Les enjeux politiques de l’open acces contre

les OligopolesFrancesca Di Donato(Université de Pise)

http://www.sp.unipi.it/hp/didonato/didonato@sp.unipi.it

Stage EuroPhilosophie 2010 à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris -

16 Avril 2010

This presentation is released under a Creative Commons - Attribution -Share Alike licence 2.5 Italia.

Overview

• Open Access: a new paradigm of Scholarly communication

• Open Access and the strategies against oligopolies

• Role of international (UE) and national institutions

• What to do next

Scholarly Communication 20,000- 25,000 peer-reviewed journals in the world (only 18% - 20% is Open Access)

Annual increase of scholarly journals is about 3/4 % in the last 100 years

5.5 million researchers 2,500,000 articles are published every year (only 18% /20% is Open Access) Over 60% journals are published online - in some disciplines even 90% are available on line (most of them are available in both version: print and online).

[Gargiulo, 2010]

• Network and computational technology, Increase in digital content and datasets, Evolution of discovery, search, retrieve tools, Evolution of text and data mining technology, New ways of doing research based on the net, on collaboration and very data intensive

In practice ICT developments are changing scholarly communication:

• integrate and improve access

• circulate to scholarly information

Advent of Internet and ICT developements offer more and more advanced solutions to:

But• “Peer reviewed” journals access is restricted (toll access)

• Role of commercial publishers and professional societies

• "Serials price crisis" or “library crisis”[Gargiulo, 2010]

What we mean by Open Access

In using the term 'open access', we mean the free availability of peer-reviewed literature on the public internet, permitting any user to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited. (BOAI- 2002) [Gargiulo, 2010]

3 Important Declarations on OA

• Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI)- 14 Feb. 2002

• Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing- 20 June 2003

• Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities. 22 October 2003

[Gargiulo, 2010]

BOAI and OA strategies Self-archiving (Green Road) Creation of institutional archives

Publishing in Open Access Journals (Gold Road) creation of OA journals or converting current journal in OA journals

Publicly accessible repository (archive) where all the work published by researchers/authors affiliated with the university/academy/research centre can be posted online.

Contributes to the status of the institution by displaying the intellectual output of the institution, gives more visibility to the institutions

It can contain: journals articles (pre- and post-prints), books chapters, working papers, theses, doctoral dissertations, technical reports, technical notes, teaching materials, datasets, videos, images

A journal which is freely available online worldwide and does not rely upon the traditional subscription based business model to generate revenue.

Furthermore, copyright remains with the author who might transfer some rights to the publisher.[Gargiulo, 2010]

The Rise of the publishers oligopoly

• Constant serials price increase – libraries cannot

afford keeping journals subscriptions

• Dominant position of few and large commercial publishers

• Licensing e-journals becomes more and more difficult while library budgets decrease

• “The big deal” becomes economically unsustainable

Serials crisis

[Gargiulo, 2010]

Mainstream and peripheral science:a false dichotomy Anglo-centric system;

Power concentration in the hands of few big publishers;

Artificial division between mainstream and peripheral science

[Guédon, 2009]

Scholarly Communication Crisis

• Missing impact

• The free availability of scholarly articles over the Internet increases the number of citations

• Publishers hamper the free dissemination of journal articles and therefore limit their impact

[Gargiulo, 2010]

More impact means

• Remarkable benefits for the the authors and their instititutions

• Promotion of research, knowledge and scientific progress

• Remarkable contribution to economic development and to innovation technology

• Reduction of the digital divide

[Gargiulo, 2010]

Role of Open Access

• promote

• reduce costs and maximise impact

Goal :

• access,

• timeliness,

• dissemination of scholarly research output,

By doing so OA Contributes to changing scholarly communication paradigm

[Gargiulo, 2010]

Pushes the scientific community to actively partecipate in the distribution and dissemination of scholarly research output

Proposes

Contributes to establish new criteria for research assessement and funding

Role of Open Access

• new economic models to produce, distribute, disseminate research output

• a different approach to copyright (a more balance between authors and readers rights)

• new criteria for measuring impact

[Gargiulo, 2010]

Academics/Authors: their work is not seen by all their peers – do not receive the recognition they deserve

Readers: cannot view all research literature they need – less effective

Libraries: cannot satisfy information needs of their users

Driving force behind open access

[Gargiulo, 2010]

The Open Access Movement

Who is (or should be) involved?

Researchers, scientists, professors, students, librarians, university administrators, publishers, funding agencies, governaments, parliaments, international organizations.

Political - economic context Socio - cultural context Technological and technical context [Gargiulo, 2010]

The Open Access and Europe

European Research Council has adopted a mandatory policy - EU funded research (6 months embargo)

EU – FP7 (2007-2013) Pilot Project on Open Access (2008-2013)

7 disciplines (Energy, Environment, Health, ICT, E-Infrastrucutres, Science in Society, Socio-economic Sciences and Humanities)

- Project OpenAire

European Science Foundation (ESF) e EuroHORCS (European Head of Research Council): recommend open access to all public research funding agencies in Europe and are about to issue mandatory policies

[Gargiulo, 2010]

A. Recommendations for University Leadership

- The basic approach... should be the creation of an institutional repository. These repositories should be established and managed according to current best practices (following recommendations and guidelines from DRIVER and similar projects) complying with the OAI-PMH protocol and allowing inter-operability and future networking for wider usage....

- University institutional policies should require that their researchers deposit (self-archive) their scientific publications in their institutional repository upon acceptance for publication. Permissible embargoes should apply only to the date of open access provision and not the date of deposit. Such policies would be in compliance with evolving policies of research funding agencies at the national and European level such as the ERC.

European University Association (EUA) Recommendations (2008)

[Gargiulo, 2010]

B. Recommendations for National Rectors' Conferences

- All National Rectors' Conferences should work with national research funding agencies and governments in their countries to implement the requirement for self-archiving of research publications in institutional repositories and other appropriate open access repositories according to best practice models of the ERC and existing national research funding agencies operating open access mandates. (Source: RoarMap- EUA policy)

http://www.crui.it/HomePage.aspx?ref=1693

European University Association (EUA) Recommendations (2008)

[Gargiulo, 2010]

Open Access : how to succeed

Implementation of institutional mandatory policy making deposition/self archiving mandatory for all public funded research output in the institution open repositories (institutional archives) or the discipline open repository (disciplinary archives)

Deposition should be immediate, access to pre-print content should be immediate, post-print might be subject to embargo (6 months or max 12 months)

Implementation of mandatory policy by the funding agencies - NHI (USA) - Wellcome Trust (UK) - UK Research Council (UK) - Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Italy) and many other institutions in the world

[Gargiulo, 2010]

Open Access : mandatory policies

• 87 academic or research institutions have implemented a mandatory policy

• 21 university departments have implemented a mandatory policy

• 44 research funding agencies

• 60 academic institutions have implemented a mandatory policy for the deposition of doctoral theses and dissertations

[Gargiulo, 2010]

Open Access : how to succeed

• Linking institutional repository to the research assessment process (e.g only the papers deposited in the archive will be considered for evalution purposes)

• Awareness, Promotion, Advocacy

• Impact on research output

• Citation Advantages

BibliographyF. Di Donato, Le sfide dell'Open Access al sistema di comunicazione della scienza, La Rivista SIFP, 2 marzo 2010.

P. Gargiulo, Open Access, presentation online at:http://bfp.sp.unipi.it/~didonato/ovre/spring_school/gargiulo.pdf

J.-C. Guédon, Open Access. Contro gli oligopoli nel sapere, ETS, Pisa 2009,

C.W. Bailey, Open Access Bibliography. Liberating scholarly literature with e-prints and open acces journals, 2005-2008 http://www.digital-scholarship.org/oab/oab.htm

Open Access News_ News from the Open Access Movement (blog) http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html

OAD- Open Access Directory (to find out about everything concerning OA) http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Main_Page

OECD - Declaration on Access to Research Data from Public Funding, 2004

• Optimum international exchange of data, information and knowledge contributes decisively to the advancement of scientific research and innovation

• Open access to, and unrestricted use of, data promotes scientific progress and facilitates the training of researchers

• Open access will maximise the value derived from public investments in data collection efforts

• Substantial benefits that science, the economy and society at large could be gained from the opportunities that expanded use of digital data resources

• The risk that undue restrictions on access to and use of research data from public funding could diminish the quality and efficiency of scientific research and innovation

Open Access Journals : business models

Open access journals employ a combination of new business models, among them:

• Article processing fee

• Hybrid model

• Advertising

• Sponsorship