Variation of COVariation of CO22

mole fractionmole fraction

iin the lower n the lower free troposphere, in the boundary layerfree troposphere, in the boundary layer

andand

at the surfaceat the surface

L.

Haszpra1, M. Ramonet2, M. Schmidt2, Z. Barcza3, Zs. Pátkai1, K. Tarczay1, C. Yver4, J. Tarniewicz2, P. Ciais2

1

Hungarian Meteorological Service, Budapest, Hungary2

Laboratoire

des Sciences du Climat

et de l’Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France3

Department of Meteorology, Eötvös

Loránd

University, Budapest, Hungary4 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA,

U.S.A.

3D CO3D CO22

distribution is needed bydistribution is needed by•• transport models (operation, development, transport models (operation, development,

validation)validation)

•• calibration/validation remote sensing instruments calibration/validation remote sensing instruments (satellites, FTIR etc.)(satellites, FTIR etc.)

Tall towers: up to 100Tall towers: up to 100--500 m500 m

estimation of boundary layer mean may be estimation of boundary layer mean may be possible during intensive vertical mixingpossible during intensive vertical mixing

Exchange between the PBL and the lower Exchange between the PBL and the lower free tropospherefree troposphere

Information is also needed from above the PBLInformation is also needed from above the PBL

Aircraft, Aircraft, baloonbaloon, kite etc. , kite etc. sampling/in situ measurementssampling/in situ measurements

HUNGARYHUNGARY

HegyhHegyháátstsááll

TV/radio TV/radio transmitter tower (135 m)transmitter tower (135 m)

located in a flat region, in located in a flat region, in rural environment in rural environment in western Hungarywestern Hungary(see Haszpra et al., Atm. (see Haszpra et al., Atm. EnvirEnvir. 42 [2008], . 42 [2008], 87078707--8716.)8716.)

115 m

82 m

48 m

10 m

In situ COIn situ CO22

measurements at measurements at 4 elevations since Sept. 19944 elevations since Sept. 1994

NOAA air sampling since NOAA air sampling since March 1993 (site code: HUN)March 1993 (site code: HUN)

3000 m

2500 m

2000 m

1500 m

1000 m

500 m

200 m

115 m82 m48 m10 m

Flask air sampling at 7 elevations between 2001 and 2008 (1 flight/month)

Analyses by LSCE, France

In situ measurements (AOS Inc., Boulder, CO, USA) 200-3000 m in 2006 and 2008 (1 flight/week)

24 June 2008

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

375 380 385 390 395

CO2 (ppm)

elev

atio

n (m

)

ascent descent tower

top of

PBL

Estimation of the mean PBL CO2

mole fraction using

• in situ aircraft measurements+

• tower measurements

Comparison of the PBL-mean with the measurements on the tower

115 m (tower) minus PBL-mean = 0.35±0.85

μmol

mol-1

(annual average)

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

tow

er m

inus

PB

L-m

ean

(μm

ol m

ol-1

)

115 m

48 m

10 m

Ad t

summer: -0.41 μmol

mol-1

winter: +1.11 μmol

mol-1

annual summer winter115 m 0.35 -0.41 1.1148 m 0.25 -0.83 1.3310 m -0.24 -1.96 1.48

peak-to-peak amplitude:

2500-3000

m: 10.7 μmol

mol-1

10 m: 28.5 μmol

mol-1

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

0 31 61 92 122 153 183 214 244 275 305 336 366day of year

μmol

mol

-1

>2500 m

1500-2500 m

500-1500 m

115 m (f light days)

10 m (f light days)

CCGCRV data processing software by Kirk Thoning, NOAA

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

0 31 61 92 122 153 183 214 244 275 305 336 366day of year

μmol

mol

-1

>2500 m

1500-2500 m

500-1500 m

115 m (f light days)

10 m (f light days)

MBL

Caution! Potential fair weather bias

Maximum:

10-115 m: late Dec

500-1500 m: ~10 March

1500-2500 m: ~17 March

2500-3000 m: ~24 March

MBL*: ~15 April

Minimum: ~20 August

* GLOBALVIEW, 2010

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

0 31 61 92 122 153 183 214 244 275 305 336 366day of year

μmol

mol

-1

all w eather

f light days only

tower, 115 m

fair weather bias only

• in winter,

• at low elevation

Haszpra et al., 2012: Variation of CO2

mole fraction

in the lower free troposphere, in the boundary layer

and

at the surface. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussion 12, 11539-11566. (4 May 2012)

Aerial pictures by Martin Simon, pilot

Thank you for your Thank you for your attentionattention