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(1) rdk;acgifwJhavmurSm tudkudk,fpm; usaemfwdk (aebkef;vwf) 117(2) usaemfrodaom wm&mrif;a0 (xifrif;rif;vwf) 119(3) E+wfqufjcif; (cufrm) 121(4) a&$bkef;vludk owd&jcif; (bdk-unf) 129(5) i&Jcef;u jcaoFh (pdk;xufcdkif) 133(6) -u,faºuGwyGifh æ (ar_idrf;) 137(7) udka&$bkef;vl ESifh wavSwnf;pD; (rif;Zif) 143(8) wm&mrif;a0 (odkr[kwf) jrm;xufjrifhatmif ysHwJhiSuf (jrifhpdk;) 153(9) yef;acwfu vrif;odk vGrf;csif; (yef;csD xdefvif;) 161(10) nDav;rGef tvnfvmwkef;u (rif;vGif) 171(11) wm&mrif;a0 eJ olarG;pm;tazta-umif; (armifpGrf;&nf) 179(12) 88 xJu wa,muf (armif&pf) 183

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trnf&if;rSm cspfnDnDjzpfonf? 1966 pufwifbm 13 &ufae@ &efukefòrdwGif zcif(OD;ausmf&Sdef) rdcif a':vS=unf wdk@u arG;zGm;onf? armifESrrsm;tjzpf tudk cspfudkudk (atmif'if/U.S. Campaign for Burma, USA) ESifh nDr cifpENmrdk; wdk@ jzpfonf? 1986-87 wGif txu(2) &efuif;òrde,fu 10 wef;udk jrefrmpm*k%fxl;jzifh atmifjrif+yD; 1988 wGif &efukefwUodkvfv_dife,fajrwGif t*Fvdyfpmt"du ESifh ynmoif=um;cJhonf?

1988 vlxkta&;awmfykH}uD;wGif ausmif;om;wOD;tjzpf wufºuGpGmyg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh+yD; 1988'DZifbm - Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyfwGif A[kdaumfrDwD0ifwa,muftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umihf 1990 rS 1994 ckESpftxd tusOf;cscHchJ&+yD; 2005 ckESpf arvwGifvnf;rdom;pkESihftwl ,m,D txdef;odrf;cHchJ&onf?

ta&;tcif;umvtwGif; a&$bkef;vl trnfjzifhausmif;zGifhcsdefuAsm&SnfrSm xif&Sm;onf?tvm;wl tjcm;xif&Sm;aom awmfvSefa&;uAsmrsm;a&;om;ol ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf od&Sd=uonf?

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1995 ckESpf pmay*sme,fr*~Zif;wGifazmfjycJhaom tmvl;pm;olrsm; 0wKwdkjzifh jzL;rdwfaqGrsm; pmayqk &&SdcJhonf? 0wKwdk/ 0wK&Snf/ uAsmESihf aqmif;yg;rsm;pGma&;om;chJ+yD; if;.tcsKdaom 0wKrsm;udk AD'D,dk±kyf&Sifrsm; ±dkuful;cJhonf? armifa,m ESifh pefwD,m*dk uavmifcGJwdk@jzifh pmaya0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf?

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2007 =o*kwfv 5 &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefonf? uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD; (uGm&Sif;) raemf[&D(pma&;q&mr) ESifh om; acwfae wdk@ usef&pfcJhonf?

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1? yef;acwfu vrif;2? ta&Sòrd@±dk;rS rdk;a&pufrsm;3? vli,fwa,muf&JausmufxGif;&mZ0if4? jym5? yef;vufz0g;rSm yg;tyfcGifhr&SdwJh aumifrav;6? usaemfESifh {'ifuacsonf7? usaemfESifh a=u;oGef;,Ofaus;r_8? usaemfESifh =u,fjrifvjrif avmu"H9? ewfysKdrtwGuf yef; ('DZifbm 2000)10? udk,fhvufeJ@ zrf;rdwJh e*g;aiG@wef; (atmufwdkbm 2002)11? rdk;acgifvdk@ wD;wJhAHkoH (Zlvdkif 2004)12? òydifjrif;wdk@&J cGmoH (Zefe0g&D 2005) 'kwd,t}udrf13? usaemfwl;azmfcJhonfh ajrpdkifajrcJrsm; ta=umif; (pufwifbm 2005)14? a&$zdeyfrSm tpdrf;a&mif=uufajccwfeJ@aumifrav; (Zefe0g&D 2006) wwd,t}udrf15? aumif;uiftaºuG aumufwJhvuf (Zefe0g&D 2006)16? b,fbufvufxJrSm 0Sufxm;wJhyHkjyif (ZGef 2006)17? tmvm'if rodvdkufwJh rD;cGuf (Zlvdkif 2006)18? u|ef;awmfrS tjyef (=o*kwf 2006)19? 0uFygudk zGifhwJhaomh (pufwifbm 2006)20? jrif;pD;xGufaom tdyfrufrsm; (Edk0ifbm 2006)21? reufjzefcgrSm xm;cJhwJhrsufESm (Edk0ifbm 2006)22? igonfom yef;jzpfI aemufw}udrf jyefyGifhcGifh&cJhaomf ('DZifbm 2006) 'kwd,t}udrf23? usaemfESifh aqmif;&moD'\e (Zefe0g&D 2007)24? udk,fa&;udk,fwm yk&ydkuf (azazmf0g&D 2007)25? tvHrxlcJhaom vufrsm; (ar 2007)26? oifESifheHeufcif;udkom 0ifcGifhðyrnf (ZGef 200&) wwd,t}udrf27? ol@tdk;ykwfuav;udk usaemf jyefray;yg (Zlvdkif 2007)



tydkif; ( 1 )

usaemfeJ@ uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta=umif; (odk@r[kwf)a&$bkef;vl (odk@r[kwf) wm&mrif;a0



(1)

usaemfhudkarG;+yD; 4 ESpfavmuft=umrSm araru usaemfhtwGuf nDi,fav;wa,mufxyfrHarG;zGm;ay;ygw,f? 1966 ckESpf/ pufwifbm v 13 &uf/ t*F gae@rSmyg? ol@udk arG;zGm;awmhivsifrv_yfygbl;/ av}uD;rdk;}uD; rusygbl;/ rdk;óud;awGvnf; rypfygbl;/ t&mcyfodrf;u yHkrSeftwdkif;ygyJ? usaemfwdk@rdom;pkrSm vluav;wa,muf wdk;wmuvGJvdk@aygh? jrefrmEdkifiHuawmhAdkvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppftkyfpdk;r_atmufa&mufwm 4 ESpfausmfcJhyg+yD?

usaemfhrdbrsm;u tr0rf;uGJwa,muf&Jpum;udkem;a,mif+yD; usaemhfudk cspfudkudk vdk@trnfay;xm;wmrdk@ ol@udkvnf; vG,fvG,fululyJ cspfnDnD vdk@ trnfay;vdkuf=uygw,f?araru usaemhfudk om;}uD;vdk@ac:+yD; ol@udkawmh om;i,fav;vdk@ ac:ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ ol@&Jtdrfemrnfu ti,fav; jzpfvmygw,f? oluvnf; pum;ajym&if ol@udk,foli,fi,fvdk@okH;avh&Sdygw,f?

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aemuf 2 ESpft=um nDrti,fqkH;udkarG;awmh usaemfu 6 ESpfom;&Sd+yD; 0wKpmtkyfawG pzwfaeyg+yD? pma&;q&m rdk;a0 &J pHkaxmuf0wKawGzwf+yD; tvGwfpHkaxmuf wifarmifaqGeJ@ ol@&Jvufaxmuf rdk;pENmwdk@udk oabmusaecsdefrdk@ nDrav;udk cifpENmrdk; vdk@ trnfay;vdkufEdkifygw,f? usaemfrsm;vufOD;r_r&cJh&ifjzifh nDrav;crsm cspfrr jzpfvmp&mta=umif;&Sdygw,f?

om;orD; 3 a,muf&Sd&if t}uD;qkH;eJ@ ti,fqkH;u rdbarwmydk&+yD; tvwfu rdbarwmcsKdwJhw,fvdk@ajym=uwm =um;zl;/ awG@zl;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@rdom;pkrSmawmh tJ'Dvdk r[kwfyg?tvwfjzpfwJh ol[m rdbESpfyg;pvkH;&J tcspfqkH; eJ@ tvdkvdkuf tcH&qkH;yg? t}uD;qkH; usaemfeJ@ti,fqkH; nDrav;wdk@uawmh tqlcH&qkH;eJ@ rdom;pkwm0efawGudk trsm;qkH; r#a0,l&olawGjzpfcJhygw,f?

(2)

usaemfwdk@armifESr 3 a,mufpvkH; awmifOuUvmyòrde,f 9 &yfuGufu trSwf (10)tajccHynm rlvwef;ausmif;rSm oli,fwef;uae av;wef;txd ynmoif=um;cJh&ygw,f?usaemfu ig;wef;wESpfudk awmifOuUvmyòrde,f tajccHynm tv,fwef;ausmif; trSwf(3)rSmaecJh&+yD; 6 wef;uae 10 wef;txd &efuif; txu (2) pdef@rdkufu,frSm wufcJhygw,f?'ga=umifhvnf; usaemhf nDeJ@ nDryg &efuif; txu (2) ausmif;om;awG jzpfvmcJh=uygw,f?

a&$bkef;vl[m i,fi,fwkef;uawmh pmawmfwJh ausmif;om;wa,mufyg? twef;xJrSmxdyfqkH;rSm&Sd+yD; yxr/ 'kwd,/ wwd, qkawG pmar;yGJwdkif;rSm &cJhwmyg? wwef;+yD; wwef;rSefrSefatmifcJhayr,fh 10 wef;rSm wpfaeygawmhw,f? 10 wef;pmar;yGJudk av;}udrf/ ig;}udrfavmufajz&+yD; ESpf}udrfajz&wJh nDrav;xuf wESpfaemufus+yD; 1986-87 pmoifESpfusrSyJ10 wef;udk jrefrmpm*k%fxl;eJ@ atmifygw,f? 1988 rwfvta&;tcif;jzpfcsdefrSm usaemfu&efukefpufr_wuUodkvfrSm pufr_tif*sifeD,m aemufqkH;ESpf/ nDrav; u "mwkaA' t"du'kwd,ESpfeJ@ a&$bkef; u t*Fvdyfpm t"dueJ@ yxrESpf/ &efukefwuUodkvf vd_ife,fajrrSmausmif;wufae=uwmyg?

tJ'Dvdk 10 wef;pmar;yGJ wzkef;zkef;us&wmeJ@ywfouf+yD; azaz u rSwfcsufcsygw,f?uAsm a&;vdk@ æ wJh/ 'gvnf; rSefEdkifygw,f? ol tv,fwef; ausmif;om;b0rSmuwnf;uuAsmawG a&;aeyg+yD? a&;awmhvnf; jrefrmpm uAsm!Gef@aygif;usrf;}uD;awGudk taotcsmzwf¶_avhvm +yD;a&;wmyg? a&S;uAsm a&;[efrsm;udktwk,l+yD; av;csKd;awG/ a'G;csKd;awG/ tdkifcsif;awG/ &wkawG a&;Edkifygw,f? tJ'Dacwfu vlóudufrsm;wJh okH;a=umif; uAsmav;awG a&;ygw,f?tJ'Dacwfu ±kyf&Sifa=u;rHk wdk@/ *Dwya'om wdk@/ ,k0wD/ *Dw owif;pOfpwJh *sme,fawGrSmazmfjycH&ygw,f? pmrlc r&yg? pmapmifudk udk,fhydkufqHeJ@ udk,f 0,f&ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;uol@uavmifemrnfu rD;cdk;jzL yg? 1982 rSm ol@&J rD;cdk;jzL emrnfeJ@ yxrqkH; r*~Zif;uAsmppfjyef r*~Zif;rSm yHkESdyfazmfjyygw,f? tJ'DuAsmuvnf; av;csKd;&Snf}uD;ygyJ?



jrefrmpmudk Edkifeif;u|rf;usifvGef;vdk@ twef;xJrSm ol@a&;om;wJh pmpDpmuHk;awG[m trSwftrsm;qkH;&+yD; q&m/ q&mrrsm;&J todtrSwfðyjcif;/ csD;usL;jcif;cH&ygw,f? òrde,ftqifh/wdkif;tqifh pmpDpmukH;òydifyGJawGrSm ausmif;udk udk,fpm;ðyyg0if&+yD; qkawGvnf; &cJhygw,f? ol@&Jt"dutm;enf;csufuawmh odyH̀qdkif&m ¶lyaA'/ "mwkaA'/ ocsFm wdk@udk pdwfr0ifpm;wmygyJ?'ga=umifhvnf; 0dZm/ odyH̀ bmompkHajz&wJh 10 wef;udk awmf¶HkeJ@ratmifwmyg? aemufydkif; 10wef;udk 0dZm owfowf/ odyH` owfowf/ cGJvdkufwJhtcgusrSyJ 0dZmwGJoufoufudk,l+yD;pdwfóudufjrefrmpm *k%fxl;eJ@ atmifygawmhw,f? t*FvdyfpmrSmvnf; *k%fxl;rSwfeD;yg;&vdk@&efukefwuUodkvfudk t*Fvdyfpm t"dueJ@ wufa&mufcGifh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1988 rwfvta&;tcif;upcJhwJh vlxkta&;awmfykH}uD;u ol@&Jynma&;vrf;a=umif;udk tqkH;owfay;vdkufygw,f? b0wuUodkvfu ausmif;+yD;cJhayr,fh &efukefwuUodkvfuawmh ausmif;r+yD;cJhyg?

(3)

1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;[m jrefrmEdkifiHu oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolawG&Jb0awGudk t}uD;tus,f ¶dkufcwfajymif;vJapcJhygw,f? tJ'DxJrSm usaemfwdk@rdom;pkuav;vnf; ygcJhwmaygh? azazu EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;/ owif;pmq&ma[mif;}uD;jzpf+yD; om;orD; 3 a,mufpvkH;u wuUodkvfausmif;om;awG jzpfaewJhtcg ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_upcJhwJh EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;rSm usaemfwdk@rdom;pkwpkvkH; us&mae&muae wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=uwmaygh?usaemfwdk@ nDtudkESpfa,mufpvkH; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif armifarmifausmfeJ@wGJzuf+yD;Armjynf jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; vli,fwyfOD; (Burma Youth Liberation Front) udk &efukefwuUodkvf ZGefta&;tcif; wywf=umqENjyr_awGt+yD;rSm ajratmuf tzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpfzGJpnf;wnfaxmifcJh=u+yD; e,fpyfa'otajcpdkuf awmfvSefa&;tzGJrsm;eJ@pwif qufoG,fcJh=uygw,f? armifarmifausmfuawmh ZGefvukefrSm xdkif;-jrefrm e,fpyfudk v#Kd0SufxGufcGmoGm;ygw,f? tJ'D aemuf =o*wfpf 8 &uf vlxktHkºuGr_}uD; ay:aygufvma&;twGuf usaemfwdk@tm;vkH;jrefrmEdkifiHweHwvsm; c&D;awGxGuf+yD; jynfolawG ausmif;om;awG=um;xJrSm v#Kd0SufpGm pnf;¶kH;a&; qif;=u&ygw,f?

1988 'DZifbm/ Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyfudk jyefvnfzGJpnf;=uwJhtcg usaemfu 'k-OuUÏ (2)jzpfvm+yD; a&$bkef;vl u A[dkaumfrDwD0if wa,mufjzpfvmcJhygw,f? 1989/ rwfv 23 &ufae@rSm OuUÏ rif;udkEdkif tzrf;cH&/ {+yD 23 &ufae@rSm usaemf tzrf;cH&+yD;wJhaemufrSmawmha&$bkef;vlwa,muf ol@&J ausmif;zGifhcsdef uAsmeJ@xif&Sm;vm+yD; Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf&JA[dktvkyftr_aqmif aumfrDwD0ifwa,mufvnf; jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'Daemuf ol tdEdN,e,fpyfbufudk xGufcGmoGm;+yD; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vkyfzdk@ óud;pm;ygao;w,f? tqifrajyr_awGrsm;vGef;wmeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHxJ jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm+yD; 1990 azazmf0g&DrSm tzrf;cH&ygw,f? ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;&J ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSm &uf&ufpufpuf nOf;yef;ESdyfpufcH&+yD;aemufppfcHk¶kH;u ol@udk tvkyf=urf;eJ@ axmif 5 ESpf csvdkufygawmhw,f?

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(4)

usaemfu tif;pdefaxmifxJrSm 1989 {+yDvuae 1990 arvtxd 13 v/ yk'fr 10 (u)eJ@ txdef;odrf;cHcJh&+yD; 1990 arv 23 &ufae@/ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfzdk@ 4 &uftvdkrSmrS tif;pdefaxmifwGif; ppfcHk¶kH;wif+yD; jypf'%fcscH&wmyg? 13 vvkH;vkH; rdom;pkeJ@ tquftoG,f r&cJhyg?jypf'%f 4 ESpfuscH&+yD;rS w&m;0if tusOf;om;jzpfvm+yDrdk@ ESpfywf wcg axmif0ifpm awG@cGifh&ygw,f? yxrqkH; axmif0ifpmrSmyJ azazeJ@ araruajymvdk@ a&$bkef;vlwa,muf axmif ig;ESpfus+yD; 5 aqmifrSm a&mufaew,fqdkwm od&ygw,f?

pawG@awG@csif; araru usaemfhudk om;}uD;&,f æ/ rif;nDav;udk rif;tem; ac:xm;Edkifzdk@óud;pm;=unfhyguG,f wJh? tJ'D tcsdefrSm usaemfwdk@ axmif0ifpmawG@&wJh tcsdef/ ae@&ufuvnf;rwlvdk@ azazeJ@ararcrsm wywfudk ESpf}udrfvm&ygw,f?

tJ'geJ@ axmifydkifwef;pDvSnfhwJhtcsdefrSm usaemfu usaemfhnDudk usaemfeJ@twlxm;ay;zdk@awmif;qdkawmh axmifydkifu cGifhðyygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ a&$bkef;vlwa,muf usaemf&Sd&m 5 wdkuf(wdkuftrSwf 5) udk a&mufvmygawmhw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfu 5 wdkuf/ tcef;trSwf 19rSmyg? tcef;azmfawGu udkwifjrifh (OD;&JxGef; tr_wGJ)/ omauw NLD u jrifhaomif; eJ@ vSoef;wdk@yg? a&$bkef;vl a&mufvmawmh 8 ay/ 12 ay tcef;usOf;uav;xJrSm usaemfwdk@ 5 a,muftwlae=u&ygw,f?

ol a&mufrvmcifu usaemf pdwfylcJh&wm&Sdygw,f? oleJ@ usaemfu nDtudkt&if;awGjzpfayr,fh odyf+yD;wnfhvSwm r[kwfygbl;? olu 4 *%ef;orm;jzpf+yD; usaemfu 8 *%ef;orm;jzpfaevdk@vm;awmh rodygbl;? r=umc% jiif;ckef/ pdwfqdk;/ a'goxGuf/ &efjzpfaeusyg? 'Dtcef;usOf;uav;xJrSm xyf+yD;tqifrajy=u&ifjzifh usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufwifru usefwJhtcef;azmfawGyg t}uD;tus,f pdwfnpf=u&rSmyg?

'gayr,fh usaemf ar#mfvifhxm;oavmuf jy\em rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&SdcJhyg? axmif0ifpmawG@zdk@vnf; twlxGufcGifh&cJhvdk@ azazeJ@ ararvnf; tweftoifh pdwfcsrf;omcJh=u&ygw,f?odyfr=umygbl;? nDtudkESpfa,muf wcef;xJtwl&SdaewmudkróudufwJh axmifrª;wa,mufuol@udk usaemfhtcef;xJuae okH;cef;ausmf tcef;trSwf 22 udk a&$ajymif;vdkufygw,f?

1990/ pufwifbm 26 &ufae@uawmh tif;pdefaxmifrSm ordkif;0ifwJh ae@wae@yg?a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;zdk@jiif;qefaewJh e0w ppftkyfpkudk tif;pdefaxmifxJuEdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGu wnDw!Gwfwnf; qENjycJh=uwmyg? 2 wdkufeJ@ trsKd;orD;aqmifawGupwifcJh+yD; usefwJhwdkuftm;vkH;u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vkH; yg0ifqifE$J+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vkH; vGwfajrmufa&;eJ@ tm%mv$Jajymif;a&; atmf[pf awmif;qdkcJh=uwmyg?wdkufcef;usOf;uav;&J oHwHcg;udkrsufESmtyf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDaºuG;a=umfoHawG toHukefatmf[pf



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(5)

'DvdkeJ@ a&$bkef;vleJ@usaemf axmifxJrSm uGJuGmoGm;+yD;wJhaemuf aemufw}udrf jyefqkH=u&jyefygw,f? 'Dwcgawmh tif;pdefaxmifrSm r[kwfawmhygbl;? &efukefuae rdkif 200 ausmfuGma0;wJh rauG;wdkif;twGif;u o&ufaxmifrSmyg?

axmifxJrSm EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;wa,muf[m wae&mwnf;rSm =um=umae&avh r&Sdygbl;? tm%mydkifawGu ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jy+yD; wae&mu wae&m ajymif;a&$aewmyg?usaemfvnf; 1990 tukefavmufrSm 5 wdkufuae 4 aqmifudk a&$ajymif;cH&ygw,f? tJ'DtaqmifrSmvnf; 6 vavmufyJaevdkuf&w,f xifygw,f? aqmif;wGif;}uD; at;pufpufwnrSm tif;pdefaxmifu EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; 99 a,mufudk o&ufaxmifudk ¶kwfw&ufa&$ajymif;vdkufygw,f? reuf 2 em&DavmufrSm vufeuftjynfhtpkHeJ@ tusOf;axmif0efxrf;awGu taqmifawGudk0dkif;+yD; tusOf;om;tm;vkH;udk tdyf&muEd_;+yD; yHkpHxdkifcdkif;ygw,f? +yD;awmhrSaxmift&m&SdawGu axmifajymif;pm&if;rSmygolawGudk emrnfac:+yD; &SdwJhypPnf;,l+yD; xGufvmcdkif;ygw,f? wu,fawmh bmypPnf;rS ,lcsdefr&yg? udk,fhtdyf&mvdyfawmif jynfhpkHatmif rvdyfEdkifcJhyg? tom;vGwf}uD; }udrf;armif;aewJh 0efxrf;awGu usaemfwdk@udk EGm;tkyf}uD;armif;ovdkarmif;+yD; axmifAl;0udk ac:oGm;=uygw,f? axmifAl;0rSmawmh taqmifaygif;pkHeJ@ wdkufaygif;pkHua&G;cs,fac:xkwfvmwJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; 99 a,mufeJ@ usaemfwdk@udkxdef;zdk@&nf&G,f+yD;usaemfwdk@eJ@twl axmifajymif;vdkuf&r,fh ESpf}uD; 0g&ifh&mZ0wftusOf;om; pdk;jrwfwdk@ qHk=u&ygw,f? 'D axmifajymif;tkyfpkxJ usaemfu 4 aqmifuygvm+yD; a&$bkef;vl u 5 aqmifuaeygvmygw,f? axmifAl;0rSm usaemfwdk@ tm;vkH;udk yHkpHqHyif nyf/ ajcusif; ¶dkuf/ +yD;wJhaemuftif;pdefblwmudk um;}uD; ESpfpD;eJ@ ac:aqmifoGm;ygawmhw,f? tif;pdefuae jynfudk avmfu,f&xm; tcsKyfwGJeJ@ac:oGm;+yD; jynf axmifrSm wntdyf&ygw,f? aemufw&ufrSm jynfqdyfurf;uae oabFmeJ@ o&ufudkac:aqmifoGm;+yD; tifrwefrSemrnfqdk;eJ@ ausmf=um;vSwJh o&ufaxmif}uD;xJudk usaemfwdk@ &efukefu EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk ypfxnfhvdkufygawmhw,f?o&ufaxmif&J i&Jcef;rsm;ta=umif;awmh wae@usrS a&;ygOD;r,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf usaemfwdk@nDtudkESpfa,muf o&ufaxmif/ taqmif 2 rSm jyefqkHpnf; =u&jyefyg+yD?

o&ufaxmifrSm usaemfwdk@ra&mufcifuwnf;u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;wcsKd@ &Sdaeygw,f?



a&Sae OD;aZmfrsKd;0if; wdk@/ ruo OuUÏ rif;aZ,s wdk@yg? 1990 pufwifbm 26 axmifwGif;qENjyr_}uD;udk axmiftm%mydkifawGu t=urf;zufòzdcGJt+yD;rSm &uf&ufpufpuf ¶dkufESuf+yD;olwdk@udk axmifajymif;vdkufwmyg? olwdk@tm;vkH; wdkufxJrSmae&ygw,f? a&mufa&mufcsif;usaemfwdk@tkyfpkxJu 10 a,mufudk wdkufxJydk@vdkuf+yD; usefwJhvlawGudk taqmif 2 aqmifrSm&mZ0wftusOf;om;awGeJ@ twlxm;ygw,f? o&ufòrd[m c¶dkifòrdjzpf+yD; &efukefuae rdkif 250ausmf uGma0;ygw,f? &efukefuaevmzdk@qdk&if yxr jynftxd um;eJ@jzpfap/ &xm;eJ@jzpfapvm&ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf jynfuae atmifvH udk um;xyfpD;/ atmifvH qdyfurf;uae oabFm(odk@r[kwf) ul;wdk@ormefpD;+yD; {&m0wDjrpf}uD;udkjzwful;+yD;rS o&ufudk a&mufygw,f? {&m0wDjrpf}uD; vd_if;}uD;csdefrSm jrpfudkjzwfzdk@rjzpfEdkifvdk@ a&+idrfwJhtcsdefxd apmifh=u&wwfygw,f?

usaemfwdktrsm;pku &efukefom;awGjzpf=u+yD; rE Wav;eJ@ yJcl;wdkif;rsm;u vlwcsKdvnf;ygygw,f? {&m0wDwdkif;eJ@ u&ifjynfe,fu zxD;}uD;awGvnf; ygygw,f? tif;pdefaxmifrSmwkef;uawmh rdom;pkawGu 2 ywfwcg axmif0ifpmvmEdkif=uayr,fh o&ufaxmif ajymif;vdkufwJhtcgrSmawmh yHkrSef rvmEdkifawmhygbl;? c&D;ua0;wJhtjyif ukefusp&dwfursm;vGef;awmh rdom;pkawG tawmf'kuQa&muf=u&ygw,f? wcsKdu 3 vrS wcgavmuf/ wcsKdu 6 vrS wcgavmufyJvmEdkifygawmhw,f? tJ'Dawmh rdom;pkuaxmif0ifpmvmawG@&if; axmufyHhwJhtpm;taomufeJ@ aq;0g;awGudkom tm;udk;tm;xm;ðyae&wJh usaemfwdk@twGufvnf; tqifrajyr_awG ydk+yD;rsm;vmwmygyJ?

(6)

usaemfwdk@a&mufwJhtcsdefrSm o&ufaxmifydkifu Adkvf}uD; aomif;!Gef@yg? a&Swef;ppfrsufESmrSm ausmif;om;wyfawGeJ@wdkufcJhzl;+yD; ta&;edrfhcJh+yD;wJhaemuf ol@q&m jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfbkef;jrifh&J apmifr=unfh¶_r_eJ@ axmifydkifjzpfvmwmyg? 'gha=umifh olu ausmif;om;awG/ u&ifawmfvSefa&;orm;awG/ EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk rkef;ygw,f? +yD;awmhvnf; usaemfwdk@udk tif;pdefaxmifu qdk;vGef;vdk@ axmifajymif;vdkufwmvdk@vnf; em;vnfxm;ygw,f? 'gha=umifh oluusaemfwdk@tm;vkH;udk oHr%dpnf;urf;awGeJ@ wif;wif;usyfusyf tkyfcsKyfygw,f? olup+yD; &efvdkaerSawmh ol@vufatmufu t&m&SdawG 0efxrf;awGuvnf; usaemfwdk@tay: tEdkifusifhqufqH=ur,fqdkwm txl;&Sif;jyzdk@vdkr,frxifyg? usaemfwdk@eJ@twlae&wJh &mZ0wftusOf;om;awGudkvnf; av#mh&ufawG qkcsr,fvdk@jrLqG,f+yD; usaemfwdk@tay: tEdkifusifhcdkif;/ tjypf&Smcdkif;/axmufvSrf;cdkif;=uygw,f? a&qGJ/ qeftdyfxrf;/ awmif,m pwJh tvkyf=urf;awGudkvnf; aeylusJusJrSm vkyf=u&ygw,f?

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ae@vnf 3 em&DavmufrSmawmh usaemfwdk@ nDtudkESpfa,mufudk axmif0efxrf;awGuvmac:ygw,f? axmifydkif¶kH;cef;rSmawmh axmifydkif/ 'k axmifydkif/ axmifrª;}uD; eJ@ tjcm; axmift&m&SdawGtjyif usaemfwdk@&JrdbawGyg &Sdae=uygw,f? usaemfwdk@tcef;xJudka&muf a&mufjcif;yJ axmifydkifu usaemfwdk@rdbawGudk uJ æ/ cifAsm; om;awGudk cifAsm;udk,fwdkif ar;=unfh/usKyfwdk@u ¶dkufovm;/ r¶dkufovm; qdkwm

azazu om;wdk@ æ azazhudk rSefrSefajymprf;/ rif;wdk@udk axmift&m&SdawGu ¶dkufESufxm;ovm;? nOf;yef;ESdyfpufovm;

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vdk@/ ,m;vdk@ vufeJ@yGwfoyf&if;u jzpfwmyg? 'gudkjrifawmh araru ol@om; t¶dkufcHxm;&w,fvdk@xif+yD; [,f =unfhprf; æ/ ighom;av; rsufvkH;rSm aoG;ajcOaeygvm;/ om;av;/om;av;udk olwdk@¶dkufxm;ovm;qdk+yD; pdk;&drfw}uD; ar;ygw,f? 'geJ@yJ a&$bkef;u ol nutdyf&if; rsufvkH;udk vufeJ@yGwfrdvdk@jzpfwmygvdk@ tjrefjyefajz&ygw,f? azazu axmifydkifbufvSnfh+yD; tckxd t¶dkufrcH&ao;bl;qdkawmh igwdk@jyefoGm;&if rif;u ighom;awGudk ¶dkufrSmvm;

touf 70 ausmf azazu axmifydkifudk rif;eJ@ igeJ@ajymwmudk touf 40 ausmfaxmifydkif tawmfcH&cufaeyHkygyJ? a'gow}uD;eJ@ wkH@jyefygw,f? usKyf cifAsm;om;awGudkvufzsm;eJ@awmif rxdbl; azazu ol@udkr=unfhawmhbJ usaemfwdk@udk bma=umifh axmif0ifpmrawG@Edkif&wmvJvdk@ ar;ygw,f? usaemfu axmifydkif aemufqkH;xkwfjyefwJh axmif0ifpmawG@csdef rdom;pka&SrSm yHkpHxdkif&r,fhtrdef@udk&Sif;jy+yD; usaemfwdk@taeeJ@ tJ'Dvdk azazeJ@arara&SrSm yHkpH rxdkifcsifvdk@ tckvdk axmif0ifpmawG@cGifh pGef@v$wf&wJhta=umif; &Sif;jyygw,f?

tJ'geJ@ azaz u axmifydkifudk ar;ygw,f? 'Dvdk pnf;urf;rsKd; b,faxmifrSmrS r&Sdbl;/rif;u bmvdk@ 'Dtrdef@udk xkwf&wmvJ/ tusOf;om;awG[mvnf; vlawGyJ/ olwdk@udk vlawGvdkyJqufqHoifhw,f/ 'Dtrdef@uawmh tawmhfudk vlrqefwJhtrdef@yJ

axmifydkif a'goaygufuGJygawmhw,f? 'g usKyf axmif/ usKyf óudufovdk tkyfcsKyfr,f/usKyfóudufovdk trdef@xkwfr,f/ cifAsm; bmrS ajymp&mrvdkbl;? cifAsm;om;awG 'DaxmifxJrSm&Sdaeoa&G usKyftrdef@udk emcH&rSmyJ

araru 0ifajymygw,f? at;uG,f/ rif;u 'Daxmifudk tkyfcsKyfaeovdk/ rif;u wdk@om;awGudk tkyfcsKyfaeovdk/ rif;udkvnf; tkyfcsKyfaewJhvl&SdwmygyJ/ rif;eJ@aqG;aEG;vdk@r&&if rif;udktkyfcsKyfwJhvlawGeJ@wdk@ pum;ajym&rSmaygh

axmifydkif quf+yD; onf;rcHEdkifawmhygbl;? awmf+yD/ awmf+yD/ cifAsm;wdk@ rauseyf&if óudufwJhae&m wdkif/ usKyf *¶krpdkufbl;/ a[haumifawG æ 'Daumif ESpfaumifudk jyefac:oGm;awmh/cifAsm;wdk@vnf; oGm;=uawmh æ

usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufvnf; uref;uwef; 'l;axmuf+yD; azazeJ@ararudk uefawmh=u&ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf 0efxrf;awGu usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufudk wdkufxJjyefxnfhvdkuf=uygw,f/pnfolxGwfudkvnf; ol@rdcifeJ@ axmifydkif¶kH;cef;rSm tvm;wl ay;awG@ygw,f?

aemufrS usaemfwdk@od&wmu azazeJ@ararudk axmift&m&SdawGu usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufu axmif0ifpmrawG@Edkifbl;vdk@ jiif;qefa=umif;ajymwmudk azazeJ@araru vufrcHygbl;? 'grif;wdk@ ighom;awGudk ¶dkufESufxm;vdk@/ olwdk@udk,frSm '%f&m'%fcsufawG&Sdaevdk/ ighom;awGuigwdk@udk rawG@apcsifwmyJ jzpf&r,fvdk@ azazu pGyfpGJygowJh? +yD;awmh axmifydkifeJ@ awGcGifh



awmif;awmh axmifydkifu awG@zdk@jiif;qefygowJh? tJ'DrSmwif 'DudpPudkwdkifr,fqdk+yD; o&ufòrdv,facgifu c¶dkif (c0w) OuUÏ¶kH;udk csDwufoGm;ygowJh? (c0w) OuUÏu tawG@rcHayr,fhwm0ef&Sdolwa,mufu axmifydkifxHzkef;quf+yD; 'DudpPudk wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfajz&Sif;zdk@ wdkufwGef;ygowJh? tJ'DtcsdefrSm &efukefuvmwJh tbdk;}uD;/ tbGm;}uD; ESpfa,muf olwdk@om; ausmif;om;tusOf;om;awGudk axmif0ifpmawG@cGifhr&vdk@ a'goaygufuGJae=uw,fqdkwJhowif;u o&ufòrdusOf;usOf;uav;rSm ysHESH@ausmf=um;aeyg+yD? tJ'D tbdk;}uD;/ tbGm;}uD; ESpfa,mufudk =unfhjrifcsifvdk@ o&ufaxmifa&Sudk pka0;a&mufvm=uolrsm;vnf; &Sd=uygw,f? azazu c¶dkif (c0w)OuUÏ¶kH;udkoGm;r,fqdk+yD; jrif;vSnf;iSm;awmh vdkufydk@ay;csifwJh jrif;vSnf;orm; 5 a,muf 6a,mufavmuf &SdygowJh? vdkufydk@ay;wJh jrif;vSnf;q&m}uD;uvnf; c¶dkif (c0w) OuUÏ¶kH;rSmapmifhay;/ +yD;awmh axmifudkjyefydk@ay;wJhtjyif ydkufqHay;awmhvnf; r,lbl;wJh/ 'ga=umifhvnf;aemufqkH;rSm axmifydkifu ol¶dkufESufxm;wmr[kwfwJhta=umif; oufaojyzdk@twGuf azazeJ@ararudk ol@¶kH;cef;udkac:+yD; usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufeJ@ ay;awG@wmyg?

wdkufudkjyefa&muf+yD; odyfr=umcifrSm usaemfwdk@&Jaxmif0ifpmypPnf;awGudk 0efxrf;awGuvmydk@ygw,f? azazeJ@ arar o,faqmifvm=uwJh tpm;taomufawG/ aq;0g;awGyg? txkyfawGtm;vkH;uawmh aoaocsmcsm&Smxm;vdk@ z±dkz&Jjzpfaeygw,f/ naeapmif;rSmawmh 0efxrf;awGu usaemfwdk@taqmifrSmusefcJhwJh tdyf&mvdyfawG vmydk@jyefygw,f? wdkufrSm usaemfwdk@=umr,fqdkwJhoabmygyJ?

wdkufrSmae&wJhumvawG[m usaemfwdk@nDtudkESpfa,muf&J teD;pyfqkH;/ tnD!GwfqkH;/wa,mufeJ@wa,muf em;vnfr_t&SdqkH; ae@&ufawGyg? usaemfwdk@ pum;awGtrsm;}uD;ajymjzpf=uw,f? twdwf/ ypPKy`ef/ tem*wf usaemfwdk@b0awG&J umvokH;yg;ta=umif;awG aqG;aEG;jzpf=uw,f? uAsmawG trsm;}uD; pdwful;eJ@a&;+yD; wa,mufa&;wJhuAsm wa,mufudk&Gwfzwfjy+yD; a0zeft=uHðy=uw,f?

nwnrSmawmh olu usaemhfudk ar;ygw,f?

udkudk axmifuvGwf&if bmvkyfr,f pdwful;xm;ovJ

usaemfu t&ifqkH; tvkyfwckck &Sm&rSmayghuGm/ azaz a&m/ arar a&m/ nDrav; a&m/olwdk@tm;vkH; yifyef;vS+yD/ tdrfrSmvnf; taºuG;awGwifaewm rsm;vS+yD/ 'DtaºuG;awG tjrefqkH;qyfEdkifatmif óud;pm;&rSmaygh

olu i,fi,fawmh axmifuvGwf&if pmayavmuxJ ajcpkHypf0ifawmhr,f/ pma&;q&mwa,muftjzpf &yfwnfawmhr,f

usaemfu aumif;ygw,fuGm vdk@ axmufcHvdkufwJhtcg olu i,fi,f udkudk@qDuwck awmif;csifw,f vdk@ ajymygw,f?



bmrsm;vJuGm vdk@ usaemfuar;vdkufawmh olu æ wm&mrif;a0 qdkwJhemrnfudki,fi,fh uavmifemrnftjzpf okH;csifw,f? udkudk tJ'Demrnf i,fi,fhudk ay;Edkifrvm;´

wm&mrif;a0qdkwm usaemhf&Juavmif trnfcGJwckyg/ 'w qdkwJh uavmiftrnfeJ@uAsmawGa&;aewJhtcsdefrSmyJ pum;ajya&;&if okH;zdk@ wm&mrif;a0 qdkwJh uavmiftrnfudkarG;xm;cJhwmyg? 1986 avmufuxkwfa0wJh awmifOuUvmyòrde,f ESpfvnfr*~Zif;wtkyfrSmusaemhf&J acwf &J [moqdkwJh uAsmwyk'f wm&mrif;a0uavmifeJ@ azmfjycJh+yD;yg+yD? tckusaemhfnDu 'Demrnfudk usaemhfxHu awmif;cHaeygw,f? usaemf =unf=unfEl;El;yJ ,lyguGmvdk@ ay;vdkufygw,f?

(7)

wdkufrSm ESpfywfavmufae+yD;wJhtcg usaemfwdk@udk taqmifjyefydk@ygw,f? axmifydwfcsdefwef;pDae=uwJhtcsdefrSm 0efxrf;awGa&mufvm+yD;awmh wdkufcef;wHcg;awGzGifh+yD; usaemfwdk@udkypPnf;awGodrf;+yD; xGufcJh=uzdk@ajymygw,f? tJ'Daemuf taqmifudk jyefac:oGm;ygw,f? taqmifudkjyef0ifwJhtcsdefrSm axmifydwfcsdef vla&wGufzdk@ +idrfoufpGm wef;pDae=uwJh tusOf;om;tkyf}uD;udk jzwfoef;oGm;&ygw,f? olwdk@tm;vkH;u usaemfwdk@udk 0rf;omwJh/ aus;Zl;wifwJh rsufvkH;rsm;eJ@=unfhae=uygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm axmifydkifu axmif0ifpmawG@csdefrSm yHkpHxdkif&r,fhtrdef@udkjyef¶kyfodrf;vdkufyg+yD?

axmifydwf+yD; wef;ðzwf+yD;wJhtcsdefrSmawmh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGa&m/ &mZ0wftusOf;om;awGa&m/ usaemfwdk@nDtudkESpfa,muftem; 0dkif;tHka&muf&Sdvm=u+yD; usaemfwdk@udk aus;Zl;wifpum; ajym=uygw,f? trdef@¶kyfodrf;oGm;vdk@ tm;vkH; 0rf;omaysmf&$ifae=uayr,fh usaemfwdk@udk taqmifudkjyefydk@vdkuf+yDjzpfayr,fh usaemfuawmh pdwfxifhaeqJygyJ? axmifydkifu usaemfwdk@tay: wenf;enf;eJ@ taumuf=uHvdrfhOD;r,fvdk@ xifaeqJjzpfygw,f? usaemfxifwm rSefa=umif;odyfr=umcifrSmyJ odvdkuf&ygw,f?

aemufwywfavmuft=um ae@v,fbuf xrif;pm;+yD; taqmifc%ydwfcsdefrSm axmifrª;wa,mufeJ@ 0efxrf;awGa&mufvm+yD; a&$bkef;vludk ypPnf;awGodrf;+yD;vdkufcJhzdk@ ac:xkwfoGm;ygw,f? a&$bkef;vnf; ol@ypPnf;av;awG uref;uwef;odrf;+yD; vdkufoGm;&ygw,f? taqmifudk jyefa&mufrvmawmhyg? naeapmif;avmufrSm usaemfwdk@=um;&wmu a&$bkef;vludk o&ufaxmifuae om,m0wDaxmifudk ajymif;vdkuf+yD wJh? axmifydkifu tusOf;OD;pD;Xme !$efcsKyfqDpmwifygowJh? atmif'if eJ@ a&$bkef;vl nDtudk ESpfa,mufudk waxmifxJrSm twlxm;&iftkyfcsKyf&cufwmrdk@ wa,mufa,mufudk ol@&Jo&ufaxmifuae tjcm; axmifwaxmifudkajymif;a&$ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkygowJh? 'DvdkeJ@ usaemfwdk@nDtudkESpfa,muf o&ufaxmifrSm twlae&wJhumv tqkH;owfcJh&ygawmhw,f?

Ð Ð Ð



(8)

usaemfu 1993 *sLvdkifvrSm o&ufaxmifu vGwfygw,f? a&$bkef;vlu 1994 azazmf0g&DrSm om,m0wDaxmifu vGwfygw,f? ol rvGwfcifrSm usaemf om,m0wDaxmif udk okH;}udrfoGm;+yD; a&$bkef;vludk axmif0ifpmawG@cJhygw,f? om,m0wDaxmif&J =urf;ñuwf &ufpufr_awGudk ol =uHh=uHhcH&ifqdkifcJhovdk ol@tifol@tm;eJ@ Edkifoavmufvnf; wkH@jyefawmfvSefcJhygao;w,f?

olvGwf+yD;wJhaemuf 1995 azazmf0g&DvrSm usaemf puFmylEdkifiHudk tvkyf&Smzdk@xGufcGmoGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf 1996 rwfvrSm ESpfywf=um/ 1998 Zefe0g&DvrSm okH;ywf=um/ ESpf}udrfjyefcJhcsdefawGrSm oleJ@ jyefawG@cJhygao;w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm ol[m wm&mrif;a0 qdkwJh atmifjrifausmf=um;wJh pma&;q&mwa,mufjzpfaeyg+yD? ol@&Jatmifjrifr_twGuf usaemf 0rf;om *k%f,l&ygw,f? 1998 Zefe0g&DvrSm ol@udkusaemf aemufqkH;awG@cJh&wmyg/ tJ'Daemuf usaemf jrefrmEdkifiHudk jyefra&mufjzpfawmhygbl;?

ol@&JaemufqkH;tajctaeudk usaemhfqDta=umif;=um;wmu udkZm*emyg? 2007 =o*wfpf4 &ufae@ ae@v,fydkif; (&efukefrSmawmh 4 &ufae@n) rSm udkZm*emeJ@usaemfeJ@ tGefvdkif;csufwif;vkyfaecsdefrSmyJ udkZm*em u ajymygw,f? cifAsm;nD tajctae raumif;bl; wJh?olu tJ'Dvdkajymayr,fh usaemfu odyf+yD;qdk;w,frxifcJhrdyg? tJ'Dn reuf 3 em&DavmufrSmawmh rav;&Sm;rSm tvkyfvkyfaewJh nDrti,fqkH; zkef;qufvmygw,f? nDru zkef;xJrSmidk&if;eJ@ udkudka& æ ti,fav; ckeuwif qkH;+yDvdk@ ajymygw,f? tdyf&mu ua,mifacsmufcsm;x&if; ol@udk usaemfjyefrawG@Edkifawmhbl;qdkwmudk vufcHem;vnfvdkuf&ygawmhw,f?

tJ'D&ufawGtwGif; usaemfholi,fcsif;awGudk qufoG,fygw,f? rif;udkEdkif udk/ udkudk}uD;udk/ jrat; udk? usaemf olwdk@awGudk awmif;qdkygw,f?

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usaemfeJ@ tazmfrsm;ausmif;awmfrSm oabmuGJjym;=u æ?



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(raemf[&D &J http://www.manorhary.blogspot.com/ rS ul;,lonf)



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(wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& http://www.taryarminwaimemorial.blogspot.com/rS ul;,lonf)



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(wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& http://www.taryarminwaimemorial.blogspot.com/rS ul;,lonf)



tydkif; ( 4 )

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