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Chemical communication of European cabbage fleabeetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Halticinae):
overview of research in Hungary
Tóth, Miklós and Csonka, Éva
Plant Protection Institute HAS, Herman O. u. 15., H-1022Budapest, Hungary, e-mail h2371tot@ella.hu
Importance of flea beetlesImportance of flea beetles
Photo: Jurkó Viktória
chewing damage on seedlings� reduced growth� uneven maturing
Vectors� radish mosaic virus (RMV)� turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV)� brome mosaic virus (BMV), etc.
Host plant - derivedattractants of flea beetles
ISOTHIOCYANATESISOTHIOCYANATES
GLUCOSINOLATESGLUCOSINOLATES
myros
inase
Allyl isothiocianate (allyl ITCN) as adescribed food attractant:
( Z. Kaszab)
Phyllotreta ReferenceGörnitz, 1953, Feeny et al. 1970,Vincent & Stewart, 1984,
cruciferae
striolata Pivnick et al. (1992)
pusilla Pivnick et al. (1992)
bipustulata Vincent & Stewart, 1984
Field response to allyl ITCN
29 experiments conducted in:Hungary (12 test sites)Slovenia (1 test site)Bulgaria (1 test site)
••
•
•• •••
••
•
•
6
mean(+SE)
Exp. 28. Total caught: 261 beetles
P<0.0001
160
800
18
P<0.0001Exp. 19. Total caught: 513 beetles
Exp. 20. Total caught: 1328 beetlesP=0.0005
Exp. 21. Total caught: 713 beetlesP<0.0001
6
Exp. 18. Total caught: 67 beetlesP=0.0023
2
35
7
7
P=0.0001Exp. 6. Total caught: 98 beetles
P=0.004Exp. 11. Total caught: 115 beetles
P<0.0001
P=0.019Exp. 17. Total caught: 62 beetles
Exp. 12. Total caught: 949 beetles
Exp. 5. Total caught: 95 beetles
30
P=0.038
45
Field response to allyl ITCN: Ph. vittula
25
P=0.001Exp. 3. Total caught: 511 beetles
P=0.003Exp. 4. Total caught: 352 beetles
0
baited unbaited PhotoPhoto: : ÉÉva Csonkava Csonka
Field response to allyl ITCN: other spp.
0
12
baited unbaited
Total caught:45 beetles
Ph. balcanica
P=0.015
0
8
baited unbaited
Total caught:24 beetles
Ph. atra
P=0.0036
0
0.3
baited unbaited
Ph. procera
P=0.013 Total caught:7 beetles
0
0.5
baited unbaited
Ph. ochripes
P=0.016Total caught:13 beetles0
4
baited unbaited
Total caught:10 beetles
Ph. diademata
P=0.037
2
0.5
3
Total caught:67 beetles
Psyll. chrysocephalus
3
baited unbaited
P<0.0001
Total caught:27 beetles
P=0.005
Total caught: 23beetles0
2
P=0.0001
P=0.0032 Total caught: 20beetles
Total caught:64 beetles
P<0.0001
mea
n (+
SE)
baited unbaited
3
Total caught: 45beetles
0.35
0
6
P=0.014
P=0.04
Ph. undulata
Total caught:11 beetles
P=0.0002 Total caught:168 beetles
Total caught:15 beetles
0.8
0
2
Ph. nigripes
P=0.034
P<0.0001Total caught:45 beetles
baited unbaited
Total caught:109 beetles
Ph. nodicornis
P=0.0012
0
4
baited unbaited
mea
n (+
SE)
mea
n (+
SE)
Ps. chrysocephalus
Ph. diademata
Ph. atra
Ph. procera
Ph. ochripes
Ph. nodicornis
Ph. undulata
Ph. nigripes
Ph. vittula
Ph. cruciferae
Sum:66
Sum:48
Sum:438
Sum:1222
Sum:4030
Sum:1354
Sum:6883
Sum:1089
Sum:9211
Sum:15341
Sum:1113
Sum:501
Sum:13362
Sum:664
Sum:73296
Sum:11585
Sum:112
Sum:78
Sum:2164
Sum:5128
Sum:1286
Sum:520
cabbage oilseed rape white mustard maize fallowfield
was discovered in this study; electrophysiological activityhas been known before
Psylliodeschrysocephala
was discovered in this study;Ph. ochripes
was discovered in this study;Ph. diademata
was discovered in this study;Ph. atra
was discovered in this study;Ph. nigripes
was discovered in this study;Ph. undulata
was discovered in this studyPh. balcanica
was discovered in this studyPh. nodicornis
was discovered in this studyPh. procera
was discovered in this studyPh. vittula
has been known from literature; confirmed in this studyPh. cruciferae
Attractive activity of allyl ITCN: Species captured:
2unbaited
2ALLYL ITCN
2473BUT ITCN
418ITCN MIX
bait total catch
0 a
0
20
40
60 d
bc
c
abc c abcab aITCN MIX2BUT TCN
3BUT ITCN
BUT ITCNBUT TCN
ALLYL ITCN
PHEN TCN
+–––––
–+––––
––+–––
––––+–
–––––+
––––––
––––––
– – – – – + –
––+–––
–
Vecsés
Ph. vittula
10
20
30
40
50Meancatch+SE
b
b
aba a a
not
tested
Pusztaszabolcs
total caught:704 beetles
total caught: 917 beetles
– =absent, + =present
Nadap, Fejér county, Hungary, oilseedrape, SEP 14- OCT 8, 2002.
Activity of other ITCN-s: preliminary tests
Composition of ITCN mix: 2-butenyl-, phenethyl-, 3-butenyl-and butyl isothiocyanates
b
0
4
8
12
16
total catch: 390
beetles
a
b
b
0
20
40
60
80
totalcatch:1471beetle
s
aba
Ph. vittulaMeancatch+SE
P=0.0018
0
2
4
6
8
P=0.0008
ALLYL ITCN
2BUT ITCN
3BUT ITCN
BUT ITCNPHEN ITCN
++++– +–
––– +
+++––
–––
+
––++–
– =absent,+=present
0
10
20
30
40
50 Budakalász Ercsi
Ercsi
totalcatch:1394
beetles
totalcatch:338
beetles
Ph. cruciferaeBudakalász
Meancatch+SE
Activity of other ITCN-s:
Since numerically most Since numerically most Ph.Ph.vittulavittula were caught with the were caught with theITCN MIX in the preliminaryITCN MIX in the preliminarytests, we continued withtests, we continued withcomparison trials betweencomparison trials betweencombinations of componentscombinations of componentsof ITCN MIX and ALLYLof ITCN MIX and ALLYLITCN to see whichITCN to see whichcomponents of ITCN MIXcomponents of ITCN MIXwere important.were important.
The omission of 2BUT ITCNThe omission of 2BUT ITCNand BUT ITCN was withoutand BUT ITCN was withouteffect.effect.
Ph. cruciferae
total catch:51109 beetles
0
200
400
a
b
b
bb
0
100
200
300Meancatch+ SE
Ph. vittula
total catch: 27378 beetles
ALLYL ITCNPHENETH ITCN
3BUT ITCN2BUT ITCN
BUT ITCN
a–+–––
c
+++++
b
+–
–––
c
+++
––
b
++–––
– =absent, + =present
Meancatch +SE
Best Best Ph. vittulaPh. vittula catches catcheswere obtained withwere obtained withmulticomponent mixturesmulticomponent mixtureswhich contained 3BUTwhich contained 3BUTITCN.ITCN.
This suggested that onlyThis suggested that onlythis compound carriedthis compound carriedactivity in the ITCN MIXactivity in the ITCN MIX
Activity of other ITCN-s:
b
Ph. vittula
0
40
80
120
3BUT ITCN
Meancatch+ SE
a
b
– ++
ALLYL ITCN– +
+
total catch:10065beetles
0
100
200
300
400
500Ph. cruciferae
total catch:51109 beetles
– =absent, + =present
a
b
b
Meancatch+ SE
The importance of 3BUT ITCNThe importance of 3BUT ITCNwas corroborated in a final testwas corroborated in a final testwhere again highest where again highest Ph. vittulaPh. vittulacatches were observed in trapscatches were observed in trapswith baits containing 3BUTwith baits containing 3BUTITCN, while ITCN, while Ph. cruciferaePh. cruciferaeresponded best to baits containingresponded best to baits containingALLYL ITCN.ALLYL ITCN.
The binary blend caught similarThe binary blend caught similarnumbers as the respective singlenumbers as the respective singlecompounds in both species.compounds in both species.
Activity of other ITCN-s:
Male-specific pheromone candidateMale-specific pheromone candidatecompounds (compounds (Ph. cruciferaePh. cruciferae))
AA
CC
BB
DD
EE
HH
Bartelt Bartelt et al.,et al., (2001)(2001)
Ph. cruciferae
0
20
40
60
total caught: 3696 beetles
a a
b
b
Mean catch +
SE
Ph. vittula
a
c
4
8
Meancatch +
SE
total caught: 577 beetles
a
a
comp. A,C,D,E,HALLYL ITCN
– =absent, + =present
0
4
8total caught: 246 beetles
a a
a
c
0
0
50
100
150 total caught: 4532 beetles
ab
c
d
+ – –– + –
+ + – –+ – + –
Budakalász
Budakalász
Nadap
NadapMeancatch +
SE
Meancatch +
SE
++
Mixture of male specificcompounds active in Ph.cruciferae AND vittula
Compound D has no effectCompound D has no effect
mea
n (+
SE
)
SE
)0
4
8
a a
Total: 565 beetles
300
0
100
200
bc
a
Total: 13880 beetles
c
allyl ITCNACEHD
�++
+��
+�+
++�
+
++
���
Pusztazámor,
;
2003 SEP. 10-19.
Phyllotreta cruciferae
Phyllotreta vittula
d d
bbc
cc
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
b
Total: 34 beetles
0
Total: 2496 beetles
10
20
30
ab
+��
+�+
++�
+++
���
Budakalász,
2003 AUG. 19-27.
c
d
d
ab
ab ab
Pusztazámor,
2003 SEP. 10-19.
Budakalász,2003 AUG. 19-27.
mea
n (+
SE
)
Budakalász, fehér mustár;2003 szept. 10-19.
Phyllotreta cruciferaeát
lago
s fo
gás
(+SE
)
0
2
4
6
*
0
100
200
300
400
aallyl ITCN
ACEH minusACEH plus
++–
+–+
+++
+––
–––
*a
a
*a
*a
bc
dcd
b
összes fogás: 36669 db
összes fogás: 342 db
Phyllotreta vittula
The PLUS (+) enantiomers are the active onesThe PLUS (+) enantiomers are the active ones
0
100
200
300
400
a
bb
0
4
8
12
a
allyl ITCNACEH plus
ACEH minusA racémC racém
+��+�
+��++
+�+��
++���
+++��
+����
�����
Phyllotreta cruciferaeTotal: 11504 beetles
Phyllotreta vittula
Budakalász,
2004 ápr.4-19.
mea
n +
SE
c
c
c c
b
c
bc
bc
bcbc
The MINUS (The MINUS (––) enantiomers do not influence the activity;) enantiomers do not influence the activity;presence of comp. C, E, H not necessarypresence of comp. C, E, H not necessary
Total: 317 beetles
mea
n +
SE
Relative importance of male specific compounds of Ph.cruciferae
Himachalenedervativespresent inlowerquantities; theiromission hadno effect
C
H
E(+)-gamma-cadinene:Its omissionfrom the blendhad no effect
D
A himachalene-derivative:due to synthetic problemswas not tested B
(10S,11S)-himachala-2,4-diénthe compound carrying behavioral activity
A
comp. A
Ph. vittula
Ph. cruciferae
total caught:2031 beetles
Meancatch + SE
total caught: 7555 beetles
0
10
20
30
40
50
ALLYL ITCN
0
40
80
120
160
P=0.0055
P=0.0003
+–
++
– =absent, + =present
Meancatch + SE
Compound Compound AA alone is active also in alone is active also inPh. vittula,Ph. vittula,
which suggested that Compound which suggested that Compound AAmay be the key pheromonemay be the key pheromonecomponent also in this speciescomponent also in this species
Ph. vittula
Ph.cruciferae
min.
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
2
6
10
14
18
22
int std.
A
int. std.
E
E
D
B
C
A
B
C
D
Same pheromone components involatile collections from Ph.vittula and Ph. cruciferae
We recently identified thesecompounds also in volatiles from male
Ph. nigripesPh. undulataPh. nemorum
0.12<0.0001not
available0.002
46.3+8.1
(n=4)61.03+7.5
(n=4)1.87
(n=1)
21.9+3.9
(n=4)
30.6 +4.8
(n=6)
14.43+1.3
(n=6)
2.57+0.3
(n=3)
7.9 +0.48
(n=6)
comp. Ecomp. Dcomp. Ccomp. B
Ratio in % of comp. A (Mean+SE)
P-value
Ph.cruciferae
Ph. vittula
0
4
8
12 Ph. vittulaMeancatch+ SE
total catch:401beetles
total catch:458 beetles
Ph. cruciferae� =absent, + =present
0
2
4
6
8
10
3BUT ITCNALLYL ITCN
comp A
+ �+�
�
++� +
�
�
+���a
abb b
c
0.0550.0830.548
<0.0001<0.00010.007
<0.00010.0250.041
<0.0001P values fromMann-Whitney test(pairedcomparisons)
Highest catches in Highest catches in Ph. cruciferaePh. cruciferaewith compound A plus allyl ITCN,with compound A plus allyl ITCN,
while in while in Ph. vittulaPh. vittula with withcompound A plus 3BUT ITCNcompound A plus 3BUT ITCN
So these species show differingSo these species show differingpreferences in their host-plantpreferences in their host-plantrelated communication, but arerelated communication, but arevery similar in their pheromonalvery similar in their pheromonalcommunicationcommunication
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
12 15 18 21 26 29 1 6 9
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
mea
n (
+S
E)
700
VARs+
VARL+
RAG
VARs+
VARL+
RAG
mea
n(+
SE
)n
orm
aliz
ed a
gai
nst
cat
ch i
n R
AG
st
ick
y t
rap
SEP OCT
Optimal trap designPreliminary comparison of funnel traps VARL+ and VARs+with sticky delta (RAG) trap designs
KLP Diabroticas kepek
Comparison ofVARL+(funnel)vs.KLP+ (�hat�)trap designs
VARL+
KLP+
Optimal trap design
Preliminary resultsPreliminary results
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Phyllotreta cruciferae
Dunaföldvár, 2004 JUL 12-23.
total: 2934P=0.01
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
Phyllotreta vittula
total: 7892P=0.012
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
Ercsi, 2004 AUG. 2-SEP. 17
total: 37362P=0.19
0
5 0
100
150
200
250
300
350
total: 2311P=0.045
0123456789
total: 13P=0.02
Phyllotreta nigripes
total: 41P=0.004
00.25
0.50.75
11.25
1.51.75
22.25
2.5
mean+SE
KLP+ VARL+
mean + SE
KLP+ VARL+
KLP+ VARL+
KLP+ VARL+ KLP+VARL+
KLP+ VARL+
0
5 0
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
KLP + VARL+
mean +SE
Season-long comparisons of VARL+ vs. KLP+(Pusztazámor, 2005 MAR. 31- SEP. 2).
Ph. cruciferaeTotal: 89431
05
1 01 52 02 53 03 54 04 55 0
KLP+ VARL+
P<0.0001
Ph. vittulaTotal: 11475
P=0.0003
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
KLP+ VARL+
Ph. nigripesTotal: 567
P<0.0001
0
0.0250.05
0.0750.1
0.12
0.15
0.17
0.2
0.23
KLP+ VARL+
Psyll. chrysocephalus
P=0.0048
Total: 35
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350 Phyllotreta vittula
Phyllotreta cruciferae
VARL+
KLP+
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
meanm+SE
02
46
810
1214
1618
2 5 12 23 1 6 11 15 20 24 27 1 4 8 13 15 19 22 25 29 1 8 12 16 19 23 26 29 2 6 12 22
April5 8 15 18 26 29
May June July August September
Phyllotreta nigripes
Pusztazámor,2005.
total: 567
total: 11475
total: 89431
The authors are greatly indebvted to valuable contributionsof cooperators participating in one or several parts of ourresearch on flea beetles:
Flórián Bakcsa, HungaryRobert J. Bartelt, USAPál Benedek, HungaryAllard A. Cossé, USAStanislav Gomboc, SloveniaKenji Mori, JapanEnno Möttus, EstoniaShin-Etsu Muto, JapanMitko Subchev, BulgariaIstván Szarukán, HungaryTeodora Toshova, BulgariaIstván Ujváry, HungaryBruce W. Zilkowski, USA
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