TsSnviC¢abUBa’ · 2015. 11. 10. · RBHéRtbidkBIPasa)alI sM®sáit rab;muWnTMB½rTukCasñaéd cgRkgCaesovePA 110k,al¬TsSnviC¢aRBHBuT§sasna¦ BIsilacarikCagmYyBan;pÞaMg. müa:g

TsSnviC¢abUBa’

¬\eNÐó/ cin/ Cb:un/ Exµr/ éf¦

EASTURN PHILOSOPHY

eday

RBHmha ma:sarin visuT§a (M.Phil)

-1-

TsSnviC¢abUBa’ edayRBHmha ma:sarin visuT§ (M.Phil)

GarmÖkfa

RbeTsExµrsBVéf¶enH PaKeRcInminsUvmanmnusSRsLaj;karRtiHriH

BicarNaeT ÉkarsikSaEpñkTsSnviC¢avij k¾enAmancMNucexSayNas;Edr

maneBlxøHeKminsUv[témø nigminsUvykcitþTukdak;dl;bBaðaenHeTotpg.

PaKeRcIneKGnuvtþeTAtamkarB¤t² Kña b¤eTAtamTmøab;b:ueNÑaH. enHCakMhus

mYyya:gFMsRmab;stvtSsBVéf¶ b:uEnþvaBMuEmnCakMhusrbs;RbCaBlrdæ

TaMgRsugeT vaGacCakMhusrbs;GñkecHdwg b¤GñkdwknaMpgEdr. RbsinebI

RbeTsCatimYy minsUvcab;GarmµN_eTAelIkarBicarNatamEbbTsSnviC¢aeT

karrIkceRmInnwgminGacdMeNIrkar)anBitR)akdeLIy EtebImanEtTsSnviC¢a

xVHFnFanmnusS enaHk¾kan;EtmankarlM)akEfmeTot eRBaHmnusSCaktþa

sMxan; CaRbPBénkarKit.

enAkñúgsm½yedImeyIgmanGñkR)aCJeRcInNas; elak)anERbKm<Ir

RBHéRtbidkBIPasa)alI sM®sáit rab;muWnTMB½rTukCasñaéd cgRkgCaesovePA

110k,al¬TsSnviC¢aRBHBuT§sasna¦ BIsilacarikCagmYyBan;pÞaMg. müa:g

eTot RbsinebIdUntaeyIgBMu)ansagGMeBIl¥ min)anxMRbwgerobcMTwkdIkalBI

kñúgGtIteT RbeTsExµrk¾min)ankøayeTACamhaGMNac CacRkPBmYyenA

kñúgGasIuGaeKñy_enHEdr. ebIelakCamnusSl¶g; KµanTsSn³ emø:HelakminecH

cgRkgKm<Irk,Ünxñat TMenomTmøab; RTwsþIneya)ay b¤TsSn³menaKmn_viC¢aeT

eRBaHTegVITaMgenaHRtUvqøgkat;TsSnviC¢a KWkarRtiHriHBicarNa.

edaysarEtTsSn³enHÉg eTIbbNþal[éBjcitþ xitxM Büayam

-2-

GarmÖkfa

RsavRCavrkÉksarykmkGanehIyGaneTot BicarNaehIyBirNaeTot

ya:gl¥itl¥n; eRBaHÉksarTaMgenaH PaKeRcInCaPasaGgÁeKøs nigPasaéf

eXIjfamanRbeyaCn_xøaMgNas; ehIyk¾Rsab;EtmanKMnitmYyfaRbsinebI

erobcM[eTACaesovePAExµr nwgmanRbeyaCn_rwtEtxøaMgeLIgminxan. TIbMput

´k¾seRmccitþsresresovePAenHeLIg ehIy[eQµaHfa {TsSnviC¢abUBa’}

CaesovePAmYymanlkçN³CaemeronsRmab;nisSitTsSnviC¢a fñak;mUldæan.

karBit´minsUv)ansresresovePAemeroneT PaKeRcInsresrEt

esovePAEpñkRBHBuT§sasna sRmab;mnusSTUeTAGanRbkbbu:eNÑaH eRBaH

karsresresrenH BMuEmnCakargayeT Bi)akxøaMgNas;. müa:geTotmkBI´

BMuEmnCaGñkR)aCJEpñkGkSrsa®sþpg EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾´minRBm

e)aHbg;ecalkarBüayamrbs;Édr KW´)ansresresovePAepSg ² CaeRcIn

eTot manesovePAmgÁlCIvitEbbBuT§i nig {TsSnviC¢abUBa’} enHCaedIm.

ehtuEdlnaM[´sresresovePA {TsSnviC¢abUBa’} enH k¾eRBaHEt

maneKalbMNg 2 KW¬1¦ edIm,IrMlwkeLIgvijnUvemeronEdlxøÜn)aneronrYc

mkehIy[ecHcaMrwtEtc,as;eLIg nig¬2¦edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;b¥Ún² nisSit

nigGs;elakEdlRsLaj;muxviC¢aTsSnviC¢a. ehtuenHRbsinebImanxusqÁg

sUmGs;elakGñkGanTaMgLay emtþaxnþIGP½yeTas nigsUmTanemtþaCYy

EklMGedayesckþIGnueRKaH sUmGrRBHKuN nigGrKuN.

shrdæGaemrik éf¶TI>>>>>>>>>>>> Ex>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>qñaM 2009

RBHmha ma:sarin visuT§a (M.Phil)

-3-


emeronTI 1

buBVbTénTsSnviC¢abUBa’

esckþIepþIm

enAkñúgsgÁmeyIgbc©úb,nñenH manGñkxøHminsUv[témøTsSnviC¢aeT.

karEdleKmin[témøenHKWbNþalmkBIGviC¢a KWPaBl¶g;exøARKbsgát;. dUecñH

karekgRbv½Ba©elIplRbeyaCn_KñaeTAvijeTAmk nigkarekobsgát;KñaeRBaH

GagGMNacenaH KWepþImecjmkGMBIPaBl¶g;exøAenHÉg.

TsSnviC¢aCaRbB½n§énviC¢asikSaRtiHriHBicarNacMeBaHRKb;GIV² TaMgGs;

EdlmnusSGacCYbRbTH)an tamkaremIleXIjCak;EsþgkþI tammenaKtikþI

edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðasMxan; ² 3 rbs;mnusS manbBaðaBuT§i bBaðaPav³ nig

bBaðasux³ sRmab;mnusSeQagcab;n½yénsc©PaB esrIPaB KtibNÐit nig

suPmgÁl edim,Ipþl;[CIvitkñúgsgÁmbc©úb,nñ nigGnaKt.

TsSnviC¢abUBa’RbeTs KWsMedAykTsSnviC¢aEdlmanRbPBecjmk

BIRbeTs\eNÐó b:uEnþkalbriecäTminsUvc,as;eT dUcCaTsSnviC¢asm½y

RBHevTCaedIm va)anekIteLIgmkBIRtwmNaenaH BMumanGñkNamñak;dwgc,as;

eLIy eRBaHBYkGriykCnsm½yburaNTaMgLaymankaryl;eXIjminRtUv

KñaesaH xøHfaRBHevT)anekIteLIg 4/500 qñaMmkehIy xøHfaeTIbnwgekIt

RbEhl 3/000 qñaM. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday RBHevTEdleKeKarBrab;Gan

mundMbUgenaH vaRKan;EtCaBaküTenÞjcaMt ² Kña CaehtubNþal[mankar

EfmfyxøHminxan eRBaHvaeTIbnwgeRbICalaylk½þGkSrkñúgsm½yBuT§kal.

-4-

esckþIepþIm

manGñkR)aCJCaeRcIn GYtfaxøÜnmankarecHdwgpÞal;GMBIGaTIeTB dUecñHehIy

RTwsþINaEdlmaneKniymtic RTwsþIenaHRtUv)ansabsUnüeTAvij RTwsþINa

EdlmaneKniymeRcIn RTwsþIenaHRtUv)aneKTenÞjcaMmat; pSBVpSayt ² Kña

rhUtman\T§iBlya:gxøaMg ehIyRtUv)aneKcarCaKm<IrburaNya:geRcIn b:uEnþ

minc,as;las;famanb:unµaneT eRBaHvamankarEfmfynUvBaküeBcn_CaeRcIn

ehIymanKm<IrxøHRtUv)aneKbdiesF faBMuEmnCabnÞÚlrbs;RBHGaTIeTB.

cMENkTsSnviC¢acin )anekIteLIgkñúgsm½y ehøA CW RbEhlCa

600 qñaM mun K>s>.

Baküfa {TsSnviC¢a} ERbfa {R)aCJa} KW)andl;kardwg b¤eXIjc,as;

nUvGIVEdlCaerOgBitR)akd Cak;EsþgedayEPñkxageRkA nigEPñkxagkñúg.

EPñkxageRkA ehAfa {mMsckçú} EPñksac;. EPñkxagkñúg ehAfa {TiBVckçú}

EPñkTiBV{jaNck ç ú} EPñkKWkardwg {bBaØack çú} EPñkKWbBaØa eXIjTaMgrUbFm’

nignamFm’ KWyl;dwgTaMgEpñkelakvtßú nigEpñkcitþ ehAfa {elakTsSn³}.

karvivDÆn_énTsSnviC¢a

tamTsSn³mnusSkñúgsm½yd¾yUrlg; KWRbEhlCa Cag 500>000

qñaMmkehIy )ansnñidæankñúgpøÚvepSg ² GMBIbBaðasMxan; 2 KW¬1¦ P½yFmµCati

ekIteLIgeRBaHGIV ? nig ¬2¦ etIeyIgRtUveFIVdUcemþc eTIbGackarBarP½y

FmµCatikMu[ekItmaneLIg ?. CamYyKñaenaH k¾Rsab;EtmancemøIyfa³ P½y

FmµCatiekIteLIgeRBaHmkBIGaTIeTBEdlmanGMNacbNþal KWelakcg;[

ekIteTACaGIVk¾)an eRscEtRBHT½yrbs;elak . viFIkarBarP½yFmµCati

KWRtUvBüayameFIVya:gNa[GaTIeTBelakeBjRBHT½y.

-5-

karvIvDÆn_énTsSnviC¢a

GñkEdl)anRsavRCavrkeXIjnUvehtuTaMgBIrenH ehIypSBVpSay

[kan;EtTUlMTUlayeLIg rEmg)anTTYlkarelIktemáIgBImCÄdæannana faCa

GñkR)aCJ ¬TsSnviTU¦ CaGñkKYrTTYlnUvkareKarBbUCaénCnanuCnTaMgLay.

karBüayamEsVgyl;GMBITwkRBHT½yGaTIeTB )anvIvDÆeTACaviC¢aeharasa®sþ

ehIyEbkEmkeTACaviC¢adéTeTotCaeRcIn eTAtamkarniym b¤CMenOEdlfa

eFIVya:gNa[EtGaTIeTBeBjRBHT½y.

karBüayamrkviFIeFIV[GaTIeTBeBjRBHT½yenH )anlUtlas;kan;Et

xøaMgeLIg rhUtkøayeTACaBiFIkmµepSg ² enAkñúgsasna ehAfa {sasnviFI}

ehIyenATIbMputk¾køayeTACa {ésysa®sþ} KWk,ÜntRma sþIGMBImnþGaKm

epSg ² EdlGacbgÁab;FmµCati dUcCaXat;ePøóg ehAePøóg kab;minmut )aj;

minecj eFIVesñh_ b¤rMedaHeRKaHelIkrasI.l. CnNaecHk,ÜneFIV[GaTIeTB

eBjRBHT½y CnenaHeQµaHfaCa {elaksgÇ b¤Gacarü} mannaTITak;TgpÞal;

CamYyGaTIeTBnwgmnusS RBmTaMgeFIVBiFIkmµepSg ² eTAtambec©keTsrbs;

xøÜn GñkxøHesøókBak;Es,kxøa xøHesøóksMbkeQI xøHesøoksMBt;BN’elOgxÏ

Tuksk; nigBukmat;Evg eRbIR)as;vtßúEbøk ² eFIVya:gNa[mnusSyl;RcLM

faxøÜnCamnusSviess ehIynaMKñaeKarBbUCa.l. b:uEnþmnusSEdlRtUv)an

RbCaCneKarBbUCaeRcInbMputenaH KWmnusSEdlecHsenþas.

TsSnviC¢aburaNdUc)aneBalmkenH etI[KuN b¤[eTas? cemøIyKW

[TaMg 2 KWTaMgKuNTaMgeTas. kalebIP½yFmµCati)anekIteLIgdl;mnusS

CMnan;edIm ehIyBMumanGñkNaecjmuxedaHRsay b¤pþl;PaBkk;ekþA BYkeK

nwgekIteraKsrésR)asaTRKb;Kñaminxan edaysarEtkarGs;sgÇwm. eRBaH

ehtudUecñH buKÁlEdlrkeXIjnUvehtuEdlnaM[mnusSmankarP½yxøac nig

-6-

karvIvDÆn_énTsSnviC¢a

ehtukMcat;esckþIP½yxøac buKÁlenaHcat;CaGñkR)aCJ ¬TsSnviTU¦ CabuKÁlKYr

CaTIeKarBbUCaénmnusSkñúgsm½yenaH eRBaH)aneFIVRbeyaCn_mhasaldl;

BYkeKrab;minGs; EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾Kg;maneTasxøHminxan ]bma

fa elaksgÇ b¤GacarüEdlmnusSTaMgLay)anepJITMnukcitþenaH CamnusS

RbkbedayelaP³ eTas³ emah³ cUlcitþykeRbóbGñkdéT eFIVBiFIkmµmþg ²

bgÁab;eK[bg;masR)ak; b¤vtßúenH vtßúenaH edIm,IRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn Caehtu

[ekItPaBekþARkhaydl;mnusSTaMgLay nigsgÁmCati dUecñHCaedIm nwg

maneTasminxan.

kMeNItTsSnviC¢abUBa’

TsSnviC¢abUBa’ )anekIteLIgenARbeTs\eNÐómuneK eTIbmaneQµaH

fa{TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó}. karsikSakalenaH sisSTaMgLayRtUvenAkñúgsMNak;

Gacarü edIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkarbgÁab;[TenÞj [sURt nigeFIVsmaFi edIm,I[

yl;c,as;nUvPaBBit nigeKalbMNgBitR)akdrbs;;mnusS CapøÚvmYyEdl

GacCYydas;etOnmnusS[ecHKitBicarNarkehtupledayxøÜnÉg.

TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóPaKeRcInEdl)ankt;RtaTuk Tak;Tg;eTAnwgGarmµN_

Gaf’kM)aMg GarmµN_pøÚvkñúg b¤Fm’kñúg CaTsSnviC¢ax<s;bMput dUcmanEcgenA

kñúgKm<Ir bJkevT eRkaymkehAfa sMhitaRBahµN³ nig ]bnis½T CaKm<Ir

Epñkcriysa®sþ nigFmµsa®sþ GaceRbICak,Ünc,ab;kñúgkarkat;esckþI edIm,I

yutiFm’. RTwsþIenHRtUv)anpSBVpSayeTAbUBa’Tis rhUtdl;RbeTscin Cb:un

GasIuGaeKñy_ nigbuWeso.l. TsSnviC¢aenH)ancab;epþImBIpl RtLb;eTArk

bBaðaCIvitmnusS/ karrs;enArbs;mnusSkñúgcRkvaL nigeKaledAénCIvit.

-7-


RbeTs\eNÐóCaRbPBkMeNItGariyFm’ sasna nigTsSnviC¢acas;

CageKenAkñúgelak ehIy)anpSBVpSayKMnitrbs;xøÜneTAkan;GariyRbeTs

pgEdr. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó )andl;TsSnviC¢aRBHevT Edl)anR)akdCarUbrag

eLIgRbEhlCa3/000-4/500 qñaMmkehIy. TsSnviC¢aRBHevTenHRtUv)an

eFIVsgÁayna erobcMsaCafµIeLIgvijCapøÚvkarRbEhlCa 600 mun K>s> KWkñúg

eBlEdlRBHsmµasm<úT§RTg;Kg;CaFrman ¬manRBHCnµ¦ enAeLIy. kareFIV

sgÁaynakalenaH manTsSnviTUCaeRcIn )ankt;sMKal;fa eRBaHEt\T§iBl

RBHBuT§sasnaeRCótcUleTAkñúglTi§rbs;eK.

RbvtþikarTsSnviC¢abUBa’ b¤TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóenH mankarBi)akxøHEdr

eRBaHBMumaneQµaHbuKÁl nigkalbriecäTc,as;las; RKan;Etdwgfa TsSnviC¢a

\eNÐómundMbUgmankarvivDÆn_elOnNas; ehIyRtUv)anEckecjCa 2 CMnan;

KW¬1¦ CMnan;RBHevT nig¬2¦ CMnan;sm½yTMenIb (Classic). Km<IrepSg ²

minTan;manBitR)akdeT BYkeKbgðat;beRgóntamviFIniyayR)ab;t ² Kña.

luHmkdl; 500 qñaMmun K>s> CMnan; b¤yuKsm½yTMenIbRtUv)anEckCa 2

KW¬1¦ yuKxøas;siuKedIm nig¬2¦ yuKxøas;siuKcug. yuKxøas;siuKcug cat;Tuk

faCayuKmasénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó eRBaHcab;taMgBI 500 qñaMmun K>s> mkTl;

nwg K>s> TsSnviC¢aenH mankarlUtlas;kan;EtxøaMgeLIg rhUtekIt)anCa

lT§inanaCaeRcIn.

eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday TsSnviTUTaMgLaykñúgsm½yenaH enAEtman

karsgS½ykñúgPav³x<s;bMput énFmµCatidUcKñaTaMgGs;. BYkeKyl;fa dYgc½nÞ

dYgGaTitü ePøóg xül; rnÞH EpøkbenÞar PÁrlan;.l. suT§EtmanviBaØaN

GaTIeTBsßitenA dUecñHehIy)anCaeKehAfa {RBHGaTitü RBHc½nÞ} CaedIm.

-8-


cMENkRBHRBhµ CaviBaØaNbrisuT§ minecHsøab; enARKb;RKgÉkPB nignaM

viBaØaNmnusSEdlsagGMeBIl¥[eTAekItCamYy.

TsSnviC¢amanmkCamYynwgmnusSkñúgelak EteKmindwgkarBit

edayehtufaKµanP½sþútagsikSaRsavRCav. P½sþútagdMbUgEdleKyl;fa Ca

edImehtu[ekItTsSnviC¢aenaH KWCatRmaRBHevT Edl)anrYbrYmeroberogTuk

RbEhlCa 3/000 qñaMmkehIy b:uEnþBMumanP½sþútagbBa¢ak;faGñkNaCaGñk

eroberogeLIy ehIyRtUv)anpSBVpSayBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; edayman

RBahµNacarüCaRbFan. RBahµN_TaMgenaHGagfa xøÜnCaGñk)ansþab;pÞal;BI

RBH»sRBHRBhµ ehIynaMmkpSBVpSayt ² KñamrhUtdl;sBVéf¶enH. BYk

RBahµN_eCOfaKm<IrRBHevTCaKm<IrburaN CaKm<Irs½kþisiT§. Km<IrenHÉgEdl

eKTTYlsÁal;faCabJsKl;énTsSnviC¢abUBa’.

ehtuEdlTsSviC¢abUBa’ekItkñúg\eNÐódMbUg

kñúgKm<IrRBHevTmanerOgpþÜcepþIm[ekItsasna nigTsSnviC¢aeLIg

edayGm CaehtukarN_dMbUg eBalKWmanehtukarN_Ebøk ² Edl)anekIt

eLIgBIP½yFmµCati )anpSBVpSayBlanuPaBeRCAeTAkñúgcitþ nigvifICIviténBYk

Griyk³ b¤Gariyan EdlCaBYkmanesckþIceRmInrugerOgbMputenAkñúgTwkdIenaH

eRBaHEtmanPaBcEmøkéncitþ nigP½yFmµCatienHÉg. BYkeKeCOfaGaTIeTB

KWCam©as;énFmµCatikñúgelak CaGñkbegáItnUvGIV ² TaMgGs;. edIm,ICaTIBwg

pøÚvcitþ/ dMbUgBYkGariyan)anseRmccitþfa³ karTTYlykP½sþútagEdlman

enAkñúgKm<IrRBHevTCaTIBwg nwgrYcputcakPy½nþrayCagkarminmanGIVesaH.

dUecñaHehIy enAeBlRBHGaTitüGrueNaT½y KWkMBugbgðajxøÜnsnSwm ² júaMg

-9-

ehtuEdlTsSnviC¢abUBa’ekItkñúg\eNÐódMbUg

emX[manBN’RkhmeRBÒg² enATIsbUB’edIm,IbMPøWelaka BYkGariyannaMKña

cab;epþImsURtmnþsresIrPaBGs©arüénRBHGaTitü edayehtufaRBHGaTitü

)anCYykMcat;PaBggwt nigPaBP½yxøacénmnusSstVTaMgLay ehIynaMmk

nUvPaBPøWsVagd¾RtcHRtcg; eFIV[mnusSelak minfaGñkmanGñkRk GñktUc

GñkFM )anesckþIsuxceRmInRKb; ² Kña. kñúgeBlraRtI BYkeK)annaMKñasURtFm’

bYgsYgRBHGaTitü sMu[CYykarBarPynþrayTaMgLayTaMgBYg EdlnwgekIt

mandl;BYkeK. raRtIkalminCaTIeBjcitþénBYkeKeT BYkeKbn;[EtPøWqab; ²

eRBaHva rEmgeFIV[BYkeK mankarP½yxøacCanic©. ehtukarN_enH man\T§iBl

xøaMgNas; enAkñúgsm½yRBHevT.

luHmkdl;sm½y]bnis½T )anekItmanKMnitfµImYyeTot KWkarrYcput

BIesckþIsøab; eTIbman\sImYyrUb eQµaH yaCBaØvlk½y )anBüayamravrk

pøÚvecjcakTukçkñúgelak eTAkan;TIR)ascakesckþIsøab;. elak)anbeRgón

xøÜnÉg nigGñkdéT[sÁal;Gtþa ¬xøÜn¦. enAkñúgKm<Ir]bnis½TEcgfa {ym³/

niym³} KWkiriyaevorcakGMeBIGaRkk; sagesckþIl¥ eFIVcitþ[brisuT§l¥pUrpg;

mansenþas manxnþIRbcaMCanic© eBjcitþsikSa nigRbtibtþicMeBaHRBHGaTIeTB

eRBaHCIvitmnusSKµanBIreT ekItmkEtmþgb:ueNÑaH ehIyrlayeTAvij KYreFIV

xøÜnCaRbeyaCn_[)aneRcInbMput. kareFIVxøÜn[CaRbeyaCn_kñúgTIenH )andl;

kareFIVcitþ[Cak;c,as;nUvGmt³ KWPaBminecHsøab;éncitþ. cMENkragkay

nigCIvit EdlsnµtfaxøÜnR)aNenH rEmgEbkFøayeTAvij tamkal³eTs³

eRBaHRKb;ya:gRtUvsßitenAeRkam\T§iBlénkal³eTs³. kal³eTs³enH Ca

mar ya:gmhnþ caMbMpøajCIvitnigGIV ² kñúgelak[vinaseTA EtcitþGmt³enH

marminGacbMpøaj)aneT. dUecñHRbeyaCn_kñúgCIvitmñak; ² enaH BYkeKnwgdwg

-10-

ehtuEdlTsSnviC¢abUBa’ekItkñúg\eNÐódMbUg

ya:gc,as;enAkñúgGmt³ favaCaGIV ? mansPaBdUcemþc ?. ehtudUecñHehIy

)anCa\sI yaCBaØvlk½y én]bnis½T beRgónmnusSTaMgLayfa {Gtþa b¤

Gatµ½n KWxøÜn CaerOgEdlKYr[cg;eXIj cg;sþab; cg;Kit nigKYrRtas;dwg

kalebIeyIgeXIjsþab;KitnigRtas;dwgehIy cat;faeyIgmannUvGIV² TaMgGs;

edayBit ehtuenHGtþa b¤Gatµ½n KWxøÜnenHCaerOgEdlKYr[nwkdl;Canic©}1.

TsSnviC¢a\eNÐómanbJsKl;BIcitþ

eKEckmnusSCa 2 PaK KW¬1¦ PaKragkayEdlCavtßú Gacb:HBal;

)an CarUbragxageRkA GacemIleXIjedayEPñkFmµta)anya:ggay nig¬2¦

PaKxagkñúg )andl;citþ CasPav³b:HBal;edayvtßúepSg ² min)an eRBaH

minmanrUb/ TaMg 2 PaKenHGaRs½yKñanwgKña. ragkayenHebIxVHcitþ ehAfa

mnusSsøab; b¤exµac ÉcitþebIxVHragkay ehAfa ectPUt. citþenHsMxan;Cag

kay dUcBaküfa {citþCaecAhVay kayCabMerI} mYyeTotfa {kalebIcitþ

s¥atl¥sføa ragkayenaHNanwgrugerOg EtebIcitþesAhµg ragkaypgnwg

ekItTukç ebIkaymanrbYs citþGñkenaHKµaneTsux nwgekItTukçdUcEtKña ebIeK

kMNt;citþ)an karcukcab;TaMgb:unµannwgFUrRsal)anmYyRKa. TsSnviC¢abUBa’

b¤\eNÐó ¬elIkElgcarvak¦ suT§EtmancitþCabJsKl; pSaP¢ab;eTAnwgkarBit

EdlmanPaBGaf’kM)aMgtamFmµCati mingaynwgBiesaF[eXIjkarBiteday

em:RkUTsSn_)aneLIy. RTwsþIdUc)aneBalmkenH sMedAykcMeNHdwgEdl

Tak;TgeTAnwgPaBBit nigpþl;nUvTsSn³ kñúgerOgkarERbRbYlCIvitmnusS

1.

sVamI stüannÞ b:urI/ )azkfa ¬)agkk ERbBITüa/ B>s> 2524 TMB½r 257¦

-11-

TsSnviC¢a\eNÐómanmYldæanBIcitþ

RBmTaMgpþl;nUvPaBsMxan;rbs;citþkñúgCIviteTotpg eRBaHcMeNHdwgEpñk

TsSviC¢aBMu)anR)afñaRtwmEtRTwsþI b¤karnwkKitb:ueNÑaHeT EtnwgCYyCMruj[

eXIjya:gCak;c,as;nUvPaBBitd¾x<g;x<s;bMputkñúgCIvitpgEdr.

TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;lT§i ¬elIkElgcarvak¦ rEmgTTYlsÁal;karrYc

putcakGnÞak; b¤TukçTaMgBYg EdlCaeKaledARbesIrbMputkñúgCIvit. KMnitenH

GacxusKñaxøHenAkñúglT§inana b:uEnþTTYlsÁáal;karrYcputdUecñaH faCakarrMlt;

TukçTaMgBYg)an. TukçenHmanmkBIkMeNItdUcbzm)abrbs;RKisÞan eTIbman

lT§ixøHKiteTotfa kalebIrMlt;Tukç)anehIy esckþIsuxnwgekItmaneLIg.

kñúgn½yenH dUcKñanwgkarTTYlTanGahar KWminRtwmEtbM)at;esckþIeRsk

Xøanb:ueNÑaHeT nwg)anEq¥tpgEdr. lT§i evTant³ ny:ay³ nig eCn man

TsSn³dUcKñanwgKMnitenH. sUm,IRBHBuT§sasna nikayxøHk¾manTsSn³

ya:genHEdr . bNÐit caduNaF sinh³2 (Jadunath Sinha) eBalfa

{TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRbkan;ykcitþCaFM TaMgTsSnviC¢a TaMgsasnaenA\eNÐó

mansm<½n§KñaminGacEckdac;eLIy. sasnaBMuEmnCaerOgQøk;vegVg b¤GbIy_

CMenOeT EtCabTBiesaFn_énCIvit eRBaHCakarRbtibtþ edIm,I[eXIjc,as;

eXIjBitnUvpøÚvcitþ. TsSnviC¢a CaRTwsþITak;Tg;nwgkarBit dwgc,as;nUvFmµCati

nigdwgesckþIBitEdlCapøÚvnaMeTAkan;emakS³. ehtudUecñH TsSnviC¢a BMuEmn

CaRTwsþIGt;GMeBIenaHeT EtCakarRsavRCavravrkesckþIBitEpñkpøÚvcitþ}.

kareCOeTAelIc,ab;kmµ )anman\T§iBlenAkñúgRbvtþisa®sþ TsSnviC¢a

\eNÐóCaeRcIn ehIylT§idéTk¾manTsSn³dUcKñaEdr evorElgEtlT§icarvak

2> Judanath Sinha , Outlines of Indian Philosophy (Calcultta: Calcutta

University, 1962) P.1

-12-

TsSnviC¢a\eNÐómanmYldæanBIcitþ

b:ueNÑaH yl;eXIjfasøab;ehIysUnü eRBaHlT§ienH CalT§ivtßúniymRCul

mineCOkmµnigplrbs;kmµeT.

luHcMeNreRkaymk TsSn³c,ab;énkmµenH )ankøayeTACac,ab;

saklénkmµ RKb;lT§ienA\eNÐó )anyl;eXIjdUcKñafaGMeBIl¥ b¤GaRkk;

EdlbuKÁl)ansagTuk rEmgmin)at;bg; rEmghucpldl;buKÁlGñksagvij

sUm,IlT§iTaMg 6 KW sagçy³ eyaK³ nya:y³ év:essik³ mINagsa nig

evTant³ EdlmankareCOCak;kñúgKm<IrRBHevT fas½kþisiT§i k¾TTYlsÁal;c,ab;

énkmµenHEdr lT§iEdlmineCOkñúgKm<IrRBHevT dUcCasasnaRBHBuT§ nig

sasnaeCn k¾TTYlsÁal;c,ab;énkmµenH. c,ab;énkmµ )andl;TegVIRKb;ya:g

minfaGaRkk; b¤l¥ rEmgpþl;pldl;m©as;kmµCanic© eTaHCaeFIVenAkñúgGtIt

bc©úb,nñ b¤GnaKtk¾eday k¾minGaceKcput)anEdr eTIbeKcat;Tukc,ab;én

kmµenHfaCac,ab;sIlFm’sakl Cac,ab;RTRTg;stVelak [mankarrIk

ceRmInTaMgpøÚvkay citþ nigpøÚvstibBaØa.

lkçN³TUeTAénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó

TsSnviC¢a b¤R)aCJa KWdwgc,as;nUvPaBBitd¾x<g;x<s; BMumanGIVEdlx<s;

CagenH ehAfa {Gnþimsc³©}. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó ebIeTaHCaRkum Gastik³

nig nastik³ k¾enAmanlkçN³TUeTARbhak;RbEhlKñaEdr KW³

1> sgát;F¶n;elIbBaðaGatµ½n TsSnviTU\eNÐóeCOfamanGatµ½n

BüayamsÁal;Gatµ½n ehIykMcat;Gatµ½nedIm,IcUldl;emakS³.

2> eBalBaküsm<½n§nwgCIvit TsSnviC¢a\eNÐómankarsm<½n§ya:g

CitsñiT§nwgmnusS BMu)anR)afñacMeNHdwgEtmüa:gb:ueNÑaHeT EtBicarNaGMBI

-13-


bBaðaCIvitkñúgpøÚvepSg ² pgEdr dUcKñanwgTsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta nigTsSnviC¢a

]bnis½T EdleBaldl;eKalkarN_dMeNIrCIvitRtwmRtUv.

3> sgát;F¶n;elIkarlHGatµ½necalcakelak ehIycUldl;emakS³

KWRbkan;ykemakS³CaeKaledAx<s;bMputénCIvit. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóminR)afña

Cab;CMBak;elakenHeT EtR)afñaelakTiBV sm,tþiTiBV CIvitTiBV sUm,IEpñkxag

RBHBuT§sasna k¾)anbeRgón[dl; vimuti KWkarrYcputcakelakEdlmanEt

esckþITukç. enHBMuEmnmann½yfa TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóCaTuniym (Pessimism)

eXIjelakkñúgcMNucGaRkk;enaHeT KWeXIjtamkarCak;Esþg mancMNucxøH

hak;dUcCaTuniymEdr eRBaHniyayGMBIerOgTukç b:uEnþsMedAykkarcUldl;

eKaledA KWesckþIsuxCanirnþr BMu)ansMedAykkarCab;CMBak;kñúgelakén

esckþITukçeLIy RKan;EtbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;nUvsPav³Biténelak ehIymin

liccuHeTAkñúgsPav³EdlCaTukçenaHeT.

4> eKaledAx<s;bMputKWemakS³ edayRbkan;x¢ab;faemakS³Ca

elakTiBVR)ascakTukçesakeraKP½yRKb;Rbkar. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóTaMgLay

evorElgEtcarvak )aneBaldl;erOgemakS³enHTaMgGs; edayeCOfa

emakS³enHCaTIrMedaHelaP³ eTas³ emah³ nigrYcputcakcMNgRKb;ya:g.

eKaledAenHehIyEdlnaM[ekItcriyasa®sþfñak;x<s;kñúgpøÚvsasna.

5> bJsKl;sMxan;éncMNg nigTukçTaMgBYg KWGviC¢a TsSnviTUeCOfa

Bn§³KWcMNg nigsBVTukçsBVcéRg CaplénGviC¢a TsSnviC¢a\eNÐórbbepSg

eTotk¾eCOya:genHEdr. RBHsmµasm<úT§RTg;beRgónGrisc© 4/ sgáracarü

beRgónevTant³ edIm,IkMcat;GviC¢a.

6> sgát;F¶n;elIkarRbtibtþedIm,IemakS³ TsSnviTURbkan;x¢ab;fa³

-14-


karRbtibtþCaerOgsMxan;Nas; eRBaHCaehtu[dl;Pav³\sSr³cakGivC¢a.

eyaK³ 8 rbs;btBa¢lI nig GriymKÁGgÁ 8 rbs;RBHBuT§sasna CaTI

niymTUeTA. cMeNHdwg nigkarRbtibtþCaKUnwgKña/ karRbtibtþmanRbeyaCn_

dl;karhVwkhat;kay nigcitþ edIm,I[ekItbBaØa kMcat;bg;tYGviC¢a nwg)ancUl

dl;emakS³ b¤ vimuti.

7> mankarBitEpñkcitþCabJsKl; TsSnviTU\eNÐó )aneBaldl;

karBiténcitþya:gl¥itl¥n; nigeRCARCHbMput. RBHsmµasm<úT§ btBa¢lI

sgáracarü nig ramnuC )aneBaldl;TsSnviC¢aEpñkcitþenHeRcInkEnøgNas;

sUm,Ielakbc©úb,nñenHk¾TTYlsÁal;karRbtibtþeyaK³famanRbsiT§iPaB Gac

bM)at;eraKkaynigcitþ ehIynaM[ekItsmaFibBaØaEdr )anCaTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó

taMgenAelIbJsKl;énbTBiesaFn_pøÚvcitþenH.

8> TMnak;TMngrvagTsSnviC¢anigsasna ]TahrN_ karrYcputcak

Tukç CaeKaledATsSnviC¢a nigsasna. TsSviC¢amannaTIsMxan; xagBiesaF

rkkarBiténCIvit bTBiesaFn_EpñkvuDÆibBaØa nigEpñkviBaØaN CaeRKÓgRTRTg;

PaBrwgbwug nigPaBsmehtusmplénRTwsþIsasna. enHeXIjfaxusKñanwg

TsSnviC¢abs©wm EdlmankarvivDÆn_eTAedayELk ebIeTaHCamanTMnak;TMng

CamYysasna k¾tictYcb:ueNÑaH minTaMgRsugdUcTsSnviC¢abUBa’eT.

9> sgát;F¶n;elIviFIrbs;xøÜn nigvicarN³déT TsSnviTU\eNÐóRKb;rUb

)anRsavRCavravrkkarBittammeFüa)ayrbs;xøÜnedayesrI BicarNabBaða

ya:gTUlMTUlayedayKtiyutþiFm’. BYkeKminRtwmEteBjcitþnwgTsSn³rbs;

xøÜnb:ueNÑaHeT EteBjcitþBicarNaTsSn³GñkdéTya:gTUlMTUlaypgEdr.

dUecñaHehIy)anCatkáviTüa manbT)azsMxan;enAkñúgkic©BicarNa CaKUKñanwg

-15-


TsSnviC¢a taMgBIsm½yyUrlg;mkehIy.

10> GnuvtþeKalkarN_bdirUb TsSnviTU\eNÐóRKb;rUb BMu)aneBal

sgát;F¶n;eTAelIbBaðaCIvitNamYyenaHeT Et)anBicarNadl;eKalkarN_

saklniymnanapgEdr. BYkeKCaGñkbdirUbsgÁmCatiya:gsMxan; mann½y

faBMu)ansMedAykemakS³EdlCaEpñkbuKÁlb:ueNÑaHeT EtsMedAykkarerobcM

viBaØaN ¬sµartI¦ énsgÁmCatiEdlTak;TgnwgbuKÁlTaMgpøÚvkaynigpøÚvcitþ.

11>manclnaCanic© KYrsegátfa³kalebIrbbTsSnviC¢aNarugerOg

TsSnviTUdéTk¾TTYlsÁal; Caehtu[rbbTsSnviC¢anana XøatcakBIrUbPaB

mYyeTArUbPaBmYy elcecjCavtßúniym FmµCatiniym viBaØaNniym

Ékniym TVikniym.l. elakGñksikSaTsSnviC¢a GacsegáteXIjkiriya

nigbtikiriya rvagrbbTsSnviC¢anana RbsinebITsSnviC¢a\eNÐóCarbb

nwgFwg minERbRbYl nwgmanrbbnanaepSgKñaya:genHBMu)aneLIy.

12> eCOc,ab;kmµ nigkarekItfµI TsSnviTU\eNÐóRbkan;x¢ab;nUvc,ab;

kmµCarbbcriysakl b¤CarbbénÉkPB. muxgarkmµKWlixitCIviténsBVstV

TaMgLay CakmøaMgkñúgkarnaMstVelakTaMgLay[ekIteTot viBaØaNcUl

eTAkñúgrUbragnanatam\T§iBlénkmµ. emakS³b:ueNÑaHEdlGacrMedaHstV[rYc

putcakkmµ nigkarekItfµI.

KYrsegátfa³ TsSnviC¢acarvak BMumaneKalkarN_TaMgGs;enHeT

lkçN³TUeTATaMgGs;enHBMu)anTak;TgnwgTsSnviC¢acarvak b¤vtßúniym\eNÐó

eLIy manEtenAkñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐób:ueNÑaH eTIbehAfa {lkçN³TUeTA

énTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó}.

bNÐit sunÞr N rgSI )ansresrkñúgesovePA {TsSviC¢a\eNÐó{ fa³

-16-


TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;rbbmancMNucrYmKña)an ebIeTaHCaEckCaRkumepSg ²

k¾eday k¾enAmanlkçN³TUeTATak;TgKñanwgKña)anEdr KW³

1> TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;rbbCaTsSnviC¢aCIvit KWmanPaBsm<½n§

ya:gCitsñiT§nwgCIvit sgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarRKb;RKgCIvitxøÜn[manesckþIsux

esckþIceRmInrugerOg eBalKWmandMeNIrCIvitya:gRtwmRtUv.

2> RKb;rbbekItBIkarmineBjcitþénPaBrs;enA edaybgðaj[

eXIjfaCIvitmnusSeyIgenHmanEtesckþITukç dUecñHehIyTsSnviTUTaMgLay

xitxMBüayamRsavRCavrkviFIrMlt;Tukç b¤pøÚvénemakS³ eTIbeKehABYkenHfa

BYkTuniym (Pessimism) KWBYkeXIjelak b¤CIvitkñúgpøÚvGaRkk;. ya:gNa

k¾eday ebIeyIg)ansikSa BicarNaRKb;rbbya:gl¥ehIy eyIgnwgeXIjfa

RKb;rbbsuT§EtENnaMkñúgpøÚvRtUv edIm,IesckþIsux nigrYcputcakTukçdUcKña nwg

ehAfa³ eKaledAénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó Ca suniym (Optimism) KWsmøwgemIl

elakkñúgpøÚvRtUv.

3> TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;rbb ¬evorElgcarvak¦ eCOc,ab;énkmµ

TaMgkñúglkçN³EdlCac,ab;énsgSarcRk c,ab;énehtupl niglkçN³Edl

Cac,ab;énsIlFm’ RKb;rbbeCOfa {eFIVl¥rEmg)anpll¥ eFIVGaRkk;rEmg

)anplGaRkk;}. eCOeKalkarN_ nigkMeNItfµI kmµCatYlixitCIvitén

sBVstVTaMgLay CakmøaMgkñúgkarnaMstVelakTaMgLay[ekItfµI viBaØaN

cUleTAkñúgrUbragnana tam\T§iBlénkmµ emakS³b:ueNÑaHEdlGacCYyrMedaH

stV[rYcputcakkmµ nigkarekItfµI.

4> bJsKl;sMxan;éncMNg nigsBVTukçKWGviC¢a TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;

rbbmanTsSn³dUcKñafa GviC¢a b¤GviTüa (Ignorance) CaehtunaMstV[Cab;

-17-


CMBak;kñúgsgSarcRk KWekIt cas; QW søab; rEmgCYbRbTHEtesckþITukçRKb;

ya:g nwgrkesckþIsuxBMu)an. cMENkviC¢a b¤bBaØa CaeRKÓgnaMstV[rYcput

caksgSarcRk BMumanekIt cas; QW søab;kñúgelak nwg)andl;emakS³

EdlCaeKaledAénTsSn³enH.

ya:gNak¾edaykareXIjerOgGviC¢aenH TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó BMu)aneXIj

dUcKñaRKb;rbbeT dUcCaTsSnviC¢ahiNÐÚ nigTsSnviC¢aRBHBuT§/ TsSnviC¢ahiNÐÚ

fa {kareXIj b¤dwgc,as;faGIVEdleTog minERbRbYlenaH ehAfa Gatµ½n}.

RBHBuT§RTg;manbnÞÚlfa {kareXIjdUecñH eQµaHfamanGviC¢a}.

5> karbMeBjsmaFi nigvibsSna TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;rbbyl;fa

karbMeBjsmaFi nigvibsSna BicarNa[eXIjsPav³Bit CapøÚvnaMeTAkan;

TIrMlt;TukçTaMgBYg. bBaðaenHmankarmincuHsRmugKñakñúgerOgsPav³BitxøHEdr

eRBaHsMNak;nImYy ² manTsSn³mindUcKña.

6> RKb;RKgcitþmin[Føak;kñúgGMNackielstNða meFüa)ayenH

TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóTaMgGs;yl;faCakarRbesIrNas; eRBaHfakalebIRKb;RKg

citþmin[Føak;kñúgGMNactNða)anehIy citþk¾nwgrYcputesckþIesAhµg nwg)an

cak;FøúHemakS³ EdlCaesckþIsuxnirnþr.

7> TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóRKb;lT§iyl;eXIjfakarrYcputcakTukçTaMgBYg b¤

emakS³enaHCaerOgEdlGaceTA)an edaykarRbtibtþtamkarENnaMminrujra

b:uEnþkarRbtibtþedIm,IrYcputcakTukçenaH rEmgmindUcKña eRBaHsMNak;nImYy²

rEmgmanbec©keTsxusKña eTAtamsmtßPaBrbs;RBahµNacarü.

TsSnviC¢asgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarRbtibtþedIm,IemakS³ karRbtibtþenHCa

erOgsMxan; eRBaHCaehtunaM[rYcputcakTukç cMeNHdwg nigkarRbtibtþsMxan;

-18-

buBVbTénTsSnviC¢abUBa’

dUcKña mantémøesµIKña CaKUKña. karRbtibtþmanTaMgcMENkhVwkhat;kay nig

citþ edIm,I[ekItbBaØa TmøaytYviC¢a ehIynwg)andl;emakS³ b¤ vimuti.

GRmitPaBénviBaØaN

TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóeCOfa viBaØaN CasPav³minsøab; kalebIragkay

EbkFøay¬søab;¦ viBaØaNnwgeTAcab;bdisn§ikñúgragkayfµI karekIt cas; QW

søab;nwgmanCahUrEh rhUtGatµ½ncUldl;emakS³eTIbrYcput. GIVEdlCabc©½y

naM[viBaØaNeTAekItkñúgPBmYyeTAPBmYyenaH KW)andl;kmµ ebIkmµGaRkk;

viBaØaNenaHnwgeTAekItenAkñúgTITab ebIkmµl¥ viBaØaNenaHnwgeTAekItenAkñúg

TIx<s;. TsSnviC¢a]bnis½Tfa {c,ab;kmµ Carbbnirnþr buKÁlsabeRBaHBUC

ya:gNaeKnwg)anplya:genaH}. c,ab;kmµenHTak;TgeTAnwgc,ab;\sSrPaB

KWRKb;KñamanesrIPaBkñúgkarsagGMeBIepSg² b:uEnþBMumanesrIPaBkñúgkareRCIs

erIsykplénkmµtamcitþrbs;xøÜn)aneT . kmµRKb;ya:grEmghucpl nig

sagvasnakñúgcitþrbs;m©as;kmµ vasnaEdlCabJsKl;pøÚvcitþ nwgkøayeTACa

bJsKl;énCIvitkñúgGnaKtCati . vasnadUc)aneBalmkenH kb;eRCAenAkñúg

])aTan KWkarRbkan;maM. kmµCaerOgvilvl; nigCaerOgpøÚvcitþ b¤Gatµ½n.

emakS³kñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó

emakS³CaeKaledAsMxan;kñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó ¬evorElgEtcarvak¦

edayyl;fa RbsinebImansgSarvdþ k¾RtUvEtmanemakS³ KWkarrYcputcak

sgSarvdþ. GviC¢anaM[Cab;CMBak;nwgsgSarvdþ cMENkviC¢amannaTIrMedaHxøÜn

ecjBIsgSarvdþ enaHÉgCatYemakS³. TsSviC¢a\eNÐóeBalfa buKÁlRtUv

-19-

emakS³kñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó

taMgcitþsagcMeNHdwgEpñkbTBiesaFn_edayxøÜnÉg eRBaHcMeNHdwg ¬bBaØa¦

dUc)aneBalmkenaH nwg)anCakmøaMg CYy[dl;emakS³.

TsSnviC¢anyay³ nigévessk³ yl;faemakS³manlkçN³kñúgn½y

bdiesF mann½yfa esckþITukçnwgGs;eTAya:gsm,ÚrN_ man\sSrPaBcak

esckþITukçya:gsm,ÚrN_. kñúgemakS³enaH KWGatµ½nnwgRtUvR)ascakragkay

nig\®nÞIy_TaMgLay CaGatµ½nEdlmanPaBbrisuTi§ R)ascakesckþIRsLaj;

esckþIP½yxøac esckþIERbRbYl nigesckþIRTuDeRTam GñkEdlcUldl;emakS³

KWGñkEdlmanbBaØa yl;dwgEpñkehtuplya:gl¥.

TsSnviC¢amInagsa yuKdMbUg yl;fa karcUldl;zansYK’ CargVan;

x<s;bMputénkarRbtibtþsasna eRBaHzansYK’pþl;esckþIsuxBMumanERbRbYl.

luHeRkaymkKMniterOgemakS³ )aneRCótcUlmkCMnYserOgzansYK’. Gatµ½n

kñúgzan³rbs;emakS³ R)ascakcMNgénkmµRKb;ya:g nwg)aneTAekItfµIya:g

yutþiFm’ GñkEdlcUldl;emakS³rEmgRbtibtþisasnaedaycitþs¶b;l¥enAkñúg

emakS³enaH.

TsSnviC¢aevTant³ yl;fa emakS³ KWkardwgc,as;EdlÉkPaBrvag

Gatµ½nnwgRBhµ. GñkEdlcak;FøúHemakS³EtenAmanCIvit rEmgdwgc,as;nUvPav³

énRBhµkñúgxøÜnedayxøÜnÉg rEmgrIkrayenAkñúgsnþisux. kñúgRBhµ Casnþisux

eRBaHdwgc,as;nUvÉkPaBrvagxøÜnnwgRBhµ rEmgeXIjkarBitfa {GjCaRBhµ}

enHKWesckþIBitya:gx<s;bMput.

KYrsegátfa³ emakS³énTsSn³nImYy ² suT§EtmankarxusEbøkKña

ehIykarxusEbøkKñaenH KWmkBIkarceRmInlUtlas;énGariyFm’tamEbbbT

TsSnviC¢aenaHÉg.

-20-

emeronTI 1

karEbgEcgyuKTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó

erOgyuK erOgsm½yenH TsSnviTUEpñkPartviTüa mankaryl;eXIj

minsUvRtUvKñaeT manGñkxøHEbgEckCaeRcInyuK GñkxøHEbgEckCa 3 yuK

KWyuKRBHevT/ yuKmhakaBü nigyuKrbbTsSnviC¢aTaMg 6 EtkñúgTIenHnwg

niyayEt 4 yuK tamsa®sþacarü bNÐit s> raFRKwsÑ½n CaTsSnviTU\eNÐó

d¾sMxan;mñak; nigelak hUer:s eG> rU:s (Horace A. Rose) GñkRsavRCav

d¾sMxan;rbs;\eNÐó EdlFøab;mantMENgCaecARkmEpñkviC¢akarmnusSviTüa.

GñkR)aCJTaMgBIrnak;enH )anEbgEckyuKdUecñH KW³

1> yuKRBHevT (The Vedic Period 1500 B.C.-600 B.C.)

yuKenH cab;epþImtaMgBIBYkGariyancUlmktaMglMenAzan ehIy)an

pSBVpSayGariyFm’rbs;xøÜn eFIVBiFIsURtmnþsresIrGaTIeTB tamKm<IrbJkevT

nigGPiR)ayTsSn³epSg² kñúgKm<Ir]bnis½T. eBaledaysegçb BYkenH)an

cab;epþImpSBVpSay\T§iBlrbs;xøÜn taMgBIekItmanRBHevTenAkñúgRbvtþiKMnit

EpñkTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó.

2> yuKmhakaBü (The Epic Period 600 B.C.- K>s> 200)

yuKenH cab;epþImkñúgGMLúgeBlGPivDÆKm<Ir]bnis½TxagedIm nigkñúg

GMLúgeBlcab;rbbTsSnviC¢anana b¤ehAfa {TsSn³vivDÆn_}. mhakaBü

ramayn³ nigmhaPart³ eRbób)annwgBahn³naMsarsm<½n§[ekIteLIg rvag

virbursnwgGaTIeTB eBal KWtaMgBIekItmanmhakaBü 2 erOg KWmhakaBü

ramayn³ nigmhakaBümhaPart³/ enAkñúgyuKenH elaksa®sþacarü

bNÐit raFRKwsÑ½n )aneBalfaCayuKRBHBuT§sasna nigsasnaeCn ceRmIn

rugerOg RbNaMgRbECgKñanwgsasnaRBahµN_.

-21-

karEbgEcgyuKTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó

3> yuKRBHsURt (The Sutra Period cak K>s> 200-…)

edayeyaleTAtamvtßÚbkrN_)anekItmankan;EteRcIneLIg caM)ac;

RtUvEtkt;RtaTuknUvrbbTsSnviC¢a Caehtu[ekItmaneLIgnUvrUbPabénsURt

epSg ² ehAfa {RBHsURt}.

4> yuKBhusSÚRt b¤Gñksþab;eRcIn (The Scholastic Period)

yuKenHmanTsSnviTUFM ² eRcInNas; dUcCa kumarila/ sgáracarü/

RsIFr/ ramanuC/ m½Fv³/ vacsSbti/ ]Tüan/ Paskr/ Cynþ/ viBaØaNPikçú nig

rXunaf.l. enAkñúgyuKenH rbbtkákviTüaRtUv)aneKnaMmkGnuvtþya:gTUlM

TUlay TsSnviTU eQµaHl,I² dUcCa sgáracarü nig ramanuC k¾)annaMlT§I

cas; ² mkpSBVpSaymþgeTot ehIy)ansresrerOgra:vEdlTak;TgeTAnwg

TsSnviC¢a CaeRcInk,al.

manTsSnviTU\eNÐó ¬TsSnviTUbUBa’¦ nigTsSnviTUbs©wmRbeTs min

ticnak;eT Edl)anEbgEckyuKTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó eTACayuKRBHevT

yuKRBahµN_ nigyuKhiNÐÚ.

manTsSnviTUxøHeTot)anEbgEckTsSnviC¢a Ca 2 yuKFM ² k¾man KW

yuKRBHevT nigyuKTsSnviC¢akñúgsMNak;epSg ².

-22-


emeronTI 2

TsSnviC¢aRBHevT

esckþIepþIm

yuKRBHevTenH manRbvtþminsUvc,as;las;eT mindwgCaGñkNaEdl

manKMnitbegáIteLIg snñidæanfa RbEhlCaekIteLIgrvag 3/000-4/500

qñaMmkehIy. elaksa®sþacarü bNÐit s> raFRKwsÑ½n CaGtItRbFanaFibtI

nigCaTsSnviTU\eNÐód¾l,Imñak; )anRsavRCavrkeXIjfa TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó)an

ekIteLIgRbEhlCa 3/500 qñaMenHÉg KWekItmunRBHBuT§sasna RbmaN

1/000 ¬999¦ qñaM.

Baküfa {evT/ evT³} mkBIBakü {viT/ viT³} ERbfa {cMeNHdwg/ viTüa

bBaØa= karqøatvagév.l. CaTUeTAniymehAfa {RBHevT} RBHevTCavNÑKti

cMNas;CageKbMputrbs;\eNÐó CaKm<IrrYbrYmcMeNHdwgrbs;mnusSEdlman

GayukalyUryarmkehIy. RBHevT)anpþl;cMeNHdwgEpñkTsSnviC¢aCaeRcIn

ehIy)aneBaldl;erOgkñúgGtItkald¾yUrlg;CaeRcInerOg . RBHevTBMuEmn

manEtcMNucsMxan;kñúgpøÚvTsSnviC¢a nigsasnarbs;xøÜnb:ueNÑaHeT Etman

cMeBaHsasnadéTpgEdr . RBHevTmanPaBcMNas;Rbhak;RbEhlKñanwg

bTBiesaFn_erOgsuxTukçrbs;mnusS . RBHevT)anR)ab;eyIg[dwgfamnusS

)anGs;Gal½ykñúgCIvitehIy ehIyEsVgrkGnþimsc©³ EdlmanGanuPaBGac

kMcat;esckþITukçGs;Kµansl;.

RBHevTman\T§iBlxøaMgNas;enAkñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó . karcUldl;

-23-

esckþIepþIm

Gnþimsc©³edayBaJaNviess cat;CabJsKl;rbs;RBHevT. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó

RKb;RkumGnþimsc©³TTYlsÁal;PaBsMxan;énRBHevT eRBaHyl;faRBHevTnwg

CYybNþal[eXIjGnþimsc©³Canirnþr nigdl;TIbMput Gacarünwgsis)an

epÞrcMeNHdwgeTAtamlMdab;t ² KñaCayUrGEgVgmkehIy . ehtudUecñHehIy

eTIbRBHevTRtUv)aneKehAfa {RKuti} KWRBHKm<IrEdl)ansþab;t ² Kña.

Km<IrRBHevTman 4 KW¬1¦ bJKevT ¬2¦ yCurevT ¬3¦ samevT nig

¬4¦ Gafan;evT . kñúgevTnImYy ² manKm<IrRkbdUecñH KW bJKevT manm®nþ³

RBahµN³ nig]bnis½T.l. evTdéT ¬3 eTot¦ k¾manKm<IrRbkbEdr Et

BMu)ansEmþgkñúgTIenHeT. KMnitTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó )antaMgeLIgkñúgKm<IrRBHevT

ehIyceRmInlUtlas;enAkñúgsm½y]bnis½T.

RBHevT)aneBaldl;kMeNItelakeRcInNas; minecHcb;minecHehIy

BiessKWbJKevT/ eBalfa³ mundMbUgBMumanGIVeT manEtPaBggwtRKbdNþb;

TUeTA yl;fabTsURtmnþkñúgRBHevT CaKm<Ircas;rbs;CnCatiGariyanedIm.

ya:gNak¾eday BYkeKyl;faRBHevTKWCabJsKl;énKMnitTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó.

Km<IrRBHevT b¤éRtevT

CnCati\eNÐóyl;fa Km<IrRBHevTCatRma EdlmanGayueRcInCageK

cas;CageK nigs½kþisiT§ibMput dMbUgeLIyKm<IrenHman 3 ehAfa {éRtevT}

CaKm<IrsMxan;Nas;sRmab;CnCatiGariyan eRBaHbuKÁlEdlnwgkøayeTACa

GñkR)aCJEpñknana manGñkR)aCJEpñksasna b¤GkSrsa®sþ RtUvEtsikSa[

cb;éRtevTCamunsin eCOfakalebIsikSacb;éRtevTehIy nwgmanstibBaØa

qøatvagév nwg)aneTACamnusSviess b¤CamnusSGs©arükñúgsm½yenaH. luH

-24-


cMeNreRkaymk RbEhlCarab;Ban;qñaM eTIbmanKm<IrTI 4 ekIteLIgEfmeTot

KWKm<IrGafan;evT.

Km<IrRBHevTenH ebItamPsþútagEdlmanEcgenAkñúgKm<IrRBHéRtbidk

énBuT§sasnakñúgsm½yBuT§kalenaHfaman 3 Km<Irb:ueNÑaH ehAfa {éRtevT}

KW ¬1¦ bJKevT ¬2¦ yCurevT nig ¬3¦ samevT . cMENkGafan;evT b¤

GtrvevT CaevTTI 4 enaH BMumanEcgenAkñúgsm½yBuT§kaleT. enHbBa¢ak;fa

Gafan;evTenH )anekIteLIgeRkaysm½yBuT§kalya:gBitR)akd.

1> bJKevT b¤ bJKsgðita CaKm<IrsþIGMBIkMNaBükaBüa CakMNaBüEdl

)ancgRkgeLIgmundMbUgbg¥s;3 nigCac,ab;dMbUgsRmab;CnCatiGariyan

eRBaHeKyl;fa CabJsKl;énsasna. vNÑKti nigkarRKb;RKgTaMgGs;RtUv

)anerobcMeLIg edIm,IeRbIkñúgkarsURtsresIrGaTIeTBTaMgLay EdlsßitenA

kñúgFmµCati dUcCaRBHGaTitü RBH\nÞ RBH]sa RBHvisÑú RBHGKÁnI nigRBHvruN

EdlmanbJT§anuPaBxøaMgkøa . GaTIeTBTaMgGs;enH mundMbUgmannaTI\sSr³

BMumanGgÁNaFMCagGgÁNaeT eyIgehAlT§ieKarBbUCaGaTIeTBeRcInGgÁfa

BhueTvniym(Polytheism) tmkkøayeTACaGtieTvniym (Henotheism)

edaysarkarelIktemáIgGaTIeTBGgÁNamYy[CaFMelIGaTIeTBÉeTot tam

EtsT§arbs;xøÜn mancMnYn 1/017 bT. bTsURtTaMgGs;enaH suT§swgEt

)anmkBIFmµCati snµtihak;dUcCamanrUbragBitR)akd ehIyKm<IrTaMgenaH

cat;Ca 10 vKÁ b¤ 10 k,al. kRmgGtßbTTaMgGs;)anerobrab;erOgra:vkñúg

sm½yepSg ² Kña nigmantémøkñúgvNÑKtiepSgKña. GñkEdlnaMmkpSBVpSay

PaKeRcInCatabs\sI tabsinI ¬\sIRsI¦ mantictYc. BYkeKsURtsresIr

3 A.C. Das, Rivedic Culture (Calcutta: Calcultta University, 1925).

-25-


RBHGaTIeTBEdlBYkeKeKarBbUCa nigbYgsYgsMuBrC½ysirImgÁlvibulsuxGMBI

RTg;. Km<IrTaMgGs;enHGacRsavRCavykmksikSaEpñkPUmisa®sþ)anpgEdr

eRBaH)aneBaldl;TIkEnøgepSg ² CaeRcIn dUcCaPñM Tenø CaedIm. snñidæanfa

Km<IrbJKevTenHGacEtgeLIgenAkñúgTwkdIGaháanIsßan )aKIsßan nigrdæbBa©)ab

RbeTs\eNÐóbc©úb,nñenH ry³eBlRbERhlCa 3/500 qñaMmkehIy.

2> yCurevT b¤ yCursgðita CaKm<IrEdlmanÉksarEpñkRbvtþisa®sþ

d¾sMxan;bMput niBn§ eroberogeLIgCakRmgEkv eRbób)annwgbTsµÚtkñúgerOg

evsnþrCatk b:uEnþBMuEmnCaerOgevsnþreT CaerOgkñúglT§ieK KWeKmanerOg

epSg ² eRcInNas; ehIyerOgTaMgGs;enaHÉg EdlnaM[dwgGMBIkarERbRbYl

Epñksasna nigsgÁm BIyuKbJKevT mkyuKyCurevT. eRkABIenHenAman

erOgCaeRcIneTot EdlTak;TgnwgRBahµN_Nacarü GMBIBiFIkar kñúgkarRbkb

BiFIbUCay½BaØ BiFIbYgsYgsMuBrBIRBHGaTIeTB RBmTaMgmanBiFItUctacdéT

eTot CaeRcInpgEdr.

3> samevT b¤ samsgðita CaKm<IrEdlsþIGMBIbTePøg nigKafasURt

CamYyePøg edIm,IsresIr b¤elIktemáIgGaTIeTB/ sRmab;RbCaCnTUeTAeRbI

kñúgBiFIsURtfVayTwkesam ¬RbePTRsa¦ dl;RBH\®nÞaFiraC nigeRbIkñúgBiFI

sURtRbelamlYgelamGaTIeTBTaMgLay[eBjRBHT½ycMeBaHxøÜn ehIy

xøÜnnwgman»kas)ancUleTACitGaTIeTB.

4> Gafan;evT b¤ GtrvevT Km<IrenHeTIbnwgekItmaneLIg Casñaéd

GñkR)aCJCMnan;eRkay eroberogeLIgedIm,IrYbrYmKafa b¤bTsURtmnþBiess ²

TaMgLay[eTACaKm<IrepSgeTot dUcCaKm<Irésysa®sþ b¤ ésyevTviTüa

RbkbedayKafa GaKm nigevTmnþepSg ² sRmab;eRbIkñúgBiFIsURtdak;esñh_

-26-


edaHesñh_ eFIVGMeBI edaHGMeBI rMedaHeRKaH elIkrasI kab;minmut dutmineqH

)aj;minecj bM)aMg)at; rt;elOn nigeFIV[eKvinas Ebk)ak;Kña CaedIm.

Km<IrRBHevTTaMg 4 enHEtgeLIgedaykarrYbrYmKm<IrRBahµN³CamYy

pgEdr. Km<IrRBHevTTaMg 4 enHhammin[pSBVpSay b¤beRgónBYkvNÑ³sURt

EdlCavNÑ³fñak;TabCadac;xat ebIsURtNalYceron nwgRtUvTTYleTasya:g

F¶n;CaTIbMput dUcCaRtUveKdutEdk[RkhmrukcUleTAkñúgmat; kñúgEPñkTaMgBIr

b¤RtecokTaMgBIr [dl;nUvkþIevTnaya:gEsnTaruN CYnkaldl;søab;k¾man.

®sþIRKb;vNÑ³¬vNÑ³4¦ hammin[eronCadac;xat EtebIsþab;FmµtaminhameT

eRBaHebIRKan;Etsþab;müa:gb:ueNÑaH minrab;faCakareroneT. RBHevTdUc)an

eBalmkenH manGayuRbEhlCa 3/000- 4/500 qñaMmkehIy Km<Ir

eRkaybg¥s; KWKm<Ir ]bnis½T.

karGFib,ayRBHevT

RBHevTenHRtUv)anTTYlkarGFib,aykñúgn½yepSg ² dUecñH KW³

1> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½yFmµCati RBHevTeBaldl;bTsURtGgVr

GaTIeTB nigGaTIeTBbNþalkmøaMg[R)akdeLIgtamFmµCati Caehtu[

mnusSnaMKñabUCaFmµCati . RBHevTCaTIR)akdeLIgénsasnabzmPUmirbs;

mnusS KWlT§ibUCaFmµCati . TsSnviTUsm½yfµIxøH)aneBalfa RBHevTCa

bTsURtbzmPUmirbs;mnusS.

2> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½yBiFIkmµ eRBaHbTsURtkñúgRBHevTeBal

dl;karbUCay½BaØCaeRcInkEnøg dUcCabJKevT )ansgát;F¶n;eTAelIBiFIkmµEpñk

sasna eBaldl;eTBbutþeTBFIta )anTTYlkarbUCa. RBHevTBMu)an[GIVl¥

-27-

karGFib,ayRBHevT

RbesIr ]tþúg]tþmdl;mnusSeRcInCagenHeLIy.

3> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½ycriysa®sþ bTsURtkñúgRBHevT KWbT

criyFm’. GaTIeTBTaMgLayEdleBaldl;RBHevT KWsBaØaN TMenomTMlab;

RbéBNIénsgÁmzansYK’ sgÁmmnusS KW)anepÞrTMenomTMlab; RbéBNIzan

sYK’mkeRbIenAzanmnusSelak.

4> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½yeTvniym KWkareKarBrab;GanGaTIeTB

Edlmans½kþiFMEtmYyGgÁ CalT§idMbUgkñúgKm<IrbJKevT sUm,IeBaldl;eQµaH

GaTIeTBdéTCaeRcIn k¾mankarlMeGogeTArkeTvniym eRBaHkñúgbTsURtdl;

eTvatieTB mann½yfaGaTIeTBEdlFMCageKEtmYyGgÁb:ueNÑaH. GaTIeTBenH

CYnkalRtUv)aneKehAfa {mehsVr}.

5> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½yÉkniym Ékniym )andl;karTTYl

sÁal;nUvGIV EdlCaGnþimsc©³ b¤GIVEdlBitR)akdfamanEtmYy . eyIgGac

BicarNaÉkniym)antamGtßbTenH {sartß karBitmanEtmYyb:ueNÑaH GIV

EdlmanmkehIy kMBugman nigbMrugman KWburs stV manEtmYyb:ueNÑaH

stVCaebHdUgénÉkPB \sSr³xøÜnÉg CaGmt³ Canirnþr CaviBaØaNénelak

EdlRKbdNþb;elIGIVTaMgGs; enAelIÉkPB CaxøwmsarRKb;ya:g CaÉkPB

énGVI ² TaMgGs;}.

6> GFib,ayRBHevTkñúgn½yrh½sniym KWeBaldl;RBHevTkñúgzan³

CaerOgGaf’kM)aMg Bi)akyl; GaTIeTBTaMgLayCasBaØaNxagpøÚvcitþ dUcCa

suriyeTB CasBaØaNénbBaØaCaedIm ebIniyayGMBIcMeNHdwgfaCaGaf’kM)aMg

hak;dUcCaminsmdl;mnusSTUeTA CYnkaleKykeTAeRbIkñúgpøÚvxus naM[

xUccriy³ RbsinebIcMeNHdwgenaHekIteLIgcMeBaHmnusSmancitþminbrisuT§.

-28-

TsSnviC¢aRBHevT

TsSn³nanakñúgRBHevT manlkçN³minsUvRtUvKña eBaldl;GaTIeTB

mindUcKña eRBaHbTsURtekIteLIgdl;GñkEdlmanbTBiesaFn_mindUcKña BMu

manBaküGFib,ayNamYy[RtwmRtUvbribUrN_)aneLIy. erOgra:vkñúgRBHevT

BMu)anbMEbkykmkeBaledayELk ² BIKña Caehtu[manTaMgeKalkarN_

TsSnviC¢a sasna niglT§imaya CaedIm eRBaHehtudUecñH eTIbRBHevT

minGacykmkGFib,ay[dUcKña)an.

RBHevTkñúgzan³CamUldæanénrbbTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó

mUldæanénTsSnviC¢aRBHevT KWkareCOerOg {Gatµ½n{ nig {RBhµ½n}

ehIy)anvIvDÆeTACaKm<Ir]bnis½T. bTsURtnanakñúgRBHevTCaerOgEdlman

témøxçs;bMputrbs;CnCatiGariyanedIm. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóCMnan;eRkayceRmIn

rugerOg)an k¾eRBaHGaRs½yRBHevTCaedImehtu. müa:geTot erOgeTvniym

(Theism) EdlmanenAkñúg PKv½TKItaenaH k¾)anTTYl\T§iBlBIkarbUCadl;

RBHvruNkñúgRBHevTenHEdr sUm,ICMenO nigeKalFm’kñúgRBHevT k¾CamUlehtu

d¾sMxan; EdlRKb;rbbénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó )anTTYlsÁal;ya:gTUlMTUlay.

BYkeK)anBnül;fa {karsagGMeBIl¥ rEmgnaMeTAkan;GRmitPaB} RKb;KñaRtUv

TTYlykplénkmµrbs;xøÜn minGaceKcput)aneLIy.

\T§iBlénTsSnviC¢aRBHevT

TsSnviTU\eNÐóPaKeRcIn yl;eXIjdUcKñafa³ TsSnviC¢aRBHevTman

\T§iBleRcInbMput kñúgTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó . karcUldl;Gnþimsc©³ (Ultimate

Reality) edayjaNviess cat;CamUldæanrbs;RBHevT. TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó

-29-

emeronTI 2

RkumGnþimsc©³TTYlsÁal;RTWsþIsMxan;RBHevT eRBaHRBHevT)anbgðaj[eXIj

Gnþimsc³nirnþr nigdl;TIbMput GacarünwgsisS)anepÞrcMeNHdwgeTAtam

lMdab;t ² KñaCayUrGEgVgmkehIy . eRBaHehtudUecñHeTIbRBHevTRtUv)an

eKehAfa {RKuti} KWRBHKm<IrEdl)ansþab;t ² Kña.

eKaledAx<s;bMputénRBHevT

erOgGPUtehtuEdlekIteLIgCamYyFmµCati )anCMrujmnusS [man

karP¶ak;ep¥Il cg;dwgcg;yl; BiessKWGñkEdlcUlcitþsikSaRsavRCaverOg

BitnanakñúgFmµCati edIm,I[dwgc,as; faetIvaekItmkGMBIGIV dUcCaPÁrlan;

rnÞ³)aj; EpøkbenÞar.l. ehIyBüayamravrkpøÚvecjcakTukçesakEdlRKb

sgát;CIvitmnusSelak [rYcputcakTukçesakenaH. kardwgc,as;GMBIFmµCati

nigkaryl;dwgnUvehtuEdlnaM[manesckþIsuxceRmInkñúgCIvitrbs;mnusS Ca

cMNucdMbUg nigCaeKaledAx<s;bMputkñúgRBHevT.

viFIcUldl;eKaledAx<s;bMputkñúgRBHevT )andl;karsURtbYgsYgsMuBr

GMBIGaTIeTB eFIVBiFIkmµepSg ² manRbKMut®nþI eRcógraM.l. edIm,I[GaTIeTB

Edlmans½kþiFMeBjcitþpg edIm,IGñkEdleFIVBiFIkmµenaH)ansRmac;eKaledA

tamesckþIR)afñapg.

TsSnviTUkñúgyuKRBHevTminTukcitþfa mnusSnwgrYcputcakesckþIsøab;

eTIbdwknaM[sURtGgVrkrsMuBrBIGaTIeTBedIm,I[manGayuyWnyUr. TsSnviTU

TaMgLayenaHecHviFIsURtKafaepSg² tamkarsmKYrdl;GaTIeTBepSg ² Kña

eRBaHmanCMenOfa karsURtGgVrkrenaHnwg)anseRmcpltamkþIR)afñarbs;xøÜn

erog ² xøÜn . karsURt b¤karsagPaBTMnak;TMngrvagGatµ½n nigGaTIeTBenaH

-30-

TsSnviC¢aRBHevT

nwgnaM[ekItcMeNHdwgEpñkpøÚvcitþkan;EtxøaMgeLIgpg nigmanesckþIs¶b;sux

kan;EtRbesIreLIgpg.

RBHevTEcjCa 2 cENk KW¬1¦ Cjank½NÐ EpñkcMeNHdwg nig¬2¦

kmµk½NÐ EpñkBiFIkmµ. PaBBUEk CaehtunaM[ekItcMeNH karsURtbYgsYg

GgVrkr CaehtunaM[ekItBiFIkmµ. BIFIsURtKafa GaKmepSg ² ekIteLIgBI

mhaCnEdlmanectnaepSg ² Kña GacekIteLIgkñúgRKamanTukç sURtedIm,I

rMedaHTukçk¾fa)an. tmk RBHevTman\T§iBldwknaMmhaCn[eFIVBiFIkmµkan;Et

eRcIneLIg edayENnaMfakareFIVBiFIkmµepSg ² CaGMeBIl¥mYyEbb. edIm,I[

mancMeNHdwgx<s; yl;ehtukarN_)anc,as;las; eKRtUvkMcat; raK³ eTas³

nigman³ [Gs;Camun enaHeKnwg)andl;emakS³edaybriyay.

erOgkmµkñúgRBHevT

RBHevT)aneBaldl;RTwsþIerOgkmµ EdlCaeKalsMxan; éncriysa®sþ

pgEdr c,ab;kmµEdlfaeFIVl¥rEmgnaMeTAkan;PaBGmt³ viBaØaNvilvl;ekIt

søab;BIPBmYyeTAPBmYytamc,ab;kmµpl RKb;KñaRtUvEtTTYlykplén

kmµrbs;xøÜn minGaceKcput)aneT. GñkxøHhak;dUcCaGab;»nrsµI eFIVkic©kar

GIV² BMusUv)anseRmcesaH sUm,Irbs;EdlmanmkehIyk¾rlayeTAvijeday

minsmehtupl GñkxøHrksIuecHEtkak;kb rs;enAk¾)ansux.l. TaMgenH

k¾eRBaHEtkmµcas;tampþnÞa b¤CYyeRCamERCgenaHÉg dUecñHkarsURtGgVrkr

b¤sresIrGaTIeTBk¾eRBaHEtcg;[rYcBIeRKaHcéRgpg nigGrKuNGaTIeTBpg.

Gñksagkmµl¥ rEmg)aneTAekItenARBhµelak GñksagkmµGaRkk; CYnkal

eTAekItCavtßúKµanviBaØaN dUcCaedImeQI b¤PñM.l. CYnkalviBaØaNTTYleTas

-31-

emeronTI 2

eRBaH)abkmµrbs;GñkéTk¾man dUcBakücas;fa {kMhus«BukTuk[kUn/ kMhus

mþayxøÜn kUns¶ÜnTTYlyk}.

dUc)aneBalmkenHeXIjfa RBHevT)aneBalerOgkmµCaeRcIncMNuc

BicarNaehIyyl;eXIjfaRKb;lT§i RKb;TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó)anykcitþTukdak;

xøaMgNas;GMBIerOgkmµenH.

RBHevTeBaldl;kMeNIténelak

RBHevT)aneBaldl;kMeNIténelakeRcInya:gNas; CYnkaleBal

fa {RBHGKÁnICaGñkbegàItelak teTAenHzansYK’nwgekItmaneLIgTaMgyb;

TaMgéf¶} CYnkalfa {RBH\nÞCaGñkbegáItmnusSelak nigeTvelak} CYnkal

fa {visÑúkmµeTBbuRt nigRBHvruNCaGñkbegáItelak}. TaMgGs;enHbBa¢ak;fa

RBHevT)aneBaldl;GaTIeTBmYyGgÁ² kñúgzan³CaRbmuxGaTIeTB. bJKevT

)aneBaldl;erOgsagelakfa {kaledImeLIyBMumanGIVeT manEtPaBggwt

RKbdNþb;CitQwg BMumanBnøWeT stVCacMNucepþImeLIgénelak}.

RBHevTEckmnusSkñúgsgÁmCa 4 vNÑH

1> vNÑHRBahµN_ mannaTIsikSa TenÞjemeronkñúgKm<IrRBHevT nig

CaGñkeFIVBiFIkmµxagsasnasRmab;GñkdéTpgEdr ehIyRBahµN_EdlecHdwg

CageKeRcIn)anTTYltMENgx<s; dUcCaRBHraCRKUCaedIm.

2> vNÑHkSRt mannaTIsikSaviC¢ayuT§sa®sþ edIm,IkarBarRbeTs nig

nitisa®sþ rdæsa®sþ edIm,IRKb;RKgRbCaBlrdæ[rs;enA)ansuxsanþ.

3> vNÑHévsy³ mannaTIsikSaEpñkBaNiCsa®sþ nigekSRtsa®sþ

edIm,IRbkbmuxrbrcYjdUr ciBa©wmstV nigeFIVERscMkar.

-32-

emeronTI 2

4> vNÑHsuTÞ³ b¤sURt mannaTIsikSaEpñkkmøaMgBlkmµ edIm,IsIuQñÜl

tameragcRk tamksizan b¤tampÞHBYkGPiCn.

vNÑHTaMg 4 enH manEcgenAkñúgKm<IrRBHevTEdlCabJsKl; b¤Caem

Km<Irrbs;sasnaRBahµN_ )ancat;CabTbBaØtþiTuksRmab;mnusSGnuvtþtam.

luHeRkayeBl\eNÐó)anTTYlÉkraC rdæFmµnuBaØfµIRtUv)anEtgeLIg ehIy

manmaRtamYyenaH)anbBa¢ak;famin[manvNÑHTaMg 4 eToteT . bBaðaenH

ebItamnitin½y \eNÐósBVéf¶enHBMumanvNÑHeT EtebItamRBwtþin½y karEbgEck

vNÑHenHenAEtmankñúgsgÁmTUeTA.

karcat;CMBYkénRBHevT

luHcMeNreRkaymk RBHevT4RtUv)ancat;Ca 4 CMBUkdUecñH KW³

1> CMBUk sMhita b¤ m®nþ³ CMBUkenH)andl;RBHevTTaMg 4 KW éRtevT

nigGafan;evT rYbrYmmnþepSg² pg ehAfa {CMBUkmnþ} edIm,IeRbIkñúgkarbrikmµ

sURtbYgsYg b¤sURtsresIGaTIeTB EtgeLIgCakaBüeXøagedIm,IgaycaM.

2> CMBUk RBahµN³ CMBUkenHmaneRcInKm<IrNas; EtgeLIgCabT

kRmgEkv edIm,IGFib,ayBiFIkmµepSg ² rbs;Km<IrRBHevTedIm,I[gayyl;

CaBaküGFib,ayrbs;RBahµN_ CatRmasRmab;RBahµNacarüeRbIbgðat;

beRgónGñkdéT b¤eRbIkñúgBIFIbYgsYgGaTIeTB . CMBUkenHmanGFib,ayerOg

BiFIkmµeRcInNas; dUcCaGFib,aytaMgBIedImehtuénerOgEdl)anekIteLIg

faetIehtuGIV)anCaekIteLIg ? eBaledayxøI Km<IrenH)andl;Km<IrGtßkfa

sRmab;GFib,ayesckþIedIm[kan;EtTUlMTUlayeLIg.

4> RBHevT )andl; cMeNHdwgd¾RbesIr evT b¤ viT (Wit) ERbfa bBaØa b¤ viTüa.

-33-

TsSnviC¢aRBHevT

3> CMBUk Gar½Nyk³ CMBUkenHman 4 Km<Ir maneQµaHfaGar½Nyk³

eRBaHPaKeRcIn Km<IrenH)aneBaldl;éRBEdlmanPaBs¶b;s¶at; CatRmamYy

eBalGMBIBiFIEdlRBahµNacarüeRbIR)as;kñúgkarrs;enAkñúgéRB ¬vnbrsß¦ kñúg

zan³Catabs\sI edIm,IEsVgrkesckþIs¶b;sux rMedaHTukçkgVl;TaMgBYgkñúgePT

CaXravas[FUrRsal ehIynwgGs;eTAkñúgTIbMput.

CMBUk Gar½Nyk³ CaBaküGFib,ayesckþIenAkñúgKm<IrRBHevT[kan;

Etc,as;eLIg CaBaküGFib,ayrbs;tabs\sITaMgLayEdlrs;enAkñúgéRB

edim,InaMeTAbMeBjtb³Fm’ cak;FøúHnUvemakçFm’. karGFib,ayGMBIehtupl

kñúgRBHevTrbs;®KUGacarüxøH eXIjfaCaTIeBjcitþénGñksikSaedIm,IEsVgyl;

GMBIkarBitCaxøaMg GñkxøHGactaMgCasMNak;GñkR)aCJeLIgedayxøÜnÉg nig

eFIV[ekIt]bnis½TeLIgkñúgeBlbnÞab;mk.

4> CMBUk ]bnis½T CMBUkenHmanKm<IreRcInCagCMBUkdéT CaBakü

GFib,ayTak;TgeTAnwgTsSnviC¢a CaBaküGFib,ayRBHevTrbs;TsSnviTU

TaMgLay EdlfamanRbmaNCag 200 ]bnis½T )anrYbrYmKMnitxagEpñk

TsSnviC¢akñúgKm<IrRBHevTTaMgGs;.

CMBUk ]bnis½TenHsgát;F¶n;eTAelIcitþ EdlCakMBUlTsSnviC¢aRBHevT

CatRmaTak;TgeTAnwgrh½sylT§i KWlT§iEdlsikSaehIyminGacykeTA

pSBVpSaydl;GñkdéTeTot)anCadac;xat. CMBUkenHCa]bkrN_BYkGnaKarik

KWBYkGñkRtac;crBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYy BMumanpÞHsEm,gsñak;enARtwmRtUv

dUcmnusSTUeTAeT dUcCaBYksnüasI EdlcUlcitþrs;enAkñúgéRB BYkbriBVaCk

BYkRBH b¤saFu CaGñkbYskñúgsasnaRBahµN_-hiNÐÚ. BYkbriBVaCk nig

BYkRBH b¤saFuenH BYkxøHrs;enAkñúgéRB xøHenAkñúgvtþ.

-34-

emeronTI 2

karcat;CMBYkénRBHevTmYyEbbeTot

1> kmµxn§ )andl;karrYbrYmKm<IrCMBUk sMhita nigCMBUk RBahµN³

cUlKña eRBaHCaPaKTak;TgnwgkarbUCaePøIg nigkareFIVBiFIkmµbYgsYgbn;Rsn;

dl;GaTIeTBdUcKña.

2> jaNxn§ )andl;karrYbrYmKm<IrCMBUk Gar½Nyk³ nigCMBUk

]bnis½TcUlKña eRBaHCaPaKTak;TgnwgcMeNHdwgEpñkviC¢akarepSg ² dUcKña.

]bnis½T CaPaKrYm b¤CaPaKcugeRkayénKm<IrRBHevT CabNþÚl Ca

cMNuckNþal CaKm<IrmanGaf’kM)aMgeRcIn ehAfa {TsSnviC¢a énTsSnviC¢a

EpñkRBHevT}.

Km<Ir 3 CMBUkcugeRkay )andl;Km<IrRBahµN³ Gar½Nyk³ ]bnis½T

manenAkñúgRBHevTTaMg 4 Edr dUcCabJKevT RbkbedayCMBUk RBahmµN³

Gar½Nyk³ nig]bnis½T. cMENkyCurevT samevT nigGafan;evT k¾Rbkb

edayCMBUk RBahµN³ Gar½Nyk³ nig ]bnis½T dUcKñaEdr.

Km<IrRBHevTTaMg 4 CMBUkdUc)aneBalmkxagelIenHCaKm<IrsMxan; nig

s½kþisiT§ixøaMgNas; Ca{RKuti} eRBaHtabs\sITaMgLay)ansþab; )andwgc,as;

edayxøÜnÉg b¤)ansþab;pÞal;BIGaTIeTB hak;dUcCamanvtßús½kþisiT§iEdlCa

brms½kþibNþalcitþ[dwgc,as;eXIjBitkñúgstü KWkarBitGaceRbóbeFobnwg

Km<IrébbWlénRKisÞsasna Km<IrG½lkurGanénsasnaGIusøam Km<IrxøHehAfa

(Gospels) EdlCa {RBHvrsasn_} eRBaHGaTIeTBRTg;RbTandl;GñkEdl

RTg;KYreR)as nigGñkEdlcUleTACitRTg;edaykarRbtibtþ eTIbRTg;bNþal

[ekItbBaØa yl;dwgBitR)akd. eRBaHehtudUecñH Km<IrRBHevT BMuEmnCaKm<Ir

EdlmnusSFmµtaEtg b¤niBn§eLIgeT eRBaHmnusSFmµtaRbkbedayFatu 4 KW

-35-

TsSnviC¢aRBHevT

Twk dI ePøIg nigxül; RBmTaMgx½n§ 5 KW rUb evTna sBaØa sgçar nigviBaØaN

nwgRtUvvilvl; KWCab;CMBak;kñúgvalvdþsgSar nwgnaM[ekIt cas; QW søab;

minecHcb;minecHehIy eRBaHEtGMNacén elaP esckþIelaPln; eTas

esckþIeRkaFxwg nig emah¬GviC¢a¦ esckþIl¶itl¶g; mindwgkarBitRKbsgát;

minGacniBn§ b¤EtgeLIg)anCadac;xat.

Baküfa {vdþsgSar} enHmkBIBakü {vdþ ÷ sgSar} vdþ ERbfa {vil}

KWvilvl;CMuvij sgSar ERbfa {Cab;CMBak;} KWCab;CMBak;edaykiels kmµ

nigpl rYmKñaehAfa {kielsvdþ kmµvdþ vi)akvdþ} mann½yfamnusS

TaMgLay kalebIenAmankiels nwgnaM[sagkmµepSg ² kmµenaHnwgnaM[

ekItCapl kalebImanpl nwgnaM[mankiels kalebImankiels nwgnaM[

mankmµ kalebImankmµ nwgnaM[manpl.l. vilvl;CMuvijdUecñHÉg eTIb

ehAfa {valvdþsgSar}. plEdlekItGMBIkmµenaH eTaHtickþI eRcInkþI l¥kþI

GaRkk;kþI vaGaRs½yeTAelIkmµ KWTegVIEdleK)ansagTukmk RbsinebIkmµl¥

nwg)aneTAekItenAkñúgTIx<s; ebIkmµGaRkk; nwg)aneTAekItenAkñúgTITab.

kñúgn½yenHRBHBuT§RTg;Rtas;fa {stVNaenAmankmµ stVenaHnwgekIt

eTot stVNaGs;kmµ stVenaHnwgminekIteToteT}. stVEdlGs;kmµ KW)an

dl;RBHGrhnþ KWelak)ankat;pþac;vdþsgSarehIy Gs;elaP³ eTas³ emah³

cUldl;niBVanehIy minGacvilRtLb;mkekIteToteT.

CnCatiGariyaneCOfa Km<IrRBHevTR)akdCaekIteLIgGMBIbnÞÚlrbs;

GaTIeTB BMuEmnCasMeNrrbs;mnusSFmµtaeT. BYkRBahµN_Nacarü)ansþab;

ehIy ykmkbeRgónt ² Kña edayeCOfakalebImnusSRbtibtþitamnwg)an

cUldl;emakS³ rYcputcakTukçTaMgBYg CaeKaledAx<s;bMputkñúgsasnaenaH.

-36-


emeronTI 3

TsSnviC¢a]bnis½TnigTsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta

TsSnviC¢a]bnis½T

Baküfa {]bnis½T} mkBIBakü {sT} ERbfa {karGgÁúy karTmøay

kareFIV[Gs;eTA} {]b} ERbfa {Cit/ cUleTACit} {ni} ERbfa {kñúg/ cMeBaH/

ecj/ naMecj} rYmKña)anCa {]bnis½T} mann½yfa {sisScUleTA¬GgÁúy¦Cit

Gacarürbs;xøÜn edaycitþPkþI sikSanUvEpñkGaf’kM)aMg TTYlykGnþimsc©³

eFIV[Gs;nUvPaBsgS½yRKb;Rbkar naMecjnUvPaBl¶g;exøAmin[esssl;}.

TsSnviC¢aenHTak;TgerOgviBaØaN nigRBhµ. ya:gNak¾edayBakü{]bnis½T}

Kg;mankarERbRbYlniymn½yCahUrEheTAtamkal³eTs³minxan.

]bnis½TCaKm<IrcugeRkayénRBHevT eTIbmaneQµaHmYyeTot ehAfa

{evTant³} mkBIsBÞ {evT³ ÷ Gnþ³} )andl;cMENkcugeRkayénRBHevT man

n½yfa³kalebI)ansikSacb;Km<Ir]bnis½TehIy eQµaHfa)ansikSadl;TIbMput

ehIy. dUecñHKtibNÐitEdl)anrat;rayx©at;x©ayenAkñúgm®nþ³ RBahµN³ nig

Gar½Nyk³ RtUv)anRbmUlmkeBalkñúg]bnis½TenH edayrYmrYmFm’esÞIrEt

TaMgGs;. ehtuEdlrYbrYmminGs; eRBaHmkBIKm<Ir]bnis½TmanminRBmKña KW

rYbrYmmundMbUg nigcugeRkay manGayuq¶ayBIKñaCitmYyBan;qñaM Caehtu[

mankarCECkKña niyayminsUvcuHsRmugKñaxøH.

kñúgmuktiekabnis½T eBalfaman]bnis½TcMnYn 108 Etkñúgbc©úb,nñ

enHmandl;eTA 200 ]bnis½T. enHbBa¢ak;fa eRkayeBlmuktieka]bnis½T

-37-

TsSnviC¢a]bnis½T

ekIteLIgehIyk¾enAEtmanGñkrYbrYm]bnis½TCaeRcIneTot b:uEnþ]bnis½TEdl

sMxan;enaHmanRtwmEt 10 b:ueNÑaH KW¬1¦RBwhTar½Nyk³ ¬2¦qameTaKy³

¬3¦érryk³ ¬4¦étttiriy³ ¬5¦]s³ ¬6¦ekn³ ¬7¦kdæ³ ¬8¦br½sñ³ ¬9¦

muNÐk³ nig¬10¦maNDUky³. déTBIenH TsSnviC¢arbbepSg² énBYkhiNÐÚ

Ca]bnis½TRKuti dUcCaEpñknanaénRBHevT. niymn½yénBaküRKutikñúgTIenHKW

{»vaTpÞal;rbs;RBHGaTIeTB BMuEmnCarbs;mnusSFmµtaEtgeLIg} dUecñHeTIb

vaCaBaküeRbónRbedAbrisuT§ BMumankarxusqÁgedayRbkarTaMgBYg.

Fm’Can;x<s;kñúg]bnis½T nwgseRmcdl;GñkEdlmanKuNsm,tþitam

Bakükñúgn½y {]bnis½T} b:ueNÑaH minseRmcTUeTAeT dUcTsSviTUCnCatiRkic

eQµaH ehra: Ktisut eBalfa {ebIRtUvkarmas RtUvEtCIkmas ebIRtUvkar

éxmuk RtUvEtmuCeTAykenA)atsmuRT} mann½yfa³esckþIseRmcRKb;ya:g

GaRs½yenAelIkarRbtibtþRtwmRtUvtamviFIsa®sþ BMuEmnrg;caM[viFIsa®sþrt;

mkrkxøÜneT.

kñúgpøÚvsasnayl;fa ]bnis½TTaMgLay CaKm<IrEdlRBHGaTIeTB

bNþal[ekIteLIg suT§EtmanFm’dUcKña xusKñaxøHEtRtg;BaküGFib,ay

mann½yfa³ bBaðananaEdleBaldl;]bnis½TenaH manBaküGFib,ayepSg

Kña . PaBminRtUvKñaenH)aneFIV[]bnis½TrwtEtmantémø nigcMNucl¥epSg ²

elcecjeLIg. ]bnis½TTaMgGs;enHmaneKaledAdUcKña sgát;F¶n;elIcMNuc

bJsKl;dUcKña manmenaKtiniym b¤ÉkniympøÚvcitþdUcKña. ]bnis½TeBal

dl;TisedAénTsSnviC¢asnþi nig\sSrPaBpøÚvcitþ TIekIténerOgra:vTaMgLay

taMgenA nigRtLb;eTArkerOgra:vTaMgLay GHGagdl;karEsVgrkcMeNHdwg

nigsc©³ minCMTas;nwgdMeNIrrbs;Gatµ½n bBa¢ak;faGatµ½nenHBüayamRtLb;

-38-

TsSnviC¢a]bnis½T

eTArkGnþimsc©³ EdlCaedImkMeNIténxøÜn¬Gtþa¦.

]bnis½TeBalfa {RBHevTCaXøaMgcMeNHdwg kmµ KWkarRbtibtþtam

eKaledAsasnaCaerOgsMxan; eRBaHCYyCMrHcitþ[s¥at [smCaGñkTTYl

ykGnþimsc©³ KW RBhµ CYnkalehAkardwgGmtRBhµ faCakardwgya:gx<s;

bMput ÉcMeNHdwgdéT CacMeNHdwgfñak;Tab}. PKv½TKIta eBalfa {Gñk

sÁal;RBhµ manPav³CaGñkecHdwgtictYc eRBaHcMeNHdwgfñak;Tab nigBiFIkmµ

nwgbiT)aMgGnþimsc©³ EdleTIbnwgekIt} mann½yfa minniym[Cab;CMBak;

EtnwgKm<Ir b¤nwgBiFIkmµsasnab:ueNÑaHeT EtnwgcUldl;cMeNHdwgx<s; Edl

CaeKaledAFMbMputpgEdr.

cMNucsMxan;énTsSnviC¢akñúg]bnis½T

Rbkar 1> ]bnis½TmanlkçN³Carh½sylT§i KWlT§iGaf’kM)aMg man

TsSn³faGaTIeTBCaRBHEtmYyKt;enAelIelakenH RTg;)anbegáItelak

sBVstVTaMgLay nigGIV ² TaMgGs;edayRBHGgÁÉg ¬symÖÚ¦ pSBVpSay

TUeTAkñúgGnnþcRkvaL. RTg;manKuNya:gmhaGnnþ sßitenACanirnþr minman

karEbkFøay¬søab;¦minmankMNt; minmanrUbragEdlGacemIleXIjeday

EPñk)an. kaledImeLIyGaTIeTBGgÁenHRtUv)anehAfa {RbCabtI} eRkay

mkehAfa {RBHRBhµ} stVTaMgLayTaMgBYgrEmgekIt cas; QW søab;Canic©

nigsßiteRkamGMNacRBHRBhµenH.

Rbkar 2> ]bnis½T)anpþl;KMnitfakarmanCIvitKWCaTukç eRBaHCaehtu

bc©½y[vilvl;søab;ekIt t ² Kña eRBaHEtkmµrbs;xøÜn b:uEnþeCOfanwgmanpøÚv

naM[rYcputcakkarekItsøab;enH nwgCYbesckþIsuxCanirnþr . pøÚvdUc)aneBal

-39-

cMNucsMxan;énTsSnviC¢akñúg]bnis½T

GaccUldl;esckþIsux rYcputcakTukç)andac;xat Cavimutisuxya:gBitR)akd

edaydwgc,as;kñúgRBHviBaØaNd¾FMeFg b¤brmatµ½n KWRBhµ½n kalebIRbtibtþi

)an viBaØaN b¤brmatµ½n nwgcUldl;RBhµ b¤mansPav³ niglkçN³RKb;ya:g

dUcCaRBhµ. eRBaHehtuenHTisedACIvitBYkRBahµN_ KWnaMviBaØaNbuKÁleTAkan;

viBaØaNsakl b¤naMGatµ½neTAkan;brmatµ½n b¤RBhµ½nenaHÉg.

Rbkar 3> ]bnis½T)aneBaldl;erOgviBaØaN b¤Gatµ½nmnusSfaCa

cMENkmYyEdlman\sSrGMBIragkayCanirnþr nigCaEpñkmYyénRBHviBaØaNd¾

FMeFg ehAfa {brmatµ½n} b¤ {viBaØaNsakl} b¤ {RBhµ½n}. ]bnis½T)an

GFib,ayFmµCati b¤sPav³énGatµ½nfa {Gatµ½nBMuEmnya:genH ya:genaH min

Gaccab;Bal;)an eRBaHBMumanGIV[cab; minGacbMpøaj)an eRBaHBMumanGIV[

bMpøaj minGacTak;Tg)an eRBaHBMumanGIVKYr[Tak;Tg BMumanRBMuEdn BMuman

P½yxøac b¤tk;søútcMeBaHGIV²}. eRkABIsPav³Kg;vgSCanirnþr eyIgnwgeXIjfa

{Gatµ½n KWCakmøaMgd¾FMéncitþEdlenAkñúgmnusS}. kalebImnusSeXIjc,as;

dwgBitedayGMNacsmaFi dYgviBaØaN b¤Gatµ½nrbs;eKnwgcYlrYmCamYynwg

viBaØaNd¾FMeFg {brmatµ½n} eRbóbdUcCapøÚvTwkd¾eRcIn hUrcUlkñúgmhasmuRT.

enHCacMNucsMxan;énTsSnviC¢a]bnis½T CaTsSnviC¢aénCIvitGacedaHRsay

bBaðaTak;TgnwgkarekIt cas; QW søab; EdlmnusSelakminGaceKcput.

KMnitenHs½kþismnwgbBaØaCn EdlmanCMnYntic enAkñúgRbeTs\eNÐó

sm½yenaHb:ueNÑaH minsmnwgsam½BaØCnEdlmancMnYneRcIneT eRBaHBYkeK

Bi)akyl; )anRtwmEtcinþnakar minGaceXIjxøwmsarBitR)akd. enAedIm

BuT§sasna rhUtdl;eRkayBuT§sasna KMnitenH)annaM[ekItmanlT§iepSg²

CaeRcIn edIm,IEkbBaðaxVHxatEdlmanenAkñúg]bnis½T.

-40-

emeronTI 3

cMNucsMxan;kñúgKm<Ir]bnis½T

1> erOgGatµ½n CYnkalehA {CIvatµ½n} mundMbUgsMedAykdegðImecj

cUlEdleFIV[CIvittaMgenA)an bnÞab;mk)anbþÚreTACa {GarmµN_/ karnwkKit/

citþ/ xøÜn/ ectPUt b¤viBaØaN. Gatµ½nCatYdwg manbTBiesaFn_ nigeFIVRtwmRtUv

Gatµ½nCaGmt³ nigtaMgenAkñúgzan³mYyrhUtBMumankarERbRbYl Gatµ½nRKb

sgát;elIGIV ² TaMgGs;.

tamTsSn³]bnis½T Gatµ½n CaGtþa ¬xøÜn¦ BitR)akd CaerOgsakl

d¾FMeFg nigx<g;x<s;bMput ¬Gnþimsc©³¦ ÉkPBTaMgGs;taMgenA nigmanclna

kñúgGatµ½n. Gatµ½nsßitenAx<s;CagkarsgS½y nigkarmincuHsRmugTaMgLay.

2> erOgRBhµ½n b¤ RBhµ mkBIBakü {RBh} mann½yfa {vivDÆnakar

KWesckþIceRmIn/ RbesIr} mundMbUg)andl; karbUCay½Ba© karsURtGgVrkr

luHeRkaymk)anbþÚrCa Gnþimsc©³ (Absolute) RBhµ CabzmehtuénÉkPB

CaTItaMgenA nigCaTIcUlmknUvGIVTaMgGs; RBhµnaMelak[mankarvivDÆn_

CalMdab; KWCaehtunaM[ekItGakas GakasnaM[ekItxül; xül;naM[ekIt

ePøIg ePøIgnaM[ekItTwk TwknaM[ekItdI.

karBit Gatµ½n nigRBhµ½n CasPav³EtmYy eRBaH {CnNaeXIjRBhµ

dwgRBhµ CnenaHeXIjGatµ½n dwgGatµ½n} b:uEnþepSgKñakñúgkarBirNa kalebI

BirNaesckþIBittam {Gtvis½y} (Subjective) esckþBitenaHehA {Gatµ½n}

ebIBicarNatam {brvis½y} (Objective) esckþIBitenaHehA {RBhµ½n}.

RBhµ½nenHman 2 RbePT KW GbrRBhµ nigbrRBhµ b¤ehAfa

RBhµ RbePTsKuN sb,Ba© nigRBhµ RbePTnirKuN nirsb,Ba© )andl;RBhµ

Edldl;RBmedayKuNsm,tþi nigRBhµEdlKµanKuNsm,tþi.

-41-


2> 1 GbrRBhµ )andl;RBhµfñak;Tab Cabzmehtuénelak CaGñk

sag CaGñkrkSa nigCaGñkbMpøaj sBVstVTaMgLay nigGIVTaMgBYg ekIteLIg

taMgenA nigvinaseTAvijeRBaHEtRBhµenH. FmµCatiTaMgLayeRbób)annwg

ragkayRBhµ RBhµCaviBaØaNénFmµCati RBHGgÁsÁal;FmµCati EtFmµCati

minsÁal;RBHGgÁ mann½yfaviBaØaNrEmgsÁal;ragkay EtragkayminsÁal;

viBaØaNeT. GbrRBhµenHdUcKñanwgRBHCam©as;kñúgsasnaeTvniymTaMgLay

mansasnaeys‘URKisÞ nigsasnaGIusøamCaedIm.

2> 2 brRBhµ )andl;brmatµ½n/ mhatµ½n b¤Gatµ½nsakl CaRBhµ

fñak;x<s;bMput manesckþIBitx<s;bMput minGacGFib,ay minGacvas; minGac

briyay¬GavcnIy³¦ minGacniyayGMBIlkçN³BitR)akd)an. brRBhµenH

CabJsKl;éncMeNHdwgTaMgBYg. CIvatµ½n b¤Gatµ½nbuKÁlnwgrYmcUlKña kalebI

)anBüayamrMedaHxøÜnecjBIBn§naKar KWkmµ GviC¢a nigtNðaTaMgLay.

Gatµ½nenH kalebIcUldl;brmatµ½n b¤ brRBhµ rEmgrYcputcakkgTukç

eQµaHfa)anemakS³ehIy CIvitnwg)anenACamYyRBHRBhµCanirnþr.

3> erOgmaya b¤GviTüa enAkñúgsevtasvtr]bnis½T )aneBalfa

RBHGaTIeTB Ca mayin ERbfa Cnmaya EtmayakñúgTIenH)andl;Gñkman

GMNackñúgkarsag b¤nimiµt[ekIteTACaenH CaenaHeLIg tambMNgrbs;xøÜn.

kñúgbJKevT)aneBalfa RBH\nÞ)anERbRkLaCarUbepSg ² edaykareRbImaya

ehIymayaenHÉg EdlRBH\sVr CamhaeTB )anbNþal[ekItelak nig

CbmnusSBIlMGgFUlI b¤cMhayelak ehIyRTg;dkdegðIm[CIvatµ½ncUleTA

kñúgragkaymnusS EdlRTg;)anCb.

mayakñúgn½ymüa:geTot ekItcakGMBICIvatµ½n ehAfa GviTüa ¬GviC¢a¦

-42-


CarnaMgbiT)aMgbBaØamin[dwgkarBit [vilvl;ekItcas; QWsøab; kñúgelakmin

ecHcb; ehIykñúgxN³EdlRtUvekItsøab;enaH CIvatµ½nRbkbkmµl¥xøH GaRkk;

xøH )anTTYlesckþIsuxxøH TukçxøH. kalebICIvatµ½n)aneXIjc,as; )ankMcat;

GviTüaGs;BMumanesssl; eBlenaHnwg)anrYcputcakTukçTaMgBYg nwgman

Pav³dUcKñanwgRBhµ eRBaH)ancak;FøúHFm’Can;x<s; eBalKW)andl;emakS³.

4> erOgc,ab;énkmµ nigkarekItfµI CaerOgsMxan;kñúg]bnis½T fakmµ

CaeRKÓgcgmnusS[vilvl;ekIt cas; QW søab; minGaceKcput)an. cMENk

karekItfµI maneBalya:gc,as;enAkñúgTsSnviC¢a]bnis½Tfa kalebIragkay

EbkFøay CIvatµ½nnwgecjeTAGaRs½yragkayfµI dUcmnusSpøas;semøókbMBak;

cas; ehIyesøóksemøókbMBak;fµIdUecñaH b:uEnþmunnwgecjBIragkaycas; RtUv

EsVgrkragkayfµI[)anCamunsin rYclHbg;ragkaycas; cUlragkayfµIPøam

b:uEnþragkayfµIenaHGaRkk; b¤l¥ GaRs½yelIkmµEdlxøÜn)ansagTukBICatimun

tamhuCpl. kmµnigkarekItfµI rEmgvilvl;kñúgvdþsgSarminecHcb; rhUt)an

TmøayGviC¢a cUldl;RBhµ½n b¤brmatµ½n eTIbrYcput.

srubesckþIeTA TsSnviC¢aén]bnis½T manCMenORtwmEtÉkniymEpñk

citþniym KWyl;fabrmatµ½nmansPav³CadYgcitþ CasPav³BitR)akdnwgerOg

müa:gKt; cMNucsMxan;KWRBhµ½n b¤brmatµ½nCa]bkrN_kñúgkarcUldl;eKaledA

KW)andl;karRbtibtþtamBaküENnaMkñúg]bnis½T dUc)aneBalmkxagelI.

]bnis½TmansarsMxan;kñúgTsSnviC¢a\NÐó

]bnis½TCaGNþÚgekItTsSnviC¢a\eNÐóeRcInrbb eRBaHkñúg]bnis½T

BMuEmnmanTsSnviC¢amYyrbbRsavRCavrkkarBiteRcInrbbeT sUm,ITsSnviC¢a

-43-

emeronTI 3

RBHBuT§sasna k¾manbJsKl;CaeRcIn EdlmkBI]bnis½T dUcCaerOg TukçM

Gnic©M Edl]bnis½Tfa {RKb;ya:gCaTukç Carbs;beNþaHGasnñ}. sßab½n

sgÇkñúgRBHBuT§sasnak¾manExSRsLaymkBI]bnis½TxøHEdr dUcmanesckþI

kñúg]bnis½Tfa {buKÁlmankarFujRTan;kñúgelak BüayamrMedaHxøÜnecjcak

esckþIRtUvkarkñúgRTBüsm,tþi ehIybYsCatabs\sI}. cMENkerOgkMeNIt

fµIenaH kñúgRBHBuT§sasna k¾manbJsKl;mkBI]bnis½Tfa {Gatµ½neRCIserIs

ykragkayfµItamkmøaMgkmµ nigcMeNHdwgrbs;xøÜn} RBHBuT§sasnafa{GIVEdl

naM[stVekIteTotenaH KWplénkmµ} dUecñHCaedIm.

TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta

PKv½TKIta ERbfa {t®nþIénRBHGaTIeTB} TsSnviC¢aenHTTYlyk

TsSnviC¢a]bnis½TCaembT. PKv½TKItaCaEpñkmYyénmhakaBü mhaPart³

CaKm<IrEdlmancgRkgerOgra:vd¾maneQµaHl,I nigman\T§iBlxøaMgkøaNas;

sRmab;CnCati\eNÐó CaKm<Irs½kþisiT§ikñúgsasnahiNÐÚ CaPasasM®sáit Edl

)anpSBVpSayya:gTUlMTUlas b:uEnþGñksikSaKm<IrenHminGacdwgeBlevlaén

karekItPKv½TKIta)anc,as;las;. manTsSnviTUCaeRcIn )anRtwmEtsnñidæan

faPKv½TKIta)anekItmaneLIgRbEhlCa 200 qñaM mun K> s>.

Km<IrPKv½TKItamanRTwsþIsMxan;Tak;TgnwgGPiTsSnviC¢a sasna nig

criysa®sþ CaKm<IrsRmab;mnusSCati EtBYk\eNÐómincat;TukfaCaRKuti dUc

RBHevT nig]bnis½TeT cat;Ca sMbJti )andl;erOgRbéBNIEdl)ankan;t ²

Kñamk. bJsKl;TsSnviC¢aénPKv½TKIta KW {kmµ} EdlsßitenAelI CBaØaN

b¤cMeNHdwg manesckþIesµaHRtg;nwgGaTIeTBEdlx<s;bMput KWRBHRBhµ.

-44-


Bakü{PKv½TKIta} mkBIsBÞ {PKva÷KIta} PKva ERbfa {RBHCam©as;/

RBHmaneCaK} KIta ERbfa{t®nþI} rYmKñaehAfa{t®nþIénRBHCam©as; b¤GaTIeTB}

CabTTsSnviC¢aénGaTIeTB CYydas;etOnmnusS[mancitþts‘U CaTsSnviC¢a

Edl)anpSBVpSayTUlMTUlayTaMgkñúgRbeTs\eNÐó nigRbeTseRkApgEdr

dUcCaenAGWrub RbeTsGalWm:g; nigshrdæGaemrikCaedIm. TsSnviTUCaeRcIn

manTaMg\eNÐóTaMgelakxaglic )anelIktemáIgTsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta esÞIrEt

RKb;Kña. mhatmKn§I )anehATsSnviC¢aenHfaCamataéncRkvaL )anebIk

TVarTTYlmnusSRKb;Kña.

PKv½TKIta CaTsSnviC¢a beRgónmnusSEdlmancitþrevIrvay[s¶b;

júaMgmnusSl¶g;kñúgerOgcitþ[qøat CacMeNHdwgx<s;bMputrbs;mnusS bgðaj

karRbtibtþmuxgarnaTIya:gRtwmRtUv pþl;esckþIRsLaj;d¾brisuT§dl;mnusS

RKb;ePTRKb;v½y. RKb;bTRKb;vKÁ manehtuplc,as;las;KYrdl;karBirNa

eBaldl;karlHbg;fñak;x<s; KWkarkMcat;tNða[Gs;edaykarRbtibtþtamviFI

eyaKI bMeBjesckþIBüayamedIm,I[sÁal;Gatµ½n nigeKaledATsSnviC¢a 3

cMNuc KW cMeNHdwg muxgarnaTI nig esckþIesµaHRtg;. enAkñúgmhakaBü

mhaPartyuT§ )aneBaldl;erOgs®gÁamrvagBYk)aNDB CamYyBYkekarB

RBHRKwsÑ³)anbeRgónTsSnviC¢a[GrCunsþab;kñúgrvags®gÁamenaHfa {GrCun/

kareFIVs®gÁaenHCanaTIrbs;kSRt CanaTIrbs;mnusSl¥EdlRtUvts‘UnwgmnusS

GaRkk; ehIysßabnasnþisux yutþFm’eLIg}.

eBaledaysegçb TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKItaenH mandUecñH KW³

1> erOgcMeNHdwg RBHRKwsÑ³riHKn;cMeNHdwgEpñkbsaTsmösS nig

cMeNHdwgEdlekIteLIgBIkarEsVgrkehtupl b:uEnþelIktemáIgcMeNHdwgEdl

-45-


ekIteLIgBIkardwgc,as;xagkñúg ehAfa {GCÄtikBaJaN} (Intuition) ehIy

kardwgRbePTenH nwgekItmaneLIgluHRtaEtmankarykQñHbsaTsmösS

KWkarbMeBjeyaK³ eXIjbrmatµ½n ehIycUlrYmbrmatµ½nenaH)an.

2> erOgmuxgarnaTI beRgón[RbtibtþinaTI [bMeBjnaTIedaycitþ

brisuT§ ]TahrN_ kSRtmannaTIeFIVs®gÁam k¾RtUvEteFIVs®gÁam. kareKcevH

s®gÁam eQµaHfamin)anbMeBjmuxgarnaTIrbs;xøÜn. kareFIVtamnaTIrbs;xøÜn

ebIeTaHCamanGñkdéTeBalfaCakarsagGMeBI)ab k¾BMuman)abEdr eRBaHvaCa

naTIrbs;buKÁlmñak; ² RtUvEtbMeBj.

3> erOgkaresµaHRtg; beRgón[RbKl;kay citþ b¤viBaØaNcMeBaH

GaTIeTBedaycitþesµaHRtg; nigeKarBbUCaya:gx<g;x<s;bMput. RBHRKwsÑ³eBal

fa {CnNa)aneFIVGMeBIedIm,IGatµ½n manGatµ½nCaeKaledA esµaHRtg;cMeBaH

Gatµ½n CnenaHrEmgcUldl;Gatµ½n}.

niymn½y éneyaK³

TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta )aneBaldl;RTwsþIénkarRbtibtþ b¤bMeBjnaTI

nigPaBesµaHRtg;rbs;mnusSRbkbedaylkçN³eRcInRbkar dUcCa vuDÆibBaØa

ectna nigkarrMePIbcitþCaedIm. GñkcitþviTüabc©úb,nñeBalfalkçN³TaMg 3

RbkarenH R)akdenAkñúgkarKitb:ueNÑaH mnusSRKb;rUbGaccak;FøúHemakS³)an

dUcKña edayGaRs½yeKalkarN_ 3 dUcteTAenH KW CjaeyaK³ kmµeyaK³

nigPkþieyaK³ TaMg 3 rYmehAfa {eyaK³} )andl;ÉkPaB} b¤ {citþcUldl;

Gnþimsc©³}. eTaHCaenAkNþaléf¶ekþA ePøógPÁr rga esckþITukç k¾eyaKI KWGñk

RbtibtþiFm’ edIm,IkMcat;kielsrbs;xøÜn minmancitþFujRTan; rafy b¤jab;j½r

-46-


ts‘UedIm,Icak;FøúHnUvPaBs¶b; rEmgsresIrxøÜnÉg rEmgcak;FøúHnUvesckþIsux

d¾RbNIt. eyaKIrEmgtaMgenAkñúgTsSnviC¢aénehtupl CaGñkminjab;j½r

eRBaHkarmincuHsRmugKña cat;faCaGñk)ancUldl;zan³x<s;bMputénRBhµ

Cazan³minmankarERbRbYlkñúgkalTaMgBYg.

1> CjaeyaK³ )andl; {pøÚvéncMeNHviC¢a} eKaledArbs;eyaKI KW

{dwgc,as;edayxøÜnÉg} b:uEnþeTAminrYceT RbsinebIBMumanviC¢a. viFIEsVgrkviC¢a

KWcMeNHdwgEdlnaM[seRmcnUveKalrbs;xøÜn RtUvykQñHkmøaMg\®nÞIy_bsaT

edaykarGt;Fn; RtUvevorcakkarrs;enAEbbmnusSxøHEdlcayvayx¢Hx¢ay

minRtUvbeNþay[kmøaMgtNðaRKbsgát; RbsinebIbeNþay[Føak;enAeRkam

GMNactNða nwgmaneQµaHfa {eyaKIminl¥ minBitR)akd}. karCab;CMBak;nwg

esckþIsuxkñúgGarmµN_ GackMcat;)anedaykarcUldl;cMeNHdwgBitR)akd.

TsSnviC¢aPKv½TKIta )aneBaldl;sarsMxan;énviC¢afa sUm,IbuKÁlEdlman

)abF¶n; k¾GacqøgsaKrénsagSarvdþ)anedaynava KWviC¢a. ePøIgEdlkMBugeqH

KMeTcnUv»sya:gNamij buKÁlEdlmanviC¢ab:ueNÑaH CaÉkPBnwgGnþimsc©³.

viC¢a Cabc©½ysMxan;bMputkñúgkarGnuvtþnaTI[)anRtwmRtUv RBmTaMgCabJsKl;

énPaBPkþId¾RtwmRtUvpgEdr.

2> kmµeyaK³ )andl; {pøÚvcUldl;Gnþismsc©³edaykarRbtibtþnaTI

RtwmRtUv} RtUvcUldl;CjaeyaK³ KWcMeNHdwgCamun kmµeyaK³nwgR)akd

eLIg KWeXIjkic©sMxan;énkarRbtibtþnaTI. buKÁlminGaclHbg;naTIrbs;xøÜn

)aneT ÉkPBenHsßitenAnwgnaTIrbs;buKÁlmñak; ². karbMeBjnaTI KWeFIVkar

edayBMumantNða ])aTan R)afñapl b¤Cab;CMBak;nwgpl eFIVedaycitþbrisuT§

Ca]bkrN_RBHGaTIeTB eFIVedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;RBHGaTIeTB kalebIdUecñH

-47-


)abrEmgminRCabcUldl;GñkenaH dUcTwkrEmgminRCabcUleTAkñúgsøwkQUk

dUecñaH . Gacmancm¶l;fa {eFIVkaredayxVHtNða ])aTan nwgeTArYcEdrb¤ ?}

cuHeRKÓgynþEdleFIVkarya:gmanRbsiT§iPaBenaH manviBaØaN tNða ])aTan

mkBINa ?. enHCaeRKÓgbBa¢ak;[eXIjfaRbsiT§iPaBBMu)ansßitenAnwgcMNg;

TaMgRsugeT rEmgsßitenAnwgmnusSEdleFIVkargar[manRbsiT§PaBx<s;eday

mincaM)ac;mantNða ])anTan.

3> PkþieyaK³ )andl; {karmancitþesµaHRtg;nwgRBHGaTIeTB} Ca

lkçN³énkareKarB. RBHGaTIeTBeBalfa {GñkEdlmancitþP½kþIcMeBaHeyIg

minFøab;sabsUnücakRbeyaCn_eT sUm,ICnEdlman)ab kalebImancitþPkþI

cMeBaHeyIg k¾nwgCYbsnþisuxya:gsm,ÚrN_}. RBHTIeTB)aneBalpgEdrfa

{cUrRbKl;kay citþrbs;GñkTaMgLaydl;eyIgcuH cUrRbKl;GIV ² TaMgGs;

mk[eyIgcuH kMubImanesckþIesakesAeLIy eyIgnwgrMedaH)abRKb;ya:g}.

RBHGaTIeTBrEmgelIktemáIgGñkEdlmancitþPkþIcMeBaHRBHGgÁ RTg;naM[qøg

putsaKrénkarekItsøab;. manEtbuKÁlEdlesµaHRtg;nwgRBHGaTIeTBb:ueNÑaH

eTIbsÁal;faRTg;CaGñkRKb;RKgÉkPBenH.

KtiFm’EdlCnCati\eNÐóRbtibtþi

1> yC¢nkmµ )andl;BiFIkmµsURtmnþsresIr bUCaRBHGaTIeTBGgÁNa

mYyEdleKeBjcitþeKarB . GñkxøHeFIVBiFIkmµedIm,IsMuesckþIsuxesckþIceRmIn

ekItmandl;xøÜn nigRkumRKYsar kMu[maneraKaBüaFiebotebon [)anseRmc

nUveKalbMNgEdleK)anR)afñaTukmk. BiFIkmµenH RbsinebIeFIVedIm,IxøÜnÉg

b¤RkumRKYsar RBahµN_EdlRbkbBiFIenaHmanEtmñak;b:ueNÑaH EtebICaBiFIFM²

-48-


dUcCaBiFIbuNüRbcaMqñaMkñúgPUmi b¤TUTaMgRbeTs RtUvGeBa¢IjRBahµN_buerahit

eRcInnak;. kñúgKm<IrRBHevTeBalfa {elakenAkñúgGMNacBYkRBahµN_ elak

ceRmInrugerOg b¤minrugerOgsßitenAelIRBahµN_CaGñkkMNt; evTmnþ GaKm

Kafa manGMNacRKbdNþb;elIeTvtaTaMgLay b¤fVImat;BYkRBahµN_s½kþisiT§I

Cagdav lMEBg b¤kaMePøIgtUcFM. GñkRbkbBiFIkmµepSg ² manEtBYkRBahµN_

b:ueNÑaH GñkdéTEdlminEmnCaRBahµN_ minGacRbkbkargarenH)aneT

sUm,IsikSak¾minGnuBaØatEdr}. TaMgenHRbEhlCamkBIeKkMNaj;muxrbr min

cg;[GñkNamkdeNþImkargarrbs;eK.

2> lkçN³TsSnviC¢aeTvniym GaTIeTBEdleKeKarBbUCaenaH

maneRcInGgÁ dUcmanenAkñúgKm<IrbJKevTEcgfa {GaTIeTBEdleKniymeRcIn

CageK KWRBH\nÞ RBHGKÁnI nigRBHvruN TaMg 3 GgÁenHrYmcUlKñaEtmYy.

ehtuEdlmaneQµaHdl;eTA 3 enaH KWmkBIRTg;EbgPaK eTARKb;RKgelak

karBitmanEtmYyGgÁb:ueNÑaH.

eKalkarN_FM ² kñúgsasnaEdlekItfµI

lT§isasnaEdlekIteLIgfµI maneKalkarN_FM ² KYr[srubdUecñHKW³

1> erOgGaTIeTB lT§isasnanana PaKeRcIneCOfaGaTIeTBmanrUb

ragBitR)akd k¾bUCakayfVayCIvitcMeBaHGaTIeTBenaH² ykGaTIeTBenaH²

CaTIBwgTIrlwk¬srN³¦. CMenOenHehAfa {lT§iPkþI} dUcCasasnaeys‘ URKisÞ

nigsasnaGIusøam.

2> erOgCIvitrs;enA sgát;F¶n;elIkarRbtibtþeRcInCagRTwsþI dUcCa

karGPiR)ay karCECkEvkEjkKñakñúgTsSnviC¢a b¤brmtßFm’ GMBIGaTIeTB

-49-

eKalkarN_FM² kñúgsasnaEdlekItfµI

erOgviBaØaN.l. [BicarNaerOgrebobvin½yedIm,IRKb;RKgsti taMgsti

kMNt;GarmµN_ eFIVcitþ[)anrwgbwug BüayamsagGMeBIl¥ lHbg;GMeBIGaRkk;.

karRbtibtþdUecñHehAfa{lT§ikmµvaTI} KWeCOkmµ nigplrbs;kmµ. karRbtibtþ

dUecñHnwgCYy[rYcputcakTukçTaMgBYg.

3> erOgstibBaØa ENnaM[eRbIstibBaØaRtiHriHBirNarkehtupl

EdlTak;TgnwgbBaðaCIvitRbcaMéf¶ [RsbKñanwgKeRmagkarN_EdlxøÜn)an

kMNt;TukfanwgRbtibtþi[)anRtwmRtUv.

4> bdiesFerOgBlIkmµ edayBicarNaeXIjfakareFIVBlIkmµ b¤

karRbkby½BaØBiFIEdlFøab;RbRBwtþmkenaHCakarGt;RbeyaCn_ Kµanehtupl

BMuEmnCaeKalkarN_Rbtibtþrbs;bBaØaCn EdlmanEcgenAkñúgKm<IrRBahµN³

eT. TaMgenaHRKan;EtCa])ayrkplRbeyaCn_rbs;BYkRBahµN_ EdlCaGñk

RbkbBiFIkmµkñúgsm½yedImb:ueNÑaH. ENnaM[yl;faCIvitmnusSRKb;rUb man

témøNas; KYrEteFIVGIVEdlCaRbeyaCn_sRmab;CIvitrbs;xøÜn nigsgÁm minKYr

ebotxøÜn nigGñkdéT[dl;nUvesckþITukçedayRbkarNamYyeLIy.

karpøas;bþÚrTsSn³rbs;lT§isasnafµIenH )anekIteLIgenAPUmiPaK

xageCIg nigPUmiPaKkNþalénRbeTs\eNÐó kñúgsm½yBuT§kal faman

62 lT§i EtlT§iEdlelcmuxCageK man\T§BlxøaMgCageK ehIyenAKg;vgS

rhUtdl;sBVéf¶enH man 3 b:ueNÑaH KWsasnaRBahµN_ nikayPaKv½t

BuT§sasna nigsasnaeCn.

4> 1 sasnaRBahµN_ nikayPaKv½t )anbeRgónfa GaTIeTB

eQµaH RBHhrieTBbtI CaGaTIeTBmanrUbragBitR)akd RTg;Etgbgðajkay

dl;GñkEdleKarBbUCaRTg;edaycitþPkþI ÉGñkEdlBMumancitþPkþIcMeBaHRTg;

-50-

eKalkarN_FM² kñúgsasnaEdlekItfµI

manEtkarRbkby½BaØBiFI KWsmøab;stVedIm,IbUCay½j BlIkmµ bMeBjtb³

bYgsYg bn;Rsn; EsneRBn.l. BMuman»kas)anCYbRTg;Cadac;xat eRBaH

TegVITaMgGs;enaHBMuEmnCaTIeBjRBHT½yrbs;RTg;eLIy.

4> 2 BuT§sasna )anbdiesFerOgviBaØaN b¤Gtþa bdiesFerOgBiFI

kmµepSg² karsmøab;stVtUcFMedIm,IbUCay½BaØ karbYgsYgbn;Rsn;EsneRBn

twgCagsasnaRBahµN_ nikayPaKv½t. erOgGaTIeTBmanrUbragkþI KµankþI

BuT§sasnaminTTYlsÁal;TaMgGs;. BuT§sasna)anbdiesFpgEdr nUverOg

mnþGaKm eFIVesñh_ dak;GMeBI edaHeRKaH elIkrasI kab;minmut )aj;minecj

TsSn_Tay nigeFIV[eKvinasRBat;R)as;Kña.l. RBHBuT§RTg;beRgónXravas

[taMgenAkñúgTan sIl Pavna edIm,IsagCIvitxøÜn nigRkumRKYsar [rs;enA

)ansuxceRmInrugerOg RbeTsCatism,ÚrN_sb,ay beRgónGñkbYs KWPikçú

sameNr [taMgenAkñúg sIl smaFi bBaØa. eBaledayxøI RTg;beRgón[

evorcakGMeBI)abTaMgBYg [sagGMeBIl¥edaykayvaca nigCRmHcitþ[)an

s¥atl¥pUrpg; edIm,IrMedaHxøÜnecjcaksgSarvdþ [)andl;RBHniBVanCazan

putTukç BMumankarekIt cas; QW søab;.

4> 3 sasnaeCn eBalfa karbMeBjtb³ eFIVxøÜn[rgTukç eday

RbkarepSg ² CakarRbRBwtþiRbtibtþiFm’Can;x<s; CaehtunaM[rYcputcakTukç

TaMgBYg. eKeCOfa viBaØaNmanBitR)akd CaCIvits½kþisiT§i CaGnnþ³ minEbk

FøayrlaysabsUnü manenARKb;TIkEnøg sUm,IdMudI dMuGidæ dMufµ b¤kMNat;eQI

k¾manviBaØaNsßitenAEdr. GñkbYskñúgsasnaenHRsatTaMgGs;Kña/ ExµrehA

faBYkGaEcl. sasþacarüBYkeKeQµaH mhavIr³ CaRBHGgÁm©as; Etmindwg

faCabuRtkSRtGgÁNa ecjbYsRskrKñanwgRBHGgÁm©as;siT§tß ¬RBHBuT§¦.

-51-


emeronTI 4

sMNak;TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó

sMNak;nanaénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó

ebIeTaHCaTsSnviC¢a\eNÐólayLMedaylT§inana manTsSn³epSg²

Kñak¾eday k¾eyIgGacRsavRCavlkçN³sam½jénvb,Fm’ GriyFm’\eNÐó

nigÉkPaBénlT§inana eBalKWlkçN³sIl niglkçN³pøÚvcitþ)andUecñH KW³

1> TsSnviC¢acaM)ac;sRmab;CIvit mann½yfa RKb;lT§i sagrbb

TsSnviC¢aeLIg edIm,IGPivDÆCIvitmnusS [eXIjehtukarN_elakxageRkA

¬elakutþr¦ nigelakxagkñúg ¬elakIy_¦.

2> TsSnviC¢asgát;F¶n;TaMgRTwsþI TaMgkarGnuvtþ mann½yfaTsSnviC¢a

\eNÐóminkMNt;niymn½yTak;TgnwgsIlFm’ b¤criyFm’Etb:ueNÑaHeT sUm,I

sgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarRbtibtþk¾eday k¾BMu)anTat;ecalRTwsþIEdr KW)anRsavRCav

[yl;nUvsmudæanya:gBitR)akdpgEdr. TaMgenHk¾eRBaHEtcg;[mnusSqøg

putesckþITukçevTnaedayRbkarepSg ².

3> TsSnviC¢aekIteLIgeRBaHesckþIBüayam KWmancitþsÞúHsÞatam

karERbRbYlénerOgra:vepSg² kñúgelak rkTIkMNt;BitR)akdBMu)an edaysar

EtGviC¢a. bBaØanwgekIteLIgeRBaHkarkMcat;GviC¢a n½yenHBMu)anrkSasiT§ieT

RKb;CnCati RKb;sasnaEdlmanesckþIBüayam GackMcat;GviC¢aenH)an.

TsSnviC¢a\eNÐóBüayamRbwgERbg edaymanesckþIsgÇwmya:gmaMkñúgkardk

xøÜnecjcakTukçTaMgBYg.

-52-


TsSnviC¢abUBa’ 9 lT§i

Km<Ir]bnis½TRtUv)anEtgeLIgCaeRcInEpñk CaKm<IrGFib,ayTsSn³

Kti Edl)anx©at;x©ay RtUv)anGñkR)aCJRbmUlrYbrYmTukkñúgKm<IrRBHevT Cag

200 ]bnis½T ehIyenAkñúgsm½ykal b¤yuKEdlGñkR)aCJ)anBüayam

cat;rbbTsSnviC¢asarCafµIenaH KWkñúgrvag 200 qñaM mun B>s> rhUtmkdl;

B>s> 1/200 ehAfa {yuKmasénTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó . enAkñúgyuKenaHman

GñkR)aCJekIteLIgeRcInNas; BYkeK)antaMgsMNak;eLIg begáIteTACalT§i

epSg ² Kña rYmTaMgGs;man 9 lT§i EckecjCa 2 EpñkFM ² KWGastik³

(Astika) nignastik³ (Nastika). Gastik³man 6 lT§i nastik³man

3 lT§i.

RBHBuT§sasna nigsasnaeCn)an]btþieLIgkñúgyuKCamYyKña ehIy

)anRbqaMgdac;xatnwgRTwsþIRBHevT Caehtu[manclnaERbRbYlTaMgRTwsþI

nigTaMgkarGunvtþ ya:geRcInenAkñúgsasnaRBahµN_ ehIyeRkaymksasna

enHRtUv)anehAfa {sasnahiNÐÚ}. clnaERbRbYlsMxan;CageKkalenaH KW

karekIteLIgénlT§iTaMg 9 enaHÉg KW 6 lT§iEdlehAfaGastik³ b¤

bDTsSn³ CaEpñkeTvniym eRBaHeCOkñúgGMNacGaTIeTBfaCaGñksagelak

sagnUvGIV ² TaMgGs; RBmTaMgeCOnUvPaBs½kþisiT§irbs;RBHevTpgEdr. TaMg

6 lT§ienHehAfa {TsSnviC¢a\eNÐó b¤hiNÐÚ}. lT§i 3 eTOt KW BuT§/ eCn/ nig

carvak minehAfaTsSnviC¢a\eNÐó b¤hiNÐÚeT CaGeTvniym b¤ nastik³

eRBaHmineCOnUvPaBs½kþisiT§iénRBHevT mineCOGMNacGaTIeTBEdlfaCaGñk

sagelak nigGIV ² TaMgGs;enaHeT. xageRkamenH sMucab;ykcMNucsMxan;

xøHénlT§ifµITaMgGs;enaHmkeFIVkarGFib,aytamlMdab;lMedaydUcteTA>>>

-53-

emeronTI 4

EpñkGastik³

EpñkenHEckecjCa 2 saxaFM ² KW k> lT§i\sSrPaB nig x> lT§i

Rbkan;ykKm<IrRBHevTCabTdæan.

k> lT§i\sSrPaB

lT§ienHtaMgeLIgedayÉkraC BMu)anGaRs½yKm<IrRBHevTCabTdæan

eT EtRBmTTYlsÁal;nUvPaBsMxan;rbs;RBHevT manTsSn³lMeGogeTArk

RBHevT. lT§ienHEckecjCa 4 nikay KW nikaysagçy³ 1 eyaK³ 1

nyay³ 1 nig nikayévessik³ 1.

1> nikaysagçy³

Baküfa {sagçy³} manniymn½ydUcKñanwgBakü {sMxüa} ERbfa

{cMnYn/ karrab;}. müa:geTotBaküsagçy³enH)andl; karecHdwgd¾RtwmRtUv

¬smµajaN¦ dUcmanEcgenAkñúgTsSnviC¢aPKv½TKItafa {lT§inikaysagçy³

CarbbeBaldl;karecHdwg}. cMeNHdwgRtwmRtUvtameKaledAlT§inikayenH

KW {cMeNHdwgEdlGacEjkbursecjBIRbRkwti} ehIymanTMnak;TMngKñanwg

lT§inikayeyaK³CaeRcIn eRBaHBaküe®bónRbedAkñúgnikayenHGaccUldl;

b¤yl;)anedaykarRbtibtþ EtrebobkarRbtibtþ PaKeRcInmanenAkñúglT§I

nikayeyaK³. dUecñHeyIgGacehAlT§inikayenHfaCaEpñkRTwsþIk¾)an. kñúg

cMeNamTsSnviC¢acNas;bMputrbs;hiNÐÚ sagçy³CaTsSnviC¢acMNas;mYy

ehIyTsSnviC¢aenH)anbdiesFGaTIeTBpgEdr.

manerOgmYyEdlTak;TgnwglT§ienH fakalenaHmantabs\sImYy

rUb eQµaHkbil CaGñk)anseRmcjaNviTüa )anvieRKaHRTwsþIcMeNHdwgrbs;

mnusSya:gl¥itl¥n;. tabs\sIenHmanGayumYystvtSmunRBHBuT§RTg;]btþi

-54-


mann½yfaelakmanGayuCagmYyryqñaM . nikayenHCaRbePT {TViniym}

GaLartabs nig]Tktabs CaGacarüFMénlT§inikayenH elakTaMgBIr

Føab;beRgónRBHGgÁm©as;siT§tß[RbtibtþiedIm,I)andl;elakutþr b:uEnþRTg;BMu)an

Rtas;CaRBHBuT§eT ehIyRTg;k¾laGacarüTaMgBIreTAkan;tMbn;esnaniKm.

kbiltabsCaGñkEtgKm<Irsagçy³sURt RbvcnsURt CYnkalehA

fa {GeTvsagçy³} eRBaHelakEdlCaGñksßabnalT§inikaysagçy³ minRBm

TTYlsÁal;GaTIeTB minGacBiesaF[eXIjfaGaTIeTBmanrUbragdUcemþc.

lT§inikaysagçy³manlkçN³Ca {TViniymEbbsc©niym} eRBaHmanPaBBit

Et 2 Rbkar KW citþ nigvtßú b¤ burs 1 nigRbRkwti 1.

1> burs b¤ viBaØaN BaküfabursenHmkBIBakü {bur ÷ s} {bur}

ERbfa {nKrEdlmanTVarecjcUl} {s} ERbfa {GñkedkenA} dUecñHBakü fa

{burs} ERbfa {GñkedkenAkñúgnKrEdlmanTVarecjcUl}. bur KWnKr

kñúgTIenH)andl; {ragkay} eRBaHragkaymanTVar 9 KWEPñk 2/ RcmuH 2/

Rtecok 2/ mat; 1/ TVarGuc©ar³ 1 nigTVarbsSav³ 1. Baküfa {burs}

kñúglT§inikaysagçy³)andl; {viBaØaN b¤Gatµ½nEdledkenAkñúgragkay} Ca

burvPav³ (Absolute) b¤GaTIeTBEdlsßitenAkñúgFmµCati eRBaHeyIgGac

cUldl;)an RbsinebIeyIgsÁal;viBaØaNrbs;xøÜn. lT§inikayenHbeRgón[

sÁal;citþrbs;xøÜn eRBaHkarsÁal;citþrbs;xøÜnenHsMxan;Nas;. burs b¤viBaØaN

CabJsKlEpñkcitþ/ Gtþa b¤CIv³ CatYdwg b¤eXIjBitR)akd CaPav³brisuT§.

2> RbRkwti RbRkwtienHmanmUlkarN_ KWbJsKl;Epñkvtßú b¤ ssar

(Matter) CasPav³R)ascakCIvit CamUlsPav³énelak EtBMuEmnvtßú

TUeTAdUcCalT§idéTyl;enaHeT CabJsKlnUvGIVEdlekItÉg. RbRkwtienH ebI

-55-

emeronTI 4

ERbykesckþI )andl;tY GviC¢a TiBVs½kþirbs;RBH\sVr RBhµ b¤c,ab;epSg ²

eTAtamkarniyménnikayenaH ². RbRkwtiRbkbedayGgÁ ehAfaKuN 3 KW³

¬1¦ stþv³ PaBénesckþIl¥ esckþIsux CYy[ekItjaN CacMNuc

kNþal[ekItPnøWPøWføa. GgÁ b¤KuNenHmanBN’s.

¬2¦ rC³ b¤ rC¢ CakmµnþPaB CaGNÐÚgekIténkarPøaMgPøat; naM[ekIt

esckþITukç [citþrevIrvaykñúgteRmkBi)aknwgGt;Fn; naM[ekItkmµ KWsag

GMeBIepSg ². GgÁ b¤KuNenHmanBN’Rkhm.

¬3¦ tm³ b¤tmsS KWPaBggwt ¬emah³¦ PaBl¶g;exøARKbsgát;citþ

[Qøk;vegVgmindwgkarBit. GgÁ b¤KuNenHmanBN’exµA.

éRtKuNenHCaxøwmsarrbs;RbRkwti CaFatuBitrbs;RbRkwti minFøab;

EjkecjBIKña manlkçN³mincuHsRmugKña EteFIVkarCamYyKña dUceRbgkat

nwgcegáóg b¤ePøIgnwgRbeqH rEmgeFIVkarCamYyKña KWkar[BnøW.

RKb;ya:gkñúgelakRbkbedayKuNTaMg 3 enH eRBaHRtUv)ansag

eLIgedayRbRkwti R)akdeLIgl¥ b¤GaRkk; brisuTi§ minbrisuT§i CakNþal²

tic b¤eRcIneRscEtcMENkNamYyR)akdeLIg. éRtKuNenHmankarERbRbYl

RKb;eBl minenAnwgsUm,ImYyxN³eLIy.

RbRkwtinwgburs eTaHCamanlkçN³epSgKñadUc)atédxñgéd Etman

TMnak;TMngKña CYyKña minGaceKcput)an eRBaHebIxatRbRkwti bursnwgBikar

ebIxatburs RbRkwtinwgxVak;. dUecñHsc©Pav³TaMgBIrenHRtUvEtR)akdCamYyKña

Canic© minGacEjkecjBIKña)aneT.

RbRkwtiCaPav³RbRktI mñak;Ég kalebIBMumanbursmkCMBak;CMBin GgÁ

Rbkb b¤éRtKuNnwgsßitenAkñúgPaBFmµta luHburscUlmkCMBak;CMBin k¾ekIt

-56-


mankarERbRbYlkñúgRbRkwtiR)akdCarUbepSg ². RKb;ya:gEdlemIleXIj b¤

FmµCatiTaMgGs; xusEbøkKñaeTAtamGRtabEnßmrbs;KuN b¤GgÁRbkbTaMgbI.

lT§inikaysagçy³enHmanTisedAcg;[mnusSRbtibtþi edIm,IeFIVcitþ[

s¶b; ¬vievkjaN¦ [ekItviC¢a b¤bBaØa KWkardwgBiteXIjBitnUvsPav³mineTog

énsgçarTaMgBYg. enHCaTisedATImYykñúgkardkviBaØaNEdlQøk;vegVgnwgkþI

RsLaj; nigdkTMnak;TMngBIRbRkwti. kalebIdk)anya:genH k¾nwgcUldl;

Pav³mYyEdleFIV[rYcputcakTukç ehAfa {mukti} b¤ {emakS³}. buKÁlEdl

cUldl;mukti b¤emakS³ RtUvmanesckþIBüayamxøÜnÉg BwgxøÜnÉg GñkdéT b¤

GaTIeTBminGacCYy)aneLIy. BYkeKmineCOGaTIeTBeT EteCOfakalebI

viBaØaNrYcputcakkielsehIynwgmantémøx<sbMput eRBaHfakalebIGs;

kielsehIyrEmgx<s;CagGaTIeTB. viBaØaNenH CasBVBaØÚ KWdwgRKb;ya:g.

lT§inikaysagçy³eCOCak;elIviBaØaNEtmYyKt; KW burs b¤burvPav³.

viBaØaN b¤bursdéTnwgekItBIburvPav³enH. ebItamFmµCati burvPav³eRbób

)annwgGaTIeTB eRBaHmnusSGacyl;)an ebImnusSsÁal;viBaØaNxøÜnÉgc,as;

eQµaHfasÁal;GaTIeTBc,as;. lT§inikayenHENnaMbuKÁl[Rbtibtþi edayBMu

)anykGaTIeTBNamkCasrN³eT.

kar[TankþI karrkSasIlkþI rEmg)anRbeyaCn_ticCagkarsgát;citþ

[ekItsmaFi edIm,I[dwgc,as;Pav³nigviBaØaN viBaØaNEdl\sSrcakkiels

sÁal;c,as;kñúgGatµ½nxøÜnÉg)an GacEjkrvagburs nigRbRkwti rvagviBaØaN

nigssarecj)an. RbsinebIeXIjc,as;Gatµ½nehIy buruesatþm³ ¬burs/

viBaØaN b¤Gatµ½n/ ]tþm³-x<g;x<s;¦ nwgR)akdeLIg. enHKWPav³énkarrYcput

cak;TukçTaMgBYg eQµaHfa {mukti/ emakSa³/ GPav³raK³/ ékv½ly³ b¤niBVan}.

-57-

emeronTI 4

buKÁlGaccak;FøúHkñúgCatienH b¤CatieRkay eRscEt)armIrbs;mñak; ². buKÁl

Edlcak;FøúHCatienH ehAfa {CIv½nmukti} buKÁlEdlcak;FøúHCatieRkay ehAfa

{vieThmukti}. dUecñHGñkEdlcUldl;mukti RtUvyl;sc¨Fm’edaybBaØa RtUv

Gb;rMucitþkMu[Cab;CMBak;nwgRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn edIm,I[citþbrisuT§CasßaBr.

2> lT§inikayeyaK³

GñksßabnanikayenH eQµaH btBa¢lI )anRsavRCavrkpøÚvrYcputcak

TukçedayviFIbMeBjtb³Fm’ )andwgc,as;nUvpøÚvcitþ ehIyRbtibtþiya:gtwgrwug

edIm,IrMlt;karERbRbYléncitþ¬citþvnþinieraF¦ eRBaHcitþrevIrvayeTAtamGMNac

énkiels. btBa¢lI manGayu RbmaN 400- 300 qñaMmun K>s> Ca

GñkR)aCJRbePT {eTvniym}.

GñkxøHeBalfa btBa¢lI BMu)anrkeXIjTsSnviC¢aenHeT RKan;EtrYbrYm

eroberogCatRmafµI ehAfa {eyaKsURt} edaykarKitrbs;elakEdlmanmk

ehIytaMgBIbzmkal eTIbelak)anTTYlkitþiysfaCaGñksßabnalT§inikay

eyaK³enH.

Baküfa {eyaK³} mann½yeRcInya:g dUcCa karRKb;RKg/ TegVI/

karRbkb b¤karcab;epþImGnuvtþ.l. Gacmann½yfa viFIsa®sþ k¾)an eRBaH

karEdlcUldl;eKaledA RtUvGaRs½yviFIsa®sþ eyaK³KWCaviFIsa®sþmüa:g

EdlnwgnaMGñkRbtibtþi [dl;eKaledA KWemakS³. lT§inikayenHTTYlsÁal;

GaTIeTB sgát;F¶n;elIkarRbtibtþedIm,IhVwkhat;Bat;lt;dMcitþ.

eyaK³maneKalbMNgCYymnusS[rYcputcakTukç 3 RbkardUecñH KW³

1> esckþITukçekIteLIgBIehtuxagkñúg b¤karRbRBwtþixus RtUv

RbtibtþitameyaK³ edIm,Iyl;[c,as;nUvehtuminRbkan;maMkñúgelak eday

-58-


mincaM)ac;EjkxøÜnecjcakelak.

2> esckþITukçekIteLIgcakehtuxageRkA dUcCaRtUvstVsahav b¤

mnusScitþGaRkk;KRmamCaedIm RtUvRbtibtþitameyaK³ edIm,IsRgYmcitþ

eFIVcitþ[)anbrisuT§ esckþITukçenaHnwg)anFUrRsal b¤)at;eTAvij.

3> esckþITukçekItBIGMNacFmµCati dUcCaFatu b¤GMNacGaf’kM)aMg

RtUvRbtibtþitameyaK³ edIm,I[citþekItsmaFi citþs¶b;. tRmaeyaK³rbs;

btBa¢lI man 4 PaK KW³

¬1¦ smaFi eBaldl;GgÁRbkbénkareFIVsmaFi

¬2¦ saFn³ eBaldl;vifIcak;FøúHsmaFi

¬3¦ vPUti eBaldl;plsmaFi famanGMNacx<s;elIFmµCati

¬4¦ ékv½lyü eBaldl;sPav³éncitþmansmaFibribUrN_.

lT§inikayeyaK³yl;fakarRbtibtþ nigcMeNHdwgCaehtu[cUldl;

PaB\sSrya:gsm,ÚrN_. viFIRbtibtþman 8 Rbkar ehAfa{GsSdagÁeyaK³}

ERbfa {eyaK³manGgÁ 8 Rbkar}. TaMg 8 RbkarenHeBaldl;karRbtibtþ

pøÚvkay citþ nigkarEsVgrkcMeNHdwgEdlKYrdl;esckþIs¶b;sux. TisedAén

karRbtibtþeyaK³ KWedIm,IRKb;RKgcitþ nigedIm,I[dl; {ékv½ly³} )andl;

cMeNHdwgd¾RtwmRtUv¬smµajaN¦ ehAmüa:geTotfa {citþRBwtþinieraF} )andl;

karRKb;RKg b¤karrMlt;RBWtþikmµéncitþ edaykarRbtibtþtampøÚv 8 enH ya:g

twgrwug nwg)anseRmcsmaFi. smaFienH nwgeFIV[buKÁldwgc,as;kñúgFmµCati

b¤Gatµ½nénxøÜn ehIynwg)andl;emakS³. pøÚv 8 b¤GgÁRbkbeyaK³ 8 Rbkar

kñúgkarGb;rMupøÚvkay citþenaH KW³

3> 1 ym³ karsRgYmrvaMgTak;TgnwgkarRbRBwtþiRbtibtþikay nig

-59-

emeronTI 4

nigcitþ KWevorcakehtu 5 RbkardUecñH KW³

¬1¦ GhwgSa evorcakkarsmøab; b¤ebotebonstVtUcFMRKb;RbePT

¬2¦ GsSetyü evorcakkarlYcbøn; b¤ekgRbv½Ba©RTBüGñkdéT

¬3¦ stþy³ KWminniyaykuhke)akR)as

¬4¦ RBhµcarü evorcakkarRbRBwtþixusbþIRbBn§kUnecAGñkdéT

¬5¦ GbriKrh³ minTTYlTukdak;RTBüsm,tþiEdlmincaM)ac;dl;CIvit

RbcaMéf¶ KWeRbIR)as;Etrbs;NaEdlcaM)ac;b:ueNÑaH.

karsRgYmTaMg 5 RbkarenH CameFüa)ayeFIVcitþ[brisuT§ kalebI

citþbrisuT§l¥ nwgnaM[kayrwgbwug RbsinebIbuKÁlBMu)anhVwkhat;kay citþeT

)abTaMgLaynwgman»kasekIteLIgya:ggay.

3> 2 niym³ karCRmHkay citþ[s¥at karGb;rMucitþ[man emtþa

kruNa nigsenþas.l. edayRbtibtþitameKaledA 5 RbkardUecñH KW³

¬1¦ esac³ CRmHkay[s¥atl¥brisuT§ edaykarmuCTwk briePaK

GaharEdlmanGnam½y CRmHcitþ[)ans¥atl¥pUrpg; nwkKitEterOgl¥ ²

¬2¦ senþas eRtkGrcMeBaHrbs;EdlxøÜnman)anmkehIy minman

citþelaPln;cg;)anhYsehtu mineXIjEtRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn

¬3¦ tb³ dutkMedAkiels edaykarbMeBjesckþIBüayamya:gxøaMg

bEnßmesckþIGt;Fn; nigkmøaMgGFidæan edIm,Ihat;Bat;lt;dMkaycitþ[)andl;

TisedAx<s;bMput KWemakS³

¬4¦ sVaFüay eBjcitþ cUlcitþGanKm<Ir b¤tRmananaedaykaryk

citþTukdak; TenÞj[caMmat;nUvemeronsMxan; ²

¬5¦ \sVrRbNiFan RbKl;kay citþcMeBaHGaTIeTB taMgcitþeFIV

-60-


smaFiya:gtwgrwugedaykarrMlwkdl;GaTIeTBCanic©.

3> 3 Gasn³ karhVwkhat;GgÁúy KWkarRbtibtþragkaytam

viFIsa®sþ EdlRBahµNacarü)ankMNt;Tukmk [)ansÞat;sÞat;CMnaj edIm,I

[ragkay citþmansuxPaBl¥maMmYnpg nigCakarbMeBjkuslplbuNüpg.

3> 4 braNaym³ karRKb;RKgdegðImkñúgeBleFIVsmaFi eday

kMNt;degðImecjcUl[)anEvg² 4-5 dg ehIybnßymkvij beNþay[

ecjcUltamFmµtaedIm,IrkSasuxPaBebHdUgpg nigedIm,I[sac;dMusYt)anrwg

maMpg. viFIRbtibtþtamrebobkMNt;degðImecjcUlenHman 3 ya:g dUecñH KW³

¬1¦ dkdegðImcUl[)aneRCA Evg ehAfa bUrk³

¬2¦ kMNt;degðImb¤rkSaxül;ecjcUl)anl¥dUckayfµ ehAfa kumÖk³

¬3¦ dkdegðImecj ehAfa erck³ KWRtUveFIV[)anRtwmRtUv eTAtam

karENnaMrbs;RBahµNacarü.

3> 5 Rbtüahar³ karRKb;RKgbsaTsmösS sRgYm\®nÞIy_ KW

EPñk RcmuH GNþat kay kMu[Cab;CMBak;nwgGarmµN_xageRkA KWrUb køin rs

nigsmös ¬karb:HBal;¦. kareFIVdUecñH CakarhVwkhat;citþ[)anrwgbwug kMu[

revIrvayeTAelIGarmµN_EdlCaTIR)afña nigminCaTIR)afña ehIyRtUveFIV[)an

Cab;lab;eTIb)anTTYlplRbesIr.

viFIRbtibtþTaMg 5 dUc)aneBalmkenH CaviFITak;TgnwgehtuxageRkA

3 xageRkamenHCaviFITak;Tgnwgehtuxagkñúg eRBaHsMedAyksmaFieyaK³.

3> 6 FarN³ kartaMgcitþkñúgGarmµN_EdlRtUvkar GarmµN_enaH

rEmgmanepSgKña eTAtamkarniym b¤karkMNt;rbs;RBahµNacarü CYnkal

GackMNt;degðImecjcUl ¬GaNa)ansti¦ KWkMNt;Rtg;cugRcmuH b¤edImRTUg

-61-

emeronTI 4

¬cugdegðIm¦ b¤k,aleBaH¬Rtg;p©it¦ CYnkalGackMNt;kay ¬kayKtasti¦

b¤eTvrUb ¬eTvanusti¦ ya:gNamYyk¾)an eFIVya:gNa[Etcitþ)ans¶b;sux.

3> 7 Fyan³ karbMeBjQan KWBicarNaCab; ² Kña mindac;kñúg

GarmµN_NamYyEdlxøÜn)ankMNt;c,as;las;ehIy minbeNþaycitþ[gaker

eTArkkic©déTepSgBIGarmµN_EdlxøÜn)anehIyenaH. GñkRbtibtþiTaMgLay

EdlmansmtßPaBeFIVcitþ[dl;fñak;enH eQµaHfaCaGñkman)armIx<s; eRBaH

QanenHrEmgmanGMNacxøaMgkøaNas; minRtwmEtkMcat;GarmµN_revIrvay

b:ueNÑaHeT naMmknUvkmøaMgkaycitþ KWmansuxPaBkaycitþpgEdr. QanenH

CYnkalGacsabsUnüeTAvijk¾man RbsinebIeyaKavcr KWGñkRbtibtþiman

kareFVsRbEhs dUcCadMufµsgát;esµA ebIelIkdMufµecj esµAnwgduHeLIgvij

ebIminelIkecj esµAenaHnwgvinas)at;eTA k¾dUcKñanwgGñkRbtibtþienaHÉg

ebImankarRbugRby½tñCanic© nwgdwgc,as;nUvGatµ½n b¤viBaØaN.

3> 8 smaFi KWkarRbmUlGarmµN_[)anmUl b¤eFIVcitþ[sßitenA

kñúgGarmµN_EtmYy. xTI 8 enHCaehtuénxTI 7 buKÁlEdl)anseRmcQan

eRBaHGaRs½ysmaFiCaTItaMg b:uEnþxTI 8 enHmanlkçN³TUlMTUlayCagTI 7

eRBaHvaCasmaFifñak;x<s; ehAfa {essVrsagçy³}.

kalebIRbtibtþitamviFIsa®sþTaMg 8 RbkarenHehIy nwg)ancak;FøúH

b¤cUldl;smaFieyaK³ CaeKaledAx<s;bMputénlT§inikayeyaK³.

3> lT§inikaynyay³

lT§inikayenH tabs\sI eKatþm³ nigGkS³)aT³ CaGñksßabna kñúg

rvag 400 qñaMmun K>s> dl; K>s> 100 eyagtamKm<IrnyaysURt rbs;

\sI eKatþm³. Bakü {nyay³} ERbfa {karCECkEvkEjkkñúgerOgRsavRCav

-62-


rkkarBit} )andl;lT§ielIktemáIgstibBaØamnusS. manniymn½yeRcIneTot

dUcCa {tkáviTüa} viC¢aRtiHriHBicarNa {ehtuviTüa} viC¢asþIGMBIehtuEdlnaM[

ekItpl {RbmaNviTüa} viC¢asþIGMBIkarEsVgrkcMeNHdwgd¾RtwmRtUv {vaTviTüa}

viC¢aRbEkkKñaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,IkarrIkceRmIn.l. lT§inikaynyay³enH

cat;Catkásc©niym eRBaHCaTsSnviC¢arbbEsVgrkFatuBittamc,ab;ehtupl

¬tkáviTüa¦. lT§inikayenHkaledImeLIymineCOGaTIeTBeT luHeRkaymk

eCOfaGaTIeTBCaRBHv iBaØaNbrisuT§sßitenAzansYK’ RTg;manlkçN³RbesIr

6 ya:gKW¬1¦ PaBGs©arü¬2¦ PaBrugerOg¬3¦ PaBbrisuT§¬4¦ PaB\sSr³

¬5¦manGMNac nig¬6¦ mancMeNH. BYkeKeCOfaGaTIeTBCaGñksagelak

CaGñkrkSa nigCaGñkbMpøajelak ehIydak;TNÐkmµdl;mnusSGaRkk; [

rgVan;dl;mnusSl¥ RBmTaMgbNþal[Km<IrRBHevTsßitesßrnirnþr. karsikSa

RBHKm<Ir kareFIVsmaFi nigkarRbtibtþeyaK³ CapøÚvnaMmnusSelakeTAkan;

TIrMlt;Tukç eBalKWemakS³.

EpñkGPiR)aCJa lT§inikaynyay³manlkçN³Casc©miym b¤FmµCati

niym eRBaHyl;faelakdéTmanBitR)akdtamFmµCati elakRbkbeday

brmaNUeRcInrab;minGs; bdiesFnUvBaküfa {RKb;ya:gGaRs½yelIcitþ}.

eKyl;fa {)abbuNüCaplkmµrbs;Gatµ½n}. GaTIeTBCaGñksagelakGMBI

)armaNU CaGñkbegáItPasa nigsil,³ . esckþIesµaHRtg;cMeBaHGaTIeTBCa

katBVkic©rbs;mnusSTaMgLay RTg;nwgbNþalBYkeK[manesckþIsuxceRmIn

CYbsc¨Fm’ nigdl;emakS³.

tamRTwsþIjaNviTüa/ TsSnviC¢aniyay³ b¤lT§inikayniyay³eCOfa

RbPBcMeNHdwgTaMgLayman 4 RbkardUecñH KW³

-63-

emeronTI 4

1> brtükS³ (Perception) cMeNHdwgEdlekIteLIgBIbTBiesaFn_

KWdwgBiteXIjBitedayxøÜnÉg BMuEmnecHdwgeRBaHBJeKfa b¤k¾GanesovePA.

cMeNHdwgEdlekIteLIgBIbTBiesaFn_enHEckecjCa 2 dUecñH KW³

¬1¦ elakik cMeNHdwgFmµta cMeNHdwgpøÚvelak KWelakxageRkA

Documents

TsSnviC¢abUBa’ · 2015. 11. 10. · RBHéRtbidkBIPasa)alI sM®sáit rab;muWnTMB½rTukCasñaéd cgRkgCaesovePA 110k,al¬TsSnviC¢aRBHBuT§sasna¦ BIsilacarikCagmYyBan;pÞaMg. müa:g