Tornado 1, Guide du professeur, chapitre 1

7/23/2019 Tornado 1, Guide du professeur, chapitre 1

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2/74

Fk sdtk www*khdtd`jspkfacinjs*bk/jkkrfnjhndsh`jjk naas nu intrdkf phnl`ldquk juirdquk

hkstdj fkjskdljnjt a`jakrjnjt ak injukf*

Natdvkz v`trk fdakjak fndhk hu a`hk ad)hkssùs*

]ùr fnatdvntd`j hk fn fdakjak& fkjrkldstrkikjt kt f naakptntd`j hks a`jhdtd`js hutdfdsntd`j s`jt

jakssndrks* Wùs nvkz ndjsd naas nu intrdkf phnl`ldquk juirdquk*

Nttkjtd`j 5 nprs natdvntd`j& fn fdakjak kst vnfnbfk hurnjt njs*

2=>1& Kdd`j ]fcij & Brojwl 1=?& 242= Cfioù

u r`d rrv* Nuuj xrd pufdd`j j pu r rprùd& jrldr j uj odr `jj uìd u ìiujdqu u pufd& qufqu ijdr qu `d& j f `jjijxpr rd prff fdur& u xpd`j flf* Wù rùvrz dj`rid`j ur f r`d `pd f fldfd`j rfdv f rpr`lrpod ur www*rpr`f**

Nff rdlo rrv* J` pr ` od ``c iy rprù& `r `r i pufd y jy ijwo`vr& woor fr`jd `r iojdf& wdoù prd`r pridd`j dj wrddjl rì o pufdor*

H2=>1==;;2??DQBJ 4


3/74

N[XK[RQ

R`indj Hkbbnut Lrdkt Hkst``p

Qtponjdk Grndtkur

Njjdac Fkgkbvrk

]nsanfk Qkvrdj

Jntonfdk Wnjbkvkr

R`bkrt Wkrh`jac

Njjn \drtlkj

A@@RHDJNXD@J HK FN A@FFKAXD@J

R`indj Hkbbnut

R`bkrt Wkrh`jac Njjn \drtlkj

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5/74D

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> F irdf pr`p` DD

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6/74

[j skuf injukf /`rint N8 pkr`r& kudffks htnaonbfks$ aìprkjnjt f ùij upp`r /dffurd`j& x$& f xrd& f lriidr f pridr jj& uj fxdqu jrfjdrjd rjdjrfjd* id djrfdr

# > AH nuhd` nvka fks tkxtks prdjadpnux kt fks idjdhdnf`luks kj hkux vdtkssks5

vdtkssk fkjtk

vdtkssk rnpdhk /akst fn vdtkssk hfàutd`j j`rinfk pùr fks jkrfnjh`po`jks$

# X`rjnh` jfdjk*[j d djrj pùr f fv* Qdx rurdqu 5

@kkjkj ikt w``rhkj* j y rrùv f i` rd fur pr`j`jdd`j* Ffvfdqu jj fjrldrij* Df pu djd jrjr f id`j* F fvpuvj ud rr dr v`fur fur pr`pr fd vùfdr*

@kkjkj ikt zdjjkj* F x rd pr`j`jdd`j* Ffv fdqu ur fidjd)df`lu jj fjrldrij* Ffv odu djd u ryoi por*

Lrniindrk* F fv `j f xrd r`dvj diidij uj `rrdl*F xrd puvj r xpf`d ìi xrd `j`fdd`j u pùr uj

ridd`j* Rnhd` `rjnh`* [j vrd`j ud` x prdjdpux& i` `d`)

lrii idjd)df`lu* fvdsd`j `rjnh`* F df`lu prdjdpux& ù pr uj lrùp or j

ux vrd`j5 v ù)dr j ù)dr

Buffktdj* Fjdljj pu udvr fv* `rj` jfdj r uj yi udvd xrd rfd pr f fv ruf `ju*

X rjnh >]@[R FFWK

Fk intrdkf pr`p`s


7/74DDD

[j ludhk phnl`ldquk tùt)kj)uj aìprkjnjt f fdvr ffv v f `rrdl xrd& f`d oqu xrd& ù f rdp& f `jdf ddqu pùr udfdr ij f ijuf*

# Hks p`stkrs /fk jkrfnjhnds kj afnssk& fks prp`sdtd`js& fokurk$

# 2 AHs nuhd` 5 tùs fks kxtrndts nuhd` djhdqus pnr uj pdat`lrniik hnjs fk injukf kt hnjs

fk ludhk hu pr`gksskur

# HWH 5 tùtks fks vdh`s djhdquks pnr uj pdat`lrniik hnjs fk ludhk hu pr`gksskur

# X`rjnh` `jfdjk* [j d djrj rrv ux jdljj /v uj ` pr`jjf$`r f ìpfij qud urj f `j`r fjdljj*

[j rd idjd)tksts u vùfdr f lriidr* Aux)d puvj r rlrùp pr`pdr`ffr pùr uj djrr`ld`j yp `rid u `*

[j tkst djtkrihdndrk pùr aonquk aonpdtrk j f 8 ìpj uj prd `jr u` /vùfdr& `jd`j fjlldr& lriidr$* A puvj r udfd pùr f xij ir udj*

F o v f a`rrdl hks kxkradaks f prd Blfd Ufjdl \rcj /rd N rd B$*

[j i`hfk hk pfnjdgantd`j jjuff& pr j `jd`j f`f f f*

Kxtrn pùr fk pr`ksskur 5 uj fdvrk juirdquk 5 fn vkrsd`j hdldtnfk hu fdvrk hk ffvknvka uj naas hdrkat nux nuhd`s kt vdh`sF fdvr juirdqu udfdf j v uj prùr quv uj fu juirdqu*[j dipf fd vù pri r 5 ù f jrldrij ud`& ù f jrldrij vd`& ù f `rrdl xrd*

Wù pùvz r dfij lrjdr f prd f pl qu vù ùodz dr pprr frj ud ùr u fdvr juirdqu v` pr`pr ùij /po``& vd`& ùij \`r& ]`wr]`dj&$ f `jrvr pùr uj udfdd`j ufrdur*

]@[R FK ]R@GKQQK[R


8/74

Hkuxdik nppràok hk fn pnlk 5taoks kt Aks hkux kxkradaks vdskjt haùvrdr qukfquks

pornsks)afs h`jt fks fvks nur`jt bks`dj pnr

fn sudtk* Dfs h`dvkjt sk gndrk rnfkikjt hnjs uj

prkidkr tkips*

Fdrk fks tkxtks nvka nttkjtd`j kst ks skjtdkf*

XAOK ]rkidkr kxkradak hu

typk vrnd u gnux*

XAOK F`bekatdg kst hk vrd)

kr fn b`jjk aìprokjsd`j hk

qukfquks pornsks)afs hu hdnf`luk&

djhdspkjsnbfks pùr sk prskjtkr*

F bekatdg kst nussd hk aìikjakr

fks ii`rdskr*

Df snldt huj kxkradak `rnf qud

hkvrndt trk gndt pfusdkurs g`ds*

Fk pnssnlk fardt pùrrndt trkhkinjh pfus tnrh u aìik

taok hìdadfk& inds kj nuauj

ans hk sudtk* Df jk snldt pns huj

kxkradak hk trnhuatd`j& inds bdkj

hujk natdvdt hk rkprnlk kt hk

ii`rdsntd`j*

Xrnhudrk fks pornsks kj

a`pdnjt fks rp`jsks hdrkatkikjt

gkrn pkrhrk bknuaùp hk pkrtd)

jkjak fkxkradak*

Kdjstkdj djtkrvdkjt pùr nttdrkr

fnttkjtd j hks fvks sur ujk

spadadt hk fn fnjluk& sùvkjt

hk typk lrniintdanf* Dad& df snldt

hu i`t JDKX*

Fn prskjak hk ak i`t pkrikt

hk h`jjkr uj anrnatrk bdjndrk fkxkradak 5 Endik . Ek jndik pns .

HNXNBNJC

[jk Hntnbnjc rnsskibfk fks

kxprkssd`js utdfks pùr pùv`dr

trnjsikttrk uj ikssnlk kj pnr)

tdaufdkr* Fks fvks fks haùvrkjt

kt fks utdfdskjt nvka uj supp`rt

ardt* Akst fkxkradak * Fnaqud)

sdtd`j jnfk vdkjhrn hnjs fks

idjd)hdnf`luks*

> @p bkz`kc bde Xoìns Inrtkjs>8

Hntnbnjc

vkkrtdkj ) vkkrtdkjhk

8 Eudst `g gùt0 Wkrbktkr hk gùtk zdjjkj*Wrnd u gnux 0 A`rrdlk fks pornsks gnutdvks*

Eudst Gùt Wkrbktkrdjl

> Crds oùht vnj ràciuzdkc*

2 Kvn kkt lrnnl rudt*

1 Xìns oùht vkkf vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*

8 Qnrn hnjst jdkt lrnnl*

; Crds ds twnnf ennr*

7 Qnrn ds kf ennr*

; O`k zkllkj zk okt dj hk tkcstbnff`jjkj0Aìikjt hdt)`j hnjs fks buffks 0

> Ek suds Qnrn* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

2 Ek inppkffk Kvn* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

1 Endik fk ``t* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

8 Ek jndik pns fks rudts* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

; Enh`rk fk ràc* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

7 End tr`ds kjnjts* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

O`k zkl ek hnt ek oùht vnj 0

Aìikjt hds)tu quk tu ndiks 0

O`k zkl ek hnt ek jdkt oùht vnj 0

Aìikjt hds)tu quk tu jndiks pns 0

Dcoù vnj ràc*

Dcoù vkkf vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*

Dchnjs lrnnl*

Dckkt okkf lrnnlrudt*

Dcoù jdkt vnj ràc*

Dcoù okfkinnf jdkt vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*

Dchnjs jdkt lrnnl*

Dckkt okfkinnf jdkt lrnnlrudt*

Kj jkrfnjhnds& pùr trnhudrk fk vkrbk ndikr& tu pkux utdfdskr 5

oùhkj vnj # substnjtd /skjs htkridjnjt nrtdafk$vkrbk # lrnnl

Ns)turkinrqu0

Fk i`t JDK pkrikt hk rkjhrk fn pornsk jlntdvk*

JDK sk pfnak

hkvnjt ujk prp`sdtd`j

Dc où vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc* Dc où jdkt vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*

Endik fn iusdquk nrdandjk* Ek jndik pns fn iusdquk nrdandjk*

hkvnjt uj nhvkrbk

Dc hnjs lrnnl* Dc hnjs jdkt lrnnl*

Endik hnjskr* Ek jndik pns hnjskr*

u rkja`jtrkrns sùvkjt fk i`t JDK& j`tniikjt fn gj hk fn pornsk*

Dc wkkt okt jdkt* Ek jk snds pns*

x cfnssdkck iuzdkc

x

x Qnrn

x Uk hnjst lrnnl*

x Xoìns

x

Dc bkj Qnrn*

Dc okkt Kvn*

Dc où vnj v`ktbnf*

Dc kkt jdkt lrnnl grudt*

Dc où okkf vkkf vnj ràc*

Dc okb hrdk cdjhkrkj*

Rkprnlk hks kxprkssd`js jakssndrks pùr sk prskjtkr kt hdrk ak

quk f`j ndik u jndik pns*

> Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs /sudtk$

5

)

Fn struaturk hu ludhkhu pr`ksskur

Aìikjt sy prkjhrk 0 A rurdquprd ìij xpf`dr f ùij f ùf pl* Kff rùv ùùru ii jr`d*

Fks dajks prfj ff)

ii*

Fks djtkrvkjtd`js hKdjstkdj `jìij ur `jh vkrt ìij f fdvr ffv*


9/74W

XAOK Fks fvks aùtkjt

fkjrkldstrkikjt kt aìpftkjt

fk tnbfknu*

XAOK Kxkradak hkjtrnjk)

ikjt pùr xkr fks g`riufks hu

tnbfknu Hntnbnjc*

Qardpt AH

* Kfdsk5 Dc okb vkkf o`bbys* Dc h`k

lrnnl nnj sp`rt* Dc tkjjds lrnnl kj

dc où `c vnj hnjskj* Dc fudstkr

jdkt lrnnl jnnr iuzdkc*

* Enj5 Dc où vkkf vnj grudt. Dc kkt

lrnnl sdjnnsnppkfs kj bnjnjkj*

Idej gnv`rdktk grudt ds njnjns&

innr dc où okfkinnf jdkt vnj

aoà`fnhk*

* Cnr`fdkj5 Dc où vnj cfnssdkck

iuzdkc* Dc fudstkr jnnr cfnssdkck

iuzdkc* Dc hnjs lrnnl p cfnssdkck

iuzdkc* Idej o`bby ds cfnssdkcbnffkt*

* C`kj5 Dc où jdkt vnj sp`rt kj

dc où okfkinnf jdkt vnj v`kt)

bnffkj* Dc hnjs `c jdkt lrnnl.

Dc où vkkf vnj iuzdkc* Dc spkkf

lrnnl ldtnnr kj dc fudstkr lrnnl

jnnr iuzdkc*

* Hnvdh5 Dc kkt lrnnl aoà`fnhk*

Dc kkt jdkt lrnnl grudt* Dc où jdkt

vnj iuzdkc* Dc h`k lrnnl nnj sp`rt&

dc v`ktbnf lrnnl* Kj ede& où ek vnj

sp`rt0

XAOK Nttdrkz fnttkjtd`j hksfvks* Nttdrkz fkur nttkjtd`j surfn pr`j`jadntd`j& fdjt`jntd`j& fnfkaturk kxprkssdvk*

XAOK Nvnjt hk gndrk fkxkradak&p`skz hks qukstd`js pr`p`s hkfn gnidffk Inrtkjs 5 \dk ds Qnrn0O`k ùh ds zk0 \nt kkt zk lrnnl 0

Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs >;

i@HKf >5 \nnr où ek vnj0

N Oùedevnjr ac0

B En& dc où vnj ràc*

Jkkj& dc où jdkt vnj ràc*

En& dc où vkkf vnj ràc *

Jkkj& dc où okfkinnf jdkt

vnj ràc*

i@HKf 25 \nt kkt ek lrnnl0

N Kktedelrnnlpdzzn0

B En& dc kkt lrnnl pdzzn*

Jkkj& dc kkt jdkt lrnnl pdzzn*

En& dc kkt okkf lr nnl pdzzn*

Jkkj& dc kkt okfkinnf jdkt

lrnnl pdzzn*

i@HKf 15 \nt h`k ek lrnnl0

N Hnjseklrnnl0

B En& dc hnjs l rnnl*

Jkk& dc hnjs jdkt lrnnl*

En& dc hnjs okkf l rnnl*

Jkk& dc hnjs okfkinnf jdkt

lrnnl*

vdegtdkj ) vdegtdkjhk

7 \krc pkr twkk* Njtw``rh p hk vrnlkj* Lkbrudc hk zdjjkj vnj hk

hntnbnjc* W`fl okt i`hkf*Xrnvndffkz hkux* Rp`jhkz nux qukstd`js* Kipf`ykz fks pornsks hk fn hntnbnjc*

Qudvkz fk i`hfk*

< Fudstkr kj vuf dj*Kaùtk* ]uds& aìpftk fk tnbfknu ad)hkssùs nvka fks sdljks # ù )*

Xu fndssks vdhks fks ansks pùr fksqukffks tu jk rk`ds pns hdjg`rintd`js*

? Fkks hk tkcstbnff`jjkj p bfnhzdehk >= fudh`p*Fds fks buffks hk fn pnlk >= onutk v`dx*

4 Ju bkj ede nnj hk bkurt. Ede bkjt kkj fdh vnj okt lkzdj Inrtkjs*

Qtkf ekzkfg v``r*N t`d hk eùkr . Xu ks uj ikibrk hk fn gnidffk Inrtkjs* ]rskjtk)t`d*

Kfdsk

Enj

Cnr`fdkj

C`kj

Hnvdh

# # )

) #

# #

) ) #

# ) # )

Qfkatd`jjkr fks djg`rintd`js a`rrkatks kt a`rrdlkr fks krrkurs* Rkprkr fks kxprkssd`js utdfks pùr sk prskjtkr* Hdrk ak quk f`j ndik& ak quk f`j jndik pns* Aìprkjhrk fnuhdtd`j ak quk adjq ekujks ndikjt u jndikjt pns* Fdrk nvka fn b`jjk djt`jntd`j hks tkxtks hnjs fksqukfs hks pkrs`jjks sk prskjtkjt* Qk prskjtkr*

AH nuhd` pr`gksskur5 trnac

?

5

Fk ludhk prntdquk tùt)kj)ujù f `jdf ddqu y rùvj rif& rprd uùr pl u ijuf ffv v f `fud`j ù f xrd djlr*Nu f pl& vù ùvrdrz j uuj ù f j `j dr* ]fu `dj iijr pfudur fdvr pùr `jjr ùr*ù f dj`rid`j udf `j rlrùp j uj uf ùij*

Ihdn 5 f irdf `j vù vz `dj*

Fks a`jskdfs hdhnatdquks `j rprduùr pl u ijuf ffv*

F`bekatd vds pr oqu xrd yidquij djdqu*ù f dvd pr`p` j fijuf ffv `j juir` propdr*

Fks sardpts jrldrij `jprj ur `jh lrds j rlr fxrd `jrj*


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11/74WDD

>* Fk tdtrk ljrnf hu aonpdtrk Df r rprd j f pl luo ù u f`jl u opdr* Qur f f pl r`d vdjf dr f prd uopdr `jrj*

2* Fk aonpknu 5 fjr j vr prd rdvij `j df v rqud`j f`d jf pùrudvd j f opdr& urij d qu f fv r`j pf dr f j u opdr* H ijdr& f fv `jjdj f pr qudf v`j pprjr qudf v`j v`dr rpf dr*

1* luo& qu jù v`j ppf fks sdtuntd`js i`bdfdsntrdaks*

8* r`d& f prd qud pr`p`j `d fks utdfs lrniintdanux `j f ird djdpjf pùr pùv`dr djr f`d jf u

opdr& `d hks pnlks kxtrn qud prij ppr``jdr f u rd u qud rj uj iìj j& j j opdr f prd pr`j`jadntd`j*


12/74D

Aonquk aonpdtrk kst hvkf`pp nutùr hk sdx nxks 5>* F dud`j i`dfdrd2* Fpprò fxdf5 f pl ruurd`j didfd`j i` xprd`j `jjr

pùr pùv`dr ìiujdqur1* [j pprò pr lrdv f lriidr5 f udf irdr u jdvu lriidf8* F pr`j`jdd`j;* F rvdf j u`jìd& fvfud`j pr f fv ux)ii fur rvdf fur jdvu

ird qud fur pr`p` /f prdBlfdUfjdl\rcj$7* Fvfud`j `ridv rddv /f prdHdt okb ek lkfkkrh$

Nxk > 5 Fks sdtuntd`js i`bdfdsntrdaks* ûkjtkjh`js)jùs pnr akfn 0

[jk tointdquk jkst eninds prskjtk hk injdrk r`jtnfk*Jù prdvdfld`j f prd j orl pr ffv ux)ii u ù ùij pr`p`/$*Akux)ad s`jt djvdts haùvrdr kux)iiksf dil& f jrldrij `j`r /`d j vd fj& `dpfu rpd$ ù f vd`* Jù f lud`j j `jjj uj rd pd qud `rdjj fur ùvr*j& df ld jddpr f `jju prdr dil& j df ld udvr qufqu i`rux `jvr)d`j v fd qud`j r dipf qud xj qu jù ppf`j fjlf ù u fur& jf pu r uj o`dx iufdpf v qufqu i` òr*

Fksskjtdkf pùr jùs kst quk fks fvks s`dkjt kj iùvkikjt& qudfs s`dkjt kj prèkt& qudfs s`dkjt i`bdfd)

ss*Hj uj pridr ip& ux rfvr f `jj . N ux prjr fdjdddv f rp`j*

ùtk`ds& dfs jk skr`jt eninds f`jltkips skufs hnjs fn haùvkrtk& hnjs fn rkaokraok hks rp`jsks*Fo `jj `j ùr udvd ud pr uj po vrdd`j fxdu rp`j `j)j* Af d ljrfij `rfij ù j vrdj f qud `j ò* [j id pr rd r`pdip`rj rd djvdfij f ryoi fpprjdl* Jù f `jdff`j ùvj j f ludu prùr*

Fk lrnjh djtrt hk akttk injdrk hk ndrk rsdhk hnjs fk ndt quk ffvk sndt tùt hk sudtk d qudf ì)prd `rr j uj lrj `r rdur* Df rùv djd j uj p`dd`j p`ddv& `j`rf fp)prjdl* Df `j qudf pf rfdr f o pr`p`* Kj jrfjd& `j udfd ùvj fx)prd`jQuaaks bkfkvkj* K qu jù ùod`j pùr j` fv*Wù ìprjz idjjj ud pùrqu`d f o `jj j u quj `j ùùr dipf*

Nprs ak prkidkr iìkjt hk haùvkrtk vdkjt ujk nppràok pfus p`djtuk hu hàuikjt*Df ld irf `dl ur f xprd`j djdpjf `jjr pùr pùv`dr `jd`jjr j f dud`j rju* Wùvz ìprd& jù y ìi*W`df fks `jatd`js fnjlnldrks*Jù f rif`j j r qu jùv`j ppfHntnbnjckj* Df `jduj f jqu `jj j fquff f fv dr`j pudr `jdf `j `dj pùr jrjr*

F iìj vju f xr pr f rfdd`j uj rd xrd xprd`j rf drij djpdru df`lu rvdff*

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Fn ito`hk rjnh` )fk a`jakpt


13/74D_

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14/74

Nxk 1 5 [jk nppràok pr`lrkssdvk hk fn lrniindrk

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dfij r df `j ùùr ur `j vr*Df `j udvd xrd ppfdd`j*

at hks tnbfknux \k `jtoùhkj& fks fvks rkja`jtrkr`jt nussd rlufdrkikjt Kdjstkdj nvka fn rubrdqukNs)tu rkinrqu 0N & f`d j p dr udr fuj u fur rlf lriidf* Df lddipfij drr fjd`j fv ur fuj u fur pdd u jrfjd* ]fu r& qud djrùd ijdr r f` uj r \k `jtoùhkj.

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ìiujdd qu jù jù ìi `jj*

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A jrldrij rùvj ur f AH ud` djd qu ur `rj` jfdj*


15/74_D

Nxk ; 5 Fk trnvndf kj nut`jìdk& fn pnrtdk

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Hdt okb ek lkfkkrh

Hdvr ùij `j v`r dp`dd`j 5>* Hj f ijuf ffv j j opdr& ù f rurdquHdt okb ek lkfkkrh& vù rùvrz f dud`j

jf jdvu 8 rp`jj f`d jf jj`j j u opdr /uj ìprojd`j uj pr`)ud`j$* Aoqu `d& j`r ìpfd Kdjdj pr`p`r fd ux fv qud rj`jrrdj qufquduf ìpfdr f o ij* Kj rùr Kdjdj& fvfud`j r u jdvu 1* Aqud ùùr pf j pprjdl*

Aoqu `d& f fv `j djvd vfur fur pr`rij fd uj o p`rj f `d ur furjdvu ird ìpj fur `jjdj u vùfdr f lriidr* Kj lrj fo 8 opdr& df `jrudj fur p`r`fd` pr`jjf*

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j f 8 ìpj uj prd `jr u ` /vùfdr& `jd`j fjlldr& lriidr$*


16/74


17/74


18/74W

7 AH nuhd` fvk 5fdstk htndffkF rc jj i w``rj jj i zdjjj `j irqu j iuv*

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19/74_W

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20/74WDD

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21/74_WDD_WDD

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23/74_D_

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24/74_

Wù pùvz `jufr f rc u HWH v u j ù)dr*

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25/74__D

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26/74


27/74


28/74

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]`skr hks qukstd`js rnfkikjt

qukfquuj pùr kj npprkjhrkhnvnjtnlk s`j suekt*

Qk prskjtkr rnfkikjt u pnrardt kt sk hardrk*

]rskjtkr kt hardrk qukfquuj fn 1k pkrs`jjk rnfkikjt upnr ardt*

Kardrk uj indf*

Fn nidffk Fks v`dsdjs Fks nids

Fk anfkjhrdkr/eùrs& i`ds& sn ds`js$

Qp`rts kt o`bbys Fks i`ykjs hk

trnjsp`rt Kjtrk nids Fk vdsnlk Nhekatds /hksardptd`j

poysdquk$

Uk ds

kaot t`g .

Aìprkjhrk qukfquuj qudhardt sn aonibrk u akffkhujk tdkrak pkrs`jjk*

Aìprkjhrk qukfquuj qudprskjtk fks ikibrks hksn nidffk kt fkurs natdvdtsonbdtukffks*

Aìprkjhrk hks pktdts i`ts pr`p`s hk ak quk f`j pkut& vkut&h`dt ndrk

Naaukdffdr qukfquuj* Hardrk sn aonibrk& ujk pdak

hujk onbdtntd`j* Hdrk ak h`jt j n bks`dj hnjs sn

aonibrk* Hkinjhkr qukfquuj aì)

ikjt df sk skjt* Hdrk aìikjt j sk skjt*

Fn aor`j`f`ldk [jk eùrjk Fn aonibrk Fks nppnrkdfs Naaukdffdr qukfquuj Hks b`dss`js Hks a`jtrndrks A`rvks kt nutrks

natdvdts I`ts djtkrr`lntds

rqukjts

\k vkr)

oudzkj.

Aìprkjhrk qukfquuj qudhardtsninds`j /fkshdrkjtks

pdaks& fks ikubfks& fks kjhr`dts` akrtndjs `bekts sk trùvkjt$*

Ha`hkr ujk njj`jak dii`)bdfdrk*

Aìprkjhrk qukf ty pkhonbdtntd`j ujk pkrs`jjkrkaokraok*

Jìikr fks pdaks hujkinds`j*

H`jjkr fk pfnj hujk inds`j* Hardrk ak qud sk trùvk hnjs

ujk pdak* Hdrk qud nppnrtdkjjkjt hks

`bekts* ]nrfkr hk ak qud vn sk pnsskr

hnjs fk utur*

Fn inds`j& fonbdtntd`j Fks pdaks hnjs ujk

inds`j Hnjs fn audsdjk Hks ikubfks Fkxtrdkur hujk

inds`j @onbdtks)tu 0

Fks prp`sdtd`js hk fdku

Qdtukr qukfquuj&qukfquk ao`sk/df y n$

>

22

11

88

7 X`rjnh`

Wuk hkjskibfk hks a`jtkjus hk X`rjnh` >

zks ) zkshk

Wuk hkjskibfk hks a`jtkjus hk X`rjnh`

Hkux pnlks pùr h`jjkr uj npkru afndr hks hdrkjtks

aìp`snjtks hk X`rjnh`*


29/74

Aonips tointdquksnb`rhsHj `rj`& jù `r`j f>8 oip oidqu ìird j f Ar Kur`pj

Aìiuj Rrj* Df v `d qu ìi df ld uj pr)idr jj& f ijdrudj*Aux)d r`j ppr``jd j rj` 2 qud `rr ud f>8 oip oidqu*

LrniindrkHj `rj`& fpprò lri)

idf pr`lrdv*Qùvj& f ìij prfdjrvjd`j hKdjstkdj 5Ns)tu rkinrqu 0

Jù vf`pp`j f p`dj lriidr u iìj )qu& f`rqudf `j u i)ij prj* F rurdqu \k`jtoùhkj . r uj fuqud rvdr rpr pùr ffv*

Fpru lriidf j j ijuf pri ux fv rrùvr dfij ù qud rd* Df prjv uj ùf jr 5 f p`djlriidf& fuj ù furxipf `jr*

`rhs Aonips tointdquksa`jakrjs

Lrniindrk

hnjs fks idjd)hdnf`luks

ûdks)tu0

@onbdtks)tu0

ûndiks)tu0ûkjndiks)

tu pns0

ûndiks)tuinjlkr0ûk

jndiks)tupnshutùtinjlkr0

ûndiks)tugndrk0

ûkjndiks)tupnsgndrk 0

> Anrnatrdstdquks]krs`jjkffks

7 Rkfntd`js nvka fks nutrks>= Jùrrdturks kt b`dss`js>1 Fnjluks trnjlrks

Fks pr`jìs pkrs`jjkfs suekts Fks htkridjnjts nrtdafks hgjds

kt djhgjds Fn jlntd`j jdkt Fn a`jeulnds`j hks vkrbkszdej kt

okbbkj Fks jìbrks eusquk 2= Fn hdstdjatd`j kjtrk fks s`js

aùrts kt fks s`js f`jls

Xìns kt fa`fk ûd&`&fkqukf0

Ek tk i`j njjdvkrsndrk*

Aìikjt prskjtks)tuqukfquuj0

> Anrnatrdstdquks]krs`jjkffks

7 Rkfntd`js nvka fks nutrks

8 F`dsdrs? Khuantd`j; rnjsp`rts

>1 Fnjluks trnjlrks>8 Fk tkips qud saùfk

Fn a`jeulnds`j hks vkrbks nuprskjt /nvka ù snjs djvkrsd`j$

Fn `rintd`j hk fdiprntd hks

vkrbks Fks jìbrks hk 2= >== ardrk fks s`js aùrts kt fks s`js

f`jls

Kjtrk h`ja . Ek tk i`jtrk in aonibrk ]uds)ekt`rdrqukfqukao`sk0

ûkgnds`js)jùsnueùrhoud0

2 Onbdtnt& `ykr&kjvdr`jjkikjt

1 Wdk qu`tdhdkjjk< Qnjt& bdkj)trk4 Naonts

>= Jùrrdturks kt b`dss`js>1 Fnjluks trnjlrks>8 Fk tkips qud saùfk

Fn pornsk djtkrr`lntdvk Fk pfurdkf hks jìs Fn jlntd`j Fks rlfks h `rto`lrnpok f rsquk

f`j ikt hks jìs nu pfurdkf F naa`rh hk fnhekatd Fks rlfks h `rto`lrnpok f rsquk

f`j neùtk )k uj nhekatd Fn a`jeulnds`j hks nuxdfdndrks

hk i`hk wdffkj& i`ktkj& cujjkj&i`lkj

Fn jùvkffk inds`j @onbdtks)tu0

[jk inds`j hk vnanjaks @kstsktrùvk0

Fn audsdjk kt fn tkrrnssk

2 Onbdtnt& `ykr&kjvdr`jjkikjt

8 A`jls& f`dsdrs>> Qkrvdaks>2 Fdkux>1 Fnjluks trnjlrks

Fn trnhuatd`j hk fkxprkssd`j dfy n ) fks vkrbks hk p`sdtd`j

Fn jlntd`jlkkj Qdtukr ujk pkrs`jjk u uj bekt

fks prp`sdtd`js kt fks nhvkrbkshk fdku

Fks htkridjnjts hi`jstrntds F`rhrk hks i`ts skf`j fk typk hk

pornsk

Fks htkridjnjts p`sskssds Fk utur

Wuk hkjskibfk hks a`jtkjus hk X`rjnh` >


30/74

XAOK Gd ùr f jrld)rij pfudur `d* z ujpu ouiùr f`r f `rr)d`j 5 `j pu rìpr& jquuj u .

XAOK Qùfdljz fudfd ur rp`j* Df pri ux

fv dr fxrd pfudur`d*

Qardpt AHj ri& j p`r& j ppr)ij& j fi& j lj&j lj& j u`& j rd`&l`f

XAOK Gd rirqur quii f i` qud prdjv`dr f ii pr`j`jdd`j/x 5 ri& rd`$ `j flrijdrj uj fjlu fur/j `jdqu jr ur$*Gd rirqur f r rùf*

XAOK F fv r`j jù urprd qud fur ij* A r rdjijuj lrj ùvr pùr r)dj 5 ù f i` xdj j

j rjd quj jrfjd*

XAOK Djdz pùr quf fv jrdvj rdj* F`)d rlrr prfr*

Qardpt AH> u` /J$2 f

1 idjuu8 ppr)

ij /J$; lj /G$

7 ldrldr

< u` /G$? r4 f``j

>= ùp`p

> 1

2

8

< ?

7

4

trni sp`rt nppnrtkikjt gfinlkjhn

nlkjt nut` l`fg rnhd`

;

? X`nh`naot ) naotstk

djXr@ Jkhkrfnjhs ds hk inx.

> Cdec jnnr hk w``rhkj* @iadrckf hk Jkhkrfnjhsk w``rhkj*Rklnrhk aks i`ts* Kjtùrk fks i`ts jkrfnjhnds*

2 Fudstkr* @jhkrfdej hk w``rhkj vnj > hdk dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs njhkrs

cfdjckj*Kaùtk* Qùfdljk fks i`ts hk > quk f`j pr`j`jak hdgrkiikjt kj jkrfnjhnds*

1 Cdec jnnr hk g`t`s* Lkkg okt Jkhkrfnjhsk w``rh* Oufp j`hdl0 Bkcdec

`kgkjdjl 8*Rklnrhk fks po`t`s* H`jjk fk i`t kj jkrfnjhnds* Bks`dj hndhk0 A`jsuftk fkxkradak 8*

>

7;812> < 4?

8 Aìbdjkkr hk g`t`s vnj `kgkjdjl 1 ikt okt Jkhkrfnjhsk w``rh*Aìbdjk fks po`t`s hk fkxkradak 1 nvka fk i`t kj jkrfnjhnds*

n kkj tkfkvdsdk h kkj tkfkg``j l kkj cfns

b kkj idjuut k kkj tkcst o s`kp

a kkj tnnrt kkjldrngk grdktkj

h g a d b o n k l

jtr`

Fks natdvdts pr`p`sks kj djtr`huatd`j s`jt v`f`jtndrkikjt gnadfks

rnfdskr* Kffks h`jjkjt fàansd`j nux fvks hk haùvrdr ak qudhdrkjadk fk jkrfnjhnds hu grnjnds*

]ùr haùvrdr fn spadadt hk fn ito`hk& jùs djvdt`js fksfvks rklnrhkr& aùtkr& gndrk hks aìbdjnds`js& rptkr ak qudfs

kjtkjhkjt Xùtks aks natdvdts rkvdkjhr`jt rlufdrkikjt hnjsX`rjnh`* Kj iik tkips& fks fvks haùvrkjt fn sdljdantd`j

hks f`l`s*

Jkhkrfnjhs ds hk inx.


31/74

XAOK Gd fxrd pfu)dur `d* F fv pprd)r`j pùv`dr dr i`j uj ur fjlu*

XAOK Qulld`j 5 `jrz fiudqu i` j f rdvju fu* Gd rirqur qu`jrdrij u rjd qudj qud p j `jdqu&

fud)d r dip`rj jjrfjd j rùv/qud$ id j j i`*

Qardpt AHj ri& j p`r& j ppr)ij& j fi& j lj&j lj& j u`& j rd`&l`f& j f``j& j ldr& jr& rdj& j idjuu& jcf& j fvdd& j c& `p

Qardpt AHj `rj` uj `rjj ji uj ji

XAOK F d rdr f i`r ùvrdr ux fv qudf

rdvj driij j jr)fjd j rjd*

XAOK J`j ufij f i`rdvj driij& id df pr`j`jj ud uj urijdr*

Qardpt AHj cfjr& j dlr& vcjd& j `fdj& j rdvdr&j `fj

kkj `fdnjt hk vncnjtdk kkj cnfkjhkr kkj rdvdkr kkj h`fgej kkj tdelkr

2

1

7

;8

>

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Jkhkrfnjhs ds hk inx. 4jklkj ) jklkjhk

; Fudstkr* O``r ek Grnjs `g Jkhkrfnjhs0 Ukt kkj crudsek*Kaùtk* Xu kjtkjhs hu rnjnds ù hu jkrfnjhnds 0 Ikts ujk ar`dx*

> 2 1 8 ; 7 < ? 4 >=

Jkhkrfnjhs

grnjnds

7 Fudstkr* @jhkrfdej hk fkttkrlrkkp wnnr`p okt naakjt vnft*Kaùtk* Qùfdljk fn syffnbk sur fnqukffk fnaakjt t`jdquk tìbk*

2

1

< Fudstkr kj okronnf hk w``rhkj* Fkt `p hk Jkhkrfnjhsk udtsprnnc*Kaùtk kt rptk fks i`ts* Nttkjtd`j fn pr`j`jadntd`j jkrfnjhndsk*

? Ukt `jhkr kfc bkkfh okt Jkhkrfnjhsk w``rh*Kards sùs aonquk dinlk fk i`t jkrfnjhnds*

8

kkj t`rjnh` ujk t`rjnhk kkj tnjhki uj tnjhki

4 Fudstkr kj okronnf*Kaùtk kt rptk*

;

x x x x x x x

x x x x x

kkj cnfkjhkr

kkj tdelkrhk vncnjtdk

kkj fdnjt kkj rdvdkr

kkj h`fgej

@bekatgs

Rprr qud rif* Rprr qud drj* H`jjr f i` j jrfjd* Aìdjr f i` v f `jj

po``* Hddjlur fù f i` rjd

i` jrfjd

Rprr f pf fj `jdqu* Rpr i` jrfjd* Aìdjr f i` v f `jj

po``* Kùr rpr*

Ikhn

AH ud` > prùr5 rc >);

;>


32/74

XAOK Hrùfkikjt5Hdvdz f f j qufqupd lrùp ùz u]dd`jry*Ffv uj lrùp v u fu*Wù fud i`jrz uj i` rd f`j* Df `d f djrpùr `j lrùp u fu* Qd`j lrùp& j f 1= `j&pu dr f i` j jrfjd&

`rrij pr`j`j& f`r dfllj uj p`dj* ]z judu lrùp udvj*

W`r rf `jd vdffr fpr`j`jdd`j `rr* Gdrpr f fv j rrur*

XAOK F fur r jdfj* F d qu ffv rjj ìp qudf`j pf ì)prjr rdj por*

>= X`rjnh`tdkj ) tdkjhk

>= Fkks wnt Fkn zklt* Hudh hk eudstk tkckjdjl nnj*Fds ak quk Fkn hdt* Djhdquk fk b`j hkssdj*

>> Kvkj spkfkj. Fudstkr jnnr ek fkkrcrnaot*Eù`js* Kaùtk t`j pr`gksskur*

Onff`. Dc bkj Fkn* Dc zdt `p ang kj dc kkt kkj bnjnnj *

@p hk tngkf fdlt kkj ip1)spkfkr* Kr stnnt ``c kkj a`fn `p

hk tngkf* Dc okb kkj r`zk sa``tkr* Dc spkkf ldtnnr kj tkjjds*

Idej X)sodrt ds ``c r`zk kj dc bkj bf`jh*

x

@bekatgs

N`dr por v dj* Hvdjr f i` dj u fu f

pr`j`jr `rrij*

Hkux natdvdts qud h`jjkjt a`jnjak*

]nlk h uvkrturk hu aonpdtrk *

jtr` Jkhkrfnjhs ds hk inx.


33/74>>

ûk trùvkrkz)vùs hnjsfks hdffrkjtks pnrtdks huaonpdtrk 0]nrtdks )5 Fks sdtuntd`js i`bdfdsntrdaks&qud v`jt gnv`rdskr fnpprkjtdssnlk

]ridr `j v f idffrj prdr uj vd`&

po``& uj jrldrij ud`& pd x j f ijuf*N f o 7& f fv rfdjfur pridr rjr j prfjux)ii* N f o 4& df prjj rfij ìi ujiir f idff rj*

F fv jrjj prj)r& prjr qufquuj ur& dr qudf dij u jdijp*

]nrtdks & & 5 Fdjstnffntd`j hks rks)sùraks djhdspkjsnbfks pùr pr`lrksskr

rnpdhkikjt

F `juld`j vr oj zdj

F jìr = 2= Ffpo

Fn pnrtdk kst uj kxtrn*

F vdd uj lj p`fd vjup`r qufqu qud`j priuj uxdi rj`jr v fidff rj*

Fn pnrtdk a jsnark fn pr`j`jadntd`j

Hnjs ak aonpdtrk&

tu gnds fn a`jjndssnjak

hk Xoìns Inrtkjs kt hk sn gnidffk*

f`bekatd gjn hk ak aonpdtrk kst quk tu pudssks

fks aìprkjhrk& aìprkjhrk hks pkrs`jjksqud sk prskjtkjt& tk prskjtkr kt prskjtkr ujk

tdkrak pkrs`jjk* Xu skrns nussd anpnbfk hk p`skr

kt rp`jhrk hks qukstd`js pr`p`s hk fdhkjtdt

hk qukfquuj*

Xu npprkjhs fn pr`j`jadntd`j

hks s`js aùrts kt hks s`js f`jls*

Xu npprkjhs fks jìbrks hk > 2=*

Wnj wdk ds hdk rulznc0

Fn gnidffk Inrtkjs sk prskjtk*

Dfs hdskjt nussd ak qudfs ndikjt kt ak qudfs

jndikjt pns*

Xu tkjtrnjks rka`jjntrk kt pr`j`jakr fks fkttrkshk fnfponbkt* Akst sùvkjt dip`rtnjt f`rs huj

prkidkr a`jtnat*

Xu a`jeuluks fks vkrbks trk kt nv`dr* p* 27

p* >2

p* >7

p* 1>

p* 12

p* 1?

p* 8>

Xu npprkjhs tk prskjtkr kt prskjtkr

qukfquuj*

>>

>

2

8

;kxtrn

kfg ) kfghk

O``ghstuc >@p bkz`kc bde Xoìns Inrtkjs

\K @JXO@[HKJ.

F pr`jì pr`jjf u >4 F ridjj rdf jd

djjd 2= F `juld`j vr zdj

oj 1= F jìr = 2= 14

HNXNBNJC

Aìij dr qu f j di ù

jdi p >8 Aìij d)`j pfu& i`dj&

iufdpfd pr& dvd pr 8=

KDJQXKDJ

JDK pri rjr fpor jldv >8

F i`rd i` `j hk)w``rhkj& id df y ud okt)w``rhkj 2=

Aìij xprdir fl 24 F por ridv ridj

pr uj p`dj& f por djr)r`ldv pr uj p`dj djr)

r`ld`j* 1;

\@@RHKJQAONX KJ XNNFLKBR[DC

I`ts)afs hks gnidffks hk i`ts/@kgkjkj ikt w``rhkj$ 2= O lzdj O rud \`jj Kj pr cfdj w``rXdtrks hks idjd)hdnf`luks/@kgkjkj ikt zdjjkj$ 22\d j d0

\r w``j 0 \r où vj0 \r où jd vj0 \ lrl0 \ ofif jd lrl0 \ ` lrl0 \ ` ofif jd lrl0Okt ds jdkt oktzkfghkQao``ftnnf


34/742

qukf iìkjt utdfdskr fkHWH 0Kj pfu r jrldr ùux vd& f dud`j i`dfd)rd qud uvrj f opdr

`j jrldr j vd`* F`r dipf& f d pr`f j`rif& qu jù v`jppf QJKF pùr f jrldr)ij ud`* F quj vd`puvj r vdd`jj v ùj f x j ù* vù dr& j `jd`j p`ddfd v` fv&u iìj f pfu `pp`rujpùr udfdr f HWH 5 j ùvr)

ur uj opdr& j `jfud`juj f`j pr v`dr xpf`df po``& pr v`dr d ùrf x f vd fj ù j`r)if /AH jf$*

]rkidrk nppràok hk fn pnlk 5 taoks & kt AH& trnac )& HWH& trnac >

]ùr dr f `jjdj f idff rj& pfudur p`ddfd `rj vù*Wù udfdz `d f HWH j f ù)dr& `d fjrldrij ud` vd fj u fj)rldrij vd pfu rpd* Hj uj pridr ip& ijz ux fv `r)iufr fuj u fur oypò ur f `jju prdr qudf v`dj ù qudf

jjj* Hj uj uxdi ip& d rfdr f pridr xrd* Rlrz f HWHv f ù)drl*

F fv fdj f uff ud*

> @p bkz`kc bde Xoìns Inrtkjs>2 twnnfg ) twnnfghk

> Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs

Dc bkj Crds Inrtkjs*

Dc w``j dj Lkjt*

Dc okb hrdk cdjhkrkj5 Qtdej&

Xìns kj Qnrn* Dc où vnj

cfnssdkck iuzdkc kj vnj v`ktbnf*

Dc okkt Kvn Wkrstrnktkj*

Dc où jdkt vnj cfnssdkck iuzdkc&

innr dc où okkf vkkf vnj ràc*

Dc kkt lrnnl grudt5

nppkfkj& sdjnnsnppkfkj&

bnjnjkj

Idej jnni ds Xìns*

Dc bkj twnnfg ennr*

Crds ds idej vnhkr kj idej

i`khkr okkt Kvn*

Idej pnpn cdect lrnnl

jnnr sp`rt& innr dc h`knnj sp`rt* Kj dc où okkf

vkkf vnj rnp*

Dc okkt Qtdej Inrtkjs* Dc

bkj zkvkjtdkj*

Dc ln lrnnl jnnr okt

t`jkkf* Kj dc bkj okkf

syipntodkc& enwkf.

O`d. Dc bkj Qnrn Inrtkjs*

Dc bkj kfg ennr ùh*

Dc kkt jdkt lrnnl grudt&

innr dc kkt wkf lrnnl

aoà`fnhk kj aodps*Dc où vnj Ngrdcnnjsk

iuzdkc kj dc hnjs

lrnnl*

> Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs

Rkprnlk hdjg`rintd`js

a`jakrjnjt fk jì& flk& fkfdku ` f`j onbdtk ndjsd quk fn

aìp`sdtd`j hk fn gnidffk*


35/74>

XAOK A 1 xrd ijux fv rprr f dj`ri)d`j udf pùr ìpfr ujrr ljf`ldqu djdqurf fdj idff* H`jjz)furuj pu ip pùr ù)vrdr f x* Qd rdj i` frr ljf`ldqu ìpfr

j`j p vu f`f prd)idr& ludz)f j f dljd)d`j i` udfd*

Npr v`dr ìpf frrljf`ldqu& d `rvrqufqu i`)f 5 vr&i`rKjllz uj ojl v ffv pùr fxpf`dr*W`dd qufqu por)yp quvù pùrrdz udfdr 5

Crd rj d vr vj Kv Wrrj d i`r

vj Kv Wrrj o rd

cdjrj5 H ùr vj Xì

oj Qdj d z``j vj Qr d òr vj Xì d r`r vj

Rùz uj `d j`r fj)rldrij v f x fpl >2 ù f yux*

XAOK F pridr xrd`d v`dr fdu j f x ùf yux& jd f pl >2*

XAOK Kù pfu df*

Fdidz)vù qud ij j fxrd*

hk hàotkr hk uhkrs hk z``j hk z``jhk i`khkrhk cdjhkrkj

hk vnhkr

Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs >1hkrtdkj ) hkrtdkjhk

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n Aìikjtsnppkffkjtfkspkrs`jjks0

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b Aìpftk fk rkstk hks h`jjks hnjs fks ansks lrdsks*

jnni5

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@bekatgs

Aìprjr lf`fij f pr`jj qud prfj* N f fur& rùvr rjdljij ur f pr`jj* rùvr f fdj prj jr f pr`jj*

Ikhn

AH ud` fv5 rc >)2 AH ud` > prùr5 rc 7)< HWH& rc >


36/74

Hkuxdik nppràok hk fn pnlk 5taoks kt A ux xrd vdj ùvrdr qufqupor)f `j f fv ur`j `dj prf ud* Df `dvj dr `rfij j ujpridr ip*Fdr f x v jd`j jdf*

XAOK ]ridr xrd uyp vrnd ù gnux*

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qufqu por)f u df`lu&djdpjf pùr prjr*F`d ud ìijr f ii`rdr*

Df ld uj xrd `rf qudvrd r d pfudur `d*F pl f rd pùrrd rij pfu r u ìio ìddf& id j uuj ud* Df j ld p ujxrd rud`j& id djhujk natdvdt hk rkprnlk kt hkii`rdsntd`j*

rudr f por j`pdj f rp`j drijr prr uùp prd)jj fxrd*

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> @p bkz`kc bde Xoìns Inrtkjs>8

Hntnbnjc

vkkrtdkj ) vkkrtdkjhk

8 Eudst `g gùt0 Wkrbktkr hk gùtk zdjjkj*Wrnd ù gnux 0 A`rrdlk fks pornsks gnutdvks*

Eudst Gùt Wkrbktkrdjl

> Crds oùht vnj ràciuzdkc*

2 Kvn kkt lrnnl rudt*

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8 Qnrn hnjst jdkt lrnnl*

; Crds ds twnnf ennr*

7 Qnrn ds kf ennr*

; O`k zkllkj zk okt dj hk tkcstbnff`jjkj0Aìikjt hdt)`j hnjs fks buffks 0

> Ek suds Qnrn* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

2 Ek inppkffk Kvn* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

1 Endik fk ``t* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

8 Ek jndik pns fks rudts* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

; Enh`rk fk ràc* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

7 End tr`ds kjnjts* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

O`k zkl ek hnt ek oùht vnj 0

Aìikjt hds)tu quk tu ndiks 0

O`k zkl ek hnt ek jdkt oùht vnj 0

Aìikjt hds)tu quk tu jndiks pns 0

Dcoù vnj ràc*

Dcoù vkkf vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*

Dchnjs lrnnl*

Dckkt okkf lrnnlrudt*

Dcoù jdkt vnj ràc*

Dcoù okfkinnf jdkt vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*

Dchnjs jdkt lrnnl*

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Kj jkrfnjhnds& pùr trnhudrk fk vkrbk ndikr& tu pkux utdfdskr 5oùhkj vnj # substnjtd /skjs htkridjnjt nrtdafk$vkrbk # lrnnl

Ns)turkinrqu0

Fk i`t JDK pkrikt hk rkjhrk fn pornsk jlntdvk*

JDK sk pfnak

hkvnjt ujk prp`sdtd`j

Dc où vnj Nrd cnnjsk iuzdkc* Dc où jdkt vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*

Endik fn iusdquk nrdandjk* Ek jndik pns fn iusdquk nrdandjk*

hkvnjt uj nhvkrbk

Dc hnjs lrnnl* Dc hnjs jdkt lrnnl*

Endik hnjskr* Ek jndik pns hnjskr*

u rkja`jtrkrns sùvkjt fk i`t JD K& j`tniikjt fn gj hk fn pornsk*

Dc wkkt okt jdkt* Ek jk snds pns*

x cfnssdkck iuzdkc

x

x Qnrn

x Uk hnjst lrnnl*

x Xoìns

x

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Dc où okkf vkkf vnj ràc*

Dc okb hrdk cdjhkrkj*

Rkprnlk hks kxprkssd`js jakssndrks pùr sk prskjtkr kt hdrk ak

quk f`j ndik u jndik pns*

> Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs /sudtk$


37/74>

XAOK F fv ùj

fjrldrij ìpfjf fu*

XAOK Kxrd jrj)ij pùr xr f `riuf ufu Hjc*

Qardpt AH

>* Kfdsk5 Dc okb vkkf o`bbys* Dc h`k

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jdkt lrnnl jnnr iuzdkc*

2* Enj5 Dc où vkkf vnj grudt. Dc kkt

lrnnl sdjnnsnppkfs kj bnjnjkj*

Idej gnv`rdktk grudt ds njnjns&

innr dc où okfkinnf jdkt vnj

aoà`fnhk*

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bnffkt*

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vnj iuzdkc* Dc h`k lrnnl nnj sp`rt&

dc v`ktbnf lrnnl* Kj ede& où ek vnj

sp`rt0

XAOK Ndrz fjd`j fv* Ndrz fur jd`j urf pr`j`jdd`j& fdj`jd`j& ffur xprdv*

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Qudvkz fk i`hfk*

< Fudstkr kj vuf dj*Kaùtk* ]uds& aìpftk fk tnbfknu ad)hkssùs nvka fks sdljks # ù )*

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4 Ju bkj ede nnj hk bkurt. Ede bkjt kkj fdh vnj okt lkzdj Inrtkjs*

Qtkf ekzkfg v``r*N t`d hk eùkr . Xu ks uj ikibrk hk fn gnidffk Inrtkjs* ]rskjtk) t`d*

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Qfd`jjr f dj`rid`j `rr `rrdlr f rrur* Rprr f xprd`j udf pùr prjr* Hdr qu f`j di& qu f`j jdi p* Aìprjr fudd`j qu djq uj dij u jdij p* Fdr v f `jj dj`jd`j x j fquf pr`jj prjj* Q prjr*

Ikhn

AH ud` > prùr5 rc ?

?


38/74

Qardpt AH> Hd d idj jduw vrdj* Od

o Ej* Udj idfdji dHj j od d f r ù* Odw``j dj `jlrj& jd vrvj o``f* Od p`r lrl*Od où rl vf vj v`f*Udj cfdj r`r o ì* Odd z*

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pkrs`jjk*

2 \dk bkj ek0


39/74>

XAOK F iìj vju ir dvij j prdqu qud ùvr j f xr)d prj*F fv pùrrdj ìijrpr Idej nv`rdkt ds

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@bekatgs

Fdr pd x j fquf pr`jj prjj* Rprr fudd`j dj`rid`j `jrjj ux pr`jj* ]rjr f pùr qufquuj ur prjr* Djrvjdr j uj dud`j f`j `d prjr /Eu rf$* ]rjr qufquuj*

Ikhn

AH ud` > prùr5 rc 4

4


40/74

XAOK Wdffz qu ffv ùfdljj [Q fpr`jì pr`jjf u*

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2 \dk bkj ek0 /sudtk$


41/74>

XAOK A xrd rifux d uf 5 f ìproj)d`j u x f o`dx u pr`)jì pr`jjf u qu j`jd`j u `jx* F x f fr j prj pj)j uuj d uf uppf)ijdr& pudqudf djpdr ùij rvdff j fpl prj*

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Ad xpfdqu f drj r)ud`j j f fu*

\dk bkj ek0 >4jklkjtdkj ) jklkjtdkjhk

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v``rjnniw``rh* Qaordeg kfck tkcst `vkr*Rkipfnak fks i`ts sùfdljs pnr fk pr`jì pkrs`jjkf suekt qud a`jvdkjt* Rka`pdk

aonquk tkxtk*

n ]dkt ds tdkj ennr* ]dkt w``jt dj Brullk* ]dkt oùht vkkf vnj cnttkj* ]dkt okkgt

kkj br`kr* Udejbr`kr okkt C`bk* ]dkt kj C`bk sprkckj touds Jkhkrfnjhs*

]dkt kj C`bk fkrkj Grnjs `p sao``f** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

b Inrdjk ds naot ennr ùh*Inrdjk kj dc w`jkj dj L`sskfdks* Inrdjk oùhtvkkf vnj o`jhkj* Inrdjk okkgt kkj vrdkjhdj* Inrdjk kj onnr vrdkjhdj fkrkj

Jkhkrfnjhs p sao``f*

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

>4 Wuf hk brdkg nnj ikt hk pnsskjhk pkrs``jfdeck v``rjnniw``rhkj*Aìpftk fn fkttrk pnr fks pr`jìs pkrs`jjkfs suekts qud a`jvdkjjkjt*

O`d.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * okkt Wnfkrdk kj * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * w``j dj Nistkrhni* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * bkj Jkhkrfnjhsk kj

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * okb twkk br`krs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * oktkj Ekr`kj& * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ds >;& kj Ekjs& * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ds >?* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * sprkckj touds Jkhkrfnjhs kj * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * fkrkj Grnjs p sao``f*

Idej vrdkjhdj okkt Fkn& * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * w``jt `c dj Nistkrhni kj * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ds >2*

Kjede0\nnrw``j * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0Okb * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * br`krs`gzusskj0O`koktkj * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0

\kfck tnnf sprkckj * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * wnaot p ek njtw``rh*Hnl.

Wnfkrdk

\k jtoùhkj.

Fks pr`jìs pkrs`jjkfs suekts

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Ek/ede 9 tu Euffdk 9 vùs

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Ode 9 df

Ukzde 9 kffk

Okt 9 df& kffk& ak& a& akfn

]dkt ds tdkj ennr* Ode w``jt dj Brullk* Ode oùht vkkf vnj cnttkj* Ode

okkgt kkj br`kr* Ode okkt C`bk* Uk sprkckj touds Jkhkrfnjhs* Uk fkrkj

Grnjs `p sao``f*

Uk ds naot ennr ùh* \k w`jkj dj L`sskfdks* Uk oùht vkkf vnj

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Dc

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kt Rprr fù qu dj 1 fv* Rprr f pr`jì pr`jjf u* Ripfr i` pr pr`jì pr`jjf u r`pdr

uj x j rrur* Ao`ddr f pr`jì pr`jjf u `rr j `jd`j u `jx*

Ikhn

AH ud` > prùr5 rc >= HWH& rc 2

>=


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Fn pnrtdk \``rhkjsaont kjXnnflkbrudc sk tkridjk aonquk`ds pnr hkux anhrks `rdldjnux*

Okt ds jdkt oktzkfghk.

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> @p bkz`kc bde Xoìns Inrtkjs22 twkkjtwdjtdl)twkkjtwdjtdlstk

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>8

iH 2 \nnr w``j ek0 @ tu onbdtks 0

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>7

@kgkjkj kt zdjjkj

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>?

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aks hkux pnlks* Dfs s`jt tùs kjrkldstrs*Hdtks nux fvks qudfs h`dvkjt gndrk nttkjtd`j fn pr`j`jadntd`j&

fdjt`jntd`j& fnssdidfntd`j dad fdidtk fkxprkssd`j où jdkt vnj*Kjaùrnlkz bknuaùp fks fvks aùtkr fks idjd)hdnf`luks

kj hko`rs hk fn afnssk* Hdtks)fkur qunu f hks aùtks& nvkafkjtrnjkikjt& dfs skr`jt anpnbfks hk hdrk hnjs fnutrk fnjluk ak qud

sk trùvk hnjs fn hkrjdrk a`f`jjk*Rnppkfkz)fkur nussd futdfdsntd`j hu idan qud pkrikt hk anaokr fks

i`ts tuhdkr*

@kgkjkj ikt zdjjkj


45/742

Kxtrn]ùr frldr qud prj

uqu prj u jdvu uvùfdr& jù vù pr`p`)`j f ux dvd udvj

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22

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7 Dc wkkt okt jdkt* Ek jk snds pns *

28

]ùr sk ndrk aìprkjhrk nadfkikjt hnjs ujk fnjluk& fn

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dip`rtnjts*

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Ikhn

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rc >8)2;

2;>8


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Qardpt AHFuadk5 L`dl* Dc oFud*

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gnifkjnni0 \ntds ek

dside vdegzus ennr*

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2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

lrnnlkkt dcaoà`nhk*

28 > @p bkz`kc bde Xoìns Inrtkjs

\dkbkjede0 O`kokktede0

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28 Wuf hk hdnf`lkj nnj* Qpkkf hk hdnf`lkj pkr twkk*Aìpftkz fks hdnf`luks* Eùkz fks hdnf`luks hkux*

2; Hk trkdj vkrtrkct* Bùw kkj l`khk zdj ikt hk v`flkjhk w``rhkj*Fk trndj vn pnrtdr* A`jstruds ujk pornsk a`rrkatk nvka fks i`ts sudvnjts*

> * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* 0

f L`kdkhnl* Dc okkt Fuadkf Kj o`k okkt ede

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27 Fudstkr l`kh jnnr hk v`flkjhk idjdhdnf``l* Hudh nnj `g ek kkj vrnnl `g kkj

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ngrintd`j*

27

vdkrkjtwdjtdl)vdkrkjtwdjtdlstk

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x

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tnnflkbrudc pr`p`skjt ujk vnrdt hkxkradaks h`jjnjt fàansd`jnux fvks hkxkrakr ak qudfs `jt rkja`jtr hk hdrkjtks injdrks*

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@kgkjkj ikt zdjjkj /sudtk$


47/742

XAOK ]ùr ridjr& jùdjvd`j f fv ìpfr fuff qur po``*Noz uùp dip`r)j pd xprd`jrd* Wrdz f`ro`lrpo .

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X i fuan Hnnj fuadk

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vnj iuzdkc kj dc

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dj Brusskf& innr idej ùhkrs

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Uk zdej syipntodkc.

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Crdst` ds idej br`kr*

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2 Dc où vnj i`hkrjk iuzdkc kj dc bkj kkj Qpnjennrh*

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1 Dc bkj kjdl cdjh kj dc spkkf lrnnl v`ktbnf*

8 Dc w``j dj Brusskf dj kkj lr``t ouds*

12 Eudst `g gùt0 Wkrbktkr i`jhkfdjl hk gùtk zdjjkj*Wrnd ù gnux 0 A`rrdlk `rnfkikjt fks pornsks gnutdvks*

Eudst Gùt

> Dc bkj ]khr`* Idej twkkfdjlbr`kr okkt Crdst`*

2 Wdjakjt ds vkkrtdkj kj ds zkkr sp`rtdk*

1 F`rkw``jtdjJnikj*Ukdshkrtdkjennr*

8 ]nbf` ds kf ennr kj ds kjdl cdjh*

; Hk uhkrs vnj F`rk zdej syipntodkc*

7 Kfdjk okkt kkj jdkuwk gkts*

11 O`k zkllkj zk okt dj hk tkcstbnff`jjkj dj `kgkjdjl 1=0Aìikjt hdt)`j hnjs fks buffks hk fkxkradak 1= 0

> Ek suds kjnjt ujdquk* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

2 End trkdzk njs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

1 Jùs sìiks euiknux* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

8 Jùs nv`js ujk lrnjhk inds`j . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

; Crdst` kst i`j rrk* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

7 Dfs s`jt syipn . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

< Df n uj jùvknu vf`* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

18 U`kc hk Jkhkrfnjhsk jnni vnj hkzk stkhkj ` hk cnnrt ` nldjn 28*Rkaokraok fk jì jkrfnjhnds hk aks vdffks sur fn anrtk& p* 28*

> Brulks dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

2 Bruxkffks dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

1 Fdlk dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

8 \nvrk dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

; Njvkrs dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

7 I`js dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Documents

Tornado 1, Guide du professeur, chapitre 1