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ة ه رسبلة هقد هي هعوبري -نادر محمد غريب هدس ه
إل قسن الهدسة الوعوبرية
الهدسة الوعوبريةف ليل درجة الوبجستير
هـ 0225، أكتىبر
i
ii
iii
iv
UR ε h V L k t k A Q I
Q/I α
SHG
SHGFSCØ
tc
ρ
Cp
a
OTTVi
Tdeq
Wt . WWR
SFT
v
i
iii
iv
v
vi
ix
xii
vi
( U )
(Q/I )
( Ø )
(a)
OTTVi ))
vii
............................................................... .......
............................................................. .......... .......... .............................................................
........................................................ ............
........................................................ ............
viii
ix
(U)
( Q/I )
x
xi
CF ) )
SHGF )(°
xii
(1)
•
•
:
(1) Fikry, Mohamed. (1997) Energy Efficient Housing. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
(0 ) 2000- 3 -, 6 http://architecture.arizona.edu/research/hed/
فبق وإتزاى البيئة "" " تقليل الإ
التصوين البيئي
االكتلة •
الحبئط • السقف • الفتحبت •
رىنظ
ر الطب
الإ
" ني
لثبة ا
بب "ال
Thomas, Randall. (2000) Environmental
Design. New York: E & FN Spon.
(1 ) Ching, Francis. (1995) A Visual Dictionary Of Architecture. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Inc. P:10
(0 ) Thomas, Randall. (2000) Environmental Design. New York: E & FN Spon.
• " Bio-climatic Architecture "
• " Green Architecture
.
• " Sustainable Architecture "
• " Intelligent Architecture "
• " Intelligent Design
• " Eco - Design
Al-Hagla, Khalid. (2000) Sustainable Development Of Desert Settlement "An Ecological Approach ". Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Alexandria University.
••••••
-2002 , 20 - 7 http://encarta.msn.com , "Energy," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2002 (0 ) 2002- 7 -, 27 www.dnr.state.md.us/smartgrowth/greenbuilding/res.html (3) Laquatra, Joseph. (1998) The Encyclopedia Of Housing. London: Sage Publications, Inc. (4)
•
•
••
••
••
•
(1) Hyde, Richard. (2000) Climate Responsive Design. New York: E & FN Spon. (0)
•
•
••
Microclimate and Macroclimate "
"Passive Design "
(1 )
"Active Design. "
"Intelligent or Responsive Design. "
www.usinspect.com,20-6- 2003
www.architech.co.uk/
BBC_Dream_Hse.htm
,12-5-2003
،
•
•
••
•
•
Steele, James. (1997) An Architecture For People. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
•
••
••
••••
•
Steele, James. (1997) An Architecture For People. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
Gelernter, Mark. (1996) Sources Of Architectural Form. Manchester: Manchester University (1 ) Press .
•
• ،
• •
••
•
•
•
•
•
••
Steele, James. (1997) An Architecture
For People. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
(INTER BUILD(
•
•
••
www.greenarchitecture.com ,23-3-2002 Steele, James. (1997) An Architecture
For People. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
•
••
•
Holm, Dieterd. (1983) Energy Conservation In Hot Climates. New York: Nichols Publishing Company.
•
•
••
•••
•
•••
www.srpnet.com/home/energy/ deserthouse.asp , 3-3-2003
•
•
•
•
Thermal Comfort ،
Baker, Nick. Steemers, Guide. (2000) Energy and Environment in Architecture. New York: E & FN Spon.
Comfort Temperature ( Tc) ( To)
To =Tc
Tco
Too
Solar Gain Outside Air
Transmission Through The EnvelopeInternal Gain
P:77 .Bradshaw, Vaughn. (1993) Building Control Systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
P:76Evans, Martin. (1980) Housing, Climate and Comfort. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
P:76Evans, Martin. (1980) Housing, Climate and Comfort. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
"Thermal transmittance ; (U-Value ) . "
+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) U= 1/ (Rso
U
Rso
Ri
Rsi
Rc
n
i=1
Ri
(U)
Rc Rsi Rso Ri
(U)
(U)
) (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco )
ε hr
hco
ε)(
(hr)
o
(hco)
(V) hcoV
V≥ 5 م/ ث hcoV
V< 5 م/ ث
( Ri )
Ri = Li / ki
Li ki
(Li)
(ki)
( Rsi )
Rsi = 1/ (1.2εhr + hci)
ε)(
(hr)
P:76Evans, Martin. (1980) Housing, Climate and Comfort. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
P:158Krarti, Moncef. (2000) Energy Audit Of Building Systems. Florida: CRC Press LLC
)(Rso
(hco)(V)
(U)
(U)
( Rsi )
Rsi = 1/ (1.2εhr + hci)
ε hr
hci
(hci)
ا
( Rc )
ε)(
(t)
(Uo)
(Uo)
(k)
Evans, Martin. (1980) Housing, Climate and Comfort. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
∑ ( Aw Uw + Ag Ug + Ad Ud + ----- ) Uo = ∑ ( Aw + Ag + Ad + ----- )
Uo = Uw = Ug = Ud = Aw = Ag = Ad =
Solar heat gain factor ; (Q/I ) "
(Q )
(I) ،
Q/I = U.α. . Rso
Q/I
U
α Rso
( Q/I )
U
Rso α
P:79Evans, Martin. (1980) Housing, Climate and Comfort. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
(Q/I)
(Q/I)
) ( U
+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) U= 1/ (Rso
) (Rso
( Ri )
( Rsi )
( Rc )
(α )
α =
( Rso )
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
(SHG)
(SHG)
SHG = A.SHGF.SC
SHG
A
SHGF
SC
R
R
R
R
:Bradshaw, Vaughn. (1993) Building Control Systems. New
.York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Bradshaw, Vaughn. (1993) Building Control Systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.P:104
SHG
SHG
)( A
(SHGF)
( SC )
P:82Evans, Martin. (1980) Housing, Climate and Comfort. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Time lag ; (Ø ) "
/ π) Ø = 0.5√ (24 tc
Ø
tc
(Ø)
(Ø)
( tc )
tc = ρ Cp Li ( Rso + 0.5 Ri )
(ρ)
(Cp)
(Li)
) (Rso
) (Ri
Admittance ; (a ) "
Thermal transmittance ; (U-Value )
Solar heat gain factor ; (Q/I ) "Time lag ; (Ø ) "
Admittance ; (a ) " )
•ε) ( •((hco
•(α )
•(SHGF) .• ( SC )
•(ki) •(A)
• (ρ)
•(Cp)
• (Li)
The Overall Thermal Transfer Value; (OTTV )
1
0
3
(U (
(U
0 (
(α (
(SC ( (
SHG
F (
(A (
(w
t (
( OTTV )
(OTTVi )-
OTTVi =
) U w+T( WWR ) U F + SHGF ( WWR ) SC CF Tdeqα (1-WWR
OTTVi
Tdeq (0)
Tdeq Wt
Wt α
WWR
U w
T ° .
U F
SHGF
SC
SF
2001-6 -20 ,www.peemac.sdnpk.org/resource/nbc/part3.html
CF ))
CF ) )
CF ) )
´°´°
o oo
النسبة المئوية من أجمبلي سبعبت العبم
OTTVi ) )
SHGF )(
(U)
(1)
1
.س2م ات /و
(1)
(1)
(U)
(1)
1
.س2م ات /و
(1)
(1)
(U)
1
.س2م ات /و
م 5.65
•
•
•
•
K2
l2
م .
م
K1
L1
م .
م
hci ε
hr
م .
م
hco ε
hr
م .
م
K3
L3
م .
م
K1
L1
م .
م
Rc
م .
م
م .
م
OTTVi ))
OTTVi ))
U ))
و 5.632
Uw ))
و 5
Tdeq ) ) 1.5121
α ) ) 5.55
T ) ) ،°
SHGF ) ) °°
SHGF ) (°
Bradshaw, Vaughn. (1993) Building Control Systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SHGF ))
SHGF ))
SHGF ) (
SC0 ) ) .
CF ) ) CF ) )
.
WWR ) )
OTTVi ))
OTTVi ))
U ))
k3
(5.632 - 5.420 / )5.632 =21 .36 %
L3
(5.632 - 5.521 / )5.632 =16 .46 %
k4
(5.632 - 5.614 / )5.632 =2.15 %
L2
(5.632 - 5.616 / )5.632 =2.53 %
L4
(5.632 - 5.621 / )5.632 =1.04 %
hco
(5.632 - 5.623 / )5.632 =1.42 %
ε(5.632 - 5.624 / )5.632 =1.20 %
L1
(5.632 - 5.625 / )5.632 =1.11 %
k2
(5.632 - 5.626 / )5.632 =5.25 %
k1
(5.632 - 5.622 / )5.632 =5.40 %
ε (5 - 4.5662 / )5 =1.61 %
hco
(5 - 4.2261 / )5 =1.42 %
L (5 - 4.2600) /5 =5.65 %
k
(5 - 4.2052 / )5 =5.65 %
Tdeq ))
ρ 2
(1.5121 - 5.0051 / )1.5121 =42 .55 %
ρ 4
(1.5121 - 5.2563 / )1.5121=36 .02 %
L1
(1.5121 - 5.2234 / )1.5121= 34 .33 %
ρ 3
(1.5121 - 1.4515 / )1.5121=0.36 %
ρ 1 (1.5121 - 1.4316 / )
1.5121=4.2 %
L3
(1.5121 - 1.5510 / )1.5121=5.50 %
L2 (1.5121 +1.4552 / )1.5121=126.12 %
L 4 (1.5121 +2.5612 / )
1.5121=262.06 %
α1) ) 2.21 2.26
T ) ) ،
SHGF1 ) )
SC1 ) )2.21
2.26
CF1))
WWR1) ) ،WWR1) )
WWR1 ( =)
•
••
•
•
•
•
•
L1 ) ) .س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi ) U= 1/ (RsoRso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i =L1 / k1 = (1 /L1 ) =L1
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 * 5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
U =+ R i + Rsi ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536 +L1 +5.156 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( /L1 +5.122 ) } L1 +5.122 =1
L1 =5.151 متر
L2 ) )
.س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) U= 1/ (RsoRso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i =0 *(L2 / k1) =0 * (1 /L2 ) =0 *L1
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
Rc = 5.10
U =+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536 +0 *L1 +5.156 +5.10 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( /0 *L1 +5.362 ) } 2* L2 +5.362 =1
L2 =5.312 متر
1-أ
L3 ) ) 5.63 .س2م ات /و2
+ R i + Rsi ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i = L3 / k2 = (2.6 /L3 ) =(2.6 /L3 )
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
U =+ R i + Rsi ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536( +2.6 /L3 ) +5.156 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( /(2.6 /L3 ) +5.122 ) } (2.6 /L3 ) +5.122 =1
L3 =5.4141 متر
L4 ) )
.س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 * 5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i =0 *(L4 / k2) =0 * (2.6 /L4 ) = (3.34 *L4 )
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
Rc = 5.10
U =+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536 + (3.34 *L4 ) +5.156 +5.10 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( / (3.34 *L4 ) +5.362 ) } (3.34 *L4 ) +5.362 =1
L4 =5.1215 متر
0 -أ
L5 ) ) .س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i =L5 / k3 = (1.57 /L5 = ) 2.6067326 * L5
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
U =+ R i + Rsi ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536 +2.6067326 * L5 +5.156 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( / 2.6067326 * L5 +5.122 ) } 2.6067326 * L5 +5.122 =1
L5 =1.21402 متر
L6 ) )
س.2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i =0 *(L2 / k3) =0 * (1.57 /L2 = )1.0556616 *L6
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
Rc = 5.10
U =+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536 +1.0556616 *L6 +5.156 +5.10 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( / 1.0556616 *L6 +5.362 ) } 1.0556616* L2 +5.362 =1
L2 =5.55021 متر
3 -أ
L7 ) ) .س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i = L7 / k4 = (1.37 /L7 ( = )2.5174044 *L7 )
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
U =+ R i + Rsi ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536( + 2.6067326 * L7) +5.156 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( /2.5174044 * L7) +5.1 22 ) } (2.5174044*L7 ) +5.122 =1
L7 =1.1231251 متر
L8 ) )
.س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i =0 *(L8 / k4) =0 * (1.37 /L8 = ) (1.4366467 *L8 )
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
Rc = 5.10
U =+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536 + (1.4366467 *L8 ) +5.156 +5.10 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( / (1.4366467 *L8 ) +5.362 ) } (1.4366467 *L8 ) +5.3 62 =1
L8 =5.44341 متر
4 -أ
L9 ) ) .س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i =L9 / k5 = (1.05 /L9 = ) 2.6 * L5
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
U =+ R i + Rsi ) 1/ (Rso
5.632 ={ 1 ( / 5.5 36 +2.6 * L9 +5.156 ) } س2م ات /و.
5.632 ={ 1 ( / 2.6067326 * L9 +5.122 ) } 2.6 * L9 +5.122 =1.5122015
L9 =1.0301411 متر
L10 ) )
.س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i =0 *(L10 / k5) =0 * (1.05 /L10 = )1.6 *L10
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
Rc = 5.10
U =+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536 +1.6 *L10 +5.156 +5.10 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( / 1.6 *L10 +5.362 ) } 1.6* L10 +5.362 =1 L2 =5.32105 متر
5 -أ
L11 ) ) .س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i = L11 / k6 = (1.6 /L11 ( = )2.605 *L11 )
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
U =+ R i + Rsi ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536( +2.605 * L11) +5.1 .س2م ات /و { ( 56
1 ={ 1 ( /2.605 * L11) +5.122 ) } (2.605*L11 ) +5.122 =1
L11 =1.2221 متر
L10 ) )
.س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i =0 *(L12 / k6) =0 * (1.6 /L12 = ) (1.05 *L12 )
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
Rc = 5.10
U =+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536 + (1.05 *L12 ) +5.156 +5.10 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( / (1.05 *L12 ) +5.362 ) } (1.05 *L12 ) +5.362 =1
L12 =5.5154 متر
6 -أ
L13 ) ) .س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 ) = 5.536
R i = L13 / k7 = (2.73 /L13 ( = )1.2550666 *L13 )
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
U =+ R i + Rsi ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536( +1.2550666 * L13) +5.1 .س2م ات /و { ( 56
1 ={ 1 ( /1.2550666 * L13) +5.122 ) } (1.2550666*L13 ) +5.122 =1
L11 =5.05144 متر
L14 ) )
.س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i =0 *(L14 / k7) =0 * (2.73 / L14= ) (0.1525356 *L13 )
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
Rc = 5.10
U =+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536 + (0.1525356 *L14 ) +5.156 +5.10 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( / (0.1525356 *L14 ) +5.362 ) } (0.1525356 *L14 ) +5.362 =1
L13 =5.226 متر 60
5 -أ
L15 ) ) .س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i = L15 / k8 = (1.3 /L15 ( = )2.5670325 *L15 )
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
U =+ R i + Rsi ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536( +2.5670325 * L15) +5.1 .س2م ات /و { ( 56
1 ={ 1 ( /.5670325 * L15) +5.122 ) } (2.5670325*L15 ) +5.122 =1
L15 =1.5554551 متر
L16 ) )
.س2م ات /و1
+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
R i =0 *(L16 / k8) =0 * (1.3 / L16= ) (1.5364615 *L16 )
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
Rc = 5.10
U =+ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso 1 ={ 1 ( / 5.536 + (1.5364615 *L16 ) +5.156 +5.10 ) } س2م ات /و.
1 ={ 1 ( / (1.5364615 *L16 ) +5.362 ) } (1.5364615 *L16 ) +5.362 =1
L16 =5.4140 متر
6 -أ
OTTVi ) )
U ) )+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) U= 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.536
∑ R I =L4 / k4 +L3 / k3 +L2 / k2 +L1 / k1=
.( =2.20 /2.6 (+)2.0 /1.0 (+ )2.23 /2.230 (+)2.15 /1.6 = )1.221
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.156
Rc = 5.10
U =+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso
=1 ( / 5.536 +1.221 +5.156 +5.1 و 5.632( = 0
UF ) )+ Rw + Rsi ) UF = 1/ (Rso
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +05 = ) 2.236 Rw =L / k.( =2.226 /2.55 ) =2.226
Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.5 *5.5 +3 = )2.156
U =Rw + Rsi ) + 1/ (Rso =1 ( /2.236 +2.226 +2.156 = )5 و
Tdeq )) Tdeq =26 .0 - 5.5301Wt
: Wt
Tdeq =06.5 - 2.2351 ( *ρ 4 * L4 +ρ 3 * L3 +ρ 2 * L2 +ρ 1 * L1) =06.5 - 2.2351 ( * * + * + * + * ) =1.5121
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
1-ة
T ) )°
°
T ) )°
WWR ) ) W ) )
WWR ( =)
OTTVi ))
) U w+T( WWR ) U F + SHGF ( WWR ) SC SHGF Tdeqα (1-WWR
OTTVi
OTTVi
0-ة
ε
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.4 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.530 Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.4 *5.5 +3 = ) 5.104
U = ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) + 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.5 30 +1.221 +5.104 +5.10 ) و 5.624 =
hco
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +00.5 ) = 5.532
U = ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) + 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.5 32 +1.221 +5.104 +5.10 ) =.623
L1
∑ R I =L4 / k4 +L3 / k3 +L2 / k2 +L1 / k1
= .(2.23 /2.6 (+)2.0 /1.0 (+ )2.23 /2.230 (+)2.15 /1.6 = )1.230
U =+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.536 +1.2 30 +5.156 +5.10 ) و 5.625 =
k1
∑ R I =L4 / k4 +L3 / k3 +L2 / k2 +L1 / k1
.( =2.20 /2.5 (+)2.0 /1.1 (+ )2.23 /2.230 (+)2.15 /1.6 = )1.220
U =+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.5 36 +1.220 +5.156 +5.10 ) و 5.622 =
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
1-ج
L2
∑ R I =L4 / k4 +L3 / k3 +L2 / k2 +L1 / k1
.( =2.20 /2.6 (+)2.05 /1.0 (+ )2.23 /2.230 (+)2.15 /1.6 = )1.262
U =+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.536 +1.2 62 +5.156 +5.10 ) و 5.616=
k2
∑ R I =L4 / k4 +L3 / k3 +L2 / k2 +L1 / k1
.( =2.20 /2.6 (+)2.0 /1.1 (+ )2.23 /2.230 (+)2.15 /1.6 = )1.236
U =+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.536 +1.2 36 +5.156 +5.10 ) و 5.626=
L3
∑ R I =L4 / k4 +L3 / k3 +L2 / k2 +L1 / k1
.( =2.20 /2.6 (+)2.0 /1.0 (+ )2.24 /2.230 (+)2.15 /1.6 = )1.533
U =+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.536 +1.5 33 +5.156 +5.10 ) و 5.521 =
k3
∑ R I =L4 / k4 +L3 / k3 +L2 / k2 +L1 / k1
.( =2.20 /2.6 (+)2.0 /1.0 (+ )2.23 /2.200 (+)2.15 /1.6 = )1.640
U =+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.5 36 +1.640 + 5.156 +5.10 = ) و 5.420=
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
0-ج
L4
∑ R I =L4 / k4 +L3 / k3 +L2 / k2 +L1 / k1
.( =2.20 /2.6 (+)2.0 /1.0 (+ )2.23 / 2.230 (+)2.0 /1.6 = )1.242
U =+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.536 +1.2 42 +5.156 +5.10 = ) و 5.621
k4
∑ R I =L4 / k4 +L3 / k3 +L2 / k2 +L1 / k1
.( =2.20 /2.6 (+)2.0 /1.0 (+ )2.23 /2.230 (+)2.15 /1.5 = )1.266
U =+ ∑ R i + Rsi + Rc ) 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.536 +1.2 66 +5.156 +5.10 ) و 5.614=
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
3-ج
ε
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.4 *5.5 +05 = ) 5.530 Rsi = 1 / (1.2 εhr + hci ) = 1 ( /1.0 *2.4 *5.5 + 3 = ) 5.104
U = Rw + Rsi ) + 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.530 +5.551 +5.104 = )4.5662 و
hco
Rso = 1 / ( εhr + hco ) = 1 ( /2.5 *5.5 +00.5 ) = 5.532
U =Rw+ Rsi)+ 1/ (Rso =1 ( / 5.532 +5.55 و( = 5.156+ 1
L
Rw =L / k.( =2.225 /2.55 ) =2.2273
U =+ Rw+ Rsi) 1/ (Rso =1 ( /5.536 +5.5 523 +5.156) =4.260 و 0
k
Rw =L / k.( =2.226 /2.65 = )2.2270
U =+ Rw+ Rsi) 1/ (Rso =1 ( /5.536 +5.5 522 +5.156) =4.205 و 2
1-د
L1
Tdeq =06.5 - 2.2351 ( *ρ 4 * L4 +ρ 3 * L3 +ρ 2 * L2 +ρ 1 * L1) =06.5 - 2.2351 ( * * + * + * + * ) =2.7734
ρ
1
Tdeq =06.5 - 2.2351 ( *ρ 4 * L4 +ρ 3 * L3 +ρ 2 * L2 +ρ 1 * L1) =06.5 - 2.2351 ( * * + * + * + * ) =1.4366
L2
Tdeq =06.5 - 2.2351 ( *ρ 4 * L4 +ρ 3 * L3 +ρ 2 * L2 +ρ 1 * L1) =06.5 - 2.2351 ( * * + * + * + * )
=- 1.
ρ 2
Tdeq =06.5 - 2.2351 ( *ρ 4 * L4 +ρ 3 * L3 +ρ 2 * L2 +ρ 1 * L1) =06.5 - 2.2351 ( * * + * + * + * )
=2.
L3
1-هـ
Tdeq =06.5 - 2.2351 ( *ρ 4 * L4 +ρ 3 * L3 +ρ 2 * L2 +ρ 1 * L1) =06.5 - 2.2351 ( * * + * + * + * ) =1.5215
ρ 3
Tdeq =06.5 - 2.2351 ( *ρ 4 * L4 +ρ 3 * L3 +ρ 2 * L2 +ρ 1 * L1) =06.5 - 2.2351 ( * * + * + * + * ) =1.4215
L4
Tdeq =06.5 - 2.2351 ( *ρ 4 * L4 +ρ 3 * L3 +ρ 2 * L2 +ρ 1 * L1) =06.5 - 2.2351 ( * * + * + * + * )
=- 0.
ρ
4
Tdeq =06.5 - 2.2351 ( *ρ 4 * L4 +ρ 3 * L3 +ρ 2 * L2 +ρ 1 * L1) =06.5 - 2.2351 ( * * + * + * + * )
=2.7563
0-هـ
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Books . Baker, Nick. Steemers, Guide. (2000) Energy and Environment in Architecture. New York: E & FN Spon Bradshaw, Vaughn. (1993) Building Control Systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Burberry, Petert. (1978) Building For Energy Conservation. London: The Architectural Press Ltd. Ching, Francis. (1995) A Visual Dictionary Of Architecture. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Inc. Daniels, Klaus. (1997) The Technology Of Ecological Building. Berlin: Birkhäuser. Evans, Martin. (1980) Housing, Climate and Comfort. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Gelernter, Mark. (1996) Sources Of Architectural Form. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Golany, Gideon. (1980) Housing In Arid Lands. London: The Architectural Press. Holm, Dieterd. (1983) Energy Conservation In Hot Climates. New York: Nichols Publishing Company. Hyde, Richard. (2000) Climate Responsive Design. New York: E & FN Spon. Krarti, Moncef. (2000) Energy Audit Of Building Systems. Florida: CRC Press LLC. Laquatra, Joseph. (1998) The Encyclopedia Of Housing. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Steele, James. (1997) An Architecture For People. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. Stein, benjamin. Reynolds, John. (2000) Mechanical And Electrical Equipment For Buildings. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Thomas, Randall. (2000) Environmental Design. New York: E & FN Spon.
Conferences and Inter Net Sites.
www.dnr.state.md.us/smartgrowth/greenbuilding/res.htmlhttp:// http://architecture.arizona.edu/research/hed/
www.usinspect.comhttp:// www.architech.co.uk/ BBC_Dream_Hse.htmhttp://
www.greenarchitecture.comhttp://http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/code/e_ottv.htm http://arch.hku.hk/~cmhui/publish.htm http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/eepi/a1_newbuildings/thailanddata.asp http://www.peemac.sdnpk.org/resource/nbc/part3.html
Dissertations.
Abou Mansour, Abd-El-Nasser. (2002) A Study About The Types And Methods Of Heat Insulation Using The Available Materials In Egypt. Master of Science Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University. Al-Hagla, Khalid. (2000) Sustainable Development Of Desert Settlement " An Ecological Approach ". Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Enany, Youssry. (1996) Urban Desert Settlements Design Approach. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Fikry, Mohamed. (1997) Energy Efficient Housing. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Khalil, Sarah. (2001) Energy Efficient Architectural Design " An Approach Towards Applying Artificial Intelligence ". Master of Science Thesis, Department of Architecture , Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
Summary.
There is a need for a suitable house design in a new desert settlements, to deal with a bad external climatic conditions which characterizes a hot dry region for achieving sustainable development of desert settlements in Egypt. So, the research attempts to apply the concept of energy efficiency to achieve the thermal comfort by using passive design methods and decreasing the use of active design methods such as air condition which increases the economical cost, in order that we depend on evaluating the elements of envelope’s parts to upgrade the house thermal performance to bound the gain of heat through the external environment. The research takes Toshky as a case study, because of its importance as the one of a great national projects which have been planned to build several residential settlements in Toshka. Aim of the Research.
The main objective of this study, is to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the elements of house’s envelope for increasing the elements` role in treat the climatic conditions. Therefore, the research is based on a calculating approach for finding the overall thermal transfer value through the wall as a applicable model to other parts of desert house envelope in Toshka. Research Structure.
The research is divided into three-parts; these are sub-divided into five chapters in addition to the lists of bibliographical material and appendices. Chapter One: Introduction. It contains the main issues that are to be dealt with in this study and its objectives, in addition to the systematic approach towards its handling. Part One: The Literature Review. It deals with the theoretical part of the research, which presents in chapter two. Chapter Two: Environmental Design of the Desert Region House. It defines the meaning of Environmental Design and its relation with conserving the Energy in desert settlements, by discussing the climatic design for house through clarifying the methods of climatic treatments to identify the role of house envelope in achieving the compatibility with climate.
Part Two: The Analytical Studies. It deals with the a calculating approach of the elements envelope role, which clarify in chapter three. Chapter Three: Thermal Design of the Envelope.
1 -ح
It studies the thermal characteristics which control the thermal transmission through theenvelope, and clarify the relation between the thermal characteristic and the architectural elements of envelope’s parts, At last this chapter presents a evaluating tool to develop the role of the elements in correcting the amount of heat aiming to achieve the concept of energy efficiency for envelope’s elements. Part Three: The Application and Results. It presents the concluding approach from the previous parts of research to identify the requisite steps which help in achieving the energy efficiency concept, and in this part we extract the conclusion and the recommendations that contact with the research. This part presents in chapter four, chapter five. Chapter Four: The Thermal Evaluating of the Wall Elements in Toshka. It identifies the Toshka region and, provides the according date with Toshka to achieving the subordinating approach in finding the overall thermal transfer value through the assuming wall. Finally, It shows the results of the relative effectiveness of the wall elements. Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations.
It extracts the importance of the wall elements arrangement which belongs a high thermal performance of the wall through decreasing the heat gain from the external environment. On the other hand, It emphasizes that orientation of the wall, the area of windows, and the shading coefficient are the main wall’s elements which decrease the amount of a receiving heat from the external environment, as a example if we exchange the orientation of the wall from the east to south east, the overall thermal transfer value will decrease one hundred thousand more than the decreasing the chrome of color one degree through ten degrees from white to black. The Research recommends the following - Increasing in researches which deal the numerical evaluation for all architectural climatic methods in desert house. - Evaluating the house to know how its compatibly with the energy code, and give license to the house which achieves this compatibility by using a high-tech numerical tools for applying the codes and the standards that belongs a especial climatic region. - Providing serviceable programmers for perceiving the inhabitants with the importance of the concept energy efficiency and how to achieve this concept by non-payable consultations may be use a computer tool. Appendices.
The research contains six appendices clarify the mathematics steps of finding the relative effectiveness of the wall elements which modify the overall thermal transfer value through the wall in Toshka.
0 -ح
Alexandria University - Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture .
Environmental Design: Impact of Desert Climate on Elements of the Building
Envelope Case Study; The House at Toshka Region
A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University,
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Architecture.
By: Arch. Nader M. Gharib
Supervisors:
Prof. Dr. Nadia S. El-Baghdady Associate Professor, Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
Dr. Hany AyadProf. Associate Professor, Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
Dr. Tarek SaadAssistant Professor, Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
October, 2005
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