La Toile (Web) et les réseaux d'ordinateurs

Réseaux et Télécommunications

3 - Introduction aux réseaux cellulaires

Edoardo BereraTelelinea

Plan

• Intelligent Network• Digital cellular networks• Generations of mobile communications• GSM

– Global System for Mobile Communication

• GSM evolution– GPRS General Packet Radio Service

– UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service

• Data services– WAP Wireless Application Protocol

– i-mode (internet mode)

• Frequency bands• Layered architectures• Key technologies• Operators

PSTN / Intelligent Network (IN)

Source: Modarressi, BellSouth and Mohan, Comverse (IEEE Communications, Oct. 2000, p. 96)

• Les trois niveaux de l’architecture des réseaux téléphoniques:– transport– signalisation– services intelligents (ordinateurs, bases de données et applications)

Digital Cellular Networks

Source: Oliphant, IFR (IEEE Spectrum, Aug. 1999, p. 21)

• Les réseaux cellulaires sont une extension des réseaux de téléphonie fixe– grâce aux services intelligents fournis par les – HLR, Home Location Registers, et les VLR, Visitor Location Registers

Digital Cellular Networks

Source: Oliphant, IFR (IEEE Spectrum, Aug. 1999, p. 21)

• PSTN Public Switched Telephone System

• Services– Authentication Center (vérification abonné)– Home Location Register (données abonné)– Visitor Location Register (localisation abonné)– Operations & Maintenance Center (réseau)

• Commutation– Mobile Switching Center– Gateway Mobile Switching Center (i/f réseau fixe)

• Concentrateurs et émetteurs/récepteurs radio– Base Station Controller– Base Transceiver Station

• Interfaces– Air Interface (radio), interfaces MSC/BSC/BTS (A,

Abis)

• Téléphone cellulaire– Mobile Station

Source: Lei and Slimane, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology (IEEE Communications, Oct. 2000, p. 87)

Multiple frequency allocation

• En 2ème génération (GSM) séparation par fréquence (FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing)

• En 3ème génération (G3, UMTS) séparation par codage ( CDM Code Division Multiplexing)

Source: Ohmori, MPT Japan, Yamao and Nakajima, NTT (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 135)

Generations of mobile communications systems

• GSM: Global System for Mobile communications

• Recherchez les autres acronymes sur Internet

Source: Ohmori, MPT Japan, Yamao and Nakajima, NTT (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 134)

Mobility and data rates

Source: Ohmori, MPT Japan, Yamao and Nakajima, NTT (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 138)

Future-generation mobile communications

Source: Ohmori, MPT Japan, Yamao and Nakajima, NTT (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 139)

Intelligent Transport System (ITS) communications

Source: Ohmori, MPT Japan, Yamao and Nakajima, NTT (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 139)

High Altitude stratospheric Platform Station (HAPS)

Source: Mohr and Konhaeuser, Siemens (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 123)

GSM evolution : toward the third generation (3G)

• HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data• GPRS General Packet Radio Service• EDGE Enhanced Data rate for Global (GSM) Evolution

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Source: Microsoft Corp.

ExtremelyLow

VeryLow

Low MediumHighVeryHigh

UltraHigh

SuperHigh

InfraredVisibleLight

Ultra-violet

X-Rays

AudioAM Broadcast

Short Wave Radio FM BroadcastTelevision Infrared wireless LAN

902 - 928 MHz26 MHz

Cellular (840MHz)NPCS (1.9GHz)

2.4 - 2.4835 GHz

83.5 MHz(IEEE 802.11)

5 GHz(IEEE 802.11)

HyperLANHyperLAN2

Source: Chuck Bartel, Carnegie-Mellon University, “Wireless Technologies, Directions in Wireless Networking”, April 2001

Frequency Bands - ISM

• Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands• Unlicensed (free) channel bandwidth

Source: Mohr and Konhaeuser, Siemens (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 126)

New frequency ranges

International frequency allocation

Source: Mohr and Konhaeuser, Siemens (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 127)

• Différences entre Europe USA et Japon• Place très importante allouée par les USA aux transmission sans licence

– Quelles sont les conséquences pour les industriels ?

Layered structure of seamless future networks

Source: Mohr and Konhaeuser, Siemens (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 130)

• Les Hot Spots (terminaux des aéroports, centres de congrès, et un jour peut-être stations-service, etc.) utilisent Wi-Fi

• Comparez les hot spots Wi-Fi et les services UMTS (G3)

Source: Ohmori, MPT Japan, Yamao and Nakajima, NTT (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 141)

Key technologies in wireless access networks

Source: Ohmori, MPT Japan, Yamao and Nakajima, NTT (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 141)

Cellular system software architecture

GPRS UMTS

• Universal coverage IMT-2000• UMTS terminals• Standards• GSM to UMTS transition• GPRS• Network operators• Service providers

Universal coverage

Source: UMTS Forum

ITU IMT-2000

• UMTS is one of the major new third generation mobile communications systems being developed within the framework which has been defined by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and known as IMT-2000 for International Mobile Telecommunications for the 2000's..

• UMTS will deliver low-cost, high-capacity mobile communications offering data rates up to 2Mbit/sec with global roaming and other advanced capabilities

UMTS Terminals

– Video Phones– PDA– Pocket PC– Portable PC– Wrist watches– Music players– E-book readers– ...

Source: UMTS Forum

Market and services

• UMTS will play a key role in creating the future mass market for high-quality wireless multimedia communications that will approach 2 billion users worldwide by the year 2010

UMTS will enable tomorrow’s wireless Information Society, delivering high-value broadband information, commerce and entertainment services to mobile users via fixed, wireless and satellite networks

UMTS will speed convergence between telecommunications, IT, media and content industries to deliver new services and create fresh revenue-generating opportunities

Universal standards ?

• Two US standards– CDMA2000

• Code Division Multiple Access

– UWC-136• Universal Wireless Comms

• Rest of the world– WCDMA

• Wideband CDMA

Source: Oliphant, Tektronix (IEEE Spectrum, Oct. 2000, p. 55)

GSM to UMTS network transition

• Step 0: GSM (2G) – Circuit switched network (Voice and Data)

Source: Oliphant, Tektronix (IEEE Spectrum, Oct. 2000, p. 56)

GSM to UMTS network transition

• Step 1: GSM (2.5G) – + GPRS General Packet Radio Service

» Circuit switched network (Voice) » Packet switched network (Data): 92 kb/s max

(plus data compression) – + EDGE Enhanced Data rate for GSM/Global

Evolution » Circuit switched network (Voice) » Packet switched network (Data): 384 kb/s max

(plus data compression)

GPRS

• General Packet Radio Service– PCU Packet Control Unit

– GPRS Internet Gateway

Source: Oliphant, Tektronix (IEEE Spectrum, Oct. 2000, p. 56)

UMTS Phases

• Step 2: UMTS (3G) Phase 1 – Circuit switched network (Voice)

– Packet switched network (Data)

» 2 Mb/s max (plus data compression)

• Step 3: UMTS (3G) Phase 2 Packet switched network (Voice and Data)

All IP network (Internet)

UMTS Phase 1

Source: Oliphant, Tektronix (IEEE Spectrum, Oct. 2000, p. 56)

• UTRAN– UMTS Terrestrial Radio

Access Network– Urban areas coverage– Dual mode phones

• Non IP core network

UMTS Phase 2

• IP-based core network• Satellite universal coverage

Source: Mohr and Konhaeuser, Siemens (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 129)

WAP

• Wireless Application Protocol• Terminals• WAP Gateways• Wireless Markup Language• Services

System Elements

• Mobile Terminals– SIM Cards

• Cellular Networks– Gateways

• Protocols• Languages• Services

Nokia 9210 Communicator

Terminals

• Cellular Phones– SIM Card

Subscriber Identity Module

• Authentication

• Security

• Personalisation– SIM Toolkit

• Personal Digital Assistants• Combined PDA/Cellphones

WAP Gateway

Source: Neal Leavitt, Leavitt Communications (© IEEE Computer, Dec. 2000, p. 128)

Wireless Application Protocol Stack

Source: Riku Mettala, Nokia (© Bluetooth White Paper, Aug. 1999, p. 10)

Wireless Markup Language

i-mode

• NTT DoCoMo Japan (1999)– 35 million users

• Bouygues Telecom (2002)– using GPRS– charges based on volume of data

• Simplified HTML (cHTML - compact HTML)– page size (including GIF) < 10 kbytes

• Simpler than WAP– see Eurotechnology for comparison

Services

• Communication services

• Information Services• M-Commerce Services

– Pull and Push Services– Existing Services– Service Personalisation

Communications and Information Services

• E-mail• Directories

– Yellow pages– Location dependent

• Personalized agenda• Forums and chat• Games

• News• Weather Forecasts• Traffic• Timetables

– Train, Airplanes– Movies, Theatres

M-Commerce Services

• Phone orders– Physical or electronic delivery and payment– Music, Books (e-songs MP3Pro, e-articles)

• Reservations and tickets– Accommodation, Transportation and

Entertainment

• Financial and banking– Accounts management, money orders, stock

exchange transactions

M-Commerce Security and Payments

• Security– Cell phones tends to be individual– Phone terminal and SIM (Subscriber Identity

Module) Card allow for authentication– Encrypted communications

• Payments– Individual Accounts managed by Mobile Net

Operator– Prepaid Cards are one form of e-cash– Operator may become financial intermediary

• especially if it owns content

New role model and service delivery for UMTS

• Roles– Users and subscribers – Service providers – Access network operators – Core transport network operators

• Services– Content providers – Value-added service providers – Service management – Service brokers

Source: Mohr and Konhaeuser, Siemens (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 124)

New role model and service delivery for UMTS

• Roles– Users and subscribers – Access network

operators – Core transport network

operators – Service providers

Core Transport Network Operator

• France Telecom

• Cegetel 7 Pro

• 9 Telecom

• Tele2

• BT (British Telecom)

• FLAG (Fiber Link Around the Globe)

• CTR

• Completel

• Kast Telecom

UMTS Access Network Operators

• France - UMTS operators (Licence 4.95 B euros / 15 years)– Orange – SFR – Bouygues Telecom (candidate)

• United Kingdom - UMTS operators (Licence for 20 years)– Vodafone (9.95 B euros) – Cellnet (6.73 B euros) – Orange (6.84 B euros) – One2One (6.68 B euros) – Hutchison (7.32 B euros)

UMTS Access Network Operators

• Germany - UMTS operators (Licence 8.4 B euros / 20 years)– Mannesmann

– T-Mobil

– E-Plus

– Viag Interkom

– MobilCom

– Group3G

• Italy - UMTS operators (Licence 2.4 B euros / 15 years)– TIM

– Omnitel

– Wind

UMTS Access Network Operators

• Finland - UMTS operators (Free licence for 20 years)

– Radiolonja

– Sonera

– Telia

– Suomen Kolne

– Gee (Tele2 Group)

Service providers

• Services– Content providers – Value-added service

providers – Service management – Service brokers

Source: Mohr and Konhaeuser, Siemens (IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, p. 124)

Service providers

• Internet Service Providers– Infonie

– Wanadoo

– AOL

– Mageos

– ...

• Telecom Service Providers– Carrefour Telecom

– ...

• Value-added Service Providers

– Search Engines• Voila

• Yahoo

• Lycos

• Altavista

• ...

– Portals• Vizzavi • ...

• Content Providers– Education

• UNSA (Université en ligne) • CERAM • MBDS • ...

– Entertainment• Canal + • ...

– Information• CNN • Euronews • Reuters • Bloomberg • ...

– Service Brokers• Travel • Financial • ...

• Service Management Providers– Application Service Providers

• Nav-Link • ...

References

• William Johnston, "Europe's future mobile telephony system", IEEE Spectrum, Oct. 1998, pp. 49-53

• Malcolm W. Oliphant, " The mobile phone meets the Internet", IEEE Spectrum, Aug. 1999, pp. 21-28

• William Sweet, "Cell phones answer Internet's call", IEEE Spectrum, Aug. 2000, pp. 42-46

• Malcolm W. Oliphant, "Radio interfaces make the difference in 3G cellular systems", IEEE Spectrum, Oct. 2000, pp. 53-58

• Abdi R. Modarressi, BellSouth and Seshadri Mohan, Comverse Network Systems, “Control and Management in Next Generation Networks: Challenges and Opportunities”, IEEE Communications, Oct. 2000, pp. 94-102

• Marcel Mampaey, Alcatel, “TINA for Services and Advanced Signaling and Control in Next-Generation Networks”, IEEE Communications, Oct. 2000, pp. 104-110

• Zhu Lei, Slimane Ben Slimane, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology, “A Multicarrier Allocation (MCA) Scheme for Variable-Rate 3G Wireless Systems”, (IEEE Communications, Oct. 2000, pp. 86-91

• Shingo Ohmori, MPT Japan, Yasushi Yamao, Nobuo Nakajima, NTT, “The Future Generations of Mobile Communications Based on Broadband Access Technologies”, IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, pp. 134-142

• Werner Mohr, Walter Konhäuser, Siemens, ”Access Network Evolution Beyond Third Generation Mobile Communications”, IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, pp. 122-133

• Chuck Bartel, Carnegie-Mellon University, “Wireless Technologies, Directions in Wireless Networking”, April 2001

References

• Malcolm W. Oliphant, "Radio interfaces make the difference in 3G cellular systems", IEEE Spectrum, Oct. 2000, pp. 53-58

• Werner Mohr, Walter Konhäuser, Siemens, ”Access Network Evolution Beyond Third Generation Mobile Communications”, IEEE Communications, Dec. 2000, pp. 122-133

• Christian David, Thierry Gadault et al., "Le Dossier UMTS", L'Expansion, 18-31 janvier 2001

Web sites

• European Telecommunications Standards Institute (Europe) www.etsi.org

• International Telecommunications Union (World)www.itu.org

• Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services Forum (World) www.umts-forum.org

• 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) (World) www.3gpp.org

• 3GPP2 (USA) www.3gpp2.org

• Universal Wireless Communications Consortium (USA) www.uwcc.org

• Internet Engineering Task Forcewww.ietf.org

• World Wide Web Consortium www.w3.org

Online Resources

• Technology– GSM Association’s Mobile Service Initiative (M-Services)

http://www.gsm.com

– GSM World http://www.gsmworld.com

– WAP Forum http://www.wapforum.org

• Developers kits– Nokia WAP Toolkit

– http://www.forum.nokia.com/developers/wap/wap.htm

– Ericsson WapIDE SDK

– http://www.ericsson.com/wap/developer

– Phone.com UP SDK

– http://updev.phone.com

Online Resources (2)

• WML Editors– WAPtor http://www.wapdrive.com

– WAPPage http://www.wapmine.com/downnew.asp

– Nokia WML Studio for Dreamweaver http://www.macromedia.com/exchange (browsers)

• WAP Browsers– M3Gate http://www.m3gate.com

– WAPMan http://edgematrix.com/products

– YourWAP Wireless Companion http://www.yourwap.com

• i-mode– Bouygues http://www.imode.fr

– Eurotechnology http://www.eurotechnology.com