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qdk&S,fvpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm qdk&ifawmh aoG;pkyfwJh vlwef;pm;vnf;r&Sdawmhvkd@ pdwf0g'v$rf;rkd;a&;twGuf vlrla&;tajccH r&Sdawmhyg? odỳHenf;ustjrifrsm;uom (±kyf0g'uom) v$rf;rdk;wJh t&mjzpfygw,f?

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vlwef;pm;&SdwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm vlwef;pm;toD;oD;[m tjrifrwl=uygbl;? rfdrdwdk@vlwef;pm;&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;bufu &yfwnf+yD; jy\emawGudk=unfhwmomjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;usawmh rdrdvlwef;pm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf urBmavmueJ@ ‚&JŒ jy\emawGudk rSefrSefuefuefem;vnfzdk@qdk&if pdwf0g'udk udkifpGJvdk@r&Edkifyg? ±kyf0g'udk udkifpGJ&rSmjzpfygw,f?'ga=umifh vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSm rwlwJh vlwef;pm;awG[m rdrdvlwef;pm;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jy\emawGudk =unfhjrif&mrSm &yfwnfcsufawGrwl=uyg?

1 6

'ga=umifh ±kyf0g'tbd"rRm[m vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJtwGuf udkifpGJ&r,fh xufjrufwJhvufeuf jzpfvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh vlwef;pm;&SdwJh vltzGJ@tpnf;rSm tbd"rRm[m vlwef;pm;vuQ%m &Sdae&jcif;ygyJ?

b,fvlwef;pm;jzpfjzpf tod&Sdonfjzpfap r&Sdonfjzpfap ra&Smifv$JombJ tbd"rRmtjrifwckckudk udkifpGJxm;wmcsnf;ygyJ? 'Duae@ avhvm=uawmhr,fhrmhufpftbd"rRmqdkwm ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;twGuf tifrwefxufjrufwJh tawG;tac:vufeuf jzpfw,f? 'Dvufeufudk &Jabmfwdk@ udkifpGJ&vdrfhr,f?

ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;eJ@ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ygwDu udkifpGJwJh tbd"rRmudktEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' vdk@ac:ygw,f? 'gudk rmhufpfeJ@ tdef*,fwdk@u &SmazGawG@&Sd=uvdk@ rmhufpf0g'tbd"rRmvdk@ ac:wmjzpfw,f?

tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'qdkwmbmvJ

obm0tjcif;t&mrsm;udk csOf;uyf&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ avhvmokH;oyf&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ oabmayguf&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ awG;ac:r_ enf;emwGif tEkyËdavmr enf;t&jzpf+yD; obm0tjcif;t&m (Phenomina)udk t"dym̀,fzGifh&m/ =unfh±_qifjcif&mrSm ±kyf0g't& jzpfwJhtwGuf tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'[k ac:jcif;jzpfw,f?

tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'rSm tydkif;ESpfydkif; yg0ifw,f? wcku tEkyËd avmr/wcku ±kyf0g' jzpfw,f? tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'udk 'Dtydkif;ESpfydkif;eJ@ aygif;pyfxm;w,f?tEkyËdavmrqdkwm enf;emjzpfw,f? ±kyf0g'qdkwm tjrifjzpfw,f?

Dialectic qdkwm *&dbmompum; Dialego qdkwJhpum;u qif;oufvmwmjzpfw,f? t"dy`m,fu aqG;aEG;jiif;ckHjcif;rS trSefw&m;udk&SmazGjcif; jzpfw,f? a&S;tcgu tjiif;yGm;=uwJhtcgrSm wzuf&JŒ jiif;qdkcsufrsm; twGif;xJuyËdyuQrsm; jzpfaewmawGudk qGJxkwf+yD; okH;oyf ausmfeif;jcif;tm;jzifh trSefudka&mufatmif vkyfaqmifjcif;ygbJ? tJ'D tEkynmudk tEkyËdavmrvkd@ac:w,f?

awG;ac:r_twGif; yËdyuQawGudk azmfxkwfjcif;eJ@ qef@usifzuf xifjrifcsufrsm; twdkuftcHjyKjcif;wdk@[m trSefudka&mufzdk@ taumif;qkH;enf;yJvdk@ ,kH=unfoltbd"rRmq&mrsm; a&S;u &SdcJhw,f?

1 7

'DtEkyËdavmr awG;ac:enf;udk aemifumvrSm obm0avmu&Sdtjcif;t&mrsm;tay: wkd;csJŒvdkufwJhtcg obm0udk oabmaygufa&; tEkyËdavmrenf;tjzpf wdk;yGm;cJhw,f?

tJ'DtEkyËdavmrenf;uæobm0tjcif;t&mrsm;[m tpOfojzifhv_yf&Sm;aew,f? ajymif;vJae

w,f? obm0&JŒ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_[m obm0twGif;&Sd yËdyuQrsm; jzpfay: wdk;yGm;r_&JŒ tusKd;qufomjzpfw,fvdk@ ,lq=uw,f? 'ga=umifh tEkyËd avmrenf;eJ@ ±kyf0g'tjrifwdk@udk aygif;pyfxm;wmvdk@ ajym&jcif;jzpfw,f? tESpfom&t&ajym&if tEkyËdavmrenf;[m wuUaA'eJ@ ajzmifhajzmifh}uD; qef@usifaew,f?

urBmhtjrif qdkwmbmvJ

urBmhtjrifqdkwm urBmavmu}uD;wckvkH;udk =unfh±_wJh tjrif pepfjzpfw,f? vlom;[m ‚&J@ywf0ef;usif&Sd wu,fhtajctaersm;udk csOf;uyf=unfh±_&mrSm/ wu,fhtajctaeudk &Sif;jywJhtcgrSm vufawG@ jyKr_v_yf&Sm; =u&wJh tcgrSm ±kyf0g'tjrifudk vrf;!¸efozG,f tokH;cs=u&ygw,f?

obm0e,fy,f toD;oD;twGif;rSm b,favmufyJ =uD;rm;wJh&SmazGawG@ &Sdr_yJjzpfjzpf jynfhpHkwJhtjriftjzpf ray;Edkifyg? urBm@tjriftjzpfrzGJ@pnf;Edkifyg? Oyrm - "mwkaA'bmom&yfwdk@[m udef;jynf@tjriftjzpf ray;Edkifwm[m "rRwmyJjzpfw,f? ta=umif;uawmh ‚wdk@[m b,fvdkyJ ta&;}uD;apumrl usOf;ajrmif;+yD; tuef@towf&SdwJh twdkif;twmtwGif; (qdkvdkwmu)"mwkaA' tjcif;t&me,fy,ftwGif;rSmom cdkifvkHygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh ajrmufjrm;vSwJh tjcif; t&mrsm;&JŒ twGif;oabm (tESpfom&) udkawmh ay:vGifatmifrzGifhjyEdkif=uyg? 'g[mvnf; tjcm;ody`Hynm&yfrsm;twdkif;yJ jzpfygw,f?

ordkif;±kyf0g' qdkwm[m tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'rlawGudk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tjcif;t&mrsm;tm; avhvm&mrSm wdk;csJŒoHk;vdkufwmjzpfw,f? vltzGJ@tpnf; tjcif;t&mawG/ vltzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ ‚&JŒ ordkif;udkavhvm&mrSm tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'rlawGeJ@ aygif;pyfvdkufwmjzpfw,f? rmhufpfeJ@ tdef*,fwdk@u t&ifay: aygufcJhwJh

1 8

tbd"rRme,fy,frSm&SdwJh t,ltqawG/ odem;vnfcsufawGudk avhvmokH;oyf+yD; usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfwmawG (Rational reasoning) aumif;wmawG,l raumif;wmawGudky,f/ tqDtESpfudk,l tumudky,f+yD;rS tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'eJ@ordkif;±kyf0g'ukd &cJh=uwmjzpfw,f?

tJ'gawGudk tcdkiftrmazmfjy&mrSm rmhufpf0g' ay:aygufvmcJhwJh a&aomufjrpfokH;oG,fxJrS a&aomufjrpfwckjzpfwJh a&S;a[mif; *smreftbd"rRmq&m [D;*Jvf (a*smh-[D;*Jvf/ 1770-1831)udk udk;um; ajymavh&Sdw,f?[D;*Jvfu tEkyËdavmr&JŒ t"dut*Fg&yfawGudk azmfxkwfol jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh[D;*Jvf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;eJ@ rmhufpf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;[m wu,fawmhrwlygbl;? rmhufpf[m [D;*Jvf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;emxJu tqDtESpfudk,l+yD;pdwf0g'ygaewJh tumudk ypfy,fvdkufw,f? rmhufpf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;em[mydkrdkacwfrD+yD; ody`Henf;usatmif aemufwqifh wdk;yGm;apvdkufwmjzpfw,f?rmhufpf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;em[m [D;*Jvf&JŒ enf;emeJ@ jcm;em;±kHru ajzmifhajzmifh}uD; qef@usifvsuf&Sdw,f? [D;*Jvfu yuwdpdwf0g' orm;wa,mufjzpfw,f? ol@&JŒtjrift& yxrqkH; ay:aygufvmwJh (Absolute Idea) tºuif;rJhusdK;a=umif; oabmw&m;qkdwJh wefcdk;awmfteE©w&yfu urBm avmu}uD;udkzefqif;vdkufwmjzpfw,f? tºuif;rJhoabmw&m;qkdwm wu,fh urBm}uD;&J@tyrSm&SdwJh tjcif;t&mom jzpfw,fvdk@ olu ,lqw,f? rmhufpfeJ@ tdef*,fwdk@u 'geJ@ajymif;jyefyJ oabmw&m;qdkwm[m vl&JŒpdwfxJrSm xif[yfvmwJh±kyfurBmavmu&J@ a&mifjyef[yfjcif;omjzpf+yD; odjrifr_o¿mefrsm; tjzpfodk@ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;omjzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqw,f? rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwdk@ tjrift&obm0avmu}uD;u t&if&Sdvm+yD; ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm =um+yD;wJhaemufrSvlqdkwmjzpfvmwm jzpfw,f? yxr obm0avmu ay:vmw,f? tJ'DaemufrS ouf&SdowW0g wpwp ay:vmw,f? ouf&SdowW0gawGxJrSm yxr uvmyfpnf;wckwnf;&SdwJh trD;bm; (Amoeba) qdkwmu pjzpfw,f? 'Daemuf ouf&SdowW0gawG tqifh toD;oD; jzwfoef;+yD;aemufrS vljzpfvmwmjzpfw,f? vl&JŒOD;aESmuf[m wjznf;jznf;zG H@+zdK; &ifhusufvm+yD; pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_&,fvkd@ay:vmwmjzpfw,f?

±kyf0g'tjrifrSmvnf; rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwdk@[m *smreftbd"rRm q&m

1 9

wOD;jzpfwJh vl;0pfpf zsL;0g;bwfcsf (1804-1872)udk udk;um; avh&Sd=uw,f?'gayrJh rmhufpf-tdef*,fwdk@&JŒ ±kyf0g'tjrif[m zsL;0g;bwfcsf&JŒ ±kyf0g' tjrifxJu twGif;ydkif; tqDtESpfawGudk,l+yD; tumudky,fvdkufum ody`Henf;uswJh±kyf0g' tbd"rRmqdkif&m oabmw&m; jzpfvmatmif jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apvdkufwmjzpfw,f? zsL;0g;bwfcsf&JŒ tjrifxJu pdwf0g'uswmawG/ bmoma&;qefwmawG/ udk,fusifhw&m;qefwmawGudk y,fvdkufwmjzpfw,f? zsL;0g;bwfcsf[m“tajccHt&”±kyf0g'orm;wa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; ol@tjrifxJrSm pdwf0g'taESmiftzGJ@rsm;udk xif&Sm;pGmawG@&w,fvdk@ tdef*,fu t}udrf}udrf ajymcJhzl;w,f?

±kyf0g'tEkyËdavmr&JŒ t"du vuQ%mrsm;uawmhæyxrvuQ%mrSm -obm0tjcif;t&mawGrSm woD;wjcm;wnf&Sdaewm r[kwf? =o*Jepf

t& tjyeftvSef qufpyfaew,f? tjyeftvSef rSDcdkaew,f? tjyeftvSef qkH;jzwfjyÏmef;aew,fvdk@ ,lqw,f?

wuUaA't&awmh ‚eJ@qef@usifpGmyJ obm0tjcif;t&mawG[m a&Smifwcif pkpnf;aewmjzpfw,f? wckeJ@wck rqufpyf? oD;jcm;pD jzpfaew,f? trSDcdkuif;w,fvdk@,lqw,f?

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ajymif;vJwJht&mr[kwfbJ tqufrjywf v_yf&Sm;aew,f? ajymif;vJaew,f? wdk;yGm;aew,fvdk@ tEkyËdavmrenf;emt& ,lq=uw,f?

wuUaA'u 'geJ@ajymif;jyefyJ? obm0tjcif;t&mawG[m +idrfoufaew,f? ajymif;vJrl r&Sdbl;vdk@ ,lqw,f?

'ga=umifh tEkyËdavmr ±laxmifhu =unfh&if umv=umpGm wnf+rJaew,fxif&ayr,fh +yKduGJysufpD;aewJh tjcif;t&meJ@ tcsKdŒtcsdefrSm =um&SnfpGmwnf+rJr,f rxif&ayr,fh pwifjzpfay:wdk;yGm;ae+yDjzpfwJh tjcif;t&mawGqdk+yD;tjcif;t&m ESpfck&SdwJhteuf tEkyËdavmr enf;emt& 'kwd,tjcif;t&mudktav;xm;w,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh-t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;/Armjynf tcdkiftrmeJ@ ajym&&if vuf&Sdtm%m& azmufjyefwJhppftpdk;&eJ@ Arm

2 0

jynfuGefjrLepfygwDu OD;aqmif+yD; wdkufyGJ0ifae=uwJh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;udk qufpyfokH;oyfEdkifw,f? azmufjyefwJhtiftm;pkawG[m vuf&SdtajctaerSmwnf+rJoa,mif &Sdaeayr,fh +yKduGJysufpD; qkwf,kwfaewJh tiftm;jzpfw,f?awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkawGuawmh vuf&SdtajctaerSm rwnfEdkifbl; xif&ayr,fh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aew,f? 'Dtiftm;pkawGudk tav;xm;&r,f? ta=umif;uawmh topfay:xGufvmwJht&m/ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aewJht&mwdk@[m ra=ujyKef;EdkifwJh twGufa=umifhyJ?

rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;emu topfjzpfay:wdk;wufr_qdkwmt&m&mjzpfay:wdk;wufr_wdk@udk rqdkvdkyg? wu,fhtopf(reality) jzpfay:wdk;wufr_wdk@udkom qdkvdkwmjzpfw,f?

Oyrm- 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u zufqpf*smreDu ol&JŒ &ufpuf =urf;=uKwfwJh tkyfpdk;r_udk Oa&myacwfopfqdkwJh pum;vkH;eJ@ zkH;uG,fcJhw,f? olwdk@udk,folwdk@ trsKd;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'vdk@ emrnfwyfcJhw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvkdac:qdkavhh&SdwJh “topf” qdkwm[m azmufjyefwJhtopfjzpfw,f? 'grsKd;udk ra=ujyKef;EdkifwJht&mvdk@ rwGufqEdkifbl;? rkcsrvGJa=ujyKef;&r,f? twkta,mif topfjzpfvdk@yJ? wu,fh vufawG@uawmh olwdk@[m rkcsusqkH;cJh&+yD r[kwfygvm;? 'geJ@ywfouf+yD; tdef*,fu-“obm0tjcif;t&mawG[m tao;i,fqk H;tpdwftydkif;av;rS t}uD;qkH;cE

2 1

t&nftcsif; ul;ajymif;wm[m omrefajymif;oGm; wmr[kwfbJ ckeful;ajymif;vJwmvdk@ jrifw,f?

'gayrJh wuUaA't&awmh ta&twGufajymif;vJr_[m t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJoGm;wmrsKd; r[kwfbl;wJh? tJ'D ajymif;vJr_awG[m puf0dkif;vdkjyefvnf+yD;/jzpf+yD;wm jyefjzpfwJh ±kd;±kd;ajymif;vJwmrsKd;vdk@ ,lqw,f?

tEkyËdavmrenf;t& tjrifuawmh t&nftwGuf ajymif;vJr_tqifhrSm ajymif;vJr_[m rodom rxif&Sm;ao;bl;? wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJaewJh jzpfpOfjzpfw,f? tJ'Dvdkajymif;vJ&if; qufxkH;wckudk a&mufwJhtcgtifrwef vsifjrefpGm ckeful;ajymif;vJoGm;wmrsKd;jzpfw,fvdk@ jrifw,f? tEkyËdavmrenf;t& jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_[m a&SŒodk@jzpfay:wdk;yGm;w,f? tjrifhodk@jzpfay:wdk;yGm;w,fvdk@,lqw,f? t&nftcsif;ta[mif;uae t&nftcsif;opfodk@ ajymif;vJaew m jzpfw,f? ±kd;±kd;uae ±_yf axG;aewJh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_odk@tqifhedrfhrS tqifhjrifhodk@ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_jzpfw,f? tJ'Dawmh obm0 avmurSmyJjzpfjzpf ouf&SdowW0gavmurSmjzpfjzpf vlowW0gtxd 'Denf;eJ@ ajymif;vJvmwmjzpfw,f? tyifavmurSmvnf; tedrfhqifhuae tjrifhqifhodk@ ajymif;vJvmcJhw,f? a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu tyifrsKd;awG[m ,ae@&SdaewmeJ@ rwlcJhbl;?[dka&S;a&S;u tyifjzpfpu tyif&JŒ rsKd;aphawG[m tcGHr&SdcJhbl;? aemifrSm wjznf;jznf; &moDOwk'%fcHEdkifatmif rsKd;aphrSm tcGHjzpfvm/ toD;rSmvnf; ajymif;vJvmwmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh wuUaA' tbd"rRmq&mrsm;uawmh e*dktwdkif;yJ rajymif;bl;vdk@ &yfcH=uw,f? Oyrm- emrnfausmf qGD'ifjynfom; obm00dZ…mynmonfwOD;jzpfwJh csm;vf vif;aemh (1717 -1778)u tyifavmurSmrlvzefwD;xm;wJh twdkif;yJ bmr#rajymif;bl;vdk@ ajAmif&yfcH ajymqdkr_ &SdcJhw,f?tvm;wl jyifopf tbd"rRmq&m *dkbdeuf (1735-1821) uvnf; vl}uD;jzpfvmayr,fh ol&JŒ uvva&=unfb0eJ@ bmr#rjcm;bl;wJh? olu vljzpfvmwm[m ±kd;±kd;}uD;xGm;vmwmom jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkw,f? tyifavmurSm tqifhedrfhuae tqifhjrifhodk@ ajymif;vJvmw,f? a&!‡duae tyif}uD;rsm; aygufzGm;vmw,f? ouf&SdowW0grsm; ajymif;vJr_rSm (ZD0aA') trD;bm;vdk uvmyfpnf;wckuae tqifhjrifh wd&p>meftxd wppajymif;vJ+yD; aemufqkH; vltxdjzpfvmw,f? 'g[m ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm jzwfoef;jyD;rS jzpfvm=uwmjzpfw,f?

2 2

±lyaA'rSm a&cdk;a&aiG@/ a&/ a&cJtjzpf ajymif;wmawG&Sdw,f? 'g[mta&twGufuae wpwpajymif;vm+yD; qufxkH;trSwfa&mufawmh ckeful;ajymif;vJoGm;wmawGygyJ?

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2 3

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2 4

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2) rSm

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2 5

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2 6

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2 7

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2 8

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'Dvdk wifjy olawGudk vDeifu ±kyf=urf; ±kyf0g'orm;awGvdk@ ac:w,f?rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;em[m ±kyf0g'uswJh tEkyËdavmrenf;em

jzpfw,f? 'Dvdk tEkyËdavmrenf;tjyif ±kyf0g'rusbJ pdwf0g'uswJh tEkyËd avmrenf;vnf; &Sdao;w,f? Oyrm- [D;*Jvf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;em[m pdwf0g'uswJh tEkyËdavmr enf;emyJjzpfw,f?

19 &mpk tukef/ 20 &mpkumvrSm ody`Hynmuvnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmwmeJ@twl/ wuUaA'uswJh puf,EW&m;qefwJh ±kyf0g'tjrifa=umifh ±lyaA'ody`HynmonfawG tusyftwnf;qdkufwm ay:cJh&w,f? 'guawmh "mwkaA'

2 9

e,fy,frSm tao;qkH; ±kyf0ŵKtpdwftydkif;[m tEkjrLjzpfw,f? tEkjrLudk xyf+yD;cGJr&bl;vdk@ xifcJh=uw,f? 'gayrJh acszsufvdk@ r&awmhbl;vdk@ xif=uwJh tEkjrLudkxyf+yD; tr(tDvufx&Gef)/ tzdk(y±kdwGef)eJ@ EsLx&Geftjzpf cGJEdkifvmcJhw,f?'gha=umifh avmu"mwfq&m wcsKdŒuyif ajymaewJh ±kyf0wK̂qdkwm r&Sdawmhbl;/uG,faysmufoGm;+yD? 'ga=umifh ±kyf0g'}uD;csKyf+idrf;oGm;+yDvdk@ qdk=uw,f?

vl@pdwful;u t&m&mwkd@udk zefwD;Edkifw,fvdk@ qdk=ujyefw,f?olwdk@u 'Denf;eJ@ ±kyfurBmtjrifudk xdk;ESufwdkufcdkuf=uw,f?tkyfpd k;ol t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;uvnf; ±kyf0g'qef@usifolawGudk

tokH;cs+yD; ±kyf0g'urBmhtjrifudk xdk;ESufwdkufcd kufvm=uw,f? 'ga=umifh&JabmfvDeifu ordkif;±kyf0g'tjrift& ody`HynmrS &SmazGawG@csuf topfudkcGJjcrf;pdwfjzm+yD; “±kyf0g' ESifh tawG@t}uKHa0zefa&;” qdkwJh pmtkyfudk a&;om;um‚wdk@udk wdkuf cdkufcJhw,f?

vDeifu“oifwdk@ajymaewJh tEkjrLudk acszsufvdk@r&bl;vdk@qdkwm puf,E©&m;±kyf0g'DawG&JŒ t,ltqjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'utusyftwnf;qdkufwm r[kwfbJ puf,E©&m;±kyf0g'om tusyftwnf; qdkufwm jzpfw,f”vkd@ axmufjyvkdufw,f?

ody`HynmrS &SmazGawG@&SdcsuftopfawG[m tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' rSefuefa=umif;/ puf,EW&m;±kyf0g' rSm;a=umif;udk oufaojywmomjzpfw,fæ pojzifhynm&SifwcsKdŒ&JŒ rSm;,Gif;azmufjyefwJh t,ltqrsm;udk xufjrufpGm acsy+yD;tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'eJ@ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&JŒ tbd"rRmudk vDeifu jywfom;pGmumuG,fcJhygw,f?

rmhufpf0g' tbdf"rRmykd@cscsuf

a[majymcsuf (2)

3 0

rmhufpf0g'vDeif0g' tjrifqdkif&mrlawG&J@ vufawG@t"dy`m,f

&Jabmfwdk@ æyxr a[majymcsufxJrSm rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmr qdkif&mrlawGudk

okH;oyfwifjycJh+yD;jzpfw,f?rmhufpf0g' tbdf"rRmbmom&yf&JŒ oabmw&m;rlawGudk oabm

w&m; oufoufr#om avhvmr,fqdk&if/ tbd"rRm tjrifqdkif&mrSm touf0ifv_yf&Sm;wm awG@&vdrfhr,fr[kwfbl;? 'ga=umifh tbd"rRmtjrifukd vufawG@tcdkiftrmawGeJ@ aygif;pyfrSom ±kyf0wˆKtiftm;tjzpf ay:xGufvmrSm jzpfygw,f? 'grS &Jabmfwdk@&J@ avhvma&;&nf±G,fcsuf atmifjrifxajrmufvmrSmjzpfygw,f?

'Dae@ ±kyf0g'tjrifqdkif&mrlawGudk vltzGJ@tpnf;b0 vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif;avhvm&mrSm wdk;csJŒvdkufwm[m tifrwef ta&;ygwJh udpPjzpfygw,f?vl@tzGJ@tpnf;b0 tjcif;t&mawG[m tjyeftvSef qufoG,faew,f? tjyeftvSefrSDcdkaew,f? 'g[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_qdkif&mw&m;rsm;jzpfw,f?

±kyf0g'tjrifudk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif; avhvm&mrSm wdk;csJŒvdkufwma=umifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif; todynm[m ody`Hynmw&yf jzpfvmcJhw,f?ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;ygwD&JŒ vufawG@vkyfief;awG[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ w&m;rsm;tay: tajcpdkufxm;&r,f? 'Dw&m;awGudk avhvm+yD; vrf;!$eftjzpf tokH;cs&r,f? oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@aygif;pyf&r,f? 'g[m odyfta&;}uD;wJh udpP}uD;yJ?

tbd"rRmqdkif&m&JŒ tajccHjy\emjzpfwJh ±kyfeJ@ pdwf&JŒ qufqHr_ tjrifudkvl@tzGJ@tpnf;b0rSm qufpyfr,fqdk&ifæ

3 1

vlr_a&;b0[m yxr jzpf+yD; (±kyfb0)?vlr_a&;tod[m 'kwd, jzpfw,f (pdwf)?vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vlr_b0u vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vlr_a&;todudk jyÏmef;w,f?vlr_a&;todu vlrla&;b0udk tjyeftvSef =oZmoufa&mufw,f?vlr_a&;b0[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m b0jzpfw,f?vlr_a&;tod[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt&mjzpfw,f?vlr_a&;b0[m vlawG&J@pdwfqENeJ@ trSDcdkuif;pGm wnf&SdaewJh yuwd bm

0 wu,fhjzpf&yf jzpfw,f? vlr_a&;tod[m vlr_a&;b0&JŒ a&mifjyef[yfcsufjzpfw,f?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m t,ltqawG/ oabmw&m;awG[m tJ'D tcsdef&SdvltzGJ@tpnf;rSm&SdwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mb0 tcsuftvufrsm;uqkH;jzwfjyÏmef;wmjzpfw,f? Oyrm- aus;u|efacwf/ ya'o&mZfacwf/ t&if;&Sifacwfwdk@rSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJjzpfw,f?

u|efawmfwdk@[m ay:vpDt& trSm;rjzpf&atmif u|efawmfwdk@&JŒ vkyfief;awGudk vltzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfydkif;b0qdkif&m tcdkiftrmtcsuf tvufawGay:rSmtajcjyK&vdrfhr,f? qdkvdkwmu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ wu,fhvufawG@b0eJ@ b,fawmhrS ruif;uGm&bl;? rdrdpdwfqENtay:rSm tajcrwnf&bl;?

pdwfqENt&ajym&&if reufjzef awmfvSefa&;atmifcsifwmyJ? tJ'DvdkpdwfqEN &Sd±HkeJ@ r&bl;? 'gtay: rlrwnf&bl;? wu,fhtajctaejzpfwJh pD;yGm;a&;/EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&; pwJh tajctaeawGtay:rSm rlwnf+yD; vrf;pOfay:vpDawGudkcsrSwfrSom/ vkyfief;ay:vpDawGudk csrSwfrSom/ vkyfief;atmifjrifvdrfhr,f?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfydkif;b0 tcsuftvufawGay: tajcpdkuf&vdrfhr,fvdk@qdkayr,fh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm&SdwJh t,ltq/ oabmw&m;/ EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHkrsm;eJ@ ordkif;rSm ‚wdk@yg0ifwJhtcef;udk rjiif;y,f±kHomru ‚wdk@&JŒ ta&;ygwJh tcef;udkvnf; todtrSwfjyKw,f? tav;xm;w,f? vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;rSm&SdwJh t,ltq oabmw&m;awGrSmqdk&ifvJ trsKd;rsKd;&Sdygvdrfhr,f? t,ltqa[mif;/oabmw&m;a[mif;awG[m a=ujyKef;r,fhtiftm;pkawGudk tvkyftau|;jyKw,f? t,ltqopf a&SŒwef;a&mufwJh oabmw&m;opfawG[m wdk;wufwJhwu,fhtiftm;pkawGudk tvkyftau|;jyKaew,f? 'Dvdkt,ltqtopf/

3 2

oabmw&m;topfawGudk vlxku csKyfudkifvmwmeJ@ w+yKdifeuf tifrwefpGrf;yum; }uD;rm;wJh ±kyf0wˆKtiftm;}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmw,f? vlxk[mvufawG@eJ@ udkufnDwJh wkd;wufwJhoabmw&m;opfawGudk qkyfudkifvmEdkifyguazmufjyefwJh tiftm;pkawGudk +zKdzsufypfzkd@ tcGifhomvmw,f? 'g[m xufjrufwJh vufeufudk &vmwmeJ@wlygw,f?

vlr_a&;b0[m tqufrjywf v_yf&Sm;ae+yD; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aew,f?rajymif;vJbJ aewm&,fvdk@ r&Sdbl;? wae&mwnf;rSm &yfaejcif;r[kwf? xm0pOf v_yf&Sm;aew,f? topftopf jzpfay:wdk;wufjcif;qdkwJh xm0& jzpfpOfxJrSmwnf&Sdaejcif;a=umifh t&m0wK̂opfeJ@ t&m0wˆKa[mif;/ ay:ayguf wdk;yGm;aewJht&meJ@ a=ujyKef;csKyf+idrf;aewJht&m/ awmfvSefwJht&meJ@ wefjyefawmfvSefwJht&mwdk@[m xm0pOfwnf&Sdaewmjzpfw,f? t&mtm;vkH;[m v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaew,fqdk&if u|efawmfwdk@ rSDcdktm;xm;&r,fh vlwef;pm;[m jzpfay: wdk;yGm;ae+yD; a&SŒodk@wdk;wufaewJh tiftm;jzpfwJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;yJjzpfw,f? (tem*wf&JŒ acgif;aqmiftiftm;opf[m ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;yJ jzpfw,f?)

txufyg t,ltqt& vkyfom;jynfolawG[m eufeJwJh taumif;jrif0g'w&yfukd &vmw,f? qdkvdkwmu t&if;&Sif0g'udk rkcs wdkufzsuf+zKdcsypfEdkifw,fqdkwJh ,kH=unfcsufudk &vmygw,f?

yxr jy\emu - rmhufpf0g' tbd"rRm&JŒ enf;emjzpf+yD;?( tEkyËdavmr)'kwd, jy\emu - rmhufpf0g'&JŒ tbd"rRmtjrif jzpfw,f?(±kyf0g')wwd, jy\emuawmh - ordkif;±kyf0g'jzpfw,f?tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'rlawGudk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;odk@ wdk;csJŒvdkufwJhtcg o

rdkif;±kyf0g'tjrif jzpfay:vmw,f? ordkif;±kyf0g'tjrift& vlr_a&;b0[m vlr_a&;todudk jyÏmef;w,f? wenf;tm;jzifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mb0ta=umif;tcsufawGu vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ pdwfydkif;b0qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufawGudk jyÏmef;w,f? 'gudktxufydkif;rSmvnf; ajymjycJh+yD?

vltzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfyd kif;b0qdkif&mtcsuftvufawG[m bmawGvJ

3 3

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk 0ef;&HaewJ@ obm0yx0D ywf0ef;usifwdk@[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ ±kyfydkif;b0 tajctaersm;teuf rygr+yD;wJh tcsufftvuf jzpfw,f?‚[m "rRwmtwdkif;yJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_tay: =oZmt&Sdefoufa&mufr_&Sdw,f? yx0Dywf0ef;usif[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ rsufESmtoGiftjyif/ vlwdk@&JŒ vlr_vuQ%mpepf wckrSwckodk@ ul;ajymif;jcif;udk jyÏmef;wJht"du tiftm;pkvm;? ordkif;±kyf0g'tjrift& t"dutiftm;pkr[kwfygbl;?

yx0Dywf0ef;usif[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk jrefqefapwJhodk@r[kwf aES;auG;apwJh =oZmt&Sdef oufa&mufayr,fh t"duta=umif;t&m/jyÏmef;wJh ta=umif;w&m;awmh r[kwfbl;? ta=umif;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ajymif;vJr_u yx0Dywf0ef;usif ajymif;vJr_xuf ydkrdkvsifjrefwJhtwGufa=umifh jzpfw,f?tESpf okH;axmiftwGif;/ Oa&myrSm pepfokH;rdsK; ajymif;vJausmfvGefcJhayr,fh'Dumv tawmtwGif; yx0D tajctaeuawmh rajymif;vJoavmufbJ?

ta&;}uD;wJh yx0Dajymif;vJr_rSefor#[m ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGmvdktyfw,f? ta&;=uD;wJh vltzGJ@tpnf; ajymif;vJr_ qdkwmuawmh ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmif/okH;axmif twGif;rSmyJ jzpfEdkifw,f? aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom ESpftwGif;rSm vkH;0rajymif;vJbJ aeoavmuf&SdwJht&m(yx0Dywf0ef;usif) [m ESpf&maygif; tenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyJ tajctjrpfuae+yD; ajymif;vJwJh t&mtjzpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;a&;twGuf t"du ta=umif;w&m;awmh r[kwfEdkifbl;?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ ±kyfydkif;b0 tajctaersm;rSm vlOD;a&[m ta&;}uD;wJh t*Fgtpdwftydkif;jzpfw,f? tenf;qkH;&S dtyfwJh vlOD;a&r&S dyguvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. ±kyfydkif;b0vnf; r&SdEdkifbl;? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepf&JŒ vuQ%mudkjyÏmef;&mrSm vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;jcif;/ vlOD;a&rsm;jym;jcif;[m t"dutiftm;pkvm;?ordkif;±kyf0g'u t"dutiftm;pk r[kwfvdk@ jrifw,f?

vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;jcif;[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;a&;udk "rRwmtwdkif; jrefqefap odk@r[kwf aES;auG;apwJh =oZmoufa&mufayr,fhh t"dutiftm;pk jyÏmef;wJh ta=umif;tcsufawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;? pepfwckae&mrSm wpHkw&maom pepfwcku bmha=umifhqufcHtpm;xkd;ovJ? tJ'DpepfopfrsdK;r[kwfwJh wjcm;pepfwcku bmha=umifh rqufcHovJqdkwJh ar;cGef;rsm;udk vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;jcif;u tajzray;Edkifyg?

3 4

vlOD;a& xlxyfjcif;[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;a&;rSm t"dutif tm;pk / vl @tzG J @tpnf;pepf& JŒ vuQ%m (0g) vl@tzG J @tpnf;& JŒrsufESmoGifjyifudk jyÏmef;wJhtiftm;pk rjzpfEdkifbl;? jzpfvnf;rjzpfbl;?

(u) vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;a&;ukd wGef;aqmfwJh t"du tiftm;pkuawmh vlowW0grsm; wnf&Sdr_twGuf touf&Sifa&;qkdif&m tokH;taqmifrsm;&,lenf;jzpfw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh touf&Sifa&;eJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;b0jzpfay: wdk;yGm;a&;twGuf r&SdrjzpfwJh pm;p&m/ 0wfp&m xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mpwJh ±kyfydkif;wefzkd;(tokH;taqmif) rsm; xkwfvkyfenf;jzpfw,f?

vlwdk@[m touf&SifaeEdkifzkd@ pm;p&m/ 0wfp&mpwmawG&Sd&r,f? tJ'D±kyfydkif; tokH;taqmifawGudk &&SdEdkifzdk@ 'gawGudk xkwfvkyf=u&r,f? 'gawGudk xkwfvkyfzkd@qdk&if xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mawG &Sd&r,f? tJ'D ud&d,mawGudk xkwfvkyfEdkif&r,f? okH;pGJEdkif&r,f?

±kyfydkif;tokH;taqmifawGudk xkwfvkyfwJh xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mawG/xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mawGudk udkifpGJ+yD; ±kyfydkif; tokH;taqmifawGudk xkwfvkyf=uwJh vlawG/ 'ghtjyif 'DvlawG&JŒ xkwfvkyfa&; tawG@t}uKHeJ@ tvkyfu|rf;usifr_/ 'Dtpdwf tydkif;tm;vkH;[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkawGvdk@ ac:ygw,f? 'gayrJh xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkawG[m xkwfvkyfa&;(xkwfvkyfenf;)&JŒ rsufESmwzufomjzpfw,f? xkwfvkyfenf; (xkwfvkyfa&;)&JŒtjcm;rsufESm wzufuawmh xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOfrSm vlwOD;eJ@wOD; qufqHa&;(xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_rsm;) yJjzpfw,f?

vltzGJ@tpnf;±kyfydkif; tokH;taqmifawGudk xkwfvkyfzdk@twGuf obm0

udktokH;cs&mrSm wa,mufeJ@wa,muf oD;jcm;uif;uGm+yD; (woD;wjcm; aomvlyk*~dKvfrsm;/ woD;yk*~vrsm; taeeJ@) jyKvkyf=uwm r[kwfbJ twlwuGtpkvdkuf/ tzGJ@tpnf;vdkuf jyKvkyf=u&w,f? 'ga=umifh xkwfvkyfa&;qkdwmb,ftcg b,ftajctaeatmufrSmrqdk vltzGJ@tpnf;vuQ%maqmifwJhxkwfvkyfa&; jzpfw,f? b,fvkd xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rqdk (aoG;pkyf jc,fvS,fa&;uif;wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0if tcsif;csif; ulnDa&;eJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; qufqHr_jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ v$rf;rdk;tkyfpdk;r_eJ@ emcHr_qufqHa&; jzpfcsifjzpfr,f? xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_ toGifw&yfrS tjcm;toGifw&yfokd@ tul;tajymif;/ =um;umvtoGif qufqHa&;jzpfcsifjzpfr,f? b,fvdk toGifvuQ%myJ &Sd&Sd xkwfvkyf

3 5

a&;qufqHr_qdkwm) tcgumvwdkif;/ pepfwdkif;rSm vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkvdkyJ xkwfvkyfa&;rSm t"duuswJh tpdwftydkif;tjzpf yg0ifw,f?

xkwfvkyfa&;(xkwfvkyfenf;)rSm vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkeJ@ vlwdk@&JŒ xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ ESpf&yfpvkH; yg0if=uw,f? 'Denf;eJ@xkwfvkyfa&;(xkwfvkyfenf;)[m ±kyfydkif;tokH;taqmifrsm; xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOfrSm xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkeJ@ xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_wdk@&JŒ wpnf;wvkH;wnf; aygif;pyf&m jzpfvmawmhw,f?

(c) xkwfvkyfa&;&JŒ yxrvuQ%m-uawmh b,fawmhrS wae&mwnf; =um&SnfpGm&yfwef@raebJ/ tpOfojzifh ajymif;vJjzpfay:aejcif;jzpfw,f?'ghtjyif xkwfvkyfenf;rSm tajymif;tvJawG&Sdvmwma=umifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepfwckvkH; vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ pdwful;awG (emrfydkif;b0)/ vlwdk@&JŒ EdkifiHa&;tjrifawGeJ@ EdkifiHa&; taqmuf ttHkawGrSmyg ra&Smifrv$JombJ ajymif;vJvmw,f?vl@tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;pepf taetxm; w&yfvkH;udkvnf; jyefvnfwnfaqmufzdk@ jzpfvmw,f? jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_&JŒ rwlwJhtqifhawGrSm vlwdk@[m rwlwJhxkwfvkyfenf;awGudk tokH;jyK=uw,f? rwlwJh toufarG;aexdkifykHwdk@eJ@ ae=uw,f? pepf(acwf)wrsKd;rSm oufqkdif&mxkwfvkyfenf; wrsKd;jzpfxGef;cJhw,f? vlwdk@ toufarG;aexdkifykHwdk@udkvdkuf+yD; vlwdk@&JŒawG;ac:ykH jzpfvmcJhw,f? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ordkif;qdkwm pepfawGxJrSm wck+yD;wck pOfquf ay:aygufcJhwJh xkwfvkyfa&;enf;&JŒ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ordkif;yJ jzpfw,f? xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkawGeJ@ vlwdk@&JŒ xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_awG jzpfay:wdk;yGm;a&;ordkif;yJjzpfw,f? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;a&;ordkif;qkdwm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ wnf+rJa&;twGuf vdktyfwJh ±kyfydkif;tokH;taqmifawGudk xkwfvkyfwJhjzpfpOftwGif;t"dutiftm;pkjzpfwJh xkwfvkyfolrsm;/ vkyfom;vlxkrsm;/ jynfolrsm;&J@ ordkif;yJjzpfw,f? &Sifbk&ifrsm;/ ppfol}uD;rsm;&J@ ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ ppfyGJrsm;/ ppfEdkifolrsm;&JŒ ta=umif;t&mrsm;udkom azmfjy&if tJ'Dorkdif;a&;ody`H[m wu,fhody`Hynm rjzpfEdkkifbl;?

ordkif;a&;ody`Hynm&JŒ t"duwm0efuawmh xkwfvkyfa&;w&m;awG/xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkeJ@ xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_wdk@&JŒ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ w&m;

3 6

awG vltzGJ@tpnf;&J@ pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_w&m;awGudk avhvmazmfxkwfzdk@yJjzpfw,f?

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3 7

'DokH;oyfr_[m ordkif;±kyf0g'tjrifeJ@ udkufnDwJhtwGuf rSefuefwJh okH;oyfcsuf jzpfygw,f?

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xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_[m xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk&J@ vuQ%meJ@ rudkufnDbJjzpfaewJh erlemw&yftjzpf t&if;&Sifwdkif;jynfrsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;r_uyfrsm;udk awG@&ygr,f?

3 8

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qkd&S,fvpfpepfxkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_[m xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk&J@vuQ%meJ@ udkufnDygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmufay;Edkifr,fhvrf;a=umif;ukdawmh ppfrSefwJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;acgif;aqmifr_eJ@ wnfaqmufxm;wJh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf EdkifiHawmftm%muomv#if zGifhvSpfay;Edkifygvdrfhr,f? Oyrm-vDeif/ pwmvifwdk@ wnfaqmufcJhwJh qdkAD,uf,leD,H qdk&S,fvpftrsKd;om; pD;yGm;a&;pepfeJ@ w±kwfjynfol@orRwEdkifiH&J@ qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepfwdk@yJjzpfw,f?

tjcm;rnfonfh EdkifiHawmftm%mwdk@urS xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkvuQ%meJ@ udkufnDwJh xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_jzpfwJh qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk rwnfaqmufEdkifygbl;? tcdkiftrm t&ajym&&if tdENd,/ Armjynf/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;EdkifiHpwJhEkdifiHawGu AsL±kdu&uft&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; tm%mu xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkvuQ%meJ@ udkufnDwJh/ tcsdK;nDnD jzpfay:wdk;yGm;wJhqdk &S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfxkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_udk rwnfaqmufEdkifygbl;?

'ga=umifh xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkawG[m xkwfvkyfa&;rSm tv_yf&Sm;EdkifqkH;/ tawmfvSefEdkifqkH;aom tpdwftydkif;yifjzpf+yD; xkwfvkyfa&; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk jyÏmef;&mwGif ta&;}uD;wJh tpdwftydkif;vnf; jzpfw,f? xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkawG wnf&Sdaeovdk oufqkdif&mxkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_awGvnf; vdkuf+yD; &Sd=u&ygw,f?

vlwdk@[m rdrdwdk@ vdktyfwJh ±kyfydkif;tokH;taqmifawG xkwfvkyf&mrSmb,fvkd xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mawGudk tokH;jyK=uovJ qdkwJhar;cGef;udk xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pk tajctaeawGu tajzay;aeovdk (ajr,m/ opfawm/ owWKwGif;/o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;/ qufoG,fa&;ud&d,m) pwJh xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*awGukdrnfoluydkifqdkifovJ? rnfolu pDrHcef@cGJaeovJ? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wckvkH;uydkifovm;? (ac:qdkavh&SdwJh jynfolydkif qdkif;bkwfjzifh) vl@tzG@Jtpnf;udk ‚wdk@xifovdk jc,fvS,f&ef ydkifqdkifaejcif;vm;qdkwJh tjcm;ar;cGef;udkawmh xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ tajctaeu tajzay;aeygw,f?

3 9

xkyfvkyfa&;ud&d,mawG ajymif;vJvmjcif;eJ@ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmjcif;/xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkawG jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmjcif;wkd@eJ@twl xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkxJrSm ta&;ygqkH; tpdwftydkif;jzpfwJh vltrsm;&J@ ajymif;vJjcif;eJ@ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmjcif;/ vlwdk@&J@ xkwfvkyfa&;tawG@t}uKH/ tvkyfu|rf;usifr_eJ@ xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d,mawGudk udkifwG,fEdkifwJh pGrf;&nfwdk@ ajymif;vJjcif;eJ@ jzpfay: wdk;yGm;jcif;wdk@ygwygwnf;jzpfay:vmw,f?

ordkif;wav#mufvkH;rSm xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ (5)rsKd; ay:cJ@w,f? a&S;bkHtzGJ@ (ya'omyifacwfwGif) xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;awGudk yk*~vdu rydkifqdkif=ubJtrsm;uyif ydkifqdkifae+yD; aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fa&;eJ@ vlwef;pm;uGJjym;r_ r&SdcJh? aus;u|efpepfwGif vlenf;pk aus;u|efydkif&SifawGu t"duOpPm"e ydkifqdkifolawGjzpfvmum aus;u|efydkif&Sif t&SifocifeJ@ aus;u|efqdkwJh vlwef;pm;uGJjym;vmum vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ ay:vmw,f?

ya'o&mZfajr&SifpepfwGif ajr,mudk ya'o&mZfajrydkif&Sifwdk@u ydkifqdkif=u+yD;/ ajr&SifeJ@v,form;vlwef;pm; uGJjym;vmum wdkufyGJ&Sdvmw,f? xdkenf;wl t&if;&SifpepftwGif;rSm t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ tvkyform; vlwef;pm;t=um; uwdkufyGJ[m rsufarSmuftcsdefrSm wae@wjcm; xufjrufjyif;xefvmaewmudkvnf; jrifawG@=u&w,f?

qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmufrSm xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;&JŒ tajccH[mxkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkH;u ydkifqdkifr_jzpfw,f? 'DpepfatmufrSm aoG;pkyfoleJ@ aoG;pkyfcH&olqdkwm r&Sdawmhbl;? xkwfvkyfvdkufwJhypPnf;awGudk vkyfaqmifwJhtvkyf&JŒ ta&twGufeJ@ t&nftcsif;t& cGJa0 okH;pGJwmjzpfw,f? qdk&S,fvpfpepfcGJa0r_u (pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmufvkyf/ vkyfoavmuf,l)qdkwJh rlyJ? 'Dxufydk+yD; wqifhjrifhrm;wJh uGefjrLepfpepfatmufa&muf&ifawmh &Sd&Sdor# xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;[m vltzGJ@tpnf;ydkifypPnf;jzpf+yD;txGufypPnf;rsm; tvGefw&mºu,f0rsm;jym;vm+yD; cGJa0a&;rlu (pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmufvkyf/ vdkoavmuf,l) jzpfvmw,f?

(C) xkwfvkyfa&;. wwd,vuQ%mrSm-xkwfvkyfa&;&J@ wwd,vuQ%mrSm xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkopfawG ay:aygufvmjcif;eJ@ ‚eJ@udkufnDwJhqufqHr_awGay:aygufvmjcif;wdk@[m pepfa[mif;eJ@ oD;jcm;uif;uGm+yD; rjzpfyGm;

4 0

bl;? pepfa[mif;uG,faysmuf+yD;rS jzpfyGm;wmr[kwfbJ pepfa[mif;twGif;rSmjzpfyGm;wmjzpfw,f? vlwdk@u tod&dSpGmeJ@ csifhcsdef+yD;/ okH;oyf+yD; aqmif&Gufjcif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfay:vmwm r[kwfbJ vlwdk@&J@qENeJ@ uif;uGmpGm tvdkvdk wppjzpfyGm;w,f?

vlwkd@&J@ qENeJ@uif;vGwfpGm tvdkvdkjzpfyGm;jcif; ta=umif;&if; (2)&yf &Sdygw,f?

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a&S;ya'omyifacwfu (a&S;bkHtzGJ@) vltzGJ@tpnf;twGif; tcsKdŒolwdk@[m wjznf;jznf; prf;w0g;0g;eJ@ ausmufvufeufudk tokH;jyK=ujcif;rS oHvufeufudk tokH;jyKjcif;odk@ ul;ajymif;vmwJhtcg tJ'DvkdtopfxGif vkyfudkifjcif;tm;jzifh b,fvdkvlr_tusdK;qufawG jzpfxGef;vmvdrfhr,fvkd@ awG;awm}uHqjcif;r&SdcJhay? owWKwefqmyvmrsm;udk udkifwG,ftokH;jyKEdkif=u+yD; aemifwGif puf±kH/tvkyf±kH}uD;awG ay:vm+yD;/ t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;uGJjym;vmum ykefuefawmfvSefr_rsm; ay:aygufvmvdrfhr,f qdkwmrdsK;udkum;ydkvkd@awmif olwkd@rod cJh=uay? a&S;bkHtzGJ@rSonf au|;u|efpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;vmvdrfr,fqkdwmudkvnf; rodcJh=u? olwdk@&J@todrSm tvkyfayghyg; oufoma&;udkom vdkvm;wmyJ &Sdw,f? olwdk@ tod&SdpGm aqmif&Gufr_[m tvGefusOf;

4 1

ajrmif;vSwJh ae@pOftusKd;pD;yGm;&&Sda&; abmifxJrSmyJ vkyfudkifcJh=ujcif;jzpfw,f?ya'o&mZfpepfrS t&if;&Sifpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;&mrSmvnf; ao;i,fwJh topfwDxGif vkyfudkifr_uav;awG[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&J@ tiftm;pkawG jyefvnfpk±kH;jcif;eJ@awmfvSefa&; aygufzGm;jcif;pwmawGqD OD;wnfoGm;apvdrfhr,fvkd@ vltrsm;od˜em;vnfjcif; r&SdcJhay?

tvm;wlpGmyJ vlawG[m aemifwGif qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJqifvdrfhr,fvkd@vnf; od̃ em;vnfjcif; r&SdcJhay? olwdk@&J@ tod&Sdaom aqmif±Gufr_[m omrefwkduf±kduf vufawG@tusKd;pD;yGm;&J@ abmifukd rausmfcJhygbl;?

xkwfvkyfa&;pGrf;tm;pkawG jzpfay:wdk;yGm;jcif;eJ@ xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_e,fy,ftwGif;&Sd ajymif;vJjcif;awG[m wpkHwckaom tcsdefumvtxd vlwdk@&J@pdwfqENeJ@ oD;jcm;uif;vGwfpGm jzpfyGm;cJhw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pktopfawG aumif;rGefpGm &ifhrmvmwJhtcsdeftxdyJjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtcgvuf&Sdxkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_awGeJ@ ‚wdk@udk xdef;odrf;xm;wJh tkyfpdk;wJh vlwef;pm;[m taESmihft,Suf twm;tqD;}uD;rsm; jzpfvm=uawmhw,f? tJ'D wm;qD;r_awGudk vlwef;pm;topfawG&J@ tod&SdwJh jyKrlv_yf&Sm;r_ awmfvSefa&;jzifhomz,f&Sm;ypfEdkifygw,f? xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pktopfawGeJ@ xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_ ta[mif;awGt=um; twdkuftcHjzpfr_twGif;uae+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qkdr_topfeJ@ avsmfnDwJh vlr_t,ltq/ pdwful;opfawGvnf;ay:xGufvmrSmjzpfw,f? vlr_t,l tqawG[m vlxkudkpnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;umvlxk[m EdkifiHa&; wyfrawmfopfjzpfvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;tm%mopfw&yfudkzefwD;vkdufw,f? vlxk[m ‚tm%mudk tokH;jyKum xkwf vkyfa&;qufqHr_ta[mif;awGudk zsufqD;okwfoif+yD;v#if pepfopfudk cdkif+rJatmif wnfaqmufygw,f? ,cku|efawmfwdk@ awmfvSefa&;u Armjynf&Sd azmufjyefwJh tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;awG usifhokH;aewJh xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ta[mif; pD;yGm;a&;pepfudkzsufqD;okwfoifypf+yD; pepfopf (jynfol@'Drdkua&pDpepf) pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk csrSwfvkyfudkifoGm;&ef jzpfygw,f? Tenf;tm;jzifh tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_[m vlwdk@&J@ tod&SdwJh ðyrlv_yf&Sm;r_tm; ae&mz,fay;&awmhw,f?

+idrf;csrf;pGmjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_[m jyif;xefwJh xºuykefuefr_awGtm; ae&mz,fay;um vlwdk@[m jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aewJh xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk topfawG

4 2

eJ@ udkufnDr,fh xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_topfudk awmfvSefwJh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJjzifh aqmif&GuftaumiftxnfazmfEdkifvmawmhw,f?

ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;[m "e&Sifvlwef;pm;vufwGif;rS t&if;tEDS;tm;vkH;udk wxpf+yD;wxpf odrf;,l&ef tpdk;&vufwGif; (0g) tkyfpdk;wJhvlwef;pm;tjzpfpnf;±kH;xm;wJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@ vufwGif;rSm xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d,mtm;vHk;udk pkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;&efeJ@ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pktm;vkH;udk tvsiftjrefwdk;wufap&ef rdrd&J@ EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk tokH;csoGm;&vdrfhr,f?

'DtrSmudk (uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;-rmhufpf &J@ vufa&G;pifusrf;) xJrSm azmfjyxm;w,f?

“t=urf;zufr_onf vltzGJ@tpnf;opfudk oaE< vG,fxm;aomvltzGJ@tpnf;a[mif;wdkif;. 0rf;qGJ q&mjzpfayonf?” ('DtrSmudk rmhufpf&J@ t&if;usrf;wGif azmfjyxm;+yD;jzpfw,ff?)

(1859) ckESpfu rmhufpf&J@ ausmf=um;wJh “EdkifiHa&; abm*aA'”eJ@ywf oufwJh a0zefcsuf pmtkyfed'gef;rSm ordkif;±kyf0g'&J@ tESpfom&ukd xufjrufpGm azmfxkwfa&;om;xm;r_w&yfrSm æ

“vlwd k @. touf&Si faexd ki fa&;twGuf vltzG J @tpnf; xkwfvkyfa&;wGif vlwdk@onf ‚wdk@. pdwfqENESifh uif;uGm+yD; r&Sdv#if rjzpfonfh tckdiftrm qufqHa&;twGif;odk @ yg0if=u&ukefonf? T xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_rsm;onf vlwdk@. ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m xkwfvkyfa&;tif tm;pkrsm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. tckdiftrmtqifhESifh udkufnD=uayonf? Txkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm; pkaygif;xm;csufonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkH jzpfonf? wu,fh tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonf? TtajccHtkwfjrpfay:wGif w&m;Oya'ESi f h E d ki fi Ha&;tay:xyf taqmufttkHay:xGufvmjyD;/ vlrla&;todqkdif&m tckdiftrm toGifo¿mef wdk@onfTtkwfjrpfESif hudkufnDpGm ay:xGufvmayawmhonf? ±kyfyd kif;b0 xkwfvkyfenf;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh vlrla&;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh todynm b0jzpfpOfukd jyÏmef;ay;onf? vlwdk @. todu vlwdk@b0udk jyÏmef;onf r[kwfbJ/ ajymif;jyefyif vlrla&;b0u vlwdk@. todudk jyÏmef;jcif;jzpfonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mxkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;

4 3

onf wpkHwckaom jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tqifhwGif vuf&Sd xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_rsm;ESif h vmI twdkuftcH jzpf=uayonf? (0g) xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_. w&m;Oya't& azmfjycsufom jzpfaom ydkifqdkifr_ qufqHa&;ESifhtwdkuftcHjzpfvmayonf? ‚tcsdeftxd xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;taeESif hyk difqkdifr_qufqHa&;rsm;. abmiftwGif;wGif v_yf&Sm;jyKrlaecJh&onf? TqufqHa&;rsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;tm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apaom toGifo¿mefrsm;tjzpfrS taESmiftzG J@rsm;tjzpfodk @ajymif;vJoGm;ayonf? xdkodk@aomtcgwGif vlr_awmfvSefa&;acwfonftpðyawmhonf? p D;y Gm;a&; tajccHtkwfjrpf ajymif;vJonfE Si f htr#}uD;rm;aom txuf(tay:xyf) taqmuf ttkH}uD; wckvkH;onfvnf;taES;ESifhtjrefyif ajymif;vJ&awmhonf? Todk@ajymif;vJr_udk qifjcif&mY rwlwJht&mESpfckukd t+rJwrf;cGJcGJ jcm;jcm; odxm;&rnf? wcku pD;yGm;a&; xkwfvkyfr_ ta=umif;tcsuf rsufESmpm&Sd obm0ody`HynmuJhodk@wduspGmqkH;jzwfEdkifaom ±kyfydkif;qdkif&majymif; vJr_jzpfonf? aemufwcku w&m;Oya'/ E d ki fi Ha&;/ bmoma&;/ tEkynm/ tbd"rRma&;&mtwdkcsKyftm;jzifh tawG;tac: qdkif&m o¿mef rsm;jzpfonf? cGJjcm;r_udkðyvky f =u&onf? vlwd k @onf Ttwd ku ftcH jzp fr _u d k tawG;tac:o¿mefrsm;wGif od&Sdem;vnfvm+yD; wdkufyG Jqif ajz&Sif;vm=ujcif;jzpfayonf?

vlwa,mufESif h ywfoufI u|efawmfwdk@. tuJjzwf&mY ol@ukd,fol tb,fuJhod k @ ,lqonf[laom tcsufay:wGif tajcrwnfouJhodk@ Todk@aom ajymif;vJr_umvrsKd;udk tuJjzwf&mYvnf; xdkpOftcg. todtjrift& tuJrjzwfEdkifay? qef@usifpGmyif xdktod tjrifudk ±kyfyd kif;qdkif&mb0. yËdyuQrsm;rS &Sif;jy=u&onf? vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;qd ki f&m xkwfvky fa&;. tiftm;p krsm;ESi f h xkwfvky fa&;qufqHr _wd k @t=um;&Sd wnfaeaom twdkuftcHjzpfr_rSaeI &Sif;jy=u&ayrnf? xkwfvky fa&; tiftm;pktm;vk H; jzpfay:wd k;y Gm;&ef ae&musefaeao;or#umvywfvkH; rnfonfhvltzGJ@tpnf;pepfrS aysmufuG,foGm;onf [lIr&S day?

4 4

wqif h jrif haom xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr _topfrsm;onfvnf;vltzGJ@tpnf;ta[mif;. om;tdrftwGif;Y/ ‚wdk@. wnf&Sda&;twGufvdktyfaom ±kyfyd kif; ta=umif;tcsufrsm; r&ifhrmao;or# umvywfvkH;rnfodk@r# ay:ayguf vmrnf r[kwfay? odk@jzpfI vlom;avmuonfrdrdajz&Sif;Edkifavmufaom vkyfief; wm0efrsm;udkom t+rJrsuf arSmufjyKwwf =uayonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf TudpPudk eD;uyfpGm =unfh±_qifjci fv#if tpOfojzif hawG@&onfr Sm vkyfie f;wm0efud k ajz&Si f;&eftwGuf vdktyfaom ±kyfydkif; ta=umif;tcsufrsm; wnf&SdESifh+yD;jzpfaomtcgwGi fvnf;aumif; od k @r[kwf tenf;qk H ;tm;jzi f h wnf& S dvmaeaomtcgwGi fvnf;aumif; / Tvky fie f ;wm0e f yi fu d k, fonfvnf;ay:xGufvmayonf? (TtrSmudk rmhufpf vufa±G;pifusrf;rSm azmfjyxm;w,f?)

'gawG[m tEkyËdavmreJ@ ordkif;±kyf0g'wdk@&J@ t"du vuQ%mawGygyJ?rmhufpf0g' tbd"rRmjzpfwJh tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'eJ@ ordkif;±k kyf0g'

wd k@[m urBmavmu}uD;ud k vufawG@=oZmoufa&muap&mrSm tiftm;}uD;rm;wJh ud&d,mwefqmyvm (0g) urBmavmu}uD;udk od&Sd em;vnf&efESifh ajymif;vJypf&eftwGuf ud&d,mwefqmyvm jzpfyg w,f?

rmhufpfu ajymcJhzl;wmu ,cif tbd"rRmq&mrsm;[m urBm}uD;udk enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh t"dy`m,f&Sif;vif; azmfjyjcif;udk ‚wkd@&J@ vkyfief;wm 0efvdk@ rSwf,l=uw,f? awmfvSefwJh tbd"rRmopf&J@ vkyfief;wm0efuawmhurBm}uD;udk ajymif;vJypf&ef jzpfw,f? (18)&mpkESpfykdif;umvu tbd"rRmq&mawG[m tm;oabmynm&J@ w&m;awGudk obm0ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tjcif;t&m tm;vkH;wdk@rSm tokH;cs&ef }uH&G,fcJh=uw,f?

(19) &mpkESpfawGusawmh t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;&J@ tbd"rRmynmeJ@ vlr_

a&;ynm&yfawGrSm 'g0if0g'&J@ w&m;awGudk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm tokH;csr_awGysŒHESH@vmvkd@ vlr_a&;ynmrSm vlr_a&;'g0if0g'tjzpf ay:aygufvmum azmufjyefa&; trsKd;rsKd;wdk@&J@ oabmw&m;tajccH jzpfvmawmhonf?

vltzGJ@tpnf;w&m;awGudk obm0tjcif;t&may:odk@ wdk;csJŒtokH;ðyzkd@}uH &G,fr_awGvnf; r=umc%awG@cJh&w,f? ydk;r$m;wdk@&J@ b0udk EdkifiHawmf ðyrlv_yf

4 5

&Sm;r_eJ@ tvm;wloabmxm;jzifh wd&p>mefawGvnf; tvkyfvkyf=uw,fpojzifhxifrSwf=uw,f?

tjcif;t&mtcsKdŒrSm txl;yg&SdaewJh w&m;awGudk ajymif;a&$@,l+yD;wjcm;tjcif;t&mawGtay: tokH;cszkd@ }uH&G,fr_[m ody`HynmeJ@ qef@usifwJh azmufjyefwJh }uH&G,fr_jzpfw,f? tJ'Doabmw&m;awG[m e,fcsJŒacwfrSm txl;acwfpm;vmw,f? t&if;&Sif0g'udk umuG,f&efeJ@ ‚wdk@twGuf vk,ufwJh usL;ausmfa&; ppfyGJrsm;twGuf wwftm;or# xkacsumuG,f&ef }udK;pm;=ujcif;jzpfw,f?

tvkH;pkHyg0ifaewJh ody`Henf;us urBmhtjrifudk owfrSwf+yD; obm0eJ@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ w&m;awGudk aygif;csKyf&r,f? t&m0wˆKtjcif;t&mawGeJ@vufawG@ jzpfpOftm;vkH;&J@ a,bk,sw&m;awGudk &SmazGawG@&Sd&r,f? qdkvdkwmuwckeJ@wck vGefpGmjcm;em;wJh tjcif;t&mtrsKd;rsKd;udk pkHprf;ppfaq;&mrSm vrf;!̧eftjzpf ay;EdkifwJh w&m;aygh? xkdtjcif;t&mawG&J@ tpðycsufjzpfwJh rleJ@ywfoufwJhw&m;awGudk ay:vGifatmif zGifhjy&r,f? 'Dvkdw&m;awGudk &SmazGawG@&Sdjcif;/wu,fhvufawG@udk csOf;uyfenf;eJ@ t"dỳm,f&Sif;jyenf;awGudk owfrSwfay;jcif;[m rmhufpf0g' tbd"rRm&J@ vkyfief;wm0efjzpfw,f?

tbd"rRme,fy,frSm &SmazGawG@&SdwJh wpkHwckaomw&m;[m t+rJyJ obm0eJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@wGif ay:aygufwJh tcdkiftrmjzpf&yfrsm;udk tcdkif trmuspGm cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm+yD; pkpnf;aygif;csKyfjcif; (a,bk,scsKyfjcif;)yJ jzpfygw,f/

tbd"rRm&J@ ody`Henf;us urBmhtjrifqkdif&m orkdif;[m ‚w&m;awGoaE

4 6

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m zDvmqef@usifbuf vlwef;pm;rsm; uGJjym;vm+yD;‚wdk@t=um;&SdwdkufyGJawG&J@ wGef;aqmfr_t& vl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m a&S@odk@ wdk;wufvmwma=umifh tbd"rRmqdkif&m awG;ac:r_ordkif;[m vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJordkif;udk a&mifjyef [yfwJh awG;ac:r_wdkufyGJordkif;tjzpf ay:aygufvmawmhw,f?

'Dae&mrSm vufawG@eJ@ qufpyfavhvmoifhw,f? rdrdwOD;csif;&J@ awG;ac:r_tbd"rRmtjrif[m b,fvlwef;pm;&J@ tawG;tac:udk a&mifjyef[yf ygovJ?qef@usifbuf vlwef;pm;ESpf&yfteuf aoG;pkyfol vlwef;pm;/ "e&Sif vlwef;pm;&J@ trltusifh tawG;tac:xJrSm yg0ifaeygovm;? ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;&J@vlwef;pm; &yfwnfr_ tjrifqdkif&mrSm yg0ifaeovm;? tEkyËdavmrw&m;&J@urBm@tjrifeJ@ b,fvkduGmjcm;aeygovJqdkwmawGudk tbd"rRmbmom&yfavhvm&if; vufawG@ qifjcifokH;oyfoifhygw,f? jyKjyif&efvdkygu jyKjyifoGm;&ygr,f?(a[majymol&J@qEN)

±kyf0g'orm;awG[m wu,fhjzpf&yfrS tpjyK+yD; tcdkiftrmjzpf&yfudktcdkiftrmuspGm cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmum &Sif;jy&ygw,f? pdwf0g'orm;awGuawmh wu,fhjzpf&yfrS tprjyKbJ rdrdwdk@pdwful;/ pdwful;pHeJ@ tqkH;pGefajym&&if(emrftiftm;) ewfwdk@&J@wefcdk;eJ@ urBm}uD;udk&Sif;jyzkd@ obm0udk &Sif;jyzkd@ }udK;pm;w,f?bmoma&;eJ@ pdwf0g'[m vkyfom;jynfolrsm;udk u|efpdwfoGif;wJh vufeuftjzpft&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;ukd tvkyfau|;jyKw,f?

obm0ody`Hynm&J@ atmifjrifr_awG[m tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g' zefwD;jyKpk&ef ta&;}uD;qkH;jzpfwJh a&S;OD;vdktyfcsuf wcsufjzpfygw,f?

(19) &mpk yxr&mpk0ufrSm obm0ody`HnmrSm }uD;rm;wJh &SmazGawG@&Sdr_awGteuf a&S;OD;pGm!¸efjy&rSmu pGrf;tifxdef;odrf;r_eJ@ toGifajymif;vJr_w&m;awG jzpfygw,f?

tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'tjrifjzifh obm0eJ@ vltzGJ@tpnf;twGif; tjcif;

t&mawGudk =unfh±_ppfaq;zdk@qkdwm ‚wdk@ yuwdwnf&SdaeykHtwdkif; yuwdbm0tjrifjzifh ‚wdk@udk =unfh±_qef;ppf&ygvdrfhr,f?

tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'udk zefwD;jyKpk&ef tqkH;tjzwfay;wJh tcsuftvufuawmh vlwef;pm;opf (0g) ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpf+yD;‚[m ordkif;ZmwfckHay:rSm trSDckduif;wJh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktjzpf jyKr_v_yf&Sm;

4 7

jcif;yJjzpfw,f? tbd"rRm[m ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;xJrS rdrd&J@ ±kyf0wˆKtiftm;vufeufudk &SmazGawG@&Sdovkd ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;uvnf; tbd"rRmxJrS rdrd&J@pdwf"mwfvufeufudk &SmazGawG@&SdcJhw,f? 'DtrSmudk (rmhufpf/ tdef*,f usrf;aygif;pkHrSm azmfjycJhw,f?) ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;[m jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_topf ajymif;vJr_topfu ta[mif;udkwdkufzsufwJh =o0g't& &yfwnf+yD; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_[m yËdyuQawG 'grSr[kwf qef@usifbufwkd@&J@ wdkufyGJjzpfw,fqkdwJh tEkyËdavmrenf;em tjrifoabmt&/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;eJ@ t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;t=um;&Sd wdkufyGJ[m ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;rSwqifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudkxl axmif+yD; qdk&S,fvpf0g' taumiftxnfazmfEdkifw,fqkdwJh oabmw&m;vufeufudk ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tbd"rRmu ay;tyfvkdufw,f?

qef@usifbufrsm;. nD!Gwfjcif;ESif h wdkufyGJonf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfpOf. a&aomufjrpfESifh tESpfom&usaom twGif;oabmjzpfayonf? jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_&J@ a&aomufjrpfudk em;vnf&mY tEkyËdavmrenf;onf wuUaA'ESifh tajccHtm;jzifh qef@usifavonf?

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tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'[m obm0ody`Hynm/ vlr_a&;odỳHynmeJ@ vkH;0

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4 9

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5 0

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5 1

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5 2

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5 3

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5 4

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