Plants 10 1 000 25 5 000Invertebrates 25 - > 15 996 50 10 830

7UDQVIHUWRKXPDQVDQGDQLPDOV

It seems that only 5 to 10% of lead ingested via drinking water or foodstuffs is assimilated and, upto 90% of which are stored in the skeleton. It transfers then slowly into the blood. Principalexcretion route is urine. Its half-life in blood is of about 20 30 days. Half-life in bones is about10 to 20 years [Sfsp 1999].Lead generates anaemia and renal disturbance. When exposed to high levels (1 200 g/l in blood),paralysis of upper members and encephalopathy have been observed. Children exposed presentslower brain development. The long-lasting absorption of lead leading to lead in blood of 400 g/lconducts to chronic intoxication. As a consequence, children may suffer from psychomotor andintellectual disturbances, and adults from hypofertility.The WROHUDEOHZHHNO\ H[SRVXUHKDVEHHQVHWDW JNJRIERG\ZHLJKWLQ>)$2DQG:+2@A draft Commission regulation proposes to set maximum levels for some heavy metals in foodstuffas described in the following table2. It must be stressed that those limit values have been set basedupon what is achievable using good working practice. The Scientific Committee for Food howeverrecommended that those values should be as low as reasonably achievable.

2 Draft Commission regulation setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuff amending

commission regulation EC n 194/97 of 31 January 1997. ENTR/5799/99 rev 1 - EN

)RRGVWXII 0D[LPXPOHYHO

1. Cows milk (liquid, as consumed) 0,02 mg/l2. Meat of cattle, sheep and pig, poultry meat (except game) 0,05 mg/kg2.1. Edible offal of cattle, pig and poultry 0,5 mg/kg3. Fish 0,2 mg/kg4. Crustaceans 1,0 mg/kg5. Bivalve molluscs 2,0 mg/kg6. Cereals, leguminous and pulses, excluding bran and germ 0,2 mg/kg7. Vegetables, excluding brassica, leafy vegetables, mushrooms and potatoes 0,1 mg/kg

- 7.1 Brassica, leafy vegetables and mushrooms- 7.2 Potatoes

0,3 mg/kg0,15 mg/kg

8. Fruits (as consumed) 0,1 mg/kg9. Fats and oils, including milk fat 0,1 mg/kg10. Fruits juices 0,05 mg/l11. Wines, including liqueur wines, sparkling wines, ciders, perry and fruit wines 0,1 mg/l

=LQF=Q

3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

Zinc is used in surface treatment and is mostly used in alloys. It is also found in battery, asprotective layer in the building industry, in textile, pharmaceutical and insecticide industry.

2ULJLQLQVOXGJH

Zinc originates mostly from pipe alteration, and in a secondary extent, from industrial effluents.

%HKDYLRXULQVRLO

Origin of zinc in soil is described in the following figure [Juste 1990]. It appears that most of thezinc found in soil originates from agricultural wastes spread on land.

61%20%

1%

18%

Agricultural wastesSludgesFertilizersAtmospheric fallouts

Figure 2: origin of Zinc in soil [Juste, 1990]According to the country, zinc average level in European soils ranges between 18 and 106 mg/kgDM in sandy soils, and between 35 and 76 mg/kg DM in clay soils. [European Commission, JointResearch Center].The most common and mobile form of Zn is Zn2+ although other ionic forms may exist in soil.Clays, Fe and Al hydroxides as well as organic matter may strongly bind this metal.Zn is considered as PRUHVROXEOH than other trace metals in soil. It becomes highly DYDLODEOHandYHU\PRELOHLQ DFLGLFVRLOV

8SWDNHE\SODQWV

Zn can be absorbed by many plant species. Roots often contain more Zn than the above groundparts of the plant. However Zn bound to small organic compounds is transported within the plantvia the xylem.=LQFV HVVHQWLDO IXQFWLRQV within the plants are linked to the metabolism of sugars, proteins,phosphate, auxins3 and nucleic acids. Zn also affects plants resistance to stresses caused bydrought or pathogenic agents.

3 Plant hormone regulating growth, particularly cell elongation

The WKUHVKROGIRUGHILFLHQF\ has been assessed to be around 10 to 20 mg/kg of dry matter but thevalues vary according to the interactions between Zn and the other elements in the plants.3K\WRWR[LFLW\ can be considered as occurring at zinc levels in the plant in excess of 100 to 400mg/kg of dry matter.Most plants show VLJQLILFDQWWROHUDQFHWRH[FHVVLYHOHYHOV of Zn. Beet and spinach are the mostsensitive. The symptoms are chlorosis, retarded plant growth and modifications to the roots.Cd, Cu and Fe are the metals that compete most strongly with zinc for absorption and transfer.Generally, there is antagonism but, depending on the Cd/Zn ratio there can be synergetic effects.

(FRWR[LFRORJ\

The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the Effect and No-Effect concentrations ofzinc on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be stressed thatthe results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols: various different soiltypes, organisms and duration are taken into account, the effects studied (mineralisation,nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different and the impact level on the population may varyaccording to the experiment. It is therefore recommended to refer to the publication of the DanishEPA.

2UJDQLVP 12(&PJNJ

(&PJNJ

Microorganisms 2.5 1000 4.6 1000Plants 0.35 50 1.8 250Invertebrates 10 326 10 1000

7UDQVIHUWRKXPDQDQGDQLPDOV

=LQF LV HVVHQWLDO in animal kingdom for many physiological processes: growth and cellulardifferentiation, reproductive functions and embryo development, the integrity of the skin andhealing, the immune system, the development and functioning of the nervous system and thesensory system. Zinc is also involved in gene expression.Maximum tolerable dietary levels for animals have been assessed to be about 500 mg/kg DM[Smith 1996]. Any evaluation of the dangers associated with zinc must take into account the twofollowing points:- Zincs ELRDYDLODELOLW\ GHSHQGV RQ HQGRJHQRXV IDFWRUV (metabolism, homeostasis) and

H[RJHQRXVIDFWRUV (the effects of proteins, food fibre),- Zinc LQWHUDFWVZLWKPHWDOV: zinc reduces the bioavailability of copper and protects against the

toxic effects of cadmium and nickel [Martin, 1996].=LQFLVIL[HGLQWKHERQHVOLYHUDQGNLGQH\V.

0HDWDQGFHUHDO products are the food categories that contribute most to the human intake of zinc,providing respectively 41% and 21% of total contribution [Hercberg, 1991; Lalau et Al, 1996].The average daily intake in France is estimated as being between 8,5 to 11,7 mg per day [Maland,1994]. The recommended nutritional amount of zinc is 15 mg per day for human beings [Bupin,1992].The average contribution from food only covers 60 to 70% of the nutritional level in zinc.$Q LQFUHDVH LQ ]LQF OHYHOV LQ IRRGZKLOH VWLOO UHPDLQLQJZLWKLQ DFFHSWDEOH WROHUDQFHV FRXOGSURYHEHQHILFLDOWRKXPDQKHDOWK

&DGPLXP&G

3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

Cadmium is a soft, ductile metal which is usually obtained as a by-product from the smelting oflead and zinc ores. The principal use of cadmium is as a constituent in alloys and in theelectroplating industry. Other uses of cadmium include paints and pottery pigments, corrosion-resistant coating of nails, screws, etc, in process engraving, in cadmium-nickel batteries, and asfungicides. Cadmium is also naturally present in soils and mineral fertilisers.

2ULJLQLQVOXGJH

Cadmium in sludge has mainly an industrial origin, but can also originate from householdeffluents: cadmium is present in cosmetic products and gardening pesticides. It also comes from therunoff of raining water, after atmospheric deposition of the metal.

%HKDYLRXULQVRLO

Origin of Cadmium in soil is described in the following figure.

20%

38%2%

40%

Agricultural wastesSludgesFertilizersAtmospheric fallouts

Figure 3: origin of cadmium in soil [Juste 1990]According to the country, cadmium average level in European soils ranges between 0,1 and 1mg/kg DM in sandy soils, and between 0,2 and 0,3 mg/kg DM in clay soils. [EuropeanCommission, Joint Research Center].Cadmium is relatively mobile compound in most soils. It is more mobile than zinc but less mobilethan nickel [Legret HWDO, 1988]. Its mobility essentially depends on the pH; the metals adsorptionto the soils solid phase can be multiplied threefold for every unitary increase in pH in a range from4 to 8.On land spread with sludge at Woburn (Great Britain), bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarumbiovar trifolii failed to fix any nitrogen because of the toxic effects of the heavy metals on itself. Inthe studied soils, cadmium levels were significantly higher than those of other heavy metals[Chaudri, 1992]. These high levels of cadmium would explain the lack of nitrogen fixation whenthe levels of other trace elements (particularly copper and zinc) are low.Available data would suggest that cadmium in the soil at levels of around 3 mg/kg has no negativeeffect on symbiotic N2 fixation.

8SWDNHE\SODQWV

Cd may be DEVRUEHG by plants. The S+ level is one of the most important factors controllingcadmium absorption. Transfer factors are given in the main part of the report.Compared with other micropollutants such as Cu or Pb, transfer of Cd to the above ground parts ofthe plant may be considered as significant. Concentration in roots represents only 2 to 5 times thatin the above ground parts but cadmium is transferred only with difficulty to reproductive or storageorgans of the plant.The export of cadmium by crops must be considered as negligible, the percentage of metalexported in comparison to the amount present in the substratum never being greater than 1%.However, FDGPLXPOHYHOV in the liver and kidneys increased DFFRUGLQJWRWKHGRVDJHRIVOXGJHapplied to the crops.No deficiency level for cadmium is known. On the contrary, cadmium is well known as a KLJKO\SK\WRWR[LF element. Besides UHWDUGLQJ JURZWK, phytotoxicity also occurs through FKORURVLV,which can be followed in the case of acute cadmium poisoning by QHFURVLV. Phytotoxicity levelsfor cadmium are given in the main part of this report.Other compounds including Fe, Se, Mn and particularly Zn are antagonistic to Cd.The growth of cadmium-resistant plants such as tomatoes and cabbages is only affected whencadmium concentration in soil reaches five to ten times levels that affect sensitive plants such assoya, spinach, lettuce and many leguminous plants.

7UDQVIHUWRDQLPDOV

Cadmium is particularly highly toxic to animals. Even a diet based on foodstuffs containing verylow levels of cadmium would cause growth deficiencies in rats and goats [Anke HW DO, 1984].Experimentally, cadmium also provoked cancers on some animal species.Cadmium accumulates in the organism as its biological half-life is about 30 years.

(FRWR[LFRORJ\

The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the Effect and No-Effect concentrations ofcadmium on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be stressedthat the results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols: various differentsoil types, organisms and duration are taken into account, the effects studied (mineralisation,nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different and the impact level on the population may varyaccording to the experiment. It is therefore recommended to refer to the publication of the DanishEPA.

2UJDQLVP 12(&PJNJ

(&PJNJ

Microorganisms 1.5 1000 2.6 1000Plants 0.35 50 1.8 250Invertebrates 10 326 10 - 1000

7UDQVIHUWRKXPDQV

Highest cadmium concentrations are generally found in the renal cortex, and by increasingexposure levels, the metal may also be stored in the liver. Long term exposure to cadmium leads to

renal dysfunction, and epidemiological studies carried out on exposed workers population showeda wide variety of effects, such as:- Irritation of upper respiratory tract- Metallic taste in the mouth- Cough- Chest painCadmium and cadmium compounds have been classified as FDUFLQRJHQLF.No dose-response function is available for non-carcinogenic effects. The Food and Agriculture2UJDQLVDWLRQ )$2 LQGLFDWHVPD[LPXPGDLO\ H[SRVXUH YDOXH RI J RI FDGPLXP SHU GD\ ,QFebruary 1993, the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on food additives agreed to maintain theprovisional tolerable weekly intake of cadmium at 7 g/kg body weight.9HJHWDEOHV DQG FHUHDOV contribute the most to the cadmium exposure, representing 60% of theWRWDOH[SRVXUH&XUUHQWHVWLPDWHVRIFDGPLXPLQWDNHDUHRQDYHUDJH JSHUSHUVRQSHUGD\LHaround 33% of the tolerable weekly intake [Becloitre, 1998].A draft Commission regulation proposes to set maximum levels for some heavy metals in foodstuffas described in the following table4. It must be stressed that those limit values have been set basedupon what is achievable using good working practice. The Scientific Committee for Food howeverrecommended that those values should be as low as reasonably achievable.

)RRGVWXII 0D[LPXPOHYHO

1. Meat of cattle, lamb, pig and poultry 0,05 mg/kg

2. Meat of horse 0,2 mg/kg

3. Liver of cattle, lamb, pig horse and poultry 0,5 mg/kg

4. Kidney of cattle, lamb, pig, horse and poultry 1,0 mg/kg

5. Fish 0,05 mg/kg

6. Crustaceans, except crab 0,5 mg/kg

7. Molluscs and crab 1,0 mg/kg

8. Cereals, except wheat grain and rice 0,1 mg/kg8.1 Wheat grain and rice 0,2 mg/kg

9. Soybeans and peanuts 0,2 mg/kg

10. Vegetables and fruits, excluding leafy vegetables, root vegetables, mushroomsand potatoes

0,05 mg/kg

10.1 Leafy vegetables and mushrooms 0,2 mg/kg

10.2 Root vegetables and potatoes 0,1 mg/kg

4 Draft Commission regulation setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuff amending

commission regulation EC n 194/97 of 31 January 1997. ENTR/5799/99 rev 1 - EN

1LFNHO1L

3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

Nickel is used for the production of stainless steel and in alloys for coins and different instrumentsproduction. It is also used for metal surface treatment and battery production.

2ULJLQLQVOXGJH

Nickel in sludge originates from household effluents (cosmetic products and pigments) but alsofrom industrial effluents from the activities mentioned above.

%HKDYLRXULQVRLO

According to the country, nickel average level in European soils ranges between 2,9 and 38,2mg/kg DM in sandy soils, and between 7,5 and 33,3 mg/kg DM in clay soils. [EuropeanCommission, Joint Research Center].The KLJK PRELOLW\ DQG ELRDYDLODELOLW\ of nickel of H[RJHQRXV RULJLQ (sludge, salts) incomparison with other metals has frequently been observed. On the other hand, there isinsufficient information regarding the potential mobility of the nickel pre-existing in soil.

8SWDNHE\SODQWV

The majority of plants only DEVRUE Ni with GLIILFXOW\ In the case of cereal crops, and particularlybarley and oats, Ni may be transferred to the grain at the moment of senescence. Transfer factorsare given in the main part of this report.Co, Cu, Fe and Zn compete with nickel during its absorption and transfer.Nickels SK\WRWR[LFHIIHFWV are well known. In fact, Ni is classified, along with Cd, Co, Hg andT1, as one of the PRVWWR[LFmetals. 1LFNHOKRZHYHULVDOVRLPSRUWDQWIRUSODQWV and is involvedin the metabolism of nitrogen. Toxicity and deficiency levels are given in the report.The production of biomass is rapidly affected. In non-accumulative plants it can be suspected thatphytotoxicity would occur at nickel levels in the plant in excess of 5 to 10 mg/kg of dry matter.Palacios HW DO [1999] studied the specific impact of sewage sludge application on tomato fruityield and quality. It was reported that sewage sludge addition to the calcareous soil of theexperiment significantly increased fruit yield but did not adversely affect the quality and thenutritional status of the tomato fruit. Only the highest addition rate of Ni to the sludge amendedcalcareous soil (240 mg.kg-1) had negative effects on fruit yield and quality and caused a Niaccumulation in fruit which could be considered as an hazard for human health.

7UDQVIHUWRDQLPDOV

1LFNHO LV HVVHQWLDO to the functioning of urease in animals and deficiency causes functionalproblems in the liver and disrupts iron nutrition.&KURQLFWR[LFLW\ often appears at the reproductive level. Its effects are linked with concentrationsof nickel in food about 250 mg/kg of dry matter or 5 mg/1 in drinking water. There is a risk ofchronic toxicity in cattle, sheep and pigs when their daily feed regularly contains more than 50mg/kg of nickel.

(FRWR[LFRORJ\

The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the Effect and No-Effect concentrations ofnickel on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be stressed thatthe results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols: various different soiltypes, organisms and duration are taken into account, the effects studied (mineralisation,nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different and the impact level on the population may varyaccording to the experiment. It is therefore recommended to refer to the publication of the DanishEPA.

2UJDQLVP 12(&PJNJ

(&PJNJ

Microorganisms 17 1470 10 1470

Plants 50 335 12.5 500Invertebrates 50 85 37 2500

7UDQVIHUWRKXPDQV

1LFNHOLQWDNHKDVEHHQHVWLPDWHGWREHWZHHQDQG JGD\ZLWKJIRUGULQNLQJZDWHU

Individual daily requirements are about 35 g. Acute toxicity only occurs in adults followingabsorption of around 250 mg of the metal ingested in the form of soluble salts.Nickel is not a metal that accumulates to any significant extent throughout the food chain.

&RSSHU&X

3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

Major sources of copper are from the industry (copper industry, non-ferrous metals industry,incineration).

2ULJLQLQVOXGJH

Copper in sludge and wastewater comes mainly from household effluents (domestic products, pipescorrosion) but can also have an industrial origin (surface treatments, chemical and electronicindustry).

%HKDYLRXULQVRLO

Origin of copper in soil is described in the following figure.

55%28%

1%

16%

Agricultural wastesSludgesFertilizersAtmospheric fallouts

Figure 4: origin of copper in soil [Juste, 1990]According to the country, copper average level in European soils ranges between 5,6 and 23 mg/kgDM in sandy soils, and between 7,4 and 23,8 mg/kg DM in clay soils. [European Commission,Joint Research Center].Metals fix themselves preferentially to the soil organic matter, iron and manganese oxides andclays. The distribution of copper between these three fractions depends on the soils pH level, thequantity and the composition of the organic matter. It tends to migrate very little.

8SWDNHE\SODQWV

Copper is essential to plant nutrition. It plays an important role in photosynthesis and respiration.Coppers phytotoxic effects are retarded growth of the roots and the above ground parts, thickeningof the roots and chlorosis. Levels of toxicity, deficiency as well as transfer factors are given in themain part of this report.

The largest proportion of the copper present in the roots is not transferred to the above groundparts. The transport to and localisation of the metal in the various organs are controlled by theplants nitrogen metabolism process.The absorption of copper by plants depends on the soils pH, which controls the activity of theCopper ions contained in the soil solution. Zn, Ca, K and N have an antagonistic effect on suchabsorption.A pH levels lower than 6, symptoms of phytotoxicity occur when the level of exchangeable Cuexceeds 25 mg/kg in sandy soils and 100 mg/kg in clay-laden soils [Bonneau and Souchier, 1979].

(FRWR[LFRORJ\

The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the Effect and No-Effect concentrations ofcopper on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be stressed thatthe results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols: various different soiltypes, organisms and duration are taken into account, the effects studied (mineralisation,nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different and the impact level on the population may varyaccording to the experiment. It is therefore recommended to refer to the publication of the DanishEPA.

2UJDQLVP 12(&PJNJ

(&PJNJ

Microorganisms 10 1445 10 3323Plants 20 400 15 1600Invertebrates 13 2609 27 2609

7UDQVIHUWRDQLPDOVDQGKXPDQV

Copper is implied in many physiological functions including hematopoesis, elastin and collagensynthesis, and in oxydo-reduction reactions. Copper is also a co-enzyme in many metalo-proteins.It is an essential element, of low toxicity.Copper is not considered as human carcinogenic.Instead, pathological symptoms are more related to copper deficiency. However, more data isneeded in order to describe dose response functions.The main sources of copper in human food are meat products (27% of total contribution), cereals(28%), fruit and vegetables (21%) and dairy products (13%).Adult copper requirements vary between 1.5 to 3 mg per day [Food and Nutrition Board, 1989].

&KURPLXP&U

3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

Large amounts of chromium are found in terrestrial crust. The most important part of the extractedchromium is used in alloys, for instance to produce stainless steel. It is also used for its heatresistance and wood protection properties, and, in chemical industry, as tanning agent, andpigment. Chromium may be found in several forms, mainly trivalent (referred to as CrIII), orhexavalent (referred to as CrVI).

2ULJLQLQVOXGJH

According to the level of industrialisation of the region, the origin of chromium found in sludgecan be divided as follows:- 35 to 50 % from industry (surface treatment, tannery, chemical oxidation),- 9 to 50 % from runoff (dust, pesticide, fertilisers),- 14 to 28 % from household effluent.

%HKDYLRXULQVRLO

SYPREA5 assessed the origin of chromium in soil. Results are summarised below:

2ULJLQ $PRXQWJKD\HDU

Sludge 120Fertiliser 800 - 1000

Agricultural waste 40 - 60

According to the country, chromium average level in European soils ranges between 6,4 and 59mg/kg DM in sandy soils, and between 13,2 and 27,8 mg/kg DM in clay soils. [EuropeanCommission, Joint Research Center].Chromium mobility in soil seems to be very low. Below 1% of the total Chromium in soil can beextracted using current reagents. It depends however on its form. Trivalent chromium is mainlybound to the soil particles, primarily to organic matter, clay or other negatively chargedcompounds, or it may precipitate as trivalent oxides. Hexavalent chromium is anionic, does notinteract with clay and organic matter and remains mobile in solution. In inorganic soils with highpH, added hexavalent chromium may persist for a long time, however, if organic matter is present,hexavalent chromium may be reduced to the trivalent form [Danish EPA 1995].

8SWDNHE\SODQWV

The essential nature of chromium with regard to plants is unknown, however it is a normalcomponent of plants. Cases of phytotoxicity due to chromium are rare and vary according to thespecies concerned. The symptoms are chlorosis occurring in the young leaves.

5 French professional organisation for organic waste supply to land

Whatever its form, the metal concentrates essentially in the URRWV and is very little transferred to theupper parts of the plant (< 10% of the total).Transfer factors are given in the main part of this report.

(FRWR[LFRORJ\

The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the Effect and No-Effect concentrations ofchromium on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. As Chromium IIIand VO do not present the same level of toxicity, values are given for the two different states. Itmust be stressed that the results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols:various different soil types, organisms, duration are taken into account, the effects studied(mineralisation, nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different, and the impact level on thepopulation may vary according to the experiment. It is therefore recommended to refer to thepublication of the Danish EPA.

2UJDQLVP 12(&PJNJ

(&PJNJ

&KURPLXP,,,

Microorganisms 50 260 5.3 1300Plants 50 1360 50 5000Invertebrates 32 320 155 1000

&KURPLXP9,

Microorganisms 0.09 520 1 5.3Plants 0.35 230 1.8 750Invertebrates 2 10 15

7UDQVIHUWRDQLPDOVDQGKXPDQV

&KURPLXPLVHVVHQWLDO to human and animal nutrition as it is implied in the sugar metabolism.The two different oxidation states do not present the same level of toxicity, the hexavalent formbeing more toxic. Hexavalent chromium, contrary to the trivalent form, easily crosses membranesand binds to cellular proteins. The toxic effect of the hexavalent form is to a large degree due to thestrong oxidizing effect of this ion [Danish EPA 1995]. It has been shown that chromium could haveJDVWURLQWHVWLQDO HIIHFWV, as well as impacts on the nasal wall and mucous membranes. Onceabsorbed, chromium is very little assimilated (about 0,43% assimilation) and through mechanismsthat are little understood. &KURPLXP9, has been classified as FDUFLQRJHQLFto humans.Deficiency symptoms may be observed when present at too low concentration in diet. Studies ofhuman nutrition have shown that our daily diet is RIWHQGHILFLHQW LQ&KURPLXP Measurementscarried out on different diets in North America and Europe showed GDLO\LQWDNHV varying from 20to 30 g per day and lying slightly below what should be contained in a normal daily diet (50-200g) [National Research Council, 1980].

0HUFXU\+J

3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

Mercury exists under GLIIHUHQWFKHPLFDOIRUPV determining its WR[LFLW\ and ELRDYDLODELOLW\Under its LQRUJDQLFIRUP, mercury is present in the air as dust or in water. It has a natural presencein the environment, but also originates partly from industrial activity: mining, founding, coalcombustion, incineration. Mercury can easily be found under its gaseous form.Under RUJDQLF IRUP, mercury is mainly present in alimentation as it results from a biologicalprocess and therefore concentrates in the food chain.

2ULJLQLQVOXGJH

Mercury comes from pharmaceutical products, broken thermometers, runoff water, to whatindustrial discharge may be added.

%HKDYLRXULQVRLO

Navarre HWDO [1980] assessed the origin of mercury in soil. Results are summarised below.

2ULJLQ $PRXQWPJKD\HDU

Atmospheric deposition 200

Fertilisers 245Agricultural wastes 62

According to the country, mercury average level in European soils ranges between 0,03 and 0,05mg/kg DM in sandy soils, and between 0,04 and 0,08 mg/kg DM in clay soils. [EuropeanCommission, Joint Research Center].In most soils, mercury is singularised by its essential ability to methylise through the actions ofaerobic or anaerobic bacteria or by simple chemical reaction with the fulvic acids produced byorganic matter.The formation of these highly volatile organic compounds is the reason of VLJQLILFDQW losses,representing some 30 to 60% of the mercury added to the soil, occurring in open field conditions.Once added to the soil, mercury is also UDSLGO\ LPPRELOLVHG in the form of carbonates andphosphates fixed by iron, aluminium and manganese oxides and particularly by the organic matter,with which it forms highly stable organo-metallic compounds.The S+ OHYHO does QRW appear to be DGHWHUPLQLQJ IDFWRU capable of affecting the PRELOLW\ ofmercury in the soil.Because mercury is strongly bound to the solid phase, its concentration in the soil solution isSUDFWLFDOO\XQGHWHFWDEOH. Mercury tends to remain in the soils VXUIDFHKRUL]RQ.

7UDQVIHUWRSODQWV

Plants grown on soils with current mercury concentrations rarely contain mercury levels exceeding50 g kg-1 of dry matter.Toxicity of mercury to plant depends on the speciation, affecting its penetration into livingorganisms.The volatilisation of mercury in the soil and its absorption by the above ground parts ofplants can increase the level of mercury in plants [Lindberg et al, 1979].The Biological Concentration Factors (BCF) (with dry matter reference) between pH 4 and 6 are0.02 for potato and 0.10 for cabbage [Sauerbeck and Stypereck, 1988]In the case of cereals, +JOHYHOVUDQJH from 10 to 25 g kg-1 of dry matter in the grain and from 25to 50 g kg-1 of dry matter in the stalk.95% of the mercury absorbed by plants accumulates in the URRWV. The effect of the soils S+OHYHOon the metals ELRDYDLODELOLW\ is highly variable.The metal found in the above ground parts of the plant essentially originates from mercuryabsorbed from the atmosphere through direct contact and absorption by the leaves stomata.Mercury is also singularised by its significant ability to transfer from one plant organ to another.2UJDQLF RU LQRUJDQLF FRPSRXQGV of mercury DUH WR[LF WR PRVW SODQWV, with a phytotoxicitythreshold varying from 0.5 mg kg-1 of dry matter for rice to 3 mg kg-1 of dry matter for otherspecies, corresponding to a total concentration of mercury in the soil of around 50 mg kg-1.

(FRWR[LFRORJ\

The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the Effect and No-Effect concentrations ofLQRUJDQLF mercury on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must bestressed that the results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols: variousdifferent soil types, organisms and duration are taken into account, the effects studied(mineralisation, nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different and the impact level on thepopulation may vary according to the experiment. It is therefore recommended to refer to thepublication of the Danish EPA.

2UJDQLVP 12(&PJNJ

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Microorganisms 0.03 100 0.1 502Plants 1 50 1 250Invertebrates 0.121 1.21 0.121 6.05

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Under its metal form, PHUFXU\ LV YRODWLOH and penetrates the body through inhalation, foodingestion and dental amalgam. Dermal exposure should also not be neglected. The half-life time ofmercury is about 70 days for methylmercury (MeHg), 40 days for Hg2+ and between 35 and 90days for Hg.Metal mercury impacts on human health have mainly been observed on the nervous system.Symptoms are trembling (initially affecting hands) and emotional fragility [Sfsp 1999].Neuromuscular affections have also been observed. Other forms of non-organic mercury may alsoinduce renal dysfunction. Methylmercury has effects on nervous system, inducing developmentdelaying [Sfsp 1999].

Methylmercury has been classified as possibly FDUFLQRJHQLFaccording to studies carried out onanimals, but data available for humans does not allow concluding. Other forms of mercury have notbeen classified yet regarding their carcinogenicity.Mercury levels in cereals, meat products, fruits and vegetables range from 6 to 20 JNJ'DLU\products and the soil strata contain only low amounts of mercury. )LVK is the SULPDU\VRXUFH ofmercury in food.In terms of human consumption, the WHO and FAO recommend a maximum daily intake of 43 gper day for the total amount of mercury absorbed by an human adult and 29 g per day in the caseof methyl-mercury.A draft Commission regulation proposes to set maximum levels for some heavy metals in foodstuffas described in the following table6. It must be stressed that those limit values have been set basedupon what is achievable using good working practice. The Scientific Committee for Food howeverrecommended that those values should be as low as reasonably achievable.

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1. Fishery products, except those in 1.1 0,5 mg/kg

1.1 Anglerfish (Lophius spp.) 1,0 mg/kgAtlantic catfish (Anarhichas lupus)Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)Blue ling (Molva dipterygia)Bonito (Sarda spp.)Eel (Anguilla spp.)Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)Little tuna (Euthynnus spp.)Marlin (Makaira spp.)Pike (Esox lucius)Plain bonito (Orcynopsis unicolor)Portuguese dogfish (Centroscymnes coelopepis)Rays (Raja spp.)Redfish (Sebastes marinus, S. mentella)Sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus)Scabbard fish (Lepidopus caudatus, Aphanopus carbo)Shark (all species)Sturgeon (Acipenser spp.)Swordfish (Xiphias gladius)Tuna (Thunnus spp.)

6 Draft Commission regulation setting maximu