CE 251 Lecture 5A

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Dr Rajib ChowdhuryDepartment of Civil Engineering

IIT Roorkee

Module CE-251

Building Materials,Construction and Estimation

Lecture 6: Water, Admixtures andType of Cements

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CE-251 - 2Lecture 6

Sample Problem 5.

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CE-251 - 3Lecture 6

Sample Problem

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CE-251 - 4Lecture 6

Water-Cement Ratio

! The most important property of hydrating cement

! Water needed for hydration, w/c = 0.22-0.25

! Extra wateris needed for workabilitybut causes voids

" Decreases strength

"

Decreases durability

" Decreases bond between successive layers

" Decreases bond between concrete and rebar

" Increases permeability

" Increases volume change from wetting and drying

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CE-251 - 5Lecture 6

Typical age-strength relationships of concrete based on compression tests of 0.150.30mcylinders, using Type I portland cement and moist-curing at 21C (70F): (a) air entrainedconcrete, (b) non-air entrained concrete. (Courtesy of Portland Cement Association)

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CE-251 - 6Lecture 6

Types of Cement

Rapid Hardening Portland Cement

obtained by increasing the C3S content but is normally obtained from OPC clinker byfiner grinding (450 m2/kg).

The basis of application of rapid hardening cement (RHC) is hardening properties andheat emission rather than setting rate.

This permits addition of a little more gypsum during manufacture to control the rate ofsetting. RHC attains same strength in one day which an ordinary cement may attain in

3 days.

Concrete made with RHC can be safely exposed to frost, since it matures more quickly.

Use- It is suitable for repair of roads and bridges and when load is applied in a short periodof time

Initial Setting Time 30 Minutes (Minimum)

Final Setting Time 10 Hours (Maximum)

Compressive strength (1 Day) 16.0 N/mm

2

Compressive strength (3 Day) 27.5 N/mm2

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CE-251 - 7Lecture 6

Types of Cement

High Alumina Cement

Manufactured by fusing 40% bauxite, 40% lime, 15% iron oxide with a little of ferricoxide and silica, magnesia, etc. at a very high temperature.

Use- It is resistant to the action of fire, sea water, acidic water and sulphates and is used as

refractory concrete, in industries and is used widely for precasting. It should not be used in

places where temperature exceeds 18C.

Initial Setting Time 30 Minutes (Min.) even upto 2 Hours

Final Setting Time 24 Hours

Compressive strength (1 Day) 30.0 N/mm2

Compressive strength (3 Day) 35 N/mm2

Fineness 225 m2/kg

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CE-251 - 8Lecture 6

Types of Cement

Low Heat Portland Cement

To limit the heat of hydration of low heat Portland cement (LHC), the tricalciumaluminate component in cement is minimised and a high percentage of dicalciumsilicate and tetracalcium alumino ferrite is added.

The heat of hydration should not be more than 272 and 314 J/g at the end of 7 and 28days respectively.

When tested by Le Chatelier method and autoclave test the expansion should not be

more than 10 mm and 0.8%, respectively.

The minimum initial setting time should not be less than 60 minutes, and the finalsetting should not be more than 600 minutes.

Use- It is most suitable for large mass concrete works such as dams, large raft foundations,

etc.

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CE-251 - 9Lecture 6

Types of Cement

Portland Puzzolana Cement

Manufactured by grinding Portland cement clinker and puzzolana (usually fly ash10-25% by mass of PPC) or by intimately and uniformly blending Portland cement andfine puzzolana.

Puzzolana (burnt clay, shale, or fly ash) has no cementing value itself but has theproperty of combining with lime to produce a stable lime-puzzolana compound whichhas definite cementitious properties.

The initial and the final setting times are 30 minutes (minimum) and 600 minutes(maximum), respectively.

The drying shrinkage should not be more than 0.15% and the fineness should not beless than 300 m2/kg.

Use - Free lime present in the cement is thus removed. Consequently, the resistance to

chemical attack increases making it suitable for marine works. It has low heat evolution and isused in the places of mass concrete such as dams and in places of high temperature.

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CE-251 - 10Lecture 6

Types of Cement

Quick Setting Portland Cement

The quantity of gypsum is reduced and small percentage of aluminium sulphate isadded. It is ground much finer than ordinary Portland cement.

The initial and the final setting times are 5 minutes (minimum) and 30 minutes(maximum), respectively.

Use- It is used when concrete is to be laid under water or in running water.

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Types of Cement

White and Coloured Portland Cement

It is manufactured from pure white chalk and clay free from iron oxide. Greyish colourof cement is due to iron oxide. So, the iron oxide is reduced and limited below 1 percent.

Coloured cements are made by adding 5 to 10% colouring pigments before grinding.

These cements have same properties as that of ordinary Portland cement and are non-

staining because of low amount of soluble alkalis. Loss on ignition of white cement is nil. The compressive and transverse strength of this

cement is 90% of that of 33 grade ordinary Portland cement.

Use - These cements are used for making terrazzo flooring, face plaster of walls (stucco),

ornamental works, and casting stones.

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Mixing Water

Any potable (drinkable) water can be used

If fresh water isn't available, we may allow some impurities if we still obtain a

reasonable concrete mix

# Example: seawater may be used for plain concrete, but not for reinforced

" Acceptable Criteria (ASTM C94)

# Average 7-day comp. strength of mortar cubes !90% of strength of thosemade with fresh water

# Should not affect the set time significantly

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CE 251 Lecture 5A